Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey ... - Measure DHS

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HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE 55.1 INTRODUCTIONThe predominant mode of HIV transmission in Tanzania is through heterosexual contact,which accounts for over 90 percent of new AIDS cases, followed in magnitude by mother-to-childtransmission, whereby the mother passes the HIV virus to the child during pregnancy, at the time ofbirth, or through breastfeeding. Other modes of transmission can be through infected blood, bloodproducts, donated organs or bone grafts and tissues.Based on this evidence therefore, the future direction of this pandemic depends in large parton the existing level of knowledge of how the virus is spread amongst different population groups, theconsequent changes in sexual behaviour, and efforts to prevent mother-to-child transmission. Theinformation obtained from the 2007-08 Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Survey (THMIS) providesan opportunity to assess, amongst other things, the level of knowledge regarding transmission of theAIDS virus. The results are useful for AIDS control programmes to plan for their IEC interventionstargeting individuals and groups most in need of information and to strengthen interventions, aimed atpreventing mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT).The 2007-08 THMIS included a series of questions about HIV/AIDS knowledge andexposure to HIV/AIDS-related messages and information. For example, respondents were asked ifthey had ever heard of AIDS; if they knew about specific means of transmission of the virus; and ifthey were aware of mother-to-child transmission.5.2 AWARENESS OF AIDSSurvey results indicate that over 98 percent of Tanzanians age 15-49 years have heard ofAIDS (Table 5.1). The proportion is similar with results from the 2003-04 THIS and the 2004-05TDHS. Overall, awareness of AIDS is very high in both Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar, amongstmen and women in all age groups, and across background characteristics, with at least 90 percent ofpeople having heard of AIDS.To ascertain the depth of knowledge about modes of HIV/AIDS transmission, specificquestions were asked to respondents about whether it is possible to reduce the chances of gettingAIDS by having just one faithful sexual partner, using a condom at every sexual encounter, and nothaving sex at all. These are the leading ways of preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS. Table 5.2 showsthe percentage of women and men by their answers on ways of preventing HIV infection.Over 80 percent of women and men say that abstaining from sexual intercourse and limitingsexual intercourse to one uninfected partner can reduce the chances of being infected with the AIDSvirus. This belief is almost uniformly maintained amongst urban and rural populations, acrossdifferent age groups, marital status, and wealth quintiles and in almost all regions in Tanzania.Exceptions are women in Mbeya, Rukwa, and Shinyanga regions, where less than 70 percent knowthat limiting sex to one partner can reduce the chances of getting the AIDS virus.HIV/AIDS-Related Knowledge | 51
Table 5.1 Knowledge of AIDSPercentage of women and men age 15-49 who have heard of AIDS, by backgroundcharacteristics, Tanzania HMIS 2007-08WomenMenBackgroundcharacteristicHas heardof AIDSNumber ofwomenHas heardof AIDSNumber ofmenAge15-24 97.8 3,730 98.0 2,91615-19 97.2 1,984 97.3 1,76820-24 98.4 1,746 99.2 1,14825-29 98.4 1,603 99.5 1,00430-39 98.7 2,521 99.5 1,84640-49 99.3 1,488 99.5 1,210Marital statusNever married 97.9 2,214 97.8 2,931Ever had sex 99.0 983 99.1 1,525Never had sex 97.0 1,231 96.5 1,406Married/living together 98.4 5,983 99.6 3,701Divorced/separated/widowed 99.3 1,147 100.0 343ResidenceUrban 99.6 2,459 99.6 1,699Rural 97.9 6,884 98.7 5,276Mainland/ZanzibarMainland 98.3 9,034 98.9 6,763Mainland – Urban 99.6 2,353 99.6 1,628Dar es Salaam city 100.0 762 99.7 548Other urban 99.5 1,591 99.6 1,079Mainland – Rural 97.9 6,681 98.6 5,136Zanzibar 99.0 309 99.3 212Region/IslandArusha 94.4 383 96.5 262Dar es Salaam 100.0 797 99.7 580Dodoma 99.2 338 98.4 255Iringa 99.4 403 98.5 286Kagera 98.1 495 99.2 397Kigoma 100.0 414 100.0 292Kilimanjaro 100.0 379 100.0 271Lindi 100.0 246 100.0 164Manyara 98.3 263 98.3 203Mara 97.8 368 98.6 243Mbeya 99.1 581 99.1 496Morogoro 99.2 436 100.0 340Mtwara 100.0 324 100.0 209Mwanza 98.6 833 97.3 608Pwani 100.0 203 100.0 119Rukwa 91.6 314 99.1 264Ruvuma 98.5 372 99.0 287Shinyanga 94.2 750 97.6 633Singida 99.6 194 99.8 153Tabora 99.7 518 99.4 404Tanga 99.7 424 99.0 298Pemba 99.6 94 99.8 63Unguja 98.8 214 99.1 148ZoneWestern 97.3 1,682 98.7 1,328Northern 98.1 1,449 98.5 1,034Central 99.3 532 98.9 408Southern Highlands 97.4 1,297 98.9 1,046Lake 98.2 1,696 98.2 1,249Eastern 99.7 1,436 99.8 1,038Southern 99.4 942 99.5 660Zanzibar 99.0 309 99.3 212EducationNo education 95.7 1,983 96.9 829Primary incomplete 98.0 1,517 97.8 1,534Primary complete 99.3 4,945 99.5 3,597Secondary + 99.9 898 100.0 1,016Wealth quintileLowest 96.3 1,700 97.2 1,173Second 98.0 1,634 99.0 1,411Middle 98.0 1,757 99.1 1,322Fourth 99.3 1,867 99.0 1,395Highest 99.7 2,384 99.8 1,670Total 98.4 9,343 98.9 6,97552 | HIV/AIDS-Related Knowledge
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TanzaniaHIV/AIDS and MalariaIndicat
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The 2007-08 Tanzania HIV/AIDS and M
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3.5 Access to Mass Media ..........
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12.2 Orphans and Vulnerable Childre
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Table 4.3Table 4.4Table 4.5Table 4.
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Figure 9.2 HIV Prevlence by Region/
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FOREWORDThis report presents the ma
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SUMMARY OF FINDINGSThe 2007-08 Tanz
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HIV prevalence among youth (women a
Page 23 and 24: xxii | Map of Tanzania
Page 25 and 26: 1.2 NATIONAL POLICY ON HIV/AIDSIn r
Page 27 and 28: To assess levels and trends in know
Page 29 and 30: 1.8 FIELDWORKData collection was ca
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1 Results of the household
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2.1 presents a graphic pictu
Page 35 and 36: Table 2.3.1 Educational attainment
Page 37 and 38: Educational attainment is higher in
Page 39 and 40: 2.5.1 Energy SourcesTable 2.5 prese
Page 41 and 42: The most common items are agricultu
Page 43 and 44: The 2007-08 THMIS included aquestio
Page 45 and 46: Table 3.1—ContinuedBackgroundchar
Page 47 and 48: Education is positively related to
Page 49 and 50: Table 3.3.2 Employment status: MenP
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
Page 53 and 54: 3.6 CURRENT MARITAL STATUSMarriage
Page 55 and 56: Polygyny also varies by household w
Page 57 and 58: Four in ten women age 20-49 marry b
Page 59 and 60: There is a positive relationship be
Page 62 and 63: FERTILITY AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 4
Page 64 and 65: Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
Page 66 and 67: infertility, 1 or the inability to
Page 68 and 69: 4.3 ADOLESCENT FERTILITYAdolescent
Page 70 and 71: Table 4.7 Antenatal carePercent dis
Page 72: Table 4.8 Place of antenatal carePe
Page 77 and 78: The use of condoms as an effective
Page 79 and 80: Table 5.3.2 Comprehensive knowledge
Page 81 and 82: more education) and those in the fo
Page 83 and 84: Table 5.5.1 Exposure to HIV educati
Page 85 and 86: 5.6 KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE CONCERNI
Page 87 and 88: Table 5.6.2 Knowledge and attitudes
Page 89 and 90: Table 6.1.1 Accepting attitudes tow
Page 91 and 92: Stigma is also found to vary with l
Page 93 and 94: 6.3 ATTITUDES OF ADULTS TOWARDS EDU
Page 96 and 97: HIV/AIDS-RELATED BEHAVIOUR 77.1 INT
Page 98 and 99: Table 7.2.1 Recent sexual activity:
Page 100 and 101: Figure 7.1 Recent Sexual Intercours
Page 102 and 103: Table 7.3.2 Multiple sexual partner
Page 104 and 105: Table 7.4 Payment for sexual interc
Page 106 and 107: Table 7.5.1 Coverage of prior HIV t
Page 108 and 109: Figure 7.2 Prior HIV Testing by Edu
Page 110 and 111: 7.7 PREVALENCE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMIT
Page 112 and 113: Figure 7.3 Prevalence of STIs and S
Page 114: Table 7.8 Prevalence of medical inj
Page 117 and 118: Table 8.1 Comprehensive knowledge a
Page 119 and 120: Table 8.2 Age at first sexual inter
Page 121 and 122: Never-married women and men age 15-
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Figure 8.3 Condom Use at Premarital
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Table 8.5.2 Higher-risk sexual inte
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Table 8.6 Age-mixing in sexual rela
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8.9 HIV TESTING AMONG YOUNG PEOPLEK
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HIV PREVALENCE 99.1 INTRODUCTIONPri
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Table 9.1 Coverage of HIV testing b
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Table 9.1—ContinuedBackgroundchar
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Table 9.3 HIV prevalence by ageAmon
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There are large variations in HIV p
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Table 9.5 shows that men who are cu
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Women who said they had higher-risk
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Table 9.8 shows data on HIV prevale
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Table 9.11 HIV prevalence by male c
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INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY 1010.1 I
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As expected, the level of infant an
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category (1.41) is 41 percent highe
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11.1 OWNERSHIP AND USE OF MOSQUITO
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carrying mosquitoes. Much of the fi
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11.2 USE OF ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS DURI
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11.3 TREATMENT OF CHILDREN WITH FEV
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11.4.1 Type and Timing of Antimalar
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11.4.2 Availability of Drug at Home
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11.6 SOURCE OF MOSQUITO NETSUntil l
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In spite of steady increases in ITN
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ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN 12P
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12.2 ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDRE
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12.3.1 School Attendance by Survivo
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While there are no differences in p
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Table 12.7 Widows dispossessed of p
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Table 12.9 External support for orp
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REFERENCESAgot, K.E., J.O. Ndinya-A
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SAMPLE IMPLEMENTATIONAPPENDIX AAppe
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Table A.2 Sample implementation: Me
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Table A.4 Coverage of HIV testing a
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Table A.6 Coverage of HIV testing a
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where h represents the stratum whic
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Table B.2 Sampling errors for Natio
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Table B.4 Sampling errors for Rural
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Table B.6 Sampling errors for Mainl
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Table B.8 Sampling errors for Mainl
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Table B.10 Sampling errors for Zanz
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Table B.12 Sampling errors for Nort
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Table B.14 Sampling errors for Sout
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Table B.16 Sampling errors for East
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Table B.18 Sampling errors for Dodo
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Table B.20 Sampling errors for Kili
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Table B.22 Sampling errors for Moro
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Table B.24 Sampling errors for Dar
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Table B.26 Sampling errors for Mtwa
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Table B.28 Sampling errors for Irin
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Table B.30 Sampling errors for Sing
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Table B.32 Sampling errors for Rukw
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Table B.34 Sampling errors for Shin
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Table B.36 Sampling errors for Mwan
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Table B.38 Sampling errors for Many
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Table B.40 Sampling errors for Pemb
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216 | Appendix B
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Joyce MbambaYulitha MwakasoleRemigi
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QUESTIONNAIRESAppendix DAppendix D
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULEIntroduction and
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IF AGE 0-17 YEARSIF AGE 5 YEARS OR
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IF AGE 0-17 YEARSLINE SICK CARE SUR
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HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICSNO. QUESTI
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CA
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SUPPORT FOR SICK PEOPLENO. QUESTION
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NO.QUESTIONS AND FILTERSSUPPORT FOR
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NO.QUESTIONS AND FILTERSCODING CATE
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CHILD 4 CHILD 5 CHILD 6502 LINE NUM
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515 CHECK 509:NUMBER OF CHILDREN WI
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UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIATANZANIA
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213 214 215 216217 218219 220221222
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LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH SECON
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LASTSEXUAL PARTNERSECOND-TO-LASTSEX
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SECTION 7 - HIV TESTTHIS PAGE TO BE
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