Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey ... - Measure DHS

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There are large variations in HIV prevalence by region (Figure 9.2). The highest HIVprevalence rate is found in Iringa region (16 percent), followed by Dar es Salaam (9 percent) andMbeya (9 percent). Regions on the Mainland with the lowest HIV prevalence are Arusha, Kigoma,Kilimanjaro, and Manyara (2 percent each). The lowest prevalence, however, is found in Pemba andUnguja, both with less than 1 percent of adults HIV positive. In all regions except Arusha, HIVprevalence is higher among women than men.Figure 9.2 HIV Prevalence by Region/IslandIringaDar es SalaamMbeyaMaraShinyangaPwaniTaboraRuvumaTanzaniaMwanzaMorogoroRukwaTangaLindiMtwaraKageraDodomaSingidaKilimanjaroKigomaArushaManyaraUngujaPemba2222333445556666778HIV prevalence does not have a consistent pattern by level of education (Figure 9.3). It islowest among both women and men with at least some secondary education. The highest prevalenceis found among women with complete primary education (7 percent) and among men with noeducation (6 percent). There was no difference between women with no education and those who hadincomplete primary education.99100 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20Prevalence (percent)Figure 9.3 HIV Prevalence by Education16THMIS 2007-087610 Percent Women Men86 665544320No education Primary incomplete Primary complete Secondary+EducationTHMIS 2007-08HIV Prevalence | 117
There is also no consistent pattern of HIV prevalence by household wealth status, althoughHIV is highest overall among those in the highest wealth quintile (8 percent) and lowest in the lowestwealth quintile (5 percent). Women in the highest wealth quintile are about twice as likely to beinfected with HIV (10 percent) as those in the lowest quintile (5 percent).9.5 HIV PREVALENCE BY DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICSMarital status and type of union are both related to HIV prevalence. As shown in Table 9.5and Figure 9.4, women and men who are widowed have a greater likelihood of being HIV positivethan those who have never married or who are currently married or divorced or separated. Overall,HIV prevalence for those who are widowed is 27 percent (almost entirely women), followed bydivorced/separated (13 percent) and those who are either married or living together (6 percent).Women and men who have never been in union have considerably lower HIV prevalence than othergroups (2 percent for both women and men). Even lower levels are measured among those who saythey have never had sex (less than 1 percent for women and 1 percent for men). The presence of HIVinfection among those who say they have never been in a union and have never had sex suggestseither errors in reporting sexual behaviour or non-sexual transmission of HIV infection, such as bloodtransfusions, mother-to-child transmission and unsterile injections.Table 9.5 HIV prevalence by demographic characteristicsPercentage HIV positive among women and men age 15-49 who were tested, by demographic characteristics, TanzaniaHMIS 2007-08DemographiccharacteristicWomen Men TotalPercentagePercentagePercentageHIV positive Number HIV positive Number HIV positiveNumberMarital statusNever married 2.4 1,948 1.9 2,937 2.1 4,885Ever had sex 4.6 856 2.6 1,536 3.3 2,391Never had sex 0.7 1,092 1.1 1,401 0.9 2,494Married/living together 6.1 5,235 6.1 3,600 6.1 8,835Divorced or separated 14.9 737 9.7 306 13.3 1,044Widowed 25.1 259 * 22 26.7 280Type of unionIn polygynous union 5.8 1,148 8.3 398 6.4 1,546Not in polygynous union 6.1 3,999 5.8 3,195 6.0 7,194Not currently in union 7.5 2,944 2.9 3,265 5.1 6,209Times travelled away from homein past 12 monthsNone 5.9 4,802 4.3 3,410 5.3 8,2111-2 7.0 2,661 4.8 1,956 6.1 4,6173-4 8.9 517 3.8 803 5.8 1,3205+ 12.1 188 6.1 682 7.4 870Time away in past 12 monthsAway for more than one month 7.1 1,074 4.3 1,057 5.7 2,131Away only for less than 1 month 7.8 2,285 5.0 2,383 6.4 4,667Not away 5.9 4,809 4.3 3,422 5.3 8,231Pregnancy statusPregnant 5.0 754 na na na naNot pregnant or not sure 6.8 7,411 na na na naANC for last birth in past 3 yearsANC provided by the public sector 5.1 3,157 na na na naANC provided by other than the publicsector 8.5 418 na na na naNo ANC/no birth in past 3 years 7.5 4,578 na na na naMale circumcisionCircumcised na na 3.7 4,540 na naNot circumcised na na 6.4 2,302 na naTotal 15-49 6.6 8,179 4.6 6,865 5.7 15,044Note: HIV positive refers to individuals who have HIV-1. Total includes 88 women and 7 men with information on type ofunion missing, 11 women and 14 men with information on times travelled away from home missing, 11 women and 4 menwith information on time away in past 12 months missing, 14 women with pregnancy status missing, and 23 men withinformation on circumcision missing. An asterisk indicates a figure based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases that has beensuppressed.na = Not applicable118 | HIV Prevalence
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TanzaniaHIV/AIDS and MalariaIndicat
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The 2007-08 Tanzania HIV/AIDS and M
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3.5 Access to Mass Media ..........
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12.2 Orphans and Vulnerable Childre
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Table 4.3Table 4.4Table 4.5Table 4.
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Figure 9.2 HIV Prevlence by Region/
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FOREWORDThis report presents the ma
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SUMMARY OF FINDINGSThe 2007-08 Tanz
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HIV prevalence among youth (women a
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xxii | Map of Tanzania
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1.2 NATIONAL POLICY ON HIV/AIDSIn r
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To assess levels and trends in know
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1.8 FIELDWORKData collection was ca
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Table 1.1 Results of the household
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Figure 2.1 presents a graphic pictu
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Table 2.3.1 Educational attainment
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Educational attainment is higher in
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2.5.1 Energy SourcesTable 2.5 prese
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The most common items are agricultu
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The 2007-08 THMIS included aquestio
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Table 3.1—ContinuedBackgroundchar
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Education is positively related to
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Table 3.3.2 Employment status: MenP
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Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
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3.6 CURRENT MARITAL STATUSMarriage
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Polygyny also varies by household w
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Four in ten women age 20-49 marry b
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There is a positive relationship be
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FERTILITY AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 4
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Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
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infertility, 1 or the inability to
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4.3 ADOLESCENT FERTILITYAdolescent
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Table 4.7 Antenatal carePercent dis
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Table 4.8 Place of antenatal carePe
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Table 5.1 Knowledge of AIDSPercenta
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The use of condoms as an effective
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Table 5.3.2 Comprehensive knowledge
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more education) and those in the fo
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Table 5.5.1 Exposure to HIV educati
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5.6 KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE CONCERNI
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Table 5.6.2 Knowledge and attitudes
Page 89 and 90: Table 6.1.1 Accepting attitudes tow
Page 91 and 92: Stigma is also found to vary with l
Page 93 and 94: 6.3 ATTITUDES OF ADULTS TOWARDS EDU
Page 96 and 97: HIV/AIDS-RELATED BEHAVIOUR 77.1 INT
Page 98 and 99: Table 7.2.1 Recent sexual activity:
Page 100 and 101: Figure 7.1 Recent Sexual Intercours
Page 102 and 103: Table 7.3.2 Multiple sexual partner
Page 104 and 105: Table 7.4 Payment for sexual interc
Page 106 and 107: Table 7.5.1 Coverage of prior HIV t
Page 108 and 109: Figure 7.2 Prior HIV Testing by Edu
Page 110 and 111: 7.7 PREVALENCE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMIT
Page 112 and 113: Figure 7.3 Prevalence of STIs and S
Page 114: Table 7.8 Prevalence of medical inj
Page 117 and 118: Table 8.1 Comprehensive knowledge a
Page 119 and 120: Table 8.2 Age at first sexual inter
Page 121 and 122: Never-married women and men age 15-
Page 123 and 124: Figure 8.3 Condom Use at Premarital
Page 125 and 126: Table 8.5.2 Higher-risk sexual inte
Page 127 and 128: Table 8.6 Age-mixing in sexual rela
Page 129 and 130: 8.9 HIV TESTING AMONG YOUNG PEOPLEK
Page 132 and 133: HIV PREVALENCE 99.1 INTRODUCTIONPri
Page 134 and 135: Table 9.1 Coverage of HIV testing b
Page 136 and 137: Table 9.1—ContinuedBackgroundchar
Page 138 and 139: Table 9.3 HIV prevalence by ageAmon
Page 142 and 143: Table 9.5 shows that men who are cu
Page 144 and 145: Women who said they had higher-risk
Page 146 and 147: Table 9.8 shows data on HIV prevale
Page 148 and 149: Table 9.11 HIV prevalence by male c
Page 150 and 151: INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY 1010.1 I
Page 152 and 153: As expected, the level of infant an
Page 154: category (1.41) is 41 percent highe
Page 157 and 158: 11.1 OWNERSHIP AND USE OF MOSQUITO
Page 159 and 160: carrying mosquitoes. Much of the fi
Page 161 and 162: 11.2 USE OF ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS DURI
Page 163 and 164: 11.3 TREATMENT OF CHILDREN WITH FEV
Page 165 and 166: 11.4.1 Type and Timing of Antimalar
Page 167 and 168: 11.4.2 Availability of Drug at Home
Page 169 and 170: 11.6 SOURCE OF MOSQUITO NETSUntil l
Page 171 and 172: In spite of steady increases in ITN
Page 174 and 175: ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN 12P
Page 176 and 177: 12.2 ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDRE
Page 178 and 179: 12.3.1 School Attendance by Survivo
Page 180 and 181: While there are no differences in p
Page 182 and 183: Table 12.7 Widows dispossessed of p
Page 184 and 185: Table 12.9 External support for orp
Page 186 and 187: REFERENCESAgot, K.E., J.O. Ndinya-A
Page 188 and 189: SAMPLE IMPLEMENTATIONAPPENDIX AAppe
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Table A.2 Sample implementation: Me
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Table A.4 Coverage of HIV testing a
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Table A.6 Coverage of HIV testing a
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where h represents the stratum whic
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Table B.2 Sampling errors for Natio
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Table B.4 Sampling errors for Rural
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Table B.6 Sampling errors for Mainl
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Table B.8 Sampling errors for Mainl
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Table B.10 Sampling errors for Zanz
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Table B.12 Sampling errors for Nort
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Table B.14 Sampling errors for Sout
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Table B.16 Sampling errors for East
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Table B.18 Sampling errors for Dodo
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Table B.20 Sampling errors for Kili
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Table B.22 Sampling errors for Moro
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Table B.24 Sampling errors for Dar
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Table B.26 Sampling errors for Mtwa
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Table B.28 Sampling errors for Irin
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Table B.30 Sampling errors for Sing
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Table B.32 Sampling errors for Rukw
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Table B.34 Sampling errors for Shin
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Table B.36 Sampling errors for Mwan
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Table B.38 Sampling errors for Many
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Table B.40 Sampling errors for Pemb
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216 | Appendix B
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Joyce MbambaYulitha MwakasoleRemigi
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QUESTIONNAIRESAppendix DAppendix D
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULEIntroduction and
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IF AGE 0-17 YEARSIF AGE 5 YEARS OR
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IF AGE 0-17 YEARSLINE SICK CARE SUR
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HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICSNO. QUESTI
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CA
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SUPPORT FOR SICK PEOPLENO. QUESTION
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NO.QUESTIONS AND FILTERSSUPPORT FOR
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NO.QUESTIONS AND FILTERSCODING CATE
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CHILD 4 CHILD 5 CHILD 6502 LINE NUM
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515 CHECK 509:NUMBER OF CHILDREN WI
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UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIATANZANIA
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213 214 215 216217 218219 220221222
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LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH SECON
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LASTSEXUAL PARTNERSECOND-TO-LASTSEX
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SECTION 7 - HIV TESTTHIS PAGE TO BE
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