Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey ... - Measure DHS

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Data in Tables 5.3.1 and 5.3.2 provide an assessment of the level of comprehensiveknowledge of HIV transmission and prevention. Comprehensive knowledge is defined as knowingthat consistent use of condoms during sexual intercourse and having just one uninfected faithfulpartner can reduce the chances of getting HIV, knowing that a healthy-looking person can have HIV,and rejecting the two most common local misconceptions about HIV transmission and prevention:that HIV can be transmitted by mosquito bites and by sharing food with a person who has AIDS.Despite a high level of knowledge about common misconceptions, the percentage of adultswith comprehensive knowledge about AIDS is relatively low—only 40 percent of women and 44percent of men. Comprehensive knowledge increases with increasing level of education and wealthquintile. It is also considerably higher in urban areas than in rural areas. The lowest comprehensiveknowledge about AIDS among men is found in Iringa and Zanzibar, while among women, the lowestlevels are found in Rukwa, Iringa, Shinyanga, Singida, and Pemba.Figure 5.1 Trends in Knowledge That a Healthy-LookingPerson Can Have the AIDS Virus807778100 Percent Women Men84 8481 80866960402001999 TRCHS 2003-04 THIS 2004-05 TDHS 2007-08 THMISSurvey5.4 KNOWLEDGE OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSIONThe current strategies on HIV/AIDS in Tanzania are geared towards improving the health ofHIV-infected mothers and reducing the transmission of the virus to their children during pregnancy,labour, delivery, postpartum, and breastfeeding, as outlined in the National Policy on HIV/AIDS. Toachieve this, increasing the level of knowledge about the transmission of the virus from mother tochild, and reducing the risk of transmission by use of anti-retroviral drugs are critical to achieving thisgoal.All women and men age 15-49 years interviewed in the 2007-08 THMIS were asked if thevirus that causes AIDS can be transmitted from a mother to a child. If the answer was in theaffirmative, they were further asked whether the virus can be transmitted during pregnancy, duringdelivery, and during breastfeeding. They were also asked if a mother who is infected with the AIDSvirus can reduce the risk of passing the virus to the baby by taking certain drugs during pregnancy.Overall, findings from THMIS 2007-08 indicate that eight in ten women and seven in ten menage 15-49 years know that HIV can be transmitted from mother to child through breastfeeding (Table5.4). However, only 53 percent of women and 44 percent of men know that HIV transmission risk canbe reduced if the mother takes special drugs during pregnancy. Knowledge of both these facts iscomparatively higher among women with higher education (completed primary and secondary orHIV/AIDS-Related Knowledge | 57
more education) and those in the fourth and highest wealth quintiles, but it is lower among womenage 15-19, those who have never married, and those who never had sex.Urban-rural differentials exist between women and men especially in believing that the risk ofmother-to-child transmission can be reduced by the mother taking special drugs during pregnancy;among women, 70 percent of urban residents compared with 47 percent of rural residents are aware ofthese special drugs. Regional differences show that knowledge about mother-to-child transmission,especially the reduction of risk by the mother taking special drugs, is minimal in Manyara andShinyanga.Table 5.4 Knowledge of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIVPercentage of women and men who know that HIV can be transmitted from mother to child by breastfeeding and that the risk of mother-tochildtransmission (MTCT) of HIV can be reduced by mother taking special drugs during pregnancy, by background characteristics, TanzaniaHMIS 2007-08WomenMenBackgroundcharacteristicHIV can betransmitted bybreastfeedingRisk ofMTCT canbe reducedby mothertakingspecial drugsduringpregnancyHIV can betransmitted bybreastfeedingand risk ofMTCT can bereduced bymother takingspecial drugsduringpregnancyNumberofwomenHIV can betransmitted bybreastfeedingRisk ofMTCT canbe reducedby mothertakingspecialdrugsduringpregnancyHIV can betransmitted bybreastfeedingand risk ofMTCT can bereduced bymother takingspecial drugsduringpregnancyNumberof menAge15-24 77.7 49.9 46.3 3,730 72.3 39.1 33.8 2,91615-19 74.7 41.0 38.3 1,984 69.7 34.1 29.0 1,76820-24 81.1 60.0 55.4 1,746 76.3 46.7 41.1 1,14825-29 86.5 61.2 58.2 1,603 78.2 46.9 42.1 1,00430-39 83.4 55.7 52.5 2,521 74.2 50.4 42.6 1,84640-49 80.1 45.9 41.9 1,488 74.2 42.9 37.8 1,210Marital statusNever married 77.4 46.0 42.8 2,214 72.3 39.3 34.1 2,931Ever had sex 83.1 58.5 54.6 983 77.0 46.0 39.9 1,525Never had sex 72.8 35.9 33.5 1,231 67.2 31.9 27.8 1,406Married/living together 81.7 54.3 50.6 5,983 75.3 47.7 41.4 3,701Divorced/separated/widowed 85.6 58.0 55.1 1,147 74.4 42.2 34.6 343Pregnancy statusPregnant 80.2 53.7 51.5 872 na na na 0Not pregnant or not sure 81.3 52.7 49.1 8,456 na na na 0ResidenceUrban 89.5 70.2 66.1 2,459 80.6 51.4 45.1 1,699Rural 78.2 46.5 43.3 6,884 71.9 41.5 35.7 5,276Mainland/ZanzibarMainland 81.0 52.5 49.0 9,034 73.7 43.7 37.7 6,763Mainland – Urban 89.5 70.1 66.0 2,353 80.6 51.2 44.9 1,628Dar es Salaam City 92.1 75.6 71.3 762 83.0 53.0 45.6 548Other Urban 88.3 67.5 63.5 1,591 79.3 50.3 44.5 1,079Mainland – Rural 78.0 46.3 43.0 6,681 71.5 41.3 35.4 5,136Zanzibar 85.2 60.0 58.4 309 82.8 50.4 47.2 212Region/IslandArusha 70.2 48.6 46.2 383 78.7 54.0 49.9 262Dar es Salaam 91.8 75.8 71.2 797 82.5 53.9 46.0 580Dodoma 78.0 47.4 43.3 338 67.2 41.3 33.2 255Iringa 84.7 59.1 54.7 403 70.9 47.1 38.9 286Kagera 80.5 47.7 42.7 495 72.7 41.5 36.3 397Kigoma 82.1 57.8 55.7 414 77.3 53.6 47.9 292Kilimanjaro 98.4 69.2 68.3 379 89.0 50.8 48.1 271Lindi 92.6 53.2 51.7 246 89.5 45.9 45.9 164Manyara 70.3 33.9 32.8 263 65.2 22.6 20.5 203Mara 76.7 40.4 36.8 368 71.9 38.8 30.0 243Mbeya 78.3 60.5 53.1 581 67.2 56.0 44.1 496Morogoro 81.7 60.6 56.0 436 67.9 37.6 31.1 340Mtwara 85.7 52.4 49.5 324 79.4 47.4 44.4 209Mwanza 79.9 43.0 41.0 833 73.8 38.3 34.1 608Pwani 89.3 64.5 62.9 203 72.5 37.4 34.8 119Rukwa 64.3 37.8 31.7 314 67.9 43.2 35.0 264Ruvuma 86.0 53.6 48.9 372 79.3 51.8 45.3 287Shinyanga 65.6 28.6 25.0 750 60.6 22.7 19.4 633Singida 79.5 52.6 48.4 194 72.0 39.9 35.0 153Tabora 80.2 61.5 58.2 518 73.9 55.9 46.6 404Tanga 91.4 52.4 51.7 424 85.0 37.1 33.5 298Pemba 85.8 46.2 45.4 94 89.2 44.2 43.2 63Unguja 85.0 66.0 64.2 214 80.1 53.1 49.0 148Continued…58 | HIV/AIDS-Related Knowledge
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TanzaniaHIV/AIDS and MalariaIndicat
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The 2007-08 Tanzania HIV/AIDS and M
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3.5 Access to Mass Media ..........
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12.2 Orphans and Vulnerable Childre
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Table 4.3Table 4.4Table 4.5Table 4.
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Figure 9.2 HIV Prevlence by Region/
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FOREWORDThis report presents the ma
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SUMMARY OF FINDINGSThe 2007-08 Tanz
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HIV prevalence among youth (women a
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xxii | Map of Tanzania
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1.2 NATIONAL POLICY ON HIV/AIDSIn r
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To assess levels and trends in know
Page 29 and 30: 1.8 FIELDWORKData collection was ca
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1 Results of the household
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2.1 presents a graphic pictu
Page 35 and 36: Table 2.3.1 Educational attainment
Page 37 and 38: Educational attainment is higher in
Page 39 and 40: 2.5.1 Energy SourcesTable 2.5 prese
Page 41 and 42: The most common items are agricultu
Page 43 and 44: The 2007-08 THMIS included aquestio
Page 45 and 46: Table 3.1—ContinuedBackgroundchar
Page 47 and 48: Education is positively related to
Page 49 and 50: Table 3.3.2 Employment status: MenP
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
Page 53 and 54: 3.6 CURRENT MARITAL STATUSMarriage
Page 55 and 56: Polygyny also varies by household w
Page 57 and 58: Four in ten women age 20-49 marry b
Page 59 and 60: There is a positive relationship be
Page 62 and 63: FERTILITY AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 4
Page 64 and 65: Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
Page 66 and 67: infertility, 1 or the inability to
Page 68 and 69: 4.3 ADOLESCENT FERTILITYAdolescent
Page 70 and 71: Table 4.7 Antenatal carePercent dis
Page 72: Table 4.8 Place of antenatal carePe
Page 75 and 76: Table 5.1 Knowledge of AIDSPercenta
Page 77 and 78: The use of condoms as an effective
Page 79: Table 5.3.2 Comprehensive knowledge
Page 83 and 84: Table 5.5.1 Exposure to HIV educati
Page 85 and 86: 5.6 KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE CONCERNI
Page 87 and 88: Table 5.6.2 Knowledge and attitudes
Page 89 and 90: Table 6.1.1 Accepting attitudes tow
Page 91 and 92: Stigma is also found to vary with l
Page 93 and 94: 6.3 ATTITUDES OF ADULTS TOWARDS EDU
Page 96 and 97: HIV/AIDS-RELATED BEHAVIOUR 77.1 INT
Page 98 and 99: Table 7.2.1 Recent sexual activity:
Page 100 and 101: Figure 7.1 Recent Sexual Intercours
Page 102 and 103: Table 7.3.2 Multiple sexual partner
Page 104 and 105: Table 7.4 Payment for sexual interc
Page 106 and 107: Table 7.5.1 Coverage of prior HIV t
Page 108 and 109: Figure 7.2 Prior HIV Testing by Edu
Page 110 and 111: 7.7 PREVALENCE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMIT
Page 112 and 113: Figure 7.3 Prevalence of STIs and S
Page 114: Table 7.8 Prevalence of medical inj
Page 117 and 118: Table 8.1 Comprehensive knowledge a
Page 119 and 120: Table 8.2 Age at first sexual inter
Page 121 and 122: Never-married women and men age 15-
Page 123 and 124: Figure 8.3 Condom Use at Premarital
Page 125 and 126: Table 8.5.2 Higher-risk sexual inte
Page 127 and 128: Table 8.6 Age-mixing in sexual rela
Page 129 and 130: 8.9 HIV TESTING AMONG YOUNG PEOPLEK
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HIV PREVALENCE 99.1 INTRODUCTIONPri
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Table 9.1 Coverage of HIV testing b
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Table 9.1—ContinuedBackgroundchar
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Table 9.3 HIV prevalence by ageAmon
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There are large variations in HIV p
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Table 9.5 shows that men who are cu
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Women who said they had higher-risk
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Table 9.8 shows data on HIV prevale
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Table 9.11 HIV prevalence by male c
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INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY 1010.1 I
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As expected, the level of infant an
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category (1.41) is 41 percent highe
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11.1 OWNERSHIP AND USE OF MOSQUITO
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carrying mosquitoes. Much of the fi
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11.2 USE OF ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS DURI
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11.3 TREATMENT OF CHILDREN WITH FEV
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11.4.1 Type and Timing of Antimalar
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11.4.2 Availability of Drug at Home
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11.6 SOURCE OF MOSQUITO NETSUntil l
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In spite of steady increases in ITN
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ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN 12P
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12.2 ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDRE
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12.3.1 School Attendance by Survivo
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While there are no differences in p
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Table 12.7 Widows dispossessed of p
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Table 12.9 External support for orp
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REFERENCESAgot, K.E., J.O. Ndinya-A
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SAMPLE IMPLEMENTATIONAPPENDIX AAppe
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Table A.2 Sample implementation: Me
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Table A.4 Coverage of HIV testing a
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Table A.6 Coverage of HIV testing a
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where h represents the stratum whic
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Table B.2 Sampling errors for Natio
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Table B.4 Sampling errors for Rural
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Table B.6 Sampling errors for Mainl
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Table B.8 Sampling errors for Mainl
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Table B.10 Sampling errors for Zanz
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Table B.12 Sampling errors for Nort
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Table B.14 Sampling errors for Sout
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Table B.16 Sampling errors for East
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Table B.18 Sampling errors for Dodo
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Table B.20 Sampling errors for Kili
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Table B.22 Sampling errors for Moro
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Table B.24 Sampling errors for Dar
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Table B.26 Sampling errors for Mtwa
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Table B.28 Sampling errors for Irin
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Table B.30 Sampling errors for Sing
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Table B.32 Sampling errors for Rukw
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Table B.34 Sampling errors for Shin
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Table B.36 Sampling errors for Mwan
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Table B.38 Sampling errors for Many
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Table B.40 Sampling errors for Pemb
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216 | Appendix B
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Joyce MbambaYulitha MwakasoleRemigi
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QUESTIONNAIRESAppendix DAppendix D
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULEIntroduction and
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IF AGE 0-17 YEARSIF AGE 5 YEARS OR
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IF AGE 0-17 YEARSLINE SICK CARE SUR
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HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICSNO. QUESTI
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CA
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SUPPORT FOR SICK PEOPLENO. QUESTION
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NO.QUESTIONS AND FILTERSSUPPORT FOR
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NO.QUESTIONS AND FILTERSCODING CATE
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CHILD 4 CHILD 5 CHILD 6502 LINE NUM
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515 CHECK 509:NUMBER OF CHILDREN WI
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UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIATANZANIA
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213 214 215 216217 218219 220221222
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LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH SECON
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LASTSEXUAL PARTNERSECOND-TO-LASTSEX
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SECTION 7 - HIV TESTTHIS PAGE TO BE
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