Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey ... - Measure DHS

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dwelling or plot, public tap, tube well or borehole, protected well or spring, and rainwater. 1Households in THMIS were also asked whether the provider of the water is a public or privateagency.Results of the survey show that 56 percent of households have safe water; 82 percent in urbanareas and 48 percent in rural areas. Compared with results of the 2003-2004 THIS, which showed that52 percent of households had safe water, there has been only a slight improvement. One in fourhouseholds (24 percent) obtain water from the authorities and 11 percent obtain their water from aCBO or NGO. More than six in ten households stated that the water did not come from the authorityor CBO/NGO.Table 2.4 Household characteristicsPercent distribution of households by household characteristics, accordingto residence, Tanzania HMIS 2007-08HouseholdsCharacteristic Urban Rural TotalSource of drinking waterImproved source 82.1 48.0 56.4Piped water into dwelling/yard/plot 23.1 2.5 7.6Shared tap/standpipe 30.3 3.9 10.4Public tap/standpipe 15.8 15.0 15.2Tube well or borehole 3.7 0.6 1.4Protected dug well 7.1 15.8 13.7Protected spring 2.1 10.0 8.0Rainwater 0.0 0.1 0.1Non-improved source 17.7 50.0 42.0Unprotected dug well 8.8 28.4 23.6Unprotected spring 2.0 17.6 13.8Tanker truck/cart with small tank 5.8 0.9 2.1Surface water 1.1 3.1 2.6Missing 0.2 2.0 1.6Total 100.0 100.0 100.0Provider of waterAuthority 36.9 20.1 24.3CBO/NGO 11.0 11.1 11.1No provider 50.4 66.0 62.1Don't know/missing 1.8 2.8 2.6Total 100.0 100.0 100.0Improved, not shared facilityFlush/pour flush 8.0 0.5 2.4Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine 4.5 1.2 2.0Non-improved facilityAny facility shared with otherhouseholds 7.1 0.5 2.1Flush/pour flush toilet 8.0 0.2 2.2Pit latrine without slab/open pit 69.4 76.7 74.9No facility/bush/field 3.0 20.6 16.2Missing 0.1 0.2 0.2Total 100.0 100.0 100.0Number of households 2,106 6,391 8,497Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is one of the Millennium Development Goals thatTanzania intends to fulfil along with other countries. A household is classified as having an improvedtoilet if the facility is used only by members of that household (not shared) and if the facility separatesthe waste from human contact (WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply andSanitation, 2004). Proper sanitation facilities lead to improved hygiene practices, and ultimately tolower infant mortality rates. Results of this survey show that three-quarters of households in Tanzaniause the traditional pit latrine; 69 percent in urban areas and 77 percent in rural areas. About one-fifth(21 percent) of households in rural areas have no sanitation facility.1 The categories improved source and non-improved source of drinking water follow those proposed by theWHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, 2004).Introduction | 15
2.5.1 Energy SourcesTable 2.5 presents information on the energy sources used by Tanzanian households. Use ofelectricity usually goes hand in hand with improved housing structures and a better standard of living.In Tanzania, about 12 percent ofhouseholds have electricity. There is a largedifference in access to electricity betweenurban and rural households (40 percent inurban areas compared with 2 percent in ruralareas). The same results were obtained in the2003-04 THIS (TACAIDS, NBS, and ORCMacro, 2005).The type of fuel used for cookingcan have a direct effect on people’s healthstatus; it also serves as an indicator of thesocio-economic status of the household.Charcoal is the most common fuel used forcooking in urban areas (60 percent), whereasfirewood is the predominant fuel for cookingin rural areas (94 percent). Both fuels have anegative impact on the environment becausethey involve cutting down trees.About 85 percent of households useparaffin as their major source of energy forlighting (25 percent hurricane lamp, 2 percentpressure lamp, and 58 percent wicklamp). Forty percent of households in urbanareas use electricity as their major source ofenergy for lighting, and 32 percent use aparaffin hurricane lamp. Use of electricity asthe main source of energy for lighting inrural areas is very limited (2 percent).2.5.2 Housing CharacteristicsTable 2.5 Household energy sourcesPercent distribution of households by energy sources, according toresidence, Tanzania HMIS 2007-08HouseholdsHousing characteristic Urban Rural TotalElectricityYes 40.1 2.1 11.5No 59.9 97.8 88.4Missing 0.0 0.1 0.1Total 100.0 100.0 100.0Cooking fuelElectricity 0.9 0.1 0.3LPG/natural gas/biogas 0.8 0.0 0.2Kerosene 8.5 0.3 2.3Charcoal 59.6 5.7 19.0Wood 29.0 93.5 77.5Straw/shrubs/grass 0.2 0.1 0.1No food cooked in household 1.1 0.3 0.5Total 100.0 100.0 100.0Lighting energyElectricity 39.6 1.9 11.3Solar 0.1 0.1 0.1Gas 0.0 0.1 0.1Paraffin hurricane lamp 32.2 22.6 24.9Paraffin pressure lamp 1.0 2.1 1.8Paraffin wick lamp 25.1 68.7 57.9Firewood 0.1 3.7 2.8Candles 1.9 0.2 0.6Other 0.1 0.7 0.5Missing 0.0 0.1 0.1Total 100.0 100.0 100.0Number of households 2,106 6,391 8,497Note: Percentages for electricity and cooking fuel may not add to100 because of missing cases (no more that 0.2 percent of cases inany category).LPG = Liquid petroleum gasThe type of material used forflooring is also an indicator of socio-economic status, and to some extent determines the household’svulnerability to exposure to disease-causing agents. Table 2.6 shows that 71 percent of householdshave earthen floors (made of earth, sand, or dung). Large differences exist between rural and urbanhouses; earth flooring is most common in rural areas (85 percent) while cement is most common inurban areas (67 percent).Quality wall materials ensure that household members are protected from hazardousconditions. Sun-dried bricks are the most common type of wall material in Tanzania (32 percent)followed by poles and mud (29 percent). Half of urban households live in cement block structures,while 34 percent of households in rural areas have structures made of poles and mud walls, and 37percent have houses with sun-dried brick walls.The most common form of roofing in Tanzania is iron sheets (53 percent). In rural areas,grass, thatch, and mud are the most common materials used for roofing (58 percent), while in urbanareas iron sheets are the most common roofing material (88 percent).16 | Introduction
Page 1 and 2: TanzaniaHIV/AIDS and MalariaIndicat
Page 3 and 4: The 2007-08 Tanzania HIV/AIDS and M
Page 5 and 6: 3.5 Access to Mass Media ..........
Page 7 and 8: 12.2 Orphans and Vulnerable Childre
Page 9 and 10: Table 4.3Table 4.4Table 4.5Table 4.
Page 11 and 12: Figure 9.2 HIV Prevlence by Region/
Page 14: FOREWORDThis report presents the ma
Page 18 and 19: SUMMARY OF FINDINGSThe 2007-08 Tanz
Page 20 and 21: HIV prevalence among youth (women a
Page 23 and 24: xxii | Map of Tanzania
Page 25 and 26: 1.2 NATIONAL POLICY ON HIV/AIDSIn r
Page 27 and 28: To assess levels and trends in know
Page 29 and 30: 1.8 FIELDWORKData collection was ca
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1 Results of the household
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2.1 presents a graphic pictu
Page 35 and 36: Table 2.3.1 Educational attainment
Page 37: Educational attainment is higher in
Page 41 and 42: The most common items are agricultu
Page 43 and 44: The 2007-08 THMIS included aquestio
Page 45 and 46: Table 3.1—ContinuedBackgroundchar
Page 47 and 48: Education is positively related to
Page 49 and 50: Table 3.3.2 Employment status: MenP
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
Page 53 and 54: 3.6 CURRENT MARITAL STATUSMarriage
Page 55 and 56: Polygyny also varies by household w
Page 57 and 58: Four in ten women age 20-49 marry b
Page 59 and 60: There is a positive relationship be
Page 62 and 63: FERTILITY AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 4
Page 64 and 65: Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
Page 66 and 67: infertility, 1 or the inability to
Page 68 and 69: 4.3 ADOLESCENT FERTILITYAdolescent
Page 70 and 71: Table 4.7 Antenatal carePercent dis
Page 72: Table 4.8 Place of antenatal carePe
Page 75 and 76: Table 5.1 Knowledge of AIDSPercenta
Page 77 and 78: The use of condoms as an effective
Page 79 and 80: Table 5.3.2 Comprehensive knowledge
Page 81 and 82: more education) and those in the fo
Page 83 and 84: Table 5.5.1 Exposure to HIV educati
Page 85 and 86: 5.6 KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE CONCERNI
Page 87 and 88: Table 5.6.2 Knowledge and attitudes
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Table 6.1.1 Accepting attitudes tow
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Stigma is also found to vary with l
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6.3 ATTITUDES OF ADULTS TOWARDS EDU
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HIV/AIDS-RELATED BEHAVIOUR 77.1 INT
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Table 7.2.1 Recent sexual activity:
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Figure 7.1 Recent Sexual Intercours
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Table 7.3.2 Multiple sexual partner
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Table 7.4 Payment for sexual interc
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Table 7.5.1 Coverage of prior HIV t
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Figure 7.2 Prior HIV Testing by Edu
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7.7 PREVALENCE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMIT
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Figure 7.3 Prevalence of STIs and S
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Table 7.8 Prevalence of medical inj
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Table 8.1 Comprehensive knowledge a
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Table 8.2 Age at first sexual inter
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Never-married women and men age 15-
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Figure 8.3 Condom Use at Premarital
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Table 8.5.2 Higher-risk sexual inte
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Table 8.6 Age-mixing in sexual rela
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8.9 HIV TESTING AMONG YOUNG PEOPLEK
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HIV PREVALENCE 99.1 INTRODUCTIONPri
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Table 9.1 Coverage of HIV testing b
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Table 9.1—ContinuedBackgroundchar
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Table 9.3 HIV prevalence by ageAmon
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There are large variations in HIV p
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Table 9.5 shows that men who are cu
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Women who said they had higher-risk
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Table 9.8 shows data on HIV prevale
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Table 9.11 HIV prevalence by male c
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INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY 1010.1 I
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As expected, the level of infant an
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category (1.41) is 41 percent highe
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11.1 OWNERSHIP AND USE OF MOSQUITO
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carrying mosquitoes. Much of the fi
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11.2 USE OF ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS DURI
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11.3 TREATMENT OF CHILDREN WITH FEV
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11.4.1 Type and Timing of Antimalar
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11.4.2 Availability of Drug at Home
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11.6 SOURCE OF MOSQUITO NETSUntil l
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In spite of steady increases in ITN
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ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN 12P
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12.2 ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDRE
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12.3.1 School Attendance by Survivo
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While there are no differences in p
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Table 12.7 Widows dispossessed of p
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Table 12.9 External support for orp
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REFERENCESAgot, K.E., J.O. Ndinya-A
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SAMPLE IMPLEMENTATIONAPPENDIX AAppe
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Table A.2 Sample implementation: Me
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Table A.4 Coverage of HIV testing a
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Table A.6 Coverage of HIV testing a
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where h represents the stratum whic
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Table B.2 Sampling errors for Natio
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Table B.4 Sampling errors for Rural
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Table B.6 Sampling errors for Mainl
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Table B.8 Sampling errors for Mainl
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Table B.10 Sampling errors for Zanz
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Table B.12 Sampling errors for Nort
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Table B.14 Sampling errors for Sout
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Table B.16 Sampling errors for East
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Table B.18 Sampling errors for Dodo
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Table B.20 Sampling errors for Kili
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Table B.22 Sampling errors for Moro
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Table B.24 Sampling errors for Dar
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Table B.26 Sampling errors for Mtwa
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Table B.28 Sampling errors for Irin
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Table B.30 Sampling errors for Sing
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Table B.32 Sampling errors for Rukw
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Table B.34 Sampling errors for Shin
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Table B.36 Sampling errors for Mwan
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Table B.38 Sampling errors for Many
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Table B.40 Sampling errors for Pemb
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216 | Appendix B
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Joyce MbambaYulitha MwakasoleRemigi
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QUESTIONNAIRESAppendix DAppendix D
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULEIntroduction and
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IF AGE 0-17 YEARSIF AGE 5 YEARS OR
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IF AGE 0-17 YEARSLINE SICK CARE SUR
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HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICSNO. QUESTI
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CA
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SUPPORT FOR SICK PEOPLENO. QUESTION
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NO.QUESTIONS AND FILTERSSUPPORT FOR
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NO.QUESTIONS AND FILTERSCODING CATE
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CHILD 4 CHILD 5 CHILD 6502 LINE NUM
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515 CHECK 509:NUMBER OF CHILDREN WI
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UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIATANZANIA
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213 214 215 216217 218219 220221222
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LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH SECON
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LASTSEXUAL PARTNERSECOND-TO-LASTSEX
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SECTION 7 - HIV TESTTHIS PAGE TO BE
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