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666 APPENDIX C. SOME ANALYTICAL OPTIMAL RESULTSC.4.2Two-sided orthogonal Procrustes via SVDBy making left- and right-side orthogonal matrices independent, we can pushthe upper bound on trace (1727) a little further: Given real matrices A,Beach having full singular value decomposition (A.6.3)A U A Σ A Q T A ∈ R m×n , B U B Σ B Q T B ∈ R m×n (1737)then a well-known optimal solution R ⋆ , S ⋆ to the problemminimize ‖A − SBR‖ FR , Ssubject to R H = R −1(1738)S H = S −1maximizes re tr(A T SBR) : [314] [288] [52] [194] optimal orthogonal matricesS ⋆ = U A U H B ∈ R m×m , R ⋆ = Q B Q H A ∈ R n×n (1739)[sic] are not necessarily unique [202,7.4.13] because the feasible set is notconvex. The optimal value for the objective of minimization is, by (48)‖U A Σ A Q H A − S ⋆ U B Σ B Q H BR ⋆ ‖ F = ‖U A (Σ A − Σ B )Q H A ‖ F = ‖Σ A − Σ B ‖ F (1740)while the corresponding trace maximization has optimal value [43,III.6.12]sup | tr(A T SBR)| = sup re tr(A T SBR) = re tr(A T S ⋆ BR ⋆ ) = tr(ΣA TΣ B ) ≥ tr(AT B)R H =R −1R H =R −1S H =S −1 S H =S −1 (1741)for which it is necessaryA T S ⋆ BR ⋆ ≽ 0 , BR ⋆ A T S ⋆ ≽ 0 (1742)The lower bound on inner product of singular values in (1741) is due tovon Neumann. Equality is attained if U HA U B =I and QH B Q A =I .C.4.2.1Symmetric matricesNow optimizing over the complex manifold of unitary matrices (B.5.1),the upper bound on trace (1727) is thereby raised: Suppose we are givendiagonalizations for (real) symmetric A,B (A.5)A = W A ΥW TA ∈ S n , δ(Υ) ∈ K M (1743)
C.4. TWO-SIDED ORTHOGONAL PROCRUSTES 667B = W B ΛW T B ∈ S n , δ(Λ) ∈ K M (1744)having their respective eigenvalues in diagonal matrices Υ, Λ ∈ S n arrangedin nonincreasing order (membership to the monotone cone K M (436)). Thenby splitting eigenvalue signs, we invent a symmetric SVD-like decompositionA U A Σ A Q H A ∈ S n , B U B Σ B Q H B ∈ S n (1745)where U A , U B , Q A , Q B ∈ C n×n are unitary matrices defined by (conferA.6.5)U A W A√δ(ψ(δ(Υ))) , QA W A√δ(ψ(δ(Υ)))H, ΣA = |Υ| (1746)U B W B√δ(ψ(δ(Λ))) , QB W B√δ(ψ(δ(Λ)))H, ΣB = |Λ| (1747)where step function ψ is defined in (1579). In this circumstance,S ⋆ = U A U H B = R ⋆T ∈ C n×n (1748)optimal matrices (1739) now unitary are related by transposition.optimal value of objective (1740) isThe‖U A Σ A Q H A − S ⋆ U B Σ B Q H BR ⋆ ‖ F = ‖ |Υ| − |Λ| ‖ F (1749)while the corresponding optimal value of trace maximization (1741) isC.4.2.2supR H =R −1S H =S −1 re tr(A T SBR) = tr(|Υ| |Λ|) (1750)Diagonal matricesNow suppose A and B are diagonal matricesA = Υ = δ 2 (Υ) ∈ S n , δ(Υ) ∈ K M (1751)B = Λ = δ 2 (Λ) ∈ S n , δ(Λ) ∈ K M (1752)both having their respective main diagonal entries arranged in nonincreasingorder:minimize ‖Υ − SΛR‖ FR , Ssubject to R H = R −1(1753)S H = S −1
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DATTORROCONVEXOPTIMIZATION&EUCLIDEA
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Convex Optimization&Euclidean Dista
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for Jennie Columba♦Antonio♦♦&
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PreludeThe constant demands of my d
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Convex Optimization&Euclidean Dista
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CONVEX OPTIMIZATION & EUCLIDEAN DIS
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List of Figures1 Overview 211 Orion
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LIST OF FIGURES 1562 Shrouded polyh
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LIST OF FIGURES 17130 Elliptope E 3
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Chapter 1OverviewConvex Optimizatio
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ˇx 4ˇx 3ˇx 2Figure 2: Applicatio
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25Figure 4: This coarsely discretiz
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(biorthogonal expansion) is examine
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29cardinality Boolean solution to a
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31Figure 8: Robotic vehicles in con
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an elaborate exposition offering in
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Chapter 2Convex geometryConvexity h
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2.1. CONVEX SET 372.1.2 linear inde
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2.1. CONVEX SET 392.1.6 empty set v
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2.1. CONVEX SET 41(a)R(b)R 2(c)R 3F
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2.1. CONVEX SET 43where Q∈ R 3×3
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2.1. CONVEX SET 45Now let’s move
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2.1. CONVEX SET 47By additive inver
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2.1. CONVEX SET 49R nR mR(A T )x px
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2.2. VECTORIZED-MATRIX INNER PRODUC
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2.3. HULLS 61Figure 20: Convex hull
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2.3. HULLS 63Aaffine hull (drawn tr
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2.3. HULLS 65subset of the affine h
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2.3. HULLS 672.3.2.0.2 Example. Nuc
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2.3. HULLS 692.3.2.0.3 Exercise. Co
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2.3. HULLS 71Figure 24: A simplicia
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 73H + =
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 7511−1
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 772.4.2.
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 81tradit
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2.5. SUBSPACE REPRESENTATIONS 852.5
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2.5. SUBSPACE REPRESENTATIONS 87(Ex
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2.5. SUBSPACE REPRESENTATIONS 89(a)
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2.5. SUBSPACE REPRESENTATIONS 91are
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2.6. EXTREME, EXPOSED 93A one-dimen
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2.6. EXTREME, EXPOSED 952.6.1.1 Den
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2.7. CONES 97X(a)00(b)XFigure 33: (
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2.7. CONES 99XXFigure 37: Truncated
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2.7. CONES 101Figure 39: Not a cone
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2.7. CONES 103cone that is a halfli
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2.7. CONES 105A pointed closed conv
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2.8. CONE BOUNDARY 107That means th
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2.8. CONE BOUNDARY 1092.8.1.1 extre
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2.8. CONE BOUNDARY 1112.8.2 Exposed
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2.9. POSITIVE SEMIDEFINITE (PSD) CO
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2.10. CONIC INDEPENDENCE (C.I.) 141
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2.12. CONVEX POLYHEDRA 147all dimen
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2.12. CONVEX POLYHEDRA 149convex po
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2.12. CONVEX POLYHEDRA 1512.12.2.2
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2.13. DUAL CONE & GENERALIZED INEQU
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Chapter 3Geometry of convex functio
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 221f 1 (x)f 2
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 223Rf(b)f(X
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3.2. PRACTICAL NORM FUNCTIONS, ABSO
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3.3. INVERTED FUNCTIONS AND ROOTS 2
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3.4. AFFINE FUNCTION 237rather]x >
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3.4. AFFINE FUNCTION 239f(z)Az 2z 1
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3.5. EPIGRAPH, SUBLEVEL SET 241{a T
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3.5. EPIGRAPH, SUBLEVEL SET 243Subl
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3.5. EPIGRAPH, SUBLEVEL SET 245wher
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3.5. EPIGRAPH, SUBLEVEL SET 247part
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3.5. EPIGRAPH, SUBLEVEL SET 249that
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3.6. GRADIENT 251respect to its vec
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3.6. GRADIENT 253Invertibility is g
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3.6. GRADIENT 2553.6.1.0.2 Theorem.
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3.6. GRADIENT 257f(Y )[ ∇f(X)−1
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3.6. GRADIENT 259αβα ≥ β ≥
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3.6. GRADIENT 2613.6.4 second-order
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3.7. CONVEX MATRIX-VALUED FUNCTION
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3.8. QUASICONVEX 269exponential alw
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3.9. SALIENT PROPERTIES 2713.8.0.0.
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Chapter 4Semidefinite programmingPr
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4.1. CONIC PROBLEM 275(confer p.162
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4.1. CONIC PROBLEM 277PCsemidefinit
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4.1. CONIC PROBLEM 279is the affine
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4.1. CONIC PROBLEM 281faces of S 3
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4.1. CONIC PROBLEM 2834.1.2.3 Previ
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4.2. FRAMEWORK 285Semidefinite Fark
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4.2. FRAMEWORK 287On the other hand
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4.2. FRAMEWORK 2894.2.2.1 Dual prob
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4.2. FRAMEWORK 291For symmetric pos
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4.2. FRAMEWORK 293has norm ‖x ⋆
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4.2. FRAMEWORK 295minimize 1 TˆxX
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4.2. FRAMEWORK 297asminimize ‖ỹ
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4.3. RANK REDUCTION 2994.3 Rank red
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4.3. RANK REDUCTION 301A rank-reduc
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4.3. RANK REDUCTION 303(t ⋆ i)
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4.3. RANK REDUCTION 3054.3.3.0.1 Ex
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4.3. RANK REDUCTION 3074.3.3.0.2 Ex
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4.4. RANK-CONSTRAINED SEMIDEFINITE
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4.5. CONSTRAINING CARDINALITY 333mi
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4.5. CONSTRAINING CARDINALITY 3350R
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4.5. CONSTRAINING CARDINALITY 337it
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4.5. CONSTRAINING CARDINALITY 339m/
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4.5. CONSTRAINING CARDINALITY 341we
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4.5. CONSTRAINING CARDINALITY 343fl
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4.5. CONSTRAINING CARDINALITY 345We
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4.5. CONSTRAINING CARDINALITY 3474.
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4.5. CONSTRAINING CARDINALITY 349R
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4.5. CONSTRAINING CARDINALITY 351pe
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4.6. CARDINALITY AND RANK CONSTRAIN
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4.7. CONSTRAINING RANK OF INDEFINIT
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4.8. CONVEX ITERATION RANK-1 391whi
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4.8. CONVEX ITERATION RANK-1 393the
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Chapter 5Euclidean Distance MatrixT
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5.2. FIRST METRIC PROPERTIES 397to
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5.3. ∃ FIFTH EUCLIDEAN METRIC PRO
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5.3. ∃ FIFTH EUCLIDEAN METRIC PRO
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 403The collecti
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 4055.4.2 Gram-f
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 407We provide a
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 4095.4.2.3.1 Ex
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 411is the fact:
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 413Figure 120:
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 415is found fro
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 417one less dim
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 419equality con
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 421How much dis
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 423105ˇx 4ˇx
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 425now implicit
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 427by translate
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 429Crippen & Ha
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 431where ([√t
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 433because (A.3
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5.5. INVARIANCE 4355.5.1.0.1 Exampl
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5.5. INVARIANCE 437x 2 x 2x 3 x 1 x
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5.6. INJECTIVITY OF D & UNIQUE RECO
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5.7. EMBEDDING IN AFFINE HULL 4455.
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5.7. EMBEDDING IN AFFINE HULL 447Fo
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5.7. EMBEDDING IN AFFINE HULL 4495.
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5.8. EUCLIDEAN METRIC VERSUS MATRIX
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5.9. BRIDGE: CONVEX POLYHEDRA TO ED
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5.10. EDM-ENTRY COMPOSITION 465of a
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5.10. EDM-ENTRY COMPOSITION 467Then
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5.11. EDM INDEFINITENESS 4695.11.1
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5.11. EDM INDEFINITENESS 471we have
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5.11. EDM INDEFINITENESS 473So beca
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5.11. EDM INDEFINITENESS 475holds o
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5.12. LIST RECONSTRUCTION 477where
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5.12. LIST RECONSTRUCTION 479(a)(c)
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5.13. RECONSTRUCTION EXAMPLES 481Wi
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5.13. RECONSTRUCTION EXAMPLES 483d
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5.13. RECONSTRUCTION EXAMPLES 485Th
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5.14. FIFTH PROPERTY OF EUCLIDEAN M
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Chapter 6Cone of distance matricesF
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6.1. DEFINING EDM CONE 4996.1 Defin
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6.2. POLYHEDRAL BOUNDS 501This cone
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6.4. EDM DEFINITION IN 11 T 503That
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6.4. EDM DEFINITION IN 11 T 505N(1
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6.4. EDM DEFINITION IN 11 T 507Then
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6.4. EDM DEFINITION IN 11 T 5096.4.
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6.5. CORRESPONDENCE TO PSD CONE S N
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6.6. VECTORIZATION & PROJECTION INT
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6.7. A GEOMETRY OF COMPLETION 523(b
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6.7. A GEOMETRY OF COMPLETION 525[3
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6.7. A GEOMETRY OF COMPLETION 527wh
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 529to the geomet
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 531Proof. First,
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 533EDM 2 = S 2 h
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 535therefore the
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 537Elegance of t
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 5396.8.1.5 Affin
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 5416.8.1.7 Schoe
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 5430dvec rel ∂
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6.10. POSTSCRIPT 5456.10 Postscript
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Chapter 7Proximity problemsIn the
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549project on the subspace, then pr
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551HS N h0EDM NK = S N h ∩ R N×N
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5537.0.3 Problem approachProblems t
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 555fi
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 5577.
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 559di
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 5617.
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 563wh
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 565Th
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7.2. SECOND PREVALENT PROBLEM: 567O
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7.2. SECOND PREVALENT PROBLEM: 569S
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7.2. SECOND PREVALENT PROBLEM: 571r
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7.2. SECOND PREVALENT PROBLEM: 573w
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7.2. SECOND PREVALENT PROBLEM: 5757
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7.2. SECOND PREVALENT PROBLEM: 577a
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7.3. THIRD PREVALENT PROBLEM: 579is
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7.3. THIRD PREVALENT PROBLEM: 581We
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7.3. THIRD PREVALENT PROBLEM: 583su
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7.3. THIRD PREVALENT PROBLEM: 585Gi
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7.3. THIRD PREVALENT PROBLEM: 587Op
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7.4. CONCLUSION 589filtering, multi
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Appendix ALinear algebraA.1 Main-di
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A.1. MAIN-DIAGONAL δ OPERATOR, λ
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A.1. MAIN-DIAGONAL δ OPERATOR, λ
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A.2. SEMIDEFINITENESS: DOMAIN OF TE
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A.3. PROPER STATEMENTS 599(AB) T
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A.3. PROPER STATEMENTS 601A.3.1Semi
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A.3. PROPER STATEMENTS 603For A dia
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A.3. PROPER STATEMENTS 605Diagonali
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A.3. PROPER STATEMENTS 607For A,B
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A.3. PROPER STATEMENTS 609When B is
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A.4. SCHUR COMPLEMENT 611A.4 Schur
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A.4. SCHUR COMPLEMENT 613A.4.0.0.3
Page 615 and 616: A.4. SCHUR COMPLEMENT 615From Corol
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Page 625 and 626: A.7. ZEROS 625A.6.5SVD of symmetric
Page 627 and 628: A.7. ZEROS 627(Transpose.)Likewise,
Page 629 and 630: A.7. ZEROS 629For X,A∈ S M +[34,2
Page 631 and 632: A.7. ZEROS 631A.7.5.0.1 Proposition
Page 633 and 634: Appendix BSimple matricesMathematic
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Page 637 and 638: B.1. RANK-ONE MATRIX (DYAD) 637B.1.
Page 639 and 640: B.2. DOUBLET 639R([u v ])R(Π)= R([
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Page 643 and 644: B.4. AUXILIARY V -MATRICES 643is an
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Page 647 and 648: B.5. ORTHOGONAL MATRIX 647Given X
Page 649 and 650: B.5. ORTHOGONAL MATRIX 649Figure 15
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Page 653 and 654: Appendix CSome analytical optimal r
Page 655 and 656: C.2. TRACE, SINGULAR AND EIGEN VALU
Page 661 and 662: C.3. ORTHOGONAL PROCRUSTES PROBLEM
Page 663 and 664: C.4. TWO-SIDED ORTHOGONAL PROCRUSTE
Page 665: C.4. TWO-SIDED ORTHOGONAL PROCRUSTE
Page 669 and 670: Appendix DMatrix calculusFrom too m
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Page 691 and 692: D.2. TABLES OF GRADIENTS AND DERIVA
Page 699 and 700: Appendix EProjectionFor any A∈ R
Page 701 and 702: 701U T = U † for orthonormal (inc
Page 703 and 704: E.1. IDEMPOTENT MATRICES 703where A
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Page 707 and 708: E.1. IDEMPOTENT MATRICES 707are lin
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E.5. PROJECTION EXAMPLES 717a ∗ 2
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E.5. PROJECTION EXAMPLES 719where Y
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E.5. PROJECTION EXAMPLES 721(B.4.2)
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E.6. VECTORIZATION INTERPRETATION,
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E.7. PROJECTION ON MATRIX SUBSPACES
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E.7. PROJECTION ON MATRIX SUBSPACES
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E.8. RANGE/ROWSPACE INTERPRETATION
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E.9. PROJECTION ON CONVEX SET 735As
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E.9. PROJECTION ON CONVEX SET 737Wi
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E.9. PROJECTION ON CONVEX SET 739R(
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E.9. PROJECTION ON CONVEX SET 741E.
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E.9. PROJECTION ON CONVEX SET 743E.
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E.9. PROJECTION ON CONVEX SET 745Un
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E.9. PROJECTION ON CONVEX SET 747ac
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E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 749bC
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E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 7510
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E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 753E.1
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E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 755y 2
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E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 757Def
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E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 759Dis
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E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 761mat
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E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 763K
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Appendix FNotation and a few defini
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771A ij or A(i, j) , ij th entry of
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773⊞orthogonal vector sum of sets
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775x +vector x whose negative entri
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777X point list ((76) having cardin
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779SDPSVDSNRdBEDMS n 1S n hS n⊥hS
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781vectorentrycubixquartixfeasible
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783Oorder of magnitude information
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785cofmatrix of cofactors correspon
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Bibliography[1] Edwin A. Abbott. Fl
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 789[23] Dror Baron, Mi
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 791[49] Leonard M. Blu
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 793[74] Yves Chabrilla
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 795[102] Etienne de Kl
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 797[129] Carl Eckart a
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 799[154] James Gleik.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 801[182] Johan Håstad
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 803[212] Viren Jain an
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 805[237] Monique Laure
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 807[265] Sunderarajan
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 809Notes in Computer S
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 811[319] Anthony Man-C
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 813[346] Pham Dinh Tao
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 815[375] Bernard Widro
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Index∅, see empty set0-norm, 229,
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INDEX 819bees, 30, 413Bellman, 276b
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INDEX 821circular, 130construction,
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INDEX 823measure, 295convex, 21, 36
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INDEX 825duality, 160, 410gap, 161,
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INDEX 827positive semidefinite, 284
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INDEX 829point, 39, 62positive semi
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INDEX 831isomorphic, 52, 56, 59, 77
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INDEX 833nonsymmetric, 703range, 70
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INDEX 835Muller, 624multidimensiona
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INDEX 837projection on, 739, 745tra
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INDEX 839pseudoinverse, 701trace, 5
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INDEX 841coordinate system, 156line
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INDEX 843nonconvex, 40, 97-101nulls
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INDEX 845faces, 106intersection, 10
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INDEX 847projection, 517symmetric,
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849
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Convex Optimization & Euclidean Dis
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