Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey ... - Measure DHS

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infertility, 1 or the inability to bear children. Voluntary childlessness is rare in developing countrieslike Tanzania; married women in their late forties with no live births are usually women who areinvoluntarily childless. Comparison of the differences in the mean number of children ever born andsurviving reflects the cumulative effects of mortality during the period in which women have beenbearing children.The results in Table 4.4 show that the mean number of children ever born is 3.7 for currentlymarried women and 2.9 for all women. The mean number of children born increases with age,reflecting the natural family growth process. For instance, the mean number of children for all womenage 25-29 is 2.7 children, and for women age 35-39 it is 5.0 children. At the end of their reproductiveperiod, women have an average of 6.2 children.Table 4.4 Children ever born and livingPercent distribution of all women and currently married women by number of children ever born, mean number of children ever born, andmean number of living children, according to age group, Tanzania HMIS 2007-08Number of children ever bornAge 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+ TotalALL WOMENNumberofwomenMeannumberofchildrenever bornMeannumberof livingchildren15-19 81.9 15.6 2.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 1,984 0.21 0.1920-24 21.8 32.9 31.1 11.6 1.9 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 1,746 1.41 1.2825-29 7.7 13.5 26.3 22.6 16.3 10.4 2.6 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 1,603 2.71 2.4130-34 4.6 8.0 12.5 19.9 18.0 17.0 10.0 7.2 2.3 0.4 0.0 100.0 1,346 3.83 3.3635-39 3.0 4.2 7.6 12.3 15.1 18.0 16.1 9.4 7.2 3.8 3.3 100.0 1,175 4.96 4.2740-44 2.0 6.4 5.3 8.0 12.1 12.9 13.4 13.1 10.1 7.1 9.6 100.0 774 5.71 4.7945-49 2.4 6.0 6.0 7.3 8.2 11.6 10.7 13.1 10.1 10.8 13.9 100.0 714 6.15 5.10Total 24.2 14.5 14.5 11.7 9.3 8.6 5.8 4.4 2.9 2.0 2.3 100.0 9,343 2.89 2.50CURRENTLY MARRIED WOMEN15-19 44.1 46.2 9.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 422 0.66 0.6120-24 9.1 33.3 38.7 15.6 2.5 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 1,191 1.72 1.5725-29 4.4 11.6 25.8 23.2 18.7 12.8 2.9 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 1,258 2.94 2.6430-34 2.8 5.8 11.1 18.7 19.6 19.5 11.5 7.9 2.7 0.6 0.0 100.0 1,048 4.10 3.6035-39 2.2 3.1 5.8 12.5 13.7 19.0 18.0 9.7 7.7 4.7 3.6 100.0 946 5.20 4.5040-44 2.1 4.9 4.7 6.6 11.2 13.0 14.4 12.3 11.2 7.6 12.0 100.0 587 6.00 5.0445-49 1.5 5.3 5.5 7.0 6.9 11.0 9.4 14.5 11.9 11.7 15.3 100.0 531 6.44 5.39Total 7.0 14.8 17.6 14.6 11.7 11.5 7.7 5.5 3.9 2.6 3.1 100.0 5,983 3.71 3.224.2 BIRTH INTERVALSThe term “birth interval” refers to the period of time between two successive live births.Information on the length of birth intervals provides insight into birth spacing patterns. Research hasshown that children born too soon after a previous birth are at an increased risk of dying, particularlywhen the interval between births is less than 24 months. Maternal health is also jeopardized whenbirths are closely spaced.Table 4.5 shows the distribution of births in the five-year period preceding the survey by thenumber of months since the previous birth, according to selected demographic and socioeconomicvariables. First births are excluded from the table. Seventeen percent of births in Tanzania occurredless than two years after a previous birth. Almost four in ten births have an interval of two to threeyears, and one in four births occurs at least four years after a previous birth. As expected, the medianbirth interval increases with the age of the mother. There are no significant differences in the medianbirth interval by sex or survival status of the preceding birth. However, the median birth interval forbirth orders seven or higher is 26.7 months compared with 35.4 months for birth orders four to six.The overall median birth interval is 34.7 months.1 Primary infertility does not include women who may have had one or more births but who are unable to havemore children, a measure of secondary infertility.Fertility and Reproductive Health | 43
The median birth interval in urban areas is six months longer than that in rural areas (40.1 and33.9 months, respectively). The median birth interval ranges from 44.8 months in the Southern Zoneto 30.5 months in the Western Zone. While differences in median birth interval by the mother’seducation are small, the median birth interval for births among women who live in households in thehighest quintile is much longer than the birth interval among women in households in the lowestquintile (41.1 and 32.1 months, respectively).Table 4.5 Birth intervalsPercent distribution of non-first births in the five years preceding the survey by number of months since preceding birth, andmedian number of months since preceding birth, according to background characteristics, Tanzania HMIS 2007-08Months since preceding birthBackgroundcharacteristic 7-17 18-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 60+ TotalNumberof nonfirstbirthsMediannumber ofmonthssinceprecedingbirthAge15-19 17.5 24.2 39.1 8.9 10.3 0.0 100.0 51 27.120-29 8.2 12.2 42.2 22.3 8.1 6.8 100.0 2,807 31.530-39 5.4 8.3 32.7 23.2 11.0 19.3 100.0 2,508 37.040-49 3.2 5.5 27.5 22.1 12.3 29.3 100.0 622 41.9Sex of preceding birthMale 6.3 9.6 37.3 23.2 10.1 13.5 100.0 2,989 34.2Female 6.9 10.4 36.1 21.9 9.5 15.2 100.0 2,998 35.5Survival of precedingbirthLiving 4.7 9.1 37.7 23.5 10.3 14.6 100.0 5,371 34.7Dead 22.8 17.6 28.4 13.9 5.2 12.0 100.0 616 34.7Birth order2-3 6.7 10.9 37.4 21.3 10.2 13.6 100.0 2,622 -4-6 6.0 9.0 36.1 23.8 9.3 15.9 100.0 2,363 35.47+ 7.8 10.1 36.4 23.0 10.1 12.6 100.0 1,002 26.7ResidenceUrban 4.9 7.4 29.1 18.9 12.4 27.1 100.0 951 40.1Rural 6.9 10.5 38.1 23.2 9.3 11.9 100.0 5,036 33.9Mainland/Zanzibar 6.6 9.9 36.7 22.7 9.7 14.4 100.0 5,817 34.7Mainland - Urban 4.8 7.4 29.1 18.9 12.2 27.6 100.0 910 40.2Dar es Salaam City 4.7 9.0 21.0 20.5 9.4 35.4 100.0 228 45.5Other Urban 4.8 6.9 31.9 18.3 13.1 25.0 100.0 682 38.8Mainland - Rural 6.9 10.4 38.1 23.4 9.3 12.0 100.0 4,907 34.0Zanzibar 7.2 13.7 37.5 18.4 11.1 12.0 100.0 171 32.8Pemba 9.0 18.6 42.3 15.8 8.2 6.0 100.0 70 29.6Unguja 6.0 10.3 34.2 20.2 13.1 16.2 100.0 101 35.8ZoneWestern 7.9 13.3 44.2 19.0 8.2 7.4 100.0 1,322 30.5Northern 6.9 9.4 32.2 22.0 11.6 17.9 100.0 813 36.5Central 6.0 7.6 36.8 24.1 9.8 15.7 100.0 391 35.8Southern Highlands 5.1 8.0 37.0 27.9 8.8 13.2 100.0 911 36.0Lake 9.0 12.5 42.6 19.9 6.9 9.1 100.0 1,289 31.0Eastern 5.0 6.1 26.7 22.4 13.8 26.0 100.0 590 41.3Southern 1.2 4.9 19.9 30.4 15.0 28.6 100.0 501 44.8Zanzibar 7.2 13.7 37.5 18.4 11.1 12.0 100.0 171 32.8EducationNo education 7.8 10.7 39.9 20.5 10.5 10.6 100.0 1,512 33.2Primary incomplete 4.9 11.7 37.4 25.0 8.3 12.7 100.0 852 34.1Primary complete 6.3 9.5 35.3 23.3 9.3 16.4 100.0 3,400 35.6Secondary + 9.1 7.4 34.4 15.1 18.4 15.6 100.0 223 35.7Wealth quintileLowest 7.7 9.8 42.7 21.3 7.7 10.9 100.0 1,442 32.1Second 6.9 10.7 37.1 23.6 10.6 11.2 100.0 1,272 34.3Middle 6.6 11.6 39.2 22.3 9.3 11.1 100.0 1,335 33.4Fourth 6.0 9.5 33.2 24.6 10.4 16.3 100.0 1,098 36.3Highest 5.1 7.5 26.7 21.0 12.1 27.6 100.0 841 41.1Total 6.6 10.0 36.7 22.5 9.8 14.4 100.0 5,988 34.7Note: First-order births are excluded. The interval for multiple births is the number of months since the preceding pregnancy thatended in a live birth.44 | Fertility and Reproductive Health
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TanzaniaHIV/AIDS and MalariaIndicat
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The 2007-08 Tanzania HIV/AIDS and M
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3.5 Access to Mass Media ..........
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12.2 Orphans and Vulnerable Childre
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Table 4.3Table 4.4Table 4.5Table 4.
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Figure 9.2 HIV Prevlence by Region/
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FOREWORDThis report presents the ma
Page 18 and 19: SUMMARY OF FINDINGSThe 2007-08 Tanz
Page 20 and 21: HIV prevalence among youth (women a
Page 23 and 24: xxii | Map of Tanzania
Page 25 and 26: 1.2 NATIONAL POLICY ON HIV/AIDSIn r
Page 27 and 28: To assess levels and trends in know
Page 29 and 30: 1.8 FIELDWORKData collection was ca
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1 Results of the household
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2.1 presents a graphic pictu
Page 35 and 36: Table 2.3.1 Educational attainment
Page 37 and 38: Educational attainment is higher in
Page 39 and 40: 2.5.1 Energy SourcesTable 2.5 prese
Page 41 and 42: The most common items are agricultu
Page 43 and 44: The 2007-08 THMIS included aquestio
Page 45 and 46: Table 3.1—ContinuedBackgroundchar
Page 47 and 48: Education is positively related to
Page 49 and 50: Table 3.3.2 Employment status: MenP
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
Page 53 and 54: 3.6 CURRENT MARITAL STATUSMarriage
Page 55 and 56: Polygyny also varies by household w
Page 57 and 58: Four in ten women age 20-49 marry b
Page 59 and 60: There is a positive relationship be
Page 62 and 63: FERTILITY AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 4
Page 64 and 65: Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
Page 68 and 69: 4.3 ADOLESCENT FERTILITYAdolescent
Page 70 and 71: Table 4.7 Antenatal carePercent dis
Page 72: Table 4.8 Place of antenatal carePe
Page 75 and 76: Table 5.1 Knowledge of AIDSPercenta
Page 77 and 78: The use of condoms as an effective
Page 79 and 80: Table 5.3.2 Comprehensive knowledge
Page 81 and 82: more education) and those in the fo
Page 83 and 84: Table 5.5.1 Exposure to HIV educati
Page 85 and 86: 5.6 KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE CONCERNI
Page 87 and 88: Table 5.6.2 Knowledge and attitudes
Page 89 and 90: Table 6.1.1 Accepting attitudes tow
Page 91 and 92: Stigma is also found to vary with l
Page 93 and 94: 6.3 ATTITUDES OF ADULTS TOWARDS EDU
Page 96 and 97: HIV/AIDS-RELATED BEHAVIOUR 77.1 INT
Page 98 and 99: Table 7.2.1 Recent sexual activity:
Page 100 and 101: Figure 7.1 Recent Sexual Intercours
Page 102 and 103: Table 7.3.2 Multiple sexual partner
Page 104 and 105: Table 7.4 Payment for sexual interc
Page 106 and 107: Table 7.5.1 Coverage of prior HIV t
Page 108 and 109: Figure 7.2 Prior HIV Testing by Edu
Page 110 and 111: 7.7 PREVALENCE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMIT
Page 112 and 113: Figure 7.3 Prevalence of STIs and S
Page 114: Table 7.8 Prevalence of medical inj
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Table 8.1 Comprehensive knowledge a
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Table 8.2 Age at first sexual inter
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Never-married women and men age 15-
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Figure 8.3 Condom Use at Premarital
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Table 8.5.2 Higher-risk sexual inte
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Table 8.6 Age-mixing in sexual rela
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8.9 HIV TESTING AMONG YOUNG PEOPLEK
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HIV PREVALENCE 99.1 INTRODUCTIONPri
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Table 9.1 Coverage of HIV testing b
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Table 9.1—ContinuedBackgroundchar
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Table 9.3 HIV prevalence by ageAmon
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There are large variations in HIV p
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Table 9.5 shows that men who are cu
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Women who said they had higher-risk
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Table 9.8 shows data on HIV prevale
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Table 9.11 HIV prevalence by male c
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INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY 1010.1 I
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As expected, the level of infant an
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category (1.41) is 41 percent highe
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11.1 OWNERSHIP AND USE OF MOSQUITO
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carrying mosquitoes. Much of the fi
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11.2 USE OF ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS DURI
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11.3 TREATMENT OF CHILDREN WITH FEV
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11.4.1 Type and Timing of Antimalar
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11.4.2 Availability of Drug at Home
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11.6 SOURCE OF MOSQUITO NETSUntil l
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In spite of steady increases in ITN
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ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN 12P
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12.2 ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDRE
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12.3.1 School Attendance by Survivo
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While there are no differences in p
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Table 12.7 Widows dispossessed of p
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Table 12.9 External support for orp
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REFERENCESAgot, K.E., J.O. Ndinya-A
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SAMPLE IMPLEMENTATIONAPPENDIX AAppe
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Table A.2 Sample implementation: Me
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Table A.4 Coverage of HIV testing a
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Table A.6 Coverage of HIV testing a
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where h represents the stratum whic
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Table B.2 Sampling errors for Natio
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Table B.4 Sampling errors for Rural
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Table B.6 Sampling errors for Mainl
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Table B.8 Sampling errors for Mainl
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Table B.10 Sampling errors for Zanz
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Table B.12 Sampling errors for Nort
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Table B.14 Sampling errors for Sout
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Table B.16 Sampling errors for East
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Table B.18 Sampling errors for Dodo
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Table B.20 Sampling errors for Kili
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Table B.22 Sampling errors for Moro
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Table B.24 Sampling errors for Dar
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Table B.26 Sampling errors for Mtwa
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Table B.28 Sampling errors for Irin
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Table B.30 Sampling errors for Sing
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Table B.32 Sampling errors for Rukw
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Table B.34 Sampling errors for Shin
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Table B.36 Sampling errors for Mwan
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Table B.38 Sampling errors for Many
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Table B.40 Sampling errors for Pemb
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216 | Appendix B
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Joyce MbambaYulitha MwakasoleRemigi
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QUESTIONNAIRESAppendix DAppendix D
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULEIntroduction and
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IF AGE 0-17 YEARSIF AGE 5 YEARS OR
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IF AGE 0-17 YEARSLINE SICK CARE SUR
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HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICSNO. QUESTI
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CA
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SUPPORT FOR SICK PEOPLENO. QUESTION
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NO.QUESTIONS AND FILTERSSUPPORT FOR
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NO.QUESTIONS AND FILTERSCODING CATE
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CHILD 4 CHILD 5 CHILD 6502 LINE NUM
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515 CHECK 509:NUMBER OF CHILDREN WI
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UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIATANZANIA
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213 214 215 216217 218219 220221222
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LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH SECON
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LASTSEXUAL PARTNERSECOND-TO-LASTSEX
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SECTION 7 - HIV TESTTHIS PAGE TO BE
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