CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION1.1 Interest in Wave <strong>Energy</strong>The increase of oil prices in response to the Arab-Israeli war of 1973 initially prompted interest inwave energy. A barrel of oil in mid-1973 cost $2.90, by December of the same year the cost hadrisen to $11.65 per barrel (Ross, 1995). This excitement in wave energy was further stimulated bySalter’s Nature article in 1974, introducing Salter’s Duck achieving 90% power absorption efficiency(Falnes, 2007). As oil prices declined in the 1980’s, so did funding for wave energy.Increases in population, standard of living, and dependency on technology indicate a future increasein energy demand (Fujita, 2002). This increase in energy coupled with recent concern for climatechange and rising oil prices has again generated interest in wave energy. Establishment of projectssuch as: the European <strong>Marine</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> Centre, EquiMar, SuperGen, Wave Hub, and <strong>Marine</strong> <strong>Energy</strong>Accelerator indicates a growing support for wave energy research and development in Europe(Drew, 2009).The United States participation in the development of wave energy conversion (WEC) devices hasbeen low thus far. Between 1979 and 1996, the U.S. Department of <strong>Energy</strong> (DOE) only contributedabout $1.5 million dollars to wave-related activity (Brooke, 2003). However, in 2008 the DOEcreated two <strong>National</strong> <strong>Marine</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> Centers in partnership with the University of <strong>Hawaii</strong>, OregonState University, and the University of Washington (McCormick and Ertekin, 2009). The programaims to research power generation form various forms of ocean energy (McCormick and Ertekin,2009). Although private companies, such as Ocean Power Technologies Inc. (OPT) and Aqua<strong>Energy</strong> Group, have been working in the United States on wave energy projects, they have yet toproduce any published results.10
1.2 Advantages of Wave <strong>Energy</strong>Advantages of harnessing wave energy versus other forms of renewable energy are:Far propagationSeasonal compatibilityLow atmospheric emissions1.2.1 Wave PropagationWaves are able to propagate long distances with little energy loss (Clément, 2002). Swells can havewavelengths of 100 to 500 meters in deep water, and wind waves can have wavelength ranging a fewmeters to 500m in deep water depending on wind speed (Falnes, 2007).1.2.2 Seasonal CompatibilityThe seasonal variability of wave energy tends to follow the electricity demand in high latitudes,where there is a higher population density (Clément, 2002). The wave power level is highest in thewinter when electricity demand increases due to heating and lighting loads (Cruz, 2008).1.2.3 Low Atmospheric EmissionsIt is difficult to fully recognize the environmental impacts of WEC devices due to a lack of oceantesting for substantial lengths of time. However, WEC devices are expected to have fewenvironmental impacts, in particular, low atmospheric emissions (Clément, 2002). WEC deviceswould produce no atmospheric emissions while generating electricity, however, emissions wouldoccur during installation, maintenance, and decommission (Cruz, 2008). In 1998 Thorpe carried outa lifecycle emissions evaluation of various energy sources, including nearshore WEC devices. Theresults are presented in Figures 1.1 to 1.3, confirming WEC devices would have relatively lowatmospheric emissions.11
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Figure 4. 5 Drawing in Design Modul
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12. Delete all lines inside the cur
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22. Edit the details of the slice u
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Figure 4. 15 Details of the Part7.
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Figure 4. 17 Details of the Mesh4.2
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Figure 4. 21 Detials of the Wave Di
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5. Highlight Diffraction + Froude-K
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Table 4.1 Body Dimensions for Numer
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concavity from concave down to conc
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Figure 4. 29 Maximum Power Absorpti
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Table 4. 3 Numerical ResultsBodyNo.
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BodyNo.Bodyλ atT=2.1λ atT=1.0λ a
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WAVEFigure 5. 1 Body Faces Wave Mak
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The body connects to the aluminum p
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also allowed for flexibility in cre
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AB1 23 4 5 6 7CD8 9 10 11EFigure 5.
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and minimum voltage range of the DA
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Figure 5. 11 Deleting a Step from L
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Figure 5. 14 Recording Options, Sig
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Figure 5. 17 Right-mouse Click on t
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Zero-OffsetThe Zero-Offset step rem
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Figure 5. 24 Filter Step Set-up, Co
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5.6 Data ProcessingFigure 5. 26 Wav
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5.8 Experimental DiscussionAs menti
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5.8.3 Suggestions for Future Resear
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110ikxxRekddzkgkn )cosh())(cosh(,
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Proof M ij and B ij are Symmetric T
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BIBILIOGRAPHYANSYS. (n.d.). ANSYS A
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Trust, C. (2011). Capital, Operatin