Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey ... - Measure DHS

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HIV prevalence among youth (women and menage 15-24) is 2 percent, 3 percent for Mainlandand less than 1 percent for Zanzibar.MALARIAMosquito Nets. More than half (56 percent) ofhouseholds in Mainland Tanzania and 82 percentof households in Zanzibar own at least one mosquitonet. In the 2004-05 TDHS, these figureswere 46 and 65 percent, respectively. Between2004-05 and 2007-08, ownership of ITNs increasedfrom 23 to 38 percent in Mainland andfrom 28 to 72 percent in Zanzibar.Overall, 36 percent of children under age fiveslept under a mosquito net the night before thesurvey (35 percent in Mainland Tanzania and 69percent in Zanzibar). These figures are higherthan those reported in the 2004-05 TDHS (31percent in Mainland and 55 percent in Zanzibar).One in four children under age five in MainlandTanzania and three in five children (59 percent)in Zanzibar slept under an ITN the night beforethe survey.Overall, 27 percent of pregnant women in Tanzaniaslept under a mosquito net the night beforethe survey. Pregnant women in Mainland Tanzania(26 percent) are less likely than those in Zanzibar(51 percent) to sleep under an ITN. Thesefigures are much higher than those reported inthe 2004-05 TDHS (15 percent for Mainland and20 percent for Zanzibar). A programme of subsidizedmosquito net distribution targeting pregnantwomen and children under five in Zanzibarmay contribute to the greater use of ITNs there.Antimalarials. Overall, 60 percent of pregnantwomen took an antimalaria drug during pregnancy(59 percent in Mainland and 78 percent inZanzibar). The data suggest that intermittent preventivetreatment (IPT) using SP is integratedinto routine antenatal care; 57 percent of pregnantwomen in Mainland Tanzania and 74 percentin Zanzibar reported receiving at least onedose of SP (IPT-1) during an ANC visit. However,only 30 percent of pregnant women inMainland and 52 percent in Zanzibar receivedtwo or more doses of SP (IPT-2). These figuresshow an increase since the 2004-05 TDHS, when22 percent of pregnant women in Mainland and14 percent in Zanzibar received two or moredoses of SP.Prevalence of Malaria. Eighteen percent ofchildren under five in Mainland Tanzania and 1percent in Zanzibar tested positive for malaria.These observations are similar to results obtainedin the 2006 NMCP Monitoring and EvaluationSurvey and the Zanzibar 2007 RBM survey.REPRODUCTIVE HEALTHAntenatal Care. Most pregnant women in Tanzaniareceived antenatal care from skilled personnel(4 percent by a doctor, 7 percent from aclinical officer or assistant clinical officer, 65percent from a nurse or midwife, and 21 percentfrom an MCH aide). There were no significantdifferences in the prevalence of antenatal care byage of mother, birth order, or urban-rural residence.Women in the Eastern, Southern and Centralzones are more likely than women in otherzones to receive ANC from a health professional.Place of Antenatal Care. More than half ofwomen in Tanzania receive antenatal care at dispensariesand 27 percent at health centres. Urbanwomen are more likely to receive antenatal careat a district hospital (17 percent) than ruralwomen (6 percent). More than half of women inrural areas receive antenatal care at dispensaries(55 percent).FERTILITYFertility Levels and Trends. The total fertilityrate (TFR) in Tanzania is 5.6 births per woman.This means that at current age-specific fertilityrates, a Tanzanian woman will give birth to anaverage of 5.6 children by the end of her lifetime.This rate is similar to rates estimated from the1996 TDHS (5.8 births) and the 1999 TanzaniaReproductive and Child Health Survey (TRCHS)(5.6 births). Thus, it appears that fertility has notdeclined in Tanzania for more than a decade.Nine percent of women age 15-49 were pregnantat the time of the survey, indicating that fertilitywill continue to be high, at least in the near future.Fertility Differentials. There is substantialvariation in fertility rates in Tanzania. The TFRin Mainland is 5.6, compared with 4.9 in Zanzibar.Rural women have, on average, 3 morebirths than their urban counterparts (6.4 and 3.5births per woman, respectively). The TFR rangesfrom a low of 4.0 in the Eastern zone to a high of6.9 in the Western zone. Fertility is closely asso-Summary of Findings | xix
ciated with the educational attainment and wealthstatus of the mother. Women with secondary orhigher education have less than half the numberof children born among women with no education(3.1 and 6.7 children per woman, respectively).Women in households in the lowestwealth quintile have an average of 7.2 births,compared with 3.4 births for women in householdsin the highest wealth quintile.Initiation of Childbearing. About one in fourwomen age 15-19 have begun childbearing: 18percent are mothers and 5 percent are pregnantwith their first child. This figure is slightly lowerthan that reported in the 2004-05 TDHS (26 percent).The percentage of young women who havebegun childbearing is higher among rural women(26 percent) than urban women (16 percent). Inthe Mainland, adolescent childbearing is mostcommon in the Southern Zone (34 percent) andleast common in the Northern Zone (16 percent).Eight percent of women in Zanzibar have startedchildbearing; 10 percent in Pemba and 7 percentin Unguja.CHILD HEALTHPrevalence of Anaemia. The 2007-08 THMIStested the haemoglobin of children age 6-59months. Eight percent of children in Mainlandtested positive for severe anaemia (haemoglobinconcentration of less than 7.0 grams per decilitre)compared with 5 percent in Zanzibar. The prevalenceof anaemia varies little by urban-rural residence,but there are large variations across regionsin Mainland Tanzania. The prevalence ofsevere anaemia is highest in Ruvuma (18 percent),Morogoro (14 percent), Mara (13 percent,and Shinyanga (11 percent).Childhood Mortality. The infant mortality ratefor the period 2004-2008 is 58 deaths per 1,000live births. This is a decline from 68 deaths per1,000 live births reported for the period 2002-2005 in the 2004-05 TDHS. The child mortalityrate is 36 deaths per 1,000, lower than the infantmortality rate, implying that the main contributingfactors to infant mortality are neonatal andpost-neonatal mortality. The under-five mortalityrate for the period 2004-2008 is 91 per 1,000 livebirths. This rate is an improvement from the2004-05 TDHS, which estimated under-five mortalityat 112 deaths per 1,000 live births.Shorter birth intervals are associated with highermortality. Infant mortality for children born lessthan two years after the preceding birth is 159per 1,000 live births, compared with 77 deathsper 1,000 live births for children born four ormore years after the preceding sibling.KNOWLEDGE OF TUBERCULOSISMost women and men age 15-49 in Tanzaniahave heard of tuberculosis. However, only abouthalf of women and 60 percent of men know howTB is transmitted. Seventy-eight percent ofwomen and 84 percent of men believe that tuberculosiscan be cured. Stigma towards TB patientsappears not to be widespread in Tanzania, withonly 24 percent of women and 16 percent of mensaying that they would keep a family member‘ssickness secret.ORPHANHOODA majority of children under age 18 live withboth parents (61 percent), but 16 percent livewith neither parent. Eleven percent of childrenhave lost one or both parents and 1 percent ofchildren have lost both parents. Urban childrenunder age 18 are more likely than rural childrento have one or both parents dead (13 percent and9 percent, respectively).About 8 percent of children are considered to bevulnerable. A vulnerable child is a child belowthe age of 18 years whose parent is very sick (3percent), or who lives in a household where anadult (a parent or other household member) isvery sick (7 percent), or who lives in a householdin which a very sick adult had died in the 12months preceding the survey (1 percent). Anadult is considered very sick if he/she is too ill towork or undertake normal activities for a periodof at least three months during the past 12months.Overall, about 18 percent of children under age18 in Tanzania are classified as orphans and vulnerablechildren (OVCs). This figure is not comparablewith that from the 2003-04 THIS becausethe THIS did not use the same categories of informationon children as the THMIS.xx Summary of Findings
Page 1 and 2: TanzaniaHIV/AIDS and MalariaIndicat
Page 3 and 4: The 2007-08 Tanzania HIV/AIDS and M
Page 5 and 6: 3.5 Access to Mass Media ..........
Page 7 and 8: 12.2 Orphans and Vulnerable Childre
Page 9 and 10: Table 4.3Table 4.4Table 4.5Table 4.
Page 11 and 12: Figure 9.2 HIV Prevlence by Region/
Page 14: FOREWORDThis report presents the ma
Page 18 and 19: SUMMARY OF FINDINGSThe 2007-08 Tanz
Page 23 and 24: xxii | Map of Tanzania
Page 25 and 26: 1.2 NATIONAL POLICY ON HIV/AIDSIn r
Page 27 and 28: To assess levels and trends in know
Page 29 and 30: 1.8 FIELDWORKData collection was ca
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1 Results of the household
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2.1 presents a graphic pictu
Page 35 and 36: Table 2.3.1 Educational attainment
Page 37 and 38: Educational attainment is higher in
Page 39 and 40: 2.5.1 Energy SourcesTable 2.5 prese
Page 41 and 42: The most common items are agricultu
Page 43 and 44: The 2007-08 THMIS included aquestio
Page 45 and 46: Table 3.1—ContinuedBackgroundchar
Page 47 and 48: Education is positively related to
Page 49 and 50: Table 3.3.2 Employment status: MenP
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
Page 53 and 54: 3.6 CURRENT MARITAL STATUSMarriage
Page 55 and 56: Polygyny also varies by household w
Page 57 and 58: Four in ten women age 20-49 marry b
Page 59 and 60: There is a positive relationship be
Page 62 and 63: FERTILITY AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 4
Page 64 and 65: Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
Page 66 and 67: infertility, 1 or the inability to
Page 68 and 69: 4.3 ADOLESCENT FERTILITYAdolescent
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Table 4.7 Antenatal carePercent dis
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Table 4.8 Place of antenatal carePe
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Table 5.1 Knowledge of AIDSPercenta
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The use of condoms as an effective
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Table 5.3.2 Comprehensive knowledge
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more education) and those in the fo
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Table 5.5.1 Exposure to HIV educati
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5.6 KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE CONCERNI
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Table 5.6.2 Knowledge and attitudes
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Table 6.1.1 Accepting attitudes tow
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Stigma is also found to vary with l
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6.3 ATTITUDES OF ADULTS TOWARDS EDU
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HIV/AIDS-RELATED BEHAVIOUR 77.1 INT
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Table 7.2.1 Recent sexual activity:
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Figure 7.1 Recent Sexual Intercours
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Table 7.3.2 Multiple sexual partner
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Table 7.4 Payment for sexual interc
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Table 7.5.1 Coverage of prior HIV t
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Figure 7.2 Prior HIV Testing by Edu
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7.7 PREVALENCE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMIT
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Figure 7.3 Prevalence of STIs and S
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Table 7.8 Prevalence of medical inj
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Table 8.1 Comprehensive knowledge a
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Table 8.2 Age at first sexual inter
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Never-married women and men age 15-
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Figure 8.3 Condom Use at Premarital
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Table 8.5.2 Higher-risk sexual inte
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Table 8.6 Age-mixing in sexual rela
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8.9 HIV TESTING AMONG YOUNG PEOPLEK
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HIV PREVALENCE 99.1 INTRODUCTIONPri
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Table 9.1 Coverage of HIV testing b
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Table 9.1—ContinuedBackgroundchar
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Table 9.3 HIV prevalence by ageAmon
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There are large variations in HIV p
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Table 9.5 shows that men who are cu
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Women who said they had higher-risk
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Table 9.8 shows data on HIV prevale
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Table 9.11 HIV prevalence by male c
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INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY 1010.1 I
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As expected, the level of infant an
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category (1.41) is 41 percent highe
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11.1 OWNERSHIP AND USE OF MOSQUITO
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carrying mosquitoes. Much of the fi
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11.2 USE OF ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS DURI
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11.3 TREATMENT OF CHILDREN WITH FEV
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11.4.1 Type and Timing of Antimalar
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11.4.2 Availability of Drug at Home
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11.6 SOURCE OF MOSQUITO NETSUntil l
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In spite of steady increases in ITN
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ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN 12P
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12.2 ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDRE
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12.3.1 School Attendance by Survivo
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While there are no differences in p
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Table 12.7 Widows dispossessed of p
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Table 12.9 External support for orp
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REFERENCESAgot, K.E., J.O. Ndinya-A
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SAMPLE IMPLEMENTATIONAPPENDIX AAppe
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Table A.2 Sample implementation: Me
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Table A.4 Coverage of HIV testing a
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Table A.6 Coverage of HIV testing a
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where h represents the stratum whic
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Table B.2 Sampling errors for Natio
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Table B.4 Sampling errors for Rural
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Table B.6 Sampling errors for Mainl
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Table B.8 Sampling errors for Mainl
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Table B.10 Sampling errors for Zanz
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Table B.12 Sampling errors for Nort
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Table B.14 Sampling errors for Sout
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Table B.16 Sampling errors for East
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Table B.18 Sampling errors for Dodo
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Table B.20 Sampling errors for Kili
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Table B.22 Sampling errors for Moro
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Table B.24 Sampling errors for Dar
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Table B.26 Sampling errors for Mtwa
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Table B.28 Sampling errors for Irin
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Table B.30 Sampling errors for Sing
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Table B.32 Sampling errors for Rukw
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Table B.34 Sampling errors for Shin
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Table B.36 Sampling errors for Mwan
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Table B.38 Sampling errors for Many
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Table B.40 Sampling errors for Pemb
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216 | Appendix B
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Joyce MbambaYulitha MwakasoleRemigi
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QUESTIONNAIRESAppendix DAppendix D
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULEIntroduction and
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IF AGE 0-17 YEARSIF AGE 5 YEARS OR
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IF AGE 0-17 YEARSLINE SICK CARE SUR
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HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICSNO. QUESTI
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CA
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SUPPORT FOR SICK PEOPLENO. QUESTION
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NO.QUESTIONS AND FILTERSSUPPORT FOR
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NO.QUESTIONS AND FILTERSCODING CATE
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CHILD 4 CHILD 5 CHILD 6502 LINE NUM
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515 CHECK 509:NUMBER OF CHILDREN WI
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UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIATANZANIA
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213 214 215 216217 218219 220221222
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LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH SECON
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LASTSEXUAL PARTNERSECOND-TO-LASTSEX
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SECTION 7 - HIV TESTTHIS PAGE TO BE
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