Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey ... - Measure DHS

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Women who said they had higher-risk sex (i.e., sexual intercourse with a nonmarital,noncohabiting partner) during the year preceding the survey have a higher prevalence of HIV (11percent) than those who said they had sex but not higher-risk sex (6 percent). Surprisingly, however,HIV prevalence is as high among women who have not had sex in the year before the survey (11percent) as among those who had higher-risk sex. For men, prevalence of HIV infection is notdifferentiated by having higher-risk intercourse. Prevalence of HIV is 5 percent among men who hadhigher-risk sexual intercourse, while it is a bit higher (7 percent) for those who had sex but not higherrisksex. Prevalence among men who did not have sex in the previous 12 months is low (3 percent).HIV prevalence by the number of sexual partners in the 12 months before the survey showsthe expected positive relationship for men but not for women. Among men, HIV prevalence increasesas the number of partner increases. Prevalence of HIV is low (3 percent) among men who did nothave sex in the past 12 months and increases to 8 percent among men who had three or more partnersin the past year. Women who did not have sex in the year before the survey are more likely to beHIV-positive (11 percent) than those who had one or two sexual partners.Table 9.6 also shows data on HIV prevalence by the number of higher-risk partners in the past12 months. Women who had sex with one or two higher-risk partners have higher HIV prevalencethan those who did not have sex with higher-risk partners. For men, HIV prevalence is highest amongthose who had at least three higher-risk partners in the previous year (9 percent); however, it is alsohigher (6 percent) among those who did not have sex with higher-risk partners than those who hadone or two higher-risk sexual partners (4 and 5 percent, respectively).When used consistently and correctly, condoms are a very effective way of preventing HIVinfection, other sexually transmitted infections, and unwanted pregnancies. Results from the 2007-08THMIS do not show any consistent pattern of HIV prevalence by condom use behaviour. Amongwomen, HIV prevalence is higher among those who used a condom at last sexual intercourse in the 12months before the survey (12 percent) than among those who did not use condom at their last sex (6percent). It is about equally as high among those who used a condom at last higher-risk sex as amongthose who did not (10 and 11 percent, respectively). There are also no differences in HIV prevalenceamong men who used a condom at last sex and those who did not (both 6 percent) or among thosewho used a condom at last higher-risk sex and those who did not (both 5 percent).Prevalence of HIV increases steadily as the number of lifetime partners increases. Forwomen, HIV prevalence increases from 3 percent among those who have had only one sexual partnerto 22 percent among women who have had 10 or more lifetime partners. Among men, prevalence is 1percent for those with one lifetime partner and increases to 11 percent among men with 10 or morelifetime partners.9.7 HIV PREVALENCE AMONG YOUTHIn general, cases of HIV among youth represent more recent infections and serve as animportant indicator for detecting both prevalence and incidence. Table 9.7 shows HIV prevalencelevels among youth according to several indicators of sexual behaviour.Overall, HIV prevalence for the age group 15-24 is 2 percent—almost 3 percent for MainlandTanzania and less than 1 percent for Zanzibar. Prevalence differs by sex, from 4 percent amongwomen age 15-24 to 1 percent among men of the same age. Among women, prevalence generallyincreases with age, while for men, there is no consistent pattern. Urban youth are twice as likely to beinfected as youth in rural areas (4 percent and 2 percent). Overall, young people without anyeducation have a higher prevalence of HIV (4 percent) than those with secondary education (1percent). Interpretation of regional differences should be done with caution. Because in some regionsthe number of youth who were tested for HIV is small, the small differences may not be reliable.HIV Prevalence | 121
Table 9.7 HIV prevalence among young people by background characteristicsPercentage HIV positive among women and men age 15-24 who were tested for HIV, by background characteristics,Tanzania HMIS 2007-08Women Men TotalBackgroundcharacteristicPercentageHIV positiveNumberPercentageHIV positiveNumberPercentageHIV positiveNumberAge15-19 1.3 1,756 0.7 1,815 1.0 3,57115-17 0.6 1,164 1.0 1,169 0.8 2,33318-19 2.7 592 0.2 646 1.4 1,23820-24 6.3 1,530 1.7 1,125 4.3 2,65520-22 5.7 948 1.6 766 3.9 1,71423-24 7.2 582 2.0 359 5.2 941Marital statusNever married 1.3 1,707 1.0 2,541 1.1 4,247Ever had sex 2.3 643 0.9 1,198 1.4 1,842Never had sex 0.7 1,063 1.1 1,342 0.9 2,405Married/living together 5.6 1,417 1.8 349 4.9 1,766Divorced/separated/widowed 10.3 162 (0.0) 51 7.8 213Pregnancy statusPregnant 3.2 316 na na na naNot pregnant or not sure 3.7 2,965 na na na naResidenceUrban 5.2 866 1.5 701 3.5 1,568Rural 3.1 2,419 1.0 2,239 2.1 4,658Mainland/ZanzibarMainland 3.7 3,165 1.1 2,843 2.5 6,008Mainland – Urban 5.4 826 1.6 667 3.7 1,493Dar es Salaam City 5.2 265 0.6 218 3.1 483Other Urban 5.5 561 2.0 449 4.0 1,010Mainland – Rural 3.2 2,339 1.0 2,176 2.1 4,515Zanzibar 0.3 121 0.1 97 0.2 218Region/IslandArusha 0.0 128 1.2 86 0.5 215Dar es Salaam 5.3 281 0.6 226 3.2 507Dodoma 0.9 113 1.1 112 1.0 225Iringa 8.2 107 1.6 112 4.8 219Kagera 1.4 173 0.0 179 0.7 352Kigoma 2.9 169 0.0 131 1.6 300Kilimanjaro 0.0 139 0.0 128 0.0 267Lindi 4.0 82 1.7 46 3.2 128Manyara 3.8 82 0.8 80 2.4 162Mara 2.7 141 3.2 110 2.9 250Mbeya 6.1 188 0.9 223 3.3 411Morogoro 1.1 138 0.0 119 0.6 257Mtwara 2.7 101 1.1 82 2.0 183Mwanza 5.9 308 1.4 278 3.8 585Pwani 2.8 73 (0.0) 45 1.7 118Rukwa 2.0 114 1.1 112 1.6 226Ruvuma 4.4 129 0.0 128 2.2 258Shinyanga 6.2 294 3.2 291 4.7 585Singida 1.7 59 0.0 67 0.8 125Tabora 4.3 200 2.2 178 3.3 377Tanga 3.3 145 0.0 111 1.8 257Pemba 0.1 36 0.2 31 0.2 67Unguja 0.3 85 0.0 66 0.2 151ZoneWestern 4.8 663 2.2 600 3.6 1,263Northern 1.6 494 0.4 406 1.1 900Central 1.2 172 0.7 179 0.9 351Southern Highlands 5.5 409 1.1 446 3.2 856Lake 3.9 621 1.3 566 2.7 1,188Eastern 3.7 492 0.3 390 2.2 882Southern 3.7 313 0.6 256 2.4 568Zanzibar 0.3 121 0.1 97 0.2 218EducationNo education 5.5 578 1.5 269 4.2 847Primary incomplete 3.1 698 1.5 943 2.2 1,641Primary complete 3.8 1,578 0.8 1,152 2.5 2,730Secondary + 1.4 432 0.7 576 1.0 1,008Wealth quintileLowest 3.0 571 1.2 481 2.2 1,052Second 4.6 582 0.3 599 2.4 1,180Middle 3.2 639 1.8 571 2.6 1,210Fourth 2.4 640 0.3 616 1.4 1,256Highest 4.6 853 1.7 673 3.3 1,526Total 15-24 3.6 3,286 1.1 2,940 2.4 6,226Note: HIV positive refers to individuals who have HIV-1. Total includes 5 women missing information on pregnancystatus. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.na = Not applicable122 | HIV Prevalence
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TanzaniaHIV/AIDS and MalariaIndicat
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The 2007-08 Tanzania HIV/AIDS and M
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3.5 Access to Mass Media ..........
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12.2 Orphans and Vulnerable Childre
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Table 4.3Table 4.4Table 4.5Table 4.
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Figure 9.2 HIV Prevlence by Region/
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FOREWORDThis report presents the ma
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SUMMARY OF FINDINGSThe 2007-08 Tanz
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HIV prevalence among youth (women a
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xxii | Map of Tanzania
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1.2 NATIONAL POLICY ON HIV/AIDSIn r
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To assess levels and trends in know
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1.8 FIELDWORKData collection was ca
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Table 1.1 Results of the household
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Figure 2.1 presents a graphic pictu
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Table 2.3.1 Educational attainment
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Educational attainment is higher in
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2.5.1 Energy SourcesTable 2.5 prese
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The most common items are agricultu
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The 2007-08 THMIS included aquestio
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Table 3.1—ContinuedBackgroundchar
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Education is positively related to
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Table 3.3.2 Employment status: MenP
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Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
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3.6 CURRENT MARITAL STATUSMarriage
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Polygyny also varies by household w
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Four in ten women age 20-49 marry b
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There is a positive relationship be
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FERTILITY AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 4
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Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
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infertility, 1 or the inability to
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4.3 ADOLESCENT FERTILITYAdolescent
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Table 4.7 Antenatal carePercent dis
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Table 4.8 Place of antenatal carePe
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Table 5.1 Knowledge of AIDSPercenta
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The use of condoms as an effective
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Table 5.3.2 Comprehensive knowledge
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more education) and those in the fo
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Table 5.5.1 Exposure to HIV educati
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5.6 KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE CONCERNI
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Table 5.6.2 Knowledge and attitudes
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Table 6.1.1 Accepting attitudes tow
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Stigma is also found to vary with l
Page 93 and 94: 6.3 ATTITUDES OF ADULTS TOWARDS EDU
Page 96 and 97: HIV/AIDS-RELATED BEHAVIOUR 77.1 INT
Page 98 and 99: Table 7.2.1 Recent sexual activity:
Page 100 and 101: Figure 7.1 Recent Sexual Intercours
Page 102 and 103: Table 7.3.2 Multiple sexual partner
Page 104 and 105: Table 7.4 Payment for sexual interc
Page 106 and 107: Table 7.5.1 Coverage of prior HIV t
Page 108 and 109: Figure 7.2 Prior HIV Testing by Edu
Page 110 and 111: 7.7 PREVALENCE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMIT
Page 112 and 113: Figure 7.3 Prevalence of STIs and S
Page 114: Table 7.8 Prevalence of medical inj
Page 117 and 118: Table 8.1 Comprehensive knowledge a
Page 119 and 120: Table 8.2 Age at first sexual inter
Page 121 and 122: Never-married women and men age 15-
Page 123 and 124: Figure 8.3 Condom Use at Premarital
Page 125 and 126: Table 8.5.2 Higher-risk sexual inte
Page 127 and 128: Table 8.6 Age-mixing in sexual rela
Page 129 and 130: 8.9 HIV TESTING AMONG YOUNG PEOPLEK
Page 132 and 133: HIV PREVALENCE 99.1 INTRODUCTIONPri
Page 134 and 135: Table 9.1 Coverage of HIV testing b
Page 136 and 137: Table 9.1—ContinuedBackgroundchar
Page 138 and 139: Table 9.3 HIV prevalence by ageAmon
Page 140 and 141: There are large variations in HIV p
Page 142 and 143: Table 9.5 shows that men who are cu
Page 146 and 147: Table 9.8 shows data on HIV prevale
Page 148 and 149: Table 9.11 HIV prevalence by male c
Page 150 and 151: INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY 1010.1 I
Page 152 and 153: As expected, the level of infant an
Page 154: category (1.41) is 41 percent highe
Page 157 and 158: 11.1 OWNERSHIP AND USE OF MOSQUITO
Page 159 and 160: carrying mosquitoes. Much of the fi
Page 161 and 162: 11.2 USE OF ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS DURI
Page 163 and 164: 11.3 TREATMENT OF CHILDREN WITH FEV
Page 165 and 166: 11.4.1 Type and Timing of Antimalar
Page 167 and 168: 11.4.2 Availability of Drug at Home
Page 169 and 170: 11.6 SOURCE OF MOSQUITO NETSUntil l
Page 171 and 172: In spite of steady increases in ITN
Page 174 and 175: ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN 12P
Page 176 and 177: 12.2 ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDRE
Page 178 and 179: 12.3.1 School Attendance by Survivo
Page 180 and 181: While there are no differences in p
Page 182 and 183: Table 12.7 Widows dispossessed of p
Page 184 and 185: Table 12.9 External support for orp
Page 186 and 187: REFERENCESAgot, K.E., J.O. Ndinya-A
Page 188 and 189: SAMPLE IMPLEMENTATIONAPPENDIX AAppe
Page 190 and 191: Table A.2 Sample implementation: Me
Page 192 and 193: Table A.4 Coverage of HIV testing a
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Table A.6 Coverage of HIV testing a
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where h represents the stratum whic
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Table B.2 Sampling errors for Natio
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Table B.4 Sampling errors for Rural
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Table B.6 Sampling errors for Mainl
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Table B.8 Sampling errors for Mainl
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Table B.10 Sampling errors for Zanz
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Table B.12 Sampling errors for Nort
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Table B.14 Sampling errors for Sout
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Table B.16 Sampling errors for East
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Table B.18 Sampling errors for Dodo
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Table B.20 Sampling errors for Kili
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Table B.22 Sampling errors for Moro
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Table B.24 Sampling errors for Dar
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Table B.26 Sampling errors for Mtwa
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Table B.28 Sampling errors for Irin
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Table B.30 Sampling errors for Sing
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Table B.32 Sampling errors for Rukw
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Table B.34 Sampling errors for Shin
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Table B.36 Sampling errors for Mwan
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Table B.38 Sampling errors for Many
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Table B.40 Sampling errors for Pemb
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216 | Appendix B
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Joyce MbambaYulitha MwakasoleRemigi
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QUESTIONNAIRESAppendix DAppendix D
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULEIntroduction and
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IF AGE 0-17 YEARSIF AGE 5 YEARS OR
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IF AGE 0-17 YEARSLINE SICK CARE SUR
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HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICSNO. QUESTI
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CA
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SUPPORT FOR SICK PEOPLENO. QUESTION
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NO.QUESTIONS AND FILTERSSUPPORT FOR
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NO.QUESTIONS AND FILTERSCODING CATE
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CHILD 4 CHILD 5 CHILD 6502 LINE NUM
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515 CHECK 509:NUMBER OF CHILDREN WI
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UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIATANZANIA
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213 214 215 216217 218219 220221222
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LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH SECON
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LASTSEXUAL PARTNERSECOND-TO-LASTSEX
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SECTION 7 - HIV TESTTHIS PAGE TO BE
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