Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey ... - Measure DHS

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7.7 PREVALENCE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONSIn the 2007-08 THMIS, respondents who had ever had sex were asked if they had contracteda sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the past 12 months or if they had exhibited either of twosymptoms associated with STIs (a bad-smelling, abnormal discharge from the vagina or penis, or agenital sore or ulcer). It is believed that if some STIs are not treated immediately, an individual’schances of becoming infected with HIV during unprotected sex with an HIV-positive partner increase.It is important to highlight that respondents’ self-reporting of STI symptoms is not the sameas clinical diagnosis. Additionally, if a respondent does not report symptoms of STI, it does notnecessarily mean that he or she does not have an STI. A substantial proportion of respondents withSTIs do not seek treatment because they have mild symptoms. Furthermore, it is possible to have anSTI with no symptoms, especially in women. Because of embarrassment or shame associated withSTIs, individuals may underreport the prevalence of STIs and their symptoms.As shown in Table 7.7, 6 percent of women and 7 percent of men who had ever had sexreported having an STI or a genital discharge or a genital sore or ulcer in the 12 months preceding thesurvey. This is a slight increase since 2003-04, when 5 percent of women and 6 percent of menreported having an STI or symptoms of an STI.Differences in the prevalence of STIs and their symptoms by background characteristics arenot large. By level of education, both women and men with incomplete primary education have ahigher prevalence of STIs and/or their symptoms than respondents with no education or those whohave completed primary or secondary and higher education (Figure 7.3).Respondents in the 2007-08 THMIS who reported having an STI and/or an STI symptom inthe 12 months preceding the survey were asked if they sought treatment. Figure 7.4 shows that themain source of advice or treatment was a clinic, a hospital, a private doctor, or some other healthprofessional (56 percent for women and 58 percent for men) as opposed to advice or medicine from ashop or pharmacy (8 percent for women and 14 percent for men). A substantial proportion of women(29 percent) and men (21 percent) did not seek medical advice for their reported STIs and/or STIsymptom. These high levels of untreated illness suggest that STIs may continue to spread in thepopulation.HIV/AIDS-Related Behaviour | 87
Table 7.7 Self-reported prevalence of sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) and STI symptomsAmong women and men age 15-49 who ever had sexual intercourse, the percentage reporting having an STI and/or symptoms ofan STI in the past 12 months, by background characteristics, Tanzania HMIS 2007-08BackgroundcharacteristicSTIBadsmelling/abnormalgenitaldischargeWomenGenitalsore/ulcerSTI/genitaldischarge/sore orulcerNumber ofwomenwho everhad sexualintercourseSTIMenBadsmelling/abnormal Genitalgenital sore/discharge ulcerSTI/genitaldischarge/sore orulcerNumber ofmen whoever hadsexualintercourseAge15-24 2.1 2.5 3.4 5.9 2,532 4.2 3.2 4.1 7.1 1,57315-19 1.3 2.4 3.4 5.7 910 0.6 2.3 2.7 4.6 62920-24 2.6 2.6 3.4 6.0 1,622 6.7 3.9 5.1 8.8 94425-29 2.2 2.6 5.2 6.7 1,581 4.2 2.6 3.8 6.7 95830-39 1.9 2.0 3.7 5.6 2,511 4.4 4.5 4.0 7.6 1,83240-49 1.6 1.5 3.3 4.3 1,488 2.9 2.5 2.5 5.1 1,207Marital statusNever married 2.3 1.2 4.7 6.2 983 3.7 2.7 3.7 6.3 1,525Married or living together 1.8 2.2 3.6 5.5 5,983 3.9 3.4 3.3 6.5 3,701Divorced/separated/widowed 2.8 2.8 4.5 6.3 1,147 6.6 6.4 7.3 11.5 343Male circumcisionCircumcised na na na na 0 3.9 3.0 2.7 6.1 3,827Not circumcised na na na na 0 4.1 4.3 5.7 8.4 1,723ResidenceUrban 2.2 2.0 3.8 5.6 2,091 3.4 2.2 1.6 5.0 1,330Rural 1.9 2.3 3.9 5.7 6,021 4.2 3.8 4.3 7.3 4,239Mainland/ZanzibarMainland 2.0 2.2 3.9 5.8 7,905 4.1 3.5 3.8 6.9 5,445Mainland – Urban 2.3 2.0 3.8 5.7 2,021 3.4 2.2 1.6 5.1 1,291Dar es Salaam City 2.0 1.9 3.3 4.7 655 4.1 2.3 1.1 4.4 437Other Urban 2.4 2.0 4.0 6.2 1,366 3.1 2.2 1.9 5.5 854Mainland – Rural 1.9 2.3 3.9 5.8 5,885 4.3 3.9 4.4 7.4 4,154Zanzibar 0.4 1.0 1.9 2.6 207 1.3 0.1 0.7 1.8 124Region/islandArusha 0.7 0.4 2.1 2.5 324 5.0 0.6 2.7 5.0 204Dar es Salaam 2.3 1.9 3.4 4.8 689 4.4 2.4 1.0 4.7 464Dodoma 2.3 2.9 3.4 6.3 293 1.4 1.9 1.7 3.7 217Iringa 1.2 1.6 4.7 5.5 354 4.0 4.3 6.5 9.8 223Kagera 1.9 2.1 3.7 4.9 424 5.7 4.0 6.7 7.3 283Kigoma 0.6 2.0 2.1 3.4 324 2.3 1.3 3.0 3.4 206Kilimanjaro 1.1 0.8 4.1 6.0 296 1.9 3.4 2.4 6.6 203Lindi 0.9 0.3 0.4 1.5 219 3.2 3.4 1.7 5.3 152Manyara 1.3 0.3 1.8 2.2 218 3.4 1.5 3.0 3.8 158Mara 2.4 2.2 5.2 7.1 330 4.9 2.9 3.8 6.3 179Mbeya 2.3 3.2 3.1 6.5 501 2.1 2.7 3.1 5.3 380Morogoro 3.5 5.3 8.2 11.6 406 2.1 3.0 4.7 5.5 294Mtwara 1.4 0.3 3.5 4.7 298 5.9 6.5 1.1 10.2 196Mwanza 2.0 2.0 4.0 5.1 726 8.5 5.5 6.3 10.9 484Pwani 3.1 2.4 5.0 9.2 178 1.0 5.5 1.8 5.5 95Rukwa 3.9 5.4 4.6 9.9 277 3.7 3.4 6.1 9.2 221Ruvuma 1.7 2.9 2.9 5.1 346 2.9 3.0 2.0 6.6 253Shinyanga 1.4 0.7 1.6 1.9 687 4.1 2.3 4.6 5.8 523Singida 2.1 2.2 5.3 6.9 166 1.4 1.0 1.9 3.9 118Tabora 3.6 4.3 6.1 10.0 470 4.8 5.4 4.9 9.4 346Tanga 2.2 2.4 6.9 8.3 380 4.7 7.4 4.0 11.5 247Pemba 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.3 64 1.0 0.2 0.4 1.5 32Unguja 0.4 1.1 2.4 3.1 143 1.5 0.1 0.8 2.0 92ZoneWestern 1.9 2.1 3.2 4.8 1,481 4.0 3.1 4.4 6.5 1,076Northern 1.3 1.1 4.0 5.1 1,218 3.8 3.5 3.1 7.2 812Central 2.2 2.6 4.1 6.5 459 1.4 1.6 1.8 3.8 335Southern Highlands 2.4 3.3 4.0 7.0 1,132 3.0 3.3 4.8 7.5 823Lake 2.1 2.1 4.2 5.5 1,479 7.0 4.6 6.0 8.9 946Eastern 2.8 3.1 5.1 7.6 1,273 3.2 3.0 2.4 5.1 852Southern 1.4 1.3 2.4 4.0 863 4.0 4.3 1.7 7.4 601Zanzibar 0.4 1.0 1.9 2.6 207 1.3 0.1 0.7 1.8 124EducationNo education 1.7 2.1 3.9 5.3 1,910 5.0 5.0 4.3 8.1 733Primary incomplete 2.8 2.9 3.8 6.4 1,152 4.0 4.9 4.8 9.1 1,008Primary complete 1.8 2.3 3.9 5.8 4,445 3.9 2.8 3.8 6.4 3,145Secondary + 2.4 0.4 3.0 4.9 604 3.4 2.2 0.9 3.8 684Wealth quintileLowest 1.4 1.9 3.8 5.2 1,522 4.7 3.4 5.6 8.8 948Second 1.9 2.6 3.3 5.1 1,467 3.5 4.0 2.4 6.1 1,167Middle 2.3 3.1 4.2 6.8 1,537 5.6 4.9 5.9 8.6 1,055Fourth 1.8 1.7 4.0 5.6 1,602 3.0 3.3 3.9 6.7 1,095Highest 2.4 1.8 4.0 5.7 1,984 3.5 1.8 1.5 4.5 1,302Total 2.0 2.2 3.8 5.7 8,112 4.0 3.4 3.7 6.8 5,569Note: Total includes 19 men with information missing on circumcision statusna = Not applicable88 | HIV/AIDS-Related Behaviour
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TanzaniaHIV/AIDS and MalariaIndicat
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The 2007-08 Tanzania HIV/AIDS and M
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3.5 Access to Mass Media ..........
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12.2 Orphans and Vulnerable Childre
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Table 4.3Table 4.4Table 4.5Table 4.
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Figure 9.2 HIV Prevlence by Region/
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FOREWORDThis report presents the ma
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SUMMARY OF FINDINGSThe 2007-08 Tanz
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HIV prevalence among youth (women a
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xxii | Map of Tanzania
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1.2 NATIONAL POLICY ON HIV/AIDSIn r
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To assess levels and trends in know
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1.8 FIELDWORKData collection was ca
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Table 1.1 Results of the household
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Figure 2.1 presents a graphic pictu
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Table 2.3.1 Educational attainment
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Educational attainment is higher in
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2.5.1 Energy SourcesTable 2.5 prese
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The most common items are agricultu
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The 2007-08 THMIS included aquestio
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Table 3.1—ContinuedBackgroundchar
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Education is positively related to
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Table 3.3.2 Employment status: MenP
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Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
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3.6 CURRENT MARITAL STATUSMarriage
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Polygyny also varies by household w
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Four in ten women age 20-49 marry b
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Page 62 and 63: FERTILITY AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 4
Page 64 and 65: Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
Page 66 and 67: infertility, 1 or the inability to
Page 68 and 69: 4.3 ADOLESCENT FERTILITYAdolescent
Page 70 and 71: Table 4.7 Antenatal carePercent dis
Page 72: Table 4.8 Place of antenatal carePe
Page 75 and 76: Table 5.1 Knowledge of AIDSPercenta
Page 77 and 78: The use of condoms as an effective
Page 79 and 80: Table 5.3.2 Comprehensive knowledge
Page 81 and 82: more education) and those in the fo
Page 83 and 84: Table 5.5.1 Exposure to HIV educati
Page 85 and 86: 5.6 KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE CONCERNI
Page 87 and 88: Table 5.6.2 Knowledge and attitudes
Page 89 and 90: Table 6.1.1 Accepting attitudes tow
Page 91 and 92: Stigma is also found to vary with l
Page 93 and 94: 6.3 ATTITUDES OF ADULTS TOWARDS EDU
Page 96 and 97: HIV/AIDS-RELATED BEHAVIOUR 77.1 INT
Page 98 and 99: Table 7.2.1 Recent sexual activity:
Page 100 and 101: Figure 7.1 Recent Sexual Intercours
Page 102 and 103: Table 7.3.2 Multiple sexual partner
Page 104 and 105: Table 7.4 Payment for sexual interc
Page 106 and 107: Table 7.5.1 Coverage of prior HIV t
Page 108 and 109: Figure 7.2 Prior HIV Testing by Edu
Page 112 and 113: Figure 7.3 Prevalence of STIs and S
Page 114: Table 7.8 Prevalence of medical inj
Page 117 and 118: Table 8.1 Comprehensive knowledge a
Page 119 and 120: Table 8.2 Age at first sexual inter
Page 121 and 122: Never-married women and men age 15-
Page 123 and 124: Figure 8.3 Condom Use at Premarital
Page 125 and 126: Table 8.5.2 Higher-risk sexual inte
Page 127 and 128: Table 8.6 Age-mixing in sexual rela
Page 129 and 130: 8.9 HIV TESTING AMONG YOUNG PEOPLEK
Page 132 and 133: HIV PREVALENCE 99.1 INTRODUCTIONPri
Page 134 and 135: Table 9.1 Coverage of HIV testing b
Page 136 and 137: Table 9.1—ContinuedBackgroundchar
Page 138 and 139: Table 9.3 HIV prevalence by ageAmon
Page 140 and 141: There are large variations in HIV p
Page 142 and 143: Table 9.5 shows that men who are cu
Page 144 and 145: Women who said they had higher-risk
Page 146 and 147: Table 9.8 shows data on HIV prevale
Page 148 and 149: Table 9.11 HIV prevalence by male c
Page 150 and 151: INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY 1010.1 I
Page 152 and 153: As expected, the level of infant an
Page 154: category (1.41) is 41 percent highe
Page 157 and 158: 11.1 OWNERSHIP AND USE OF MOSQUITO
Page 159 and 160: carrying mosquitoes. Much of the fi
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11.2 USE OF ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS DURI
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11.3 TREATMENT OF CHILDREN WITH FEV
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11.4.1 Type and Timing of Antimalar
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11.4.2 Availability of Drug at Home
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11.6 SOURCE OF MOSQUITO NETSUntil l
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In spite of steady increases in ITN
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ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN 12P
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12.2 ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDRE
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12.3.1 School Attendance by Survivo
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While there are no differences in p
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Table 12.7 Widows dispossessed of p
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Table 12.9 External support for orp
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REFERENCESAgot, K.E., J.O. Ndinya-A
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SAMPLE IMPLEMENTATIONAPPENDIX AAppe
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Table A.2 Sample implementation: Me
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Table A.4 Coverage of HIV testing a
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Table A.6 Coverage of HIV testing a
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where h represents the stratum whic
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Table B.2 Sampling errors for Natio
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Table B.4 Sampling errors for Rural
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Table B.6 Sampling errors for Mainl
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Table B.8 Sampling errors for Mainl
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Table B.10 Sampling errors for Zanz
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Table B.12 Sampling errors for Nort
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Table B.14 Sampling errors for Sout
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Table B.16 Sampling errors for East
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Table B.18 Sampling errors for Dodo
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Table B.20 Sampling errors for Kili
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Table B.22 Sampling errors for Moro
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Table B.24 Sampling errors for Dar
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Table B.26 Sampling errors for Mtwa
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Table B.28 Sampling errors for Irin
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Table B.30 Sampling errors for Sing
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Table B.32 Sampling errors for Rukw
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Table B.34 Sampling errors for Shin
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Table B.36 Sampling errors for Mwan
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Table B.38 Sampling errors for Many
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Table B.40 Sampling errors for Pemb
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216 | Appendix B
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Joyce MbambaYulitha MwakasoleRemigi
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QUESTIONNAIRESAppendix DAppendix D
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULEIntroduction and
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IF AGE 0-17 YEARSIF AGE 5 YEARS OR
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IF AGE 0-17 YEARSLINE SICK CARE SUR
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HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICSNO. QUESTI
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CA
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SUPPORT FOR SICK PEOPLENO. QUESTION
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NO.QUESTIONS AND FILTERSSUPPORT FOR
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NO.QUESTIONS AND FILTERSCODING CATE
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CHILD 4 CHILD 5 CHILD 6502 LINE NUM
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515 CHECK 509:NUMBER OF CHILDREN WI
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UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIATANZANIA
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213 214 215 216217 218219 220221222
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LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO-LAST BIRTH SECON
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LASTSEXUAL PARTNERSECOND-TO-LASTSEX
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SECTION 7 - HIV TESTTHIS PAGE TO BE
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