Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey ... - Measure DHS

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FERTILITY AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 4This chapter presents the 2007-08 THMIS results on fertility levels, trends, and differentials.The analysis is based on birth histories collected from women age 15-49 interviewed during thesurvey. To obtain this information, women were first asked a series of questions to determine the totalnumber of live births that had occurred in their lifetime. Then, for each live birth, information wascollected on the name, age, sex, and survival status of the child. For dead children, age at death wasrecorded. Information from the birth history is used to assess current and completed fertility and tolook at other factors related to fertility, birth intervals, and adolescent childbearing.The following measures of current fertility are derived from birth history data:Age-specific fertility rates (ASFR) are expressed as the number of births per thousandwomen in the age group and represent a valuable measure for assessing the current agepattern of childbearing. They are defined in terms of the number of live births during aspecified period among women in the particular age group, divided by the number ofwoman-years lived in that age group during a specified period.The total fertility rate (TFR) is defined as the total number of births a woman would haveby the end of her childbearing period if she were to pass through those years bearingchildren at the currently observed age-specific fertility rates. The TFR is obtained bysumming the age-specific fertility rates and multiplying by five.The general fertility rate (GFR) is the number of live births occurring during a specifiedperiod per 1,000 women of reproductive age.The crude birth rate (CBR) is the number of births per 1,000 population during aspecified period.The various measures of current fertility are calculatedfor the three-year period preceding the survey, which roughlycorresponds to the calendar period 2005-2007. This period waschosen because it allows the rates to be calculated based on themost recent information, thus avoiding the problem of omissionor displacement of births because of a recall lapse, whileobtaining enough cases to reduce sampling error.4.1 FERTILITY LEVELS AND TRENDS4.1.1 Fertility LevelsTable 4.1 presents information on the current fertilitylevels for Tanzania and for urban and rural areas. The TFR forTanzania is 5.6 births per woman, the CBR is 41 births per1,000 population, and the GFR is 196 per 1,000 women. Allthese measures of current fertility indicate that the level offertility for the 2007-08 THMIS is almost the same as thatobserved in the 2004-05 Tanzania Demographic and HealthSurvey (TDHS) (5.7 births per woman).Table 4.1 Current fertilityAge-specific and total rate, the generalfertility rate, and the crude birth rate for thethree years preceding the survey, byresidence, Tanzania HMIS 2007-08ResidenceAge group Urban Rural Total15-19 96 158 14120-24 179 300 26625-29 173 284 25330-34 114 228 19735-39 87 187 16240-44 33 91 7845-49 9 28 24TFR 3.5 6.4 5.6GFR 127 220 196CBR 32.8 43.2 41.0Notes: Age-specific fertility rates are per1,000 women. Rates for age group 45-49may be slightly biased due to truncation.Rates are for the period 1-36 months prior tointerview.TFR: Total fertility rate expressed per womanGFR: General fertility rate expressed per1,000 womenCBR: Crude birth rate, expressed per 1,000populationFertility and Reproductive Health | 39
In Tanzania, fertility peaks among women in their 20s. Age-specific fertility rates rise from141 births per 1,000 women age 15-19 to 266 births among women age 20-24, and then fall to 24births among women age 45-49. Figure 4.1 shows that women in rural areas have higher fertilitythroughout their reproductive period compared with their counterparts in urban areas. The figure alsoshows that some women in Tanzania continue to bear children into their later reproductive years.Figure 4.1 Age-Specific Fertility Rates by Urban-Rural Residence300250200150350 Births per 1,000 women Urban Rural Total100500 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49Age groupTHMIS 2007-084.1.2 Differentials in Current and Completed FertilityTable 4.2 presents differentials in two measures of current fertility, the TFR and the percentageof women who are currently pregnant. As expected, the total fertility rate in rural areas ishigher than that of urban areas (6.4 and 3.5 births per woman, respectively). Across zones, fertilityranges from 6.9 children per woman in the Western Zone to 4.0 in the Eastern Zone. There is amarked difference in the level of fertility among women by level of education; women with noeducation have 1.1 more children than women who have completed primary education. Women withsecondary or higher education have less than half the number of children born by women with noeducation (3.1 and 6.7 children per woman, respectively). Fertility differentials are notable accordingto household wealth status, ranging from 7.2 births among women in households in the lowest quintileto 3.4 births among women in households in the highest quintile.The survey results show that 9 percent of women age 15-49 are currently pregnant. Althoughthe percentage of women currently pregnant can be used to measure current fertility, it does notcapture all pregnant women because some women may not be aware that they are pregnant, or may bereluctant to discuss their pregnancy at the early stages.Table 4.2 also shows the mean number of children ever born to women age 40-49, that is,women who are at the end of their childbearing years. This is a measure of completed or past fertilityand can be compared with the current TFR to assess the extent of fertility change in Tanzania over thepast two decades.40 | Fertility and Reproductive Health
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TanzaniaHIV/AIDS and MalariaIndicat
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The 2007-08 Tanzania HIV/AIDS and M
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3.5 Access to Mass Media ..........
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12.2 Orphans and Vulnerable Childre
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Table 4.3Table 4.4Table 4.5Table 4.
Page 11 and 12: Figure 9.2 HIV Prevlence by Region/
Page 14: FOREWORDThis report presents the ma
Page 18 and 19: SUMMARY OF FINDINGSThe 2007-08 Tanz
Page 20 and 21: HIV prevalence among youth (women a
Page 23 and 24: xxii | Map of Tanzania
Page 25 and 26: 1.2 NATIONAL POLICY ON HIV/AIDSIn r
Page 27 and 28: To assess levels and trends in know
Page 29 and 30: 1.8 FIELDWORKData collection was ca
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1 Results of the household
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2.1 presents a graphic pictu
Page 35 and 36: Table 2.3.1 Educational attainment
Page 37 and 38: Educational attainment is higher in
Page 39 and 40: 2.5.1 Energy SourcesTable 2.5 prese
Page 41 and 42: The most common items are agricultu
Page 43 and 44: The 2007-08 THMIS included aquestio
Page 45 and 46: Table 3.1—ContinuedBackgroundchar
Page 47 and 48: Education is positively related to
Page 49 and 50: Table 3.3.2 Employment status: MenP
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
Page 53 and 54: 3.6 CURRENT MARITAL STATUSMarriage
Page 55 and 56: Polygyny also varies by household w
Page 57 and 58: Four in ten women age 20-49 marry b
Page 59 and 60: There is a positive relationship be
Page 64 and 65: Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
Page 66 and 67: infertility, 1 or the inability to
Page 68 and 69: 4.3 ADOLESCENT FERTILITYAdolescent
Page 70 and 71: Table 4.7 Antenatal carePercent dis
Page 72: Table 4.8 Place of antenatal carePe
Page 75 and 76: Table 5.1 Knowledge of AIDSPercenta
Page 77 and 78: The use of condoms as an effective
Page 79 and 80: Table 5.3.2 Comprehensive knowledge
Page 81 and 82: more education) and those in the fo
Page 83 and 84: Table 5.5.1 Exposure to HIV educati
Page 85 and 86: 5.6 KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE CONCERNI
Page 87 and 88: Table 5.6.2 Knowledge and attitudes
Page 89 and 90: Table 6.1.1 Accepting attitudes tow
Page 91 and 92: Stigma is also found to vary with l
Page 93 and 94: 6.3 ATTITUDES OF ADULTS TOWARDS EDU
Page 96 and 97: HIV/AIDS-RELATED BEHAVIOUR 77.1 INT
Page 98 and 99: Table 7.2.1 Recent sexual activity:
Page 100 and 101: Figure 7.1 Recent Sexual Intercours
Page 102 and 103: Table 7.3.2 Multiple sexual partner
Page 104 and 105: Table 7.4 Payment for sexual interc
Page 106 and 107: Table 7.5.1 Coverage of prior HIV t
Page 108 and 109: Figure 7.2 Prior HIV Testing by Edu
Page 110 and 111: 7.7 PREVALENCE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMIT
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Figure 7.3 Prevalence of STIs and S
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Table 7.8 Prevalence of medical inj
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Table 8.1 Comprehensive knowledge a
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Table 8.2 Age at first sexual inter
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Never-married women and men age 15-
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Figure 8.3 Condom Use at Premarital
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Table 8.5.2 Higher-risk sexual inte
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Table 8.6 Age-mixing in sexual rela
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8.9 HIV TESTING AMONG YOUNG PEOPLEK
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HIV PREVALENCE 99.1 INTRODUCTIONPri
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Table 9.1 Coverage of HIV testing b
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Table 9.1—ContinuedBackgroundchar
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Table 9.3 HIV prevalence by ageAmon
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There are large variations in HIV p
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Table 9.5 shows that men who are cu
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Women who said they had higher-risk
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Table 9.8 shows data on HIV prevale
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Table 9.11 HIV prevalence by male c
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INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY 1010.1 I
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As expected, the level of infant an
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category (1.41) is 41 percent highe
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11.1 OWNERSHIP AND USE OF MOSQUITO
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carrying mosquitoes. Much of the fi
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11.2 USE OF ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS DURI
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11.3 TREATMENT OF CHILDREN WITH FEV
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11.4.1 Type and Timing of Antimalar
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11.4.2 Availability of Drug at Home
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11.6 SOURCE OF MOSQUITO NETSUntil l
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In spite of steady increases in ITN
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ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN 12P
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12.2 ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDRE
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12.3.1 School Attendance by Survivo
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While there are no differences in p
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Table 12.7 Widows dispossessed of p
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Table 12.9 External support for orp
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REFERENCESAgot, K.E., J.O. Ndinya-A
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SAMPLE IMPLEMENTATIONAPPENDIX AAppe
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Table A.2 Sample implementation: Me
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Table A.4 Coverage of HIV testing a
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Table A.6 Coverage of HIV testing a
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where h represents the stratum whic
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Table B.2 Sampling errors for Natio
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Table B.4 Sampling errors for Rural
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Table B.6 Sampling errors for Mainl
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Table B.8 Sampling errors for Mainl
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Table B.10 Sampling errors for Zanz
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Table B.12 Sampling errors for Nort
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Table B.14 Sampling errors for Sout
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Table B.16 Sampling errors for East
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Table B.18 Sampling errors for Dodo
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Table B.20 Sampling errors for Kili
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Table B.22 Sampling errors for Moro
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Table B.24 Sampling errors for Dar
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Table B.26 Sampling errors for Mtwa
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Table B.28 Sampling errors for Irin
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Table B.30 Sampling errors for Sing
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Table B.32 Sampling errors for Rukw
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Table B.34 Sampling errors for Shin
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Table B.36 Sampling errors for Mwan
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Table B.38 Sampling errors for Many
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Table B.40 Sampling errors for Pemb
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216 | Appendix B
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Joyce MbambaYulitha MwakasoleRemigi
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QUESTIONNAIRESAppendix DAppendix D
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULEIntroduction and
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IF AGE 0-17 YEARSIF AGE 5 YEARS OR
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IF AGE 0-17 YEARSLINE SICK CARE SUR
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HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICSNO. QUESTI
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CA
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SUPPORT FOR SICK PEOPLENO. QUESTION
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NO.QUESTIONS AND FILTERSSUPPORT FOR
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NO.QUESTIONS AND FILTERSCODING CATE
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CHILD 4 CHILD 5 CHILD 6502 LINE NUM
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515 CHECK 509:NUMBER OF CHILDREN WI
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UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIATANZANIA
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213 214 215 216217 218219 220221222
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LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH SECON
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LASTSEXUAL PARTNERSECOND-TO-LASTSEX
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SECTION 7 - HIV TESTTHIS PAGE TO BE
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