biology of euseius septicus chaudhari (acari: phytoseiidae)
biology of euseius septicus chaudhari (acari: phytoseiidae) biology of euseius septicus chaudhari (acari: phytoseiidae)
Pak. Entomol. Vol. 27, No.1, 2005BIOLOGY OF EUSEIUS SEPTICUS CHAUDHARI (ACARI:PHYTOSEIIDAE) PREYING ON TWO SPOTTED SPIDER MITE,TETRANYCHUS URTICAE (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) AT DIFFERENTTEMPERATURESAbu Bakar Muhammad Raza, Muhammad Afzal* and Muhammad Hamid Bashir*College of Agriculture, Dera Ghazi Khan*Department of Agri. Entomology, University of Agriculture, FaisalabadAbstract:The study was conducted to determine the effect of different temperatures on the development time, longevity andfecundity of Euseius septicus feeding on two spotted spider mite. The development time, survival and fecundity ofEuseius septicus were determined at 20, 25 and 30°C with relative humidity 60-70%. It was concluded that the durationof eggs (incubation period), larvae, protonymph, deutonymph, pre-oviposition and post-oviposition decreased astemperature increased. The incubation period of Euseius septicus was shortened with increasing temperatures and rangedfrom 3.3 to 1.6 days. The longest longevity of Euseius septicus was 28.3 days at 25°C and followed by 23.1 days at 20°Cand 14.1 days at 30°C. The maximum mean total fecundity (38.8) of the predatory mite was observed at 25°C. Themaximum oviposition period (21.17) was recorded at 25°C.Key words: Biology, Euseius septicus, Phytoseiidae, Temperature, FecundityINTRODUCTIONTwo spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari:Tetranychidae) maintain high population levelsthroughout the year in different crops. This mite causesconsiderable damage to bean, melon, tomato, strawberry,pumpkin, brinjal and many other outdoor and greenhouse crops( Chaudhri et al, 1985).TraditionallyT.urticae has been controlled with acaricides, resulting inproblems of pesticide resistance and residues on theharvested and consumed products(Campos & Omoto,2002; Cranham & Helle, 1985; Hussey & Scopes, 1985) .Biological control has not been widely adopted yet,because of its inconsistent results but still it is the best,economically viable and environment friendly approachto control insect and mite pests (Stenseth, 1979; Nihoul,1992; Baker et al, 1993). Among the predatory mites, themembers of family Phytoseiidae are potential bio-controlagents for the control of phytophagous mites and softbodied insects of almost all crops and fruits (El-Badry,1967). Predatory mites of genus Euseius (Acari:Phytoseiidae) are important predators of spider mites aswell as eggs and immature stages of whitefly (Swirski etal, 1967; Yildiz, 1998; Nomikou et al ,2001). Efforts aretherefore being devoted towards the development of biocontrol programme for two spotted spider mite usingnative species of genus Euseius (Acari: Phytoseiidae) .There is abundant information on the suitability of spidermites as a food source for Phytoseiid mites (Helle andSabelis, 1985). Very little is known about the influence ofother factors on the biology of phytoseiid predators. As afirst step towards the utilization of predatory mites ofgenus Euseius (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in bio control of twospotted spider mites , we evaluated the effect of differenttemperatures on the biology of natve species of thisgenus, Euseius septicus feeding on two spotted spidermite under the laboratory conditions.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe experiment was carried out under the laboratoryconditions at College of Agriculture, Dera Ghazi Khanduring winter 2005-06. The laboratory stock culture ofthe mites were established and maintained after makingfield collections of both two spotted spider mites andphytoseiid mites from caster bean (Ricinis communis).Euseius septicus culture was maintained using all thestages of Tetranychus urticae as prey.The effect of different temperatures on the biology ofEuseius septicus was determined by using water soakedcotton arena or cell. This arena consisted of water soakedcotton ring of 1cm diameter that was placed over plasticsheet (7×7cm) with a piece of blotting paper and freshleaf placed in between the cotton ring and plastic sheet.Blotting paper and cotton ring were kept moist throughcapillary action of water via piece of cotton that wasdipped in water source. Cotton ring was used as a barrierto prevent the escape of mites from the cell. Moistblotting paper keeps the leaf fresh for 4-5 days. The oldleaf in arena was replaced with fresh leaf after 4-5 days.Two spotted spider mite was transferred from the cultureto the petri dishes by using camel hair brush and then85
Pak. Entomol. Vol. 27, No.1, 2005BIOLOGY OF EUSEIUS SEPTICUS CHAUDHARI (ACARI:PHYTOSEIIDAE) PREYING ON TWO SPOTTED SPIDER MITE,TETRANYCHUS URTICAE (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) AT DIFFERENTTEMPERATURESAbu Bakar Muhammad Raza, Muhammad Afzal* and Muhammad Hamid Bashir*College <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Dera Ghazi Khan*Department <strong>of</strong> Agri. Entomology, University <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, FaisalabadAbstract:The study was conducted to determine the effect <strong>of</strong> different temperatures on the development time, longevity andfecundity <strong>of</strong> Euseius <strong>septicus</strong> feeding on two spotted spider mite. The development time, survival and fecundity <strong>of</strong>Euseius <strong>septicus</strong> were determined at 20, 25 and 30°C with relative humidity 60-70%. It was concluded that the duration<strong>of</strong> eggs (incubation period), larvae, protonymph, deutonymph, pre-oviposition and post-oviposition decreased astemperature increased. The incubation period <strong>of</strong> Euseius <strong>septicus</strong> was shortened with increasing temperatures and rangedfrom 3.3 to 1.6 days. The longest longevity <strong>of</strong> Euseius <strong>septicus</strong> was 28.3 days at 25°C and followed by 23.1 days at 20°Cand 14.1 days at 30°C. The maximum mean total fecundity (38.8) <strong>of</strong> the predatory mite was observed at 25°C. Themaximum oviposition period (21.17) was recorded at 25°C.Key words: Biology, Euseius <strong>septicus</strong>, Phytoseiidae, Temperature, FecundityINTRODUCTIONTwo spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari:Tetranychidae) maintain high population levelsthroughout the year in different crops. This mite causesconsiderable damage to bean, melon, tomato, strawberry,pumpkin, brinjal and many other outdoor and greenhouse crops( Chaudhri et al, 1985).TraditionallyT.urticae has been controlled with <strong>acari</strong>cides, resulting inproblems <strong>of</strong> pesticide resistance and residues on theharvested and consumed products(Campos & Omoto,2002; Cranham & Helle, 1985; Hussey & Scopes, 1985) .Biological control has not been widely adopted yet,because <strong>of</strong> its inconsistent results but still it is the best,economically viable and environment friendly approachto control insect and mite pests (Stenseth, 1979; Nihoul,1992; Baker et al, 1993). Among the predatory mites, themembers <strong>of</strong> family Phytoseiidae are potential bio-controlagents for the control <strong>of</strong> phytophagous mites and s<strong>of</strong>tbodied insects <strong>of</strong> almost all crops and fruits (El-Badry,1967). Predatory mites <strong>of</strong> genus Euseius (Acari:Phytoseiidae) are important predators <strong>of</strong> spider mites aswell as eggs and immature stages <strong>of</strong> whitefly (Swirski etal, 1967; Yildiz, 1998; Nomikou et al ,2001). Efforts aretherefore being devoted towards the development <strong>of</strong> biocontrol programme for two spotted spider mite usingnative species <strong>of</strong> genus Euseius (Acari: Phytoseiidae) .There is abundant information on the suitability <strong>of</strong> spidermites as a food source for Phytoseiid mites (Helle andSabelis, 1985). Very little is known about the influence <strong>of</strong>other factors on the <strong>biology</strong> <strong>of</strong> phytoseiid predators. As afirst step towards the utilization <strong>of</strong> predatory mites <strong>of</strong>genus Euseius (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in bio control <strong>of</strong> twospotted spider mites , we evaluated the effect <strong>of</strong> differenttemperatures on the <strong>biology</strong> <strong>of</strong> natve species <strong>of</strong> thisgenus, Euseius <strong>septicus</strong> feeding on two spotted spidermite under the laboratory conditions.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe experiment was carried out under the laboratoryconditions at College <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Dera Ghazi Khanduring winter 2005-06. The laboratory stock culture <strong>of</strong>the mites were established and maintained after makingfield collections <strong>of</strong> both two spotted spider mites andphytoseiid mites from caster bean (Ricinis communis).Euseius <strong>septicus</strong> culture was maintained using all thestages <strong>of</strong> Tetranychus urticae as prey.The effect <strong>of</strong> different temperatures on the <strong>biology</strong> <strong>of</strong>Euseius <strong>septicus</strong> was determined by using water soakedcotton arena or cell. This arena consisted <strong>of</strong> water soakedcotton ring <strong>of</strong> 1cm diameter that was placed over plasticsheet (7×7cm) with a piece <strong>of</strong> blotting paper and freshleaf placed in between the cotton ring and plastic sheet.Blotting paper and cotton ring were kept moist throughcapillary action <strong>of</strong> water via piece <strong>of</strong> cotton that wasdipped in water source. Cotton ring was used as a barrierto prevent the escape <strong>of</strong> mites from the cell. Moistblotting paper keeps the leaf fresh for 4-5 days. The oldleaf in arena was replaced with fresh leaf after 4-5 days.Two spotted spider mite was transferred from the cultureto the petri dishes by using camel hair brush and then85
Pak. Entomol. Vol. 27, No.1, 2005Stenseth, C., 1979. The effect <strong>of</strong> temperature andhumidity on the development <strong>of</strong> Phytoseiuluspersimilis and its ability to regulate populations <strong>of</strong>Tetranychus urticae (Acarina: Tetranychidae,Phytoseiidae). Entomophaga, 24, 311–317.Swirski, E., S. Amitai and N. Dorzia, 1967. Laboratorystudies on the feeding, development andreproduction <strong>of</strong> the predaceous mites Amblyseiusrubini Swirski and Amitai and Amblyseius swirskiiAthias-Henriot (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) on variouskinds <strong>of</strong> food substances. Israel J. Agric. Res. 17:101–112.Thongtab.T., A. Chandrapatya and G.T. Baker, 2001.Biology and efficacy <strong>of</strong> the predatory mite,Amlyseius longispinosus (Evans) (Acari:Phytoseiidae) as a biological control agent <strong>of</strong>Eotetranychus cendanai Rimando (Acari:Tetranychidae). J. Appl. Entomol., 125: 543-549.ldz, S., 1998. Determination <strong>of</strong> the Phytoseiidaespecies from vegetable growing areas <strong>of</strong> theEastMediterranean-Turkey. MSc Thesis, ÇukurovaUniversity, Inst. Natural Appl. Sci., Adana, 36 pp.88
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