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Cornell University LibraryF 1059L6 B831900+ +City of London, Ontaro, Canada. The plonolln1924 028 900 798Overs

The original of this book is inthe Cornell University Library.There are no known copyright restrictions inthe United States on the use of the text.http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028900798

Entered according to the Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the office of the Minister of Agriculture, byThe London Printing & Lithographing Company (Limited) of London, Ontario, in the year one thousandnine hundred.

City of LondonOntario,Canada.The Pioneer PeriodANDThe London of To-day,SECOND EDITION.London, Ontario, Canada :Printed and Published by The London Printing & Lithographing Company (Limited),Designers and Engravers.October, 1900.

MAP OFWESTERN fONTARli)CANADA.( i ^'»!>«« IPOiNr Mtf€

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Introduction." So it stead you, I will write." Shakespeare.All mankind look backward and regard the days that aregone as the happiest of their lives. Whether they wereso or not, does not admit of argument. Happiness is acondition of mind, and whoso thinks he is happy is so,the poet who declares " man never is, but always to be,blest " to the contrary notwithstanding. But the presentwork is neither philosophical nor metaphysical. It is practical,and no elaborate argviment is needed to prove what all willadmit — that we enjoy i-ecalling our early days and contrastingthem with the present. As the old soldier " shoulders his crutchand shows how fields were won," so the pioneer civilian loves totell of the past, of the hardships and pleasures, the toils and relaxations,of the times when every man was pi-actically monarch ofall he surveyed, before there was an official surveyor. But it isnot intended in this work to speak at length of pre-corporatedays. Nor is it designed to embellish the narrative. There willbe found no flights of fancy, no stilted rhetoric, no elaborationof incident — merely a painstaking effort to fix the periods andgive the stamp of authenticity. With the record of the facts,the duty of the writer is accomplished, and if here and therethe bald narration is relieved by the interjection of a casual comment,it is still in the line of the fact itself. No decided opinionsare expressed regarding controverted points, so there is nothing toretract or defend. If any inaccuracy exists, it is not for lack ofdiligence in searching out all available sources of information,and no one will more gladly correct any error than the writer.Archie Bremner.

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" The man who takes no interest in his grandfathermay be a philosopher, but he lacks humanity and is notapt to be a sympathetic friend." Anon." We should gviard the records of the past — we shouldpreserve the traditions." Sii- Walter Besunt.

CITY OF LONDONPRIMEVAL DAYS.('llAI'TKK I.'^'nu ask iiir I'or :i plan. I li;uc iiian: liul I had, or liaxc, niatcii.il.s. " I liiJljittxik possession "aspied." The Indians'seems not to havewas a country richgame, and in histlie days jirior towIkjIo; of wliat is now thewestern peninsula of Ontario\\'as the hind of the A\Mitrals,a )>and of Indians ^\'ho lieldaloof from the wars of theHurons and Iro

10 CITY OF LONDON.told by Col. Talbot to Mrs. Jamieson in 1837—that Kettle Creek derived its name fromthe fact of one of his men having dropped akettle into the stream. The truth is thatlong before the Colonel saw the ci'eek itwas called "Chaudiere" by the French, sothat "Kettle" is but the Anglicized form ofthe early French name. Coming to the year1791, when Quebec was divided into two Provinces,Col. John Graves Simcoe became thefirst Lieut. -Governor of Upper Canada. Earlyin that year Col. Simcoe had written to SirJoseph Banks, President of the Royal Society,concerning his plans, on which occasion hesaid :" For the purposes of commerce, union, and power,I purpose that the site of the colony should be m thatgreat peninsula between the Lakes Huron, Erie, andsection is still in existence. The fragmentwas for years among the treasures of the lateCol. Askin, upon whose death it passed intothe hands of the late Col. Shanly. Amonghis private papers it was found at his death,and is now a vakied historical heirloom in thekeeping of Mr. Charles Shanly, of the PostOffice Department. The first page of it, ina facHunile of the handwriting of MajorLittlehales, appears on the opposite page.The document is as follows :1793Feb.4th.JOURNEY TO DETROIT FROM NIAGARA,AVBITTEN BY MAJOR LITTLEHALES.On Monday hisExcellency Lt.-Gov'r Simcoeaccompanied by Cap'n Fitzgerald and Lt. Smithof ye 5th Keg't, Lt. Talbot, Grey, Givens andMajor Littlehales, left Navy Hale in sleighs andproceeded through the Concessions parallel withLake Ontario to the 12-mile Creek. The roadsbeing very indifferent and -wet, owing to the unusualmildness of the season, we were obliged toGOVERNOR SIMCOE.From an oil painting presented to Bishop Cronynby near relaiives of the Governor, and kindlyloaned by Huron Collef/e.GOVERNOR LORD ELGIN.From an engraving kindly loaned by Talbot Macbeth.Ontario, a spot destined by nature, sooner or later, togovern the interior world. I mean to establish a capitalin the very heart of the country, upon the River LaTranche. * * * The capital I mean to call Georgiana,and aim to settle in its vicinity Loyalists, who are nowin Connecticut, provided that the Government approveof the system."Arriving at Quebec, Governor Simcoe metCol. (then Lieutenant) Talbot, who became hisprivate and confidential secretary. After themeeting of the first Legislature, in 1792, Simcoeplanned an overland journey to Detroit,and this was accomplished. Major Littlehales,who formed one of the party, kept a diary ofthe trip. The whole of it was never preserved,but the portion which relates to this5th.6th.7th.stop there a short time. Reached the 20-mileCreek in the evening ; slept at one of Col. Butler'shouses.Upon arriving at the 40-mile Creek, an expressarrived from Kingston, brought by two MississaguaIndians. This circumstance detained theGov'r till the next day, when, with some difliculty,we reached Nellis' at the Grand River (orOuse), being obliged to cross the Mountain whichbore sad relics of devastation occasioned by ahvirricane the preceding Autumn.About 12 o'clock we arrived at Capt'n Brant's,at the Mohawk Indian Village, going along on theice on the Grand River with great rapidity for aconsiderable way. The country between this placeand Niagara, a distance computed about 70 milesprevious to ascending the Mountain (considered abranch of the Alleghany), the settlement is in atolerable state of improvement, the Mountain iswell timbered and richly dressed with Pine, Oak,Beech, Maple, etc. The torrents of rain issued

^^/-^ ^r .-.r «^^-^ '*^^^^'S J'C-tir ^'' .i'-rr-/--^ ^.-"SC^^. -^^^ ^43^^.f r;'r- y^.tx.,'- i^Zx^'y^f"^'^ ^r^-^FACSIMILE OF FIRST PAGE OF MAJOR LITTLEHALESDIARY.

.an1 byCITY OF LONDON,loth.11th,from its .smmiiit fiimi the several Ci'eeks whichrun into Lalie Ontario hreak the ground, inakiugdeep ravines, and thereby much diversify thescene. The Momitain runs i)arallel with LakeOutaiio.On our jirrival at the Mohawk Village, theIiidians hoisted their flags and trophies of warand fired a feii-de-Joie in compliment to HisExcellency the Representative of the King theirFather.This place is,, „^ ,, ,,.., .,pecviliarly strikingwhen seenfi-omthe high landabove it — extensivemeadowsaround it, theGrand River rollgnear it, with'a tei'mination offoiest. Here is awell-built woodenChurch wit h asteeple, a school,and an excellenthouse of t 'a p tBrant's. Theso u 1- c e of theGrand Rivei- isnot a c c ura telyascertained, butsupposed adjoiningthe waterswhich i-onuiumicatewith LakeHiu'on : it emptiesitself into LakeErie, and for 5(1or (iO miles is asbroad as theThames at Richmondin England.Some Villages ofOnondagas,theDela waresandC'ayrigas are disparsed on itsbanks. While wewei-e at the MohawkVillage, weheard DivincServiceperformed inthe Church by anIndian. The dcvo u t behaviourof the women(S (| u a w s ), themelody of theiivoices,a n d t h eexact time theykept in singinghymns is worthyof observation.We did notquit the MohawkVillage till noon,when we set outwith 1. Biant andNO. IKES, L'.llTabout V2 Indians.Came to an encampmentof Miss ssagucs an( 1 slept at a Ti'adciHouse.Passed ovci' some fine o|)en Plains, .said to befre(iuented by immense Herds of Deer, but, asvei'j' little snow had fallen tliis Winter, we didnot see them. We crossed two or thi-ee rivuletsthi-ough a thick wood, and o\-cr a salt lick, andsto]iped at 4 o'clock to give the Indians time tomake a small wigwam. The dexterity and alacrityof those people, habituated to the hardshipsincidental to the woods, is remarkable. Smallparties will, with the utmost facility, cut downlai'ge trees with their tomahawks, then barkthem, and in a few minutes construct a most comfoi-taVilehut, capable of resisting any inclemencyof the weather, covering it with the bark of theElm. Dui'ing this day's march we saw the remainsof several Beavei- Dams.12th. W e wentthi-ough an ii'regularwoody ('ountry,passed anencampment saidto have been LordB. Fitzgerald'swhen on his wayto Detroit, Michiiimackinacandthe Mississippiwe passed a fineCedar gi-ove, andabout one o'clockcrossed o n thetrunk of a tree asmall branch ofthe La Tranche(Thames), andsoon aftei- crossedthe main branchof that River inthe same manner.We met a manalmost starved,who was overjoyedto obtain atem])orary reliefof Biscuits andPork. H e wasgoing to Niagarafrom the Conductorof the AnnualW^inter Ex]iressfrom Detroit, whowe a f t er wa, rdmet. We learntthat the aboveman had beenguilty of theft.W^e hal ted in openpart of the wood,.and hutted as thelast night. Wewere much fatigued,and refreshedourselveswith soup anddried venison.VMh.Early thismorning the Expressfrinn D e -troit, with Mr.Clark, aWyandotand Chip pew aIndian, partedI'LAN (IK LoNnox, 1.H40 fl.from us on theirI Inway to\\'iii, IvobiriNiagara.We went bet weenirregular f( neeot stal

ONTARIO, CANADA. ]3The burying S[ound was of earth raised, neatly cut down. The way of entrapping the animal wascoverea with l*ves and wickered over ; adjoining curious. Judging correctly of the space the treeic a large pole vyith painted Hieroglyphics on it, would occupy in falling, they surrounded it andaenocing the ni^tion, tribe and achievements of the closed in so suddenly that the Raccoon could notPLANOF THECITY OF LONDON1900.5^ Railway Lines .Steam Railway lines -NO. ACRES, 4,116.deceased, either as Chiefs, Warriors or Hunters.This day a Raccoon was discovered in a very largeElm tree. The Indians gave a most tremendousshout, and all set to work with their tomahawksand axes. In ten or fifteen minutes the tree wasescape, and was killed. The Indians at first amusedthemselves with allowing a Newfoundland dog toattack it, but it defended itself so well that Ithink it would have escaped from the dog but forthe interposition of the Indians. Several more

14 CITY OF LONDON,14th.Raccoons were traced in the snow, and two ofthem taken by the same mode. The Raccoonsroasted made an excellent supper. Some of theparts were rather rancid, but in general the fleshwas exceedingly tender and good.This day brought us within a few miles of theDelaware Indian Village, where we encamped.The Indians shot some black and other squirrels.I observed many trees blazed, and various figuresof Indians (returning from battle with scalps),and animals drawn upon them descriptive of theNations, Tribes and numbers that had passedmany of them were drawn—especially a Lion.This day we walked over very uneven ground,and passed two Lakes of about four miles in circumference,between which were many fine Larchtrees. An Indian, who carried a heavier packthan the rest, was behind, and on overtaking us,said that a white man was coming with dispatchesto the Gov'r. This person proved to be awheeler, who (as we afterward heard) made use17th.passing several Chippewa Indians upon tlieirhunting parties, and in their encampments, wearrived at a Canadian trader's, and a little beyond,in proceeding down the stream, the Indiansdiscovered a spring of an oily nature, which, uponexamination, proved to be a kind of petroleum.We passed another wigwaiii of Chippewas makingmaple sugar. The mildness of the wintercompelled them, in a measure, to abandon theirannual hunting. We soon arrived at an old hut,where we spent the night.,We passed the Moravian Village this day.This infantine settlement is under the superintendenceof four missionaries, Messrs. Reisberger,Lenseman, Edwards and Young, and principallyinhabited by Delaware Indians, who seem to beunder the control, and in many particulars, underthe command of those persons. They are in aprogressive state of civilization, being instructedin different branches of agriculture, and havingalready corn fields at tljis place. Every respectOLD VIEW (about 1833) OF BUSINESS SECTION OF LONDON, FROM BIDOUT STREET TO RIVER.From a water-color painting made by the late James Haviilton, and kindly loaned by V, Cronyn.1—First red brick built in London, by Dennis O'Brien (?) ; 2—Court House ; 3—Magazine ; i—Wilson & Hughes' law office ; 5—Mechanics'Institute; 6—Residence of Rev. Beuj. Cronyn in 1832; 7—Residence of John Jennings; 8—Dalton's soap factory.FOR 1897 VIEW, SEE OPPOSITE PAGE.15th.of that plan to get supplied with provisions andhorses to the Grand River, and from thence withan Indian guide to Detroit. He quitted us underthe plausible pretence of looking for land toestablish a settlement.We breakfasted at the Delaware Indian Village,having walked on the ice of the La Tranchefor five or six miles. Here we were cordiallyreceived by the Chiefs of that Nation, and regaledwith eggs and venison. Capt. Brant being obligedto return to a Council of Six Nations, we stayedthe whole day. The Delaware Castle is pleasantlysituated upon the high banks of the Thames. Themeadows at the bottom are cleared to some extent,and in summer planted with Indian Corn.After walking 12 or 14 miles this day, part of thew^ay through Plains of White Oak and Ash, and18th.was paid the Gov'r, and we procured a seasonablerefreshment of eggs, milk and butter. Pursuingour journey, eight or nine miles, we stopped forthe night at the extremity of a new road cut bythese Indians, and close to a Creek. Mr. Greymissed his watch, and being certain that he leftit at our last encampment, two of the Indiansobserved his anxiety about it, proposed and insistedon returning for it. They accordingly setout and returned with it the next morning. Thedistance there and back must have been 26 miles.Crossing the Thames and passing a new loghouse belonging to a sailor named Carpenterpassed a thick swampy wood of black walnutwhere His Excellency's servant was lost for threeor four hours, we came to a bend of the LaIranche, and were agreeably surprised to meet 12

or 14 canoes coming to meet ;iud conduct theGov'r, who, with his suite, got into them, andabout toxiv o'clock arrived at Dalson's, but previouslyreconnoitered a fork of the River, andexamined a mill of a curious construction erectingupon it. The settlement where Dalson resides isvery promising. The land is well adapted forfarms, and there are some respectable inhabitantson both sides of the River. Behind it to the southon a range of spacious meadows, Elk are continuallyseen upon them, and the pools and pondsare full of Cray fish. From Dalson's we went tothe mouth of the Thames in canoes, about 12miles, and saw the remains of a considerable townof the Chippewas, where, it is reported, a desperatebattle was fought between them and theSenecas, and that the latter were totally vanquishedand abandoned their dominions to theconquerors. Certain it is that human bones werescattered in abundance in the vicinity of the aSrd.ONTARIO, CANADA. 15We had bad weather the whole of the time westopped here -sleet and snow storms. Gov'r Simcoereviewed the 24th regiment and the garrison ;examined Fort Lenaidt and the rest of the works,and then went in a calash to the River Rouge,where we saw a compact, well-built sloop almostready to be launched. The merchant vessels arehere laid up in ordinary during the winter months(when the Lakes are not navigable) in the samemanner as His Majesty's ships, which are placedunder the protection of the guns of the fort. Wewent to see the bridge where Pontiac, the IndianChief, aftei- being unsuccessful in his treacherousattempt to surprise Detroit, made a stand, and somuch slaughter ensued of British troops that it isdistinguished by the name of the Bloody Bridge.The distance between Detroit and Niagara by theroute we came is about two hundred and seventymiles. The distance is greater by Lake Erie.Early on Saturday morning the Gov'r left De-VIBW OP COURT HOUSE AND KENSINGTON BRID&B.ground, and the Indians have a variety of traditionsrelative to this transaction. Going alongthe bordage of the Lake St. Clair we came to thenorth-east shore of the River of Detroit ; Canadianmilitia- fired a feiu-de-joie. Soon afterward wecrossed the River in boats, but were much impededby the floating ice, and entering, the garrisonof Detroit, which was under arms to receive HisExcellency Lieut. -Gov. Simcoe, and upon his landing,fired a royal salute. Detroit is situated inthe strait between Lake Brie and Lake St. Clair.The Canadian inhabitants, who are numerous,occupy both sides of the River. Their propertyin land is divided into three or six acres in front,on which their houses, barns, etc., are built, by50 in depth, which constitutes their farm andapple orchards; this, with a few large windmillsdispersed on the banks of the strait, gives anappearance of respectability and population.Many beautiful Islands enrich the view. Thecountry about Detroit is perfectly level and flat.24th.25th.26th.troit, and the same firing and ceremonies as onhis arrival took place. We returned by Lake St.Clair, and in the evening reached Dalson's, about40 miles.The weather was very bad. Lt. Smith readprayers to the Gov'r, his suite and those of theneighborhood who attended, and we stayed atDalson's the whole day.It froze extremely hard, which enabled us togo on the ice in carioles up the Thames to thehigh bank where we first met the carioles whenon our way to Detroit. Col. McKee, Mr. Babyand several of the principal inhabitants accompaniedthe Gov'r thus far ; here we separated, andeach taking his pack or knapsack on his back, wewalked that night to the Moravian Village.We were detained at the Moravian V illage tillnoon to hear divine service performed by two ofthe ministers, one speaking extempore from theBible, the other expressing it in the Indiantongue. To-day we went a Tittle beyond one of

16 CITY OF LONDON,27th.28th.Mar.1st.our former wigwams, crossing some runs of water,ravines and through lands which abounded withBasswood, Hickory and Ash.We continued our journey and reached theDelaware Village. Some Chiefs returning fromtheir hunting were assembled to congratulate theGov'r on his return, and brought presents ofvenison, etc. In the evening they danced—a ceremonythey never dispense with when any of theKing's officers of rank visit their Villages.At six we stopped at an old Missessague hutupon the side of the Thames.After taking somerefreshments of salt pork and venison, well cookedby Lt. Smith who superintended that department,we, as usual, sang "Grod save the King," and wentto rest.We set out along the banks of the River, thenascending a high hill, quitted our former path anddirected our course to the northward. A gooddeal of snow having fallen, and still on theground, we saw traces of otters, deer, wolves.to examine this situation and its environs, thereforewe remained here all day. He judged itto be a situation eminently calculated for themetropolis of all Canada. Among many otheressentials, it possesses the following advantages :Command of territory, internal situation, centralposition, facility of water communication up anddown the Thames into Lakes St. Clair, Erie,Huron and Superior, navigable for boats to nearits source, and for small crafts probably to theMoravian Settlement to the southward ; by asmall portage to the waters flowing into LakeHuron to the south-east ; by a carrying place intoLake Ontario and the River St. Lawrence ; thesoil is luxuriantly fine; the land rich, capable ofbeing easily cleaned and soon put into a state ofagriculture ;pinery upon a knoll, other lumberupon the height, well calculated for the erectionof public buildings ; a climate not inferior to anypart of Canada. To these natural advantages anobject of great consideration is to be added—thatDUNDAS STREET (ABOUT 1840), LOOKING WEST FROM ^'ELLINGTON STREET TO COURT HOUSE.From an engraving kindly loaned by V. Cronyn.The sketch for this was probably taken about 1840, certainly prior to 18i4. The church to the right,SI. Paul's, was burnt down on Ash Wednesday, 1844.FOB 1897 VIEW, SEE OPPOSITE FAOB.bears and other animals, many of which beingquite fresh induced the Mohawks to pursue them,but without success. We walked 14 or 15 miles,and twice crossed the River and a few Creeksupon the ice. Once close to a Chippewa huntingcamp and opposite to a pine terrace, we encampedon its banks near a bay. The Gov'r and most ofthe party wore moccasins, having no snowshoes.These he had before found necessary on the courseof his journey.2nd, We structk the Thames at one end of a low,flat Island, enveloped with shrubs and trees. Therapidity and strength of the current were such asto have forced a channel through the main land,being a peninsula, and formed this Island. Wewalked over a rich meadow, and at its extremitycame to the forks of the Rivei. The Gov'r wishedthe enormous expenses of the Indian Departmentwould be greatly diminished, if not abolished,The Indians would, in all probability, becomecarriers of their own peltries, and they would finda ready, contiguous, commodious and equitablemart, honorably advantageous to the Governmentand the community in general, without theirbecoming a prey to the monopolizing and unprincipledtraderThe young Indians, who had chased a herd ofdeer, m company with Lt. Givins, returned unsuccessful,and brought with them a large porcupine,which was very seasonable as our provisions werenearly expended. This animal afforded a verygood repast, and tasted like a pig. The Newfoundlanddog attempting to bite the porcupine,his mouth was filled with the barbed quills and

ONTARIO, CANADA. 173rd.gave him exquisite jpaia. An Indian undertook toextract them, and with much perseverance pluckedthem ovit one hy one, and carefully applied a rootor decoction which speedily healed the wounds.Variovis figures were delineated on trees atthe forks of the River Thames, done with charcoaland vermilion. The most remarkable were theimitation of men with deer's heads.We saw a fine eagle on the wing, and two orthree lai'ge birds, perhaps vultures.We were glad lo leave our wigwam early thismorning, it having rained incessantly the wholeto the encampment we left on the 14th of February,and were agreeably surprised by meetingCapt. Brant and a numerous retinue, among themfour of the Indians we had despatched to himwhen first altered our course to the forks of theRiver Thames. Two of the party had just killeda buck and a doe. One of the Indians, wishing topreserve the meat from the wolves, or to showhis activity, climbed up a small tree of ironwood,which, being elastic, bent with him till it nearlytouched the ground ; then, hanging the meat uponthe tree, it sprang back into its original position.DUNDAS STREET, LOOKING EAST PROM RICHMOXD.night; besides, the hemlock branches on which weslept were wet before thej^ were gathered for ouruse. We ascended the height, at least a hundredand twenty feet, into the pinery already mentioned;quitting that, we came to a beautifulplain with detached clumps of white oak andopen brooks ; then crossing a creek running intothe south branch of the Thames, we entered athick swampy wood, where we were at a loss todiscover any track, but in a few minutes we werereleased from this dilemma by the Indians makinga cast, soon decided our path to Detroit. Ascendinga hill and crossing a brook, we came at noonThe meat was secure till morning, when he cutdown the tree. During this day's march it rainedwithout intermission, and last night it thundered******and lightened severely.The brooks and rivuletsHere the manuscript ends abruptly, butwe have sufficient to show the impressions ofthose who saw London before the first househad been begun. They found a "beautifulsituation, formed by a bend of the river—grove of hemlock and pine, and a large creek."

ONTARIO, CANADA. 21construction. They met at St. Thomas inMarch, 1826, and the following year the buildingswere completed. The firm of Ewart &Parke were the contractors. Mr. Ewart livedin Toronto, and seldom or never \isited London,so that the work was left in the hands ofthe junior member of the firm, the father ofovir late police magistrate. The buildingwas in appearance much as it is to-day, savethat in 1878 the front portion was enlarged toabout twice its former size, making six turretsinstead of four. The court house, it is notgenerally known, was the first building inLondon to be heated by hot air, this beingdone when Mr. Niles was Warden. The furtestimonyisthat it was located on the southwestcorner of King and Ridout streets. Afew weeks afterwards John Yerex erected alog house on the north-west corner of Yorkand Ridout streets, which stood for manyyeai's within the memory of residents still intheir prime, and therein was born the firstwhite native of London, Nathaniel Yerex.He died a few years ago in Indiana. In 1826,also, Levi Merrick built the first bridge overthe Thames into London, at York street. Upto this time all passage of the stream hadbeen by fording or ferry. A family namedBeverly had a ferry as early as 1816.It was merely a canoe feiry, and wasTHUS.CARLIXG,whose marriage is tlie first recorded inLondon district.THE LATE JUDGE WILSON.THE LATE COLONEL BURWELL.nace was built by Dean Tiffany, of Delaware.The conditions of settlement in this districtwere that a settler should be granted a lot onbuilding a shanty 18x21, receiving the patenton payment of £8. Col. Talbot, the administrator,granted many patents on these conditions,the first survey being bounded bywhat is now Queen's Avenue, Wellingtonstreet, and the river. The first clearing, onw^hat is now the largest inland city in BritishNorth America, was made in the fall of 1826,by Peter McGregor, who erected a log shanty.The exact location is a question of humanmemory, never to be absolutely dependedupon. Hon. G. J. Goodhue, in his later years,was convinced it was on Talbot street,between York and King, but the bulk oflocated nearly three-quarters of a milebelow "The Forks." There a Mr. Applegarthhad erected a very comfortable loghouse, plowed some ten acres of the riverflats, and undertook to raise hemp for theEnglish market, a bounty being paid at thattime to encourage its growth. For somereason, never explained, Applegarth left, andthe land with all its improvements becamethe property of Walter Nixon. Until thesurvey of the town site, that was the highroad from Westminster to London. Immediatelyafter the first settlement commencedin the village, the steep hill west of Westminsterbridge was graded so as to permitteams to pass up and down. The Wharnclifferoad was surveyed in 1831. After the build-

jrJi^^ ^ 3£y^rVIEW FROM CRICKET SQUARE, SHOWING PINE STUMP FENCE, 1860.REGIMENTAL GAMES (03bD), 24:TH OF MAY, 186i.If'rovi a photograph kindly loaned hy Geo, B. Harris,-r%.~AVIEW FROM ST. JAMES STREET, 1870.From a photograph kindlg louned by Geo, B. Harris,THE ABOVE THREE VIEWS SHOW THE CITY LOOKING SOUTH-WEST FROM THE OLD HBLLMUTH COLLEGE, OVERLOOKINGTHE OLD INFANTRY BARRACKS ON THE PRESENT VICTORIA PARK, TO THE CITY HALL.FOR 1897 VIEWS, SEE OPPOSITE PAGE.

DUPFEBIN AVENUE, SOUTH OF VICTORIA PARK, LOOKING WEST FROM WELLINGTON STREET.CENTRAL AVENUE, NORTH OP VICTORIA PARK, LOOKING EAST PBOM RICHMOND STREET.VIEW PROM ST. JAMES STREET, LOOKING SOUTH.THE ABOVE THREE VIEWS, TAKEN IN 1897, COVER THE SECTION SHOWN AT PREVIOUS DATES ON THE PRECEDING PAGE.

21 CITY OF LONDON,ing of the first bridge there is a certaindegree of cloudiness in the record, but itappears certain that the second bridge wasthat of Blackfriars, erected presumably in1831 and rebuilt twenty years later. Thereis equal uncertainty, as to the date of theM-*H0}oEHo2first structure over the river at the foot ofWellington street, but it was called "new"in 1840, reported dangerous in 1847, and inthe latter year ordered to be rebuilt. TheRidout street bridge was first erected in1848. It was swept away by a flood. It isrelated that some of the men engaged in

ONTARIO, CANADA. 25pile-drivmg eased their labor by sawing oiT homestead in London South to the mill site,the tops of the piles by night. This may on the city side. This he maintained foraccount for flunsiness in the structure, but private travel. A lavk^suit with some of thethe successor to this bridge, built in 1868, other residents was the result, they claimingTHE LATE JAMES HAMILTON. THE LATE L. LAWBASON.First Police Magistrate.JUDGE RICHARDSON.was also swept away by a flood in 1874. Inthe interval between the building of the firstand second bridges at this point a ferry wasmaintained, and during the low water ofthat Mr. Hunt had fenced in the streetreservation on the city side. The matter wascarried through the courts, the upshot beingthat Talbot street was opened through Hunt'sOLD VIEW OF LONDON, 1851, AS SEEN PROM THE SOUTH-WEST.From a painting made by the late Jam.es Hamilton.summer a footbridge—a primitive affair constructedof sugar casks and planks—was inuse. During this period the late CharlesHunt erected a bridge from the rear of hisorchard to the river. The bridge soon afterwardsfell into disuse, and after being opensome time the Council gave permission toclose up Talbot street from Simcoe to the

26 CITY OF LONDON,DUNDAS STREET, LOOKING BAST FROM TALBOT, 1860.FOK PRESENT VIEW, SEE OPPOSITE PAGE.DUNDAS STREET, LOOKING EAST FROM BID(JUT, 1863.Fiom CI photograph kindly loaned by Thomas Weston, of Chicago.

ONTAKMO, CANADA.zrriver, and so it remains. But tlu' hridjre isj,aine. Referrin«;- to old Rlackfriais Jiridgo(see illustration on page 49), it may be ol'interest to note that during tli(> rebellion of"oT sentinels were posted at either md, and noone was allowed to pass who could not givethe countersign. The humor of this lies inthe fact that at that particular tiuie thewater was so k)w that tlu> river-bed could becrossed dry-shod. In 1871 the bridut's atwooden structun's were destroyed or condenuied.An additional iion bridge o\er theri\'er at tlie west end of King street was inISDN (>rected in conjiection with'the seweragesystem, the main pipe Iteming carried acrossthe river under tlie roadway of the In-idge.In 1(S!).^) tlii^ electric i-ail\\;iy company madeairangements to cross the bridges wherent'cessary, and made tlu^ extensions neededfor this purijose. On this point, it may beDUXDAS STREET, LOOKING WEST FKd.MEICHJIDND.Dundas and Oxford streets were authorized,though not built till some time afterwards,as private subscriptions were to some extentdepended upon. This may be said to haveended the era of wooden bridges, so far asthe city was concerned, and in 1875 the erectionof the present ii'on strnctures began,Blackfriars being the first to be erected,Victoria Bridge was the second, and all theothers followed in regular course as the oldstated that there ai'e within the city limitsthree railway bridges of iron, crossing theriver on the lines of the Grand Trunk, CanadianPacific, and London & Port Stanley Railways,respectively.The roads of the early days correspondedwith the quality of the bridges, and were forthe most part of "corduroy." Excavations inlater days have revealed traces of theseprimitive roads at a depth of ten or twelve

28 CITY OF LONDON,feet below the present surface of Dundasstreet. Gravel and broken stone came in duecourse, and in 1880 a section of the centralportion of the city was paved with cedarblocks. In 1895 the blocks were replaced byasphalt resting on a concrete foundation.For some years past there have been laid invarious portions of the city sidewalks offlagstone and artificial stone or cement, andduring the past year the Council resolvedto hereafter lay no more plank sidewalks,and tp replace those now existing withcement as they wear out. London was thefirst city, and so far as we know is still theonly one, to undertake to deal with thehis house to the school building. The ideawas noticed and the result is known to allwho walk our streets in winter.Some givethe credit to the late John Plummer for operatingthe first snow plow. He certainly didoperate one on Fullarton street about contemporaneouslywith Mr. Barrett's, and hemay have been the first.The municipal records of the early daysremind one very forcibly that "history repeatsitself." The formal minutes of proceedingsdo not set it down in so manyprecise words, but it is plain to be seen,reading between the lines, that wire-pullingfor trifling advantages was quite as frequentRICHMOND 8TBKKT, LOOKING NORTH FROM DUNDAS, 1864.From a photograph kindly loaned by Thos. Westoyi, Chicago.FOR 1900 VIEW, SEE OPPOSITE PAGE.question of snow on the sidewalks on acomprehensive, common-sense plan. Insteadof requiring the citizens to clean the sidewalksin front of their premises, the corporationhas a number of plows, which aredriven over the walks after every snowfall.The origin of this is worth noting. Mr.Patrick Barrett, who lived in the old 4thWard, had a little child six or seven yearsof age attending school, whom he was inthe habit of carrying through the snow fromhis home on Central Avenue to the old BondStreet School. He conceived the idea of thesnow plow, and put it in operation fromon the part of municipal magnates in earlydays as ever since, and the process was quiteas well understood. There were the usualmotions, amendments, and amendments tothe amendments, varied by an occasionalejectment of a councillor from a meeting " forcause," the councillor retahating by smashingthe windows. In 1844 an amendment wassought and obtained to the ^-illage charter,and from thence on to the establishment ofthe town a series of by-laws were enacted forthe better government of the locality, thatdiffer, not in principle, but only in degree,from those of our own day. Should one ever

ONTARIO, CANADA. 29be minded to write an essay on "The Absurditiesof Legislation," he may be reminded thata by-law of London's early Council held ahouseholder responsible for a blaze in his chimney;while the Council passed a resohitioncondenming in the strongest terms those whoattended fires from morbid curiosity, andrequesting all such to remain at home infutvire. It was also decreed that all whoattended fires should work, under penaltyof a period in the cells, and this is stillwithin easy recollection. The really greatfires of London are spoken of elsewhere, andMaple street in 1868, when practically all thehouses on the street were on fire at one time.A peculiar incident took place. The militaryattached a rope to a blazing cottage andhauled it bodily to the center of the thoroughfare,in order to prevent the flamesspreading.In 1874 there was another outbreak ofincendiarism, there being sufficient in thecourse of the year to make an average ofwithin a fraction of three fires every week.The paid fire department had been organizedtwo years previously, and this year (1875) theRICHMOND STREET, LOOKING NORTH FROM CITY HALL.it is not designed to follow conflagrationsin detail. But reference may be made tothe year 1864, when a sensation was causedby a large number of incendiary fires. A rewardwas ineffectually offered for the captureof the fire-bug. Many ominous whispers wereheard as to the origin of the fires, but as theynever got beyond the 'hated-breathstage itwould be gratuitous to revive them at thislate date, and they may have been calumniesat best. But forty men were appointed asspecial constables to supplement the regularforce of firemen. A famous fire took place onelectric-alarm system was inaugurated. Thefirst fire-bell for alarm purposes was rung inLondon in 1848, a trumpet having been previouslyused. The bell, yoke and wheel cost$103. At present there are three fire stations,and the brigade consists of a chief, assistantchief, two foremen and sixteen men, theequipment comprising 9 horses, .3 hose wagons,1 city truck, 1 aerial truck, 56 alarmboxes, with the necessary hose and fire-fightingimplements.The first "fire-limits" by-law was passed in1863, though there had been some minor

30 CITY OF LONDON,restrictions as to building operations prior tothat time. New enactments have been placedon the books from time to time, and quite asregularly broken—always with the connivanceof one of the enactors. This practicehas, however, of late years fallen into disrepute.As this is being written the firelimits are being still further extended. In1865 the incendiary scare gave place to onecaused by burglars, and a vigilance committeepatrolled the streets at night.The records of 1843 furnish evidence ofLondon's advance in civilization in an enactmentthat no cows should be "milked, sloppedor otherwise fed on the sidewalks in the townof London." Candor compels the admissionthat it was many years after London hadthen two markets, an east-end market thenexisting on Wellington street, south of King,the farmers offering their produce for sale inthe middle of the street. Later on there wasa market house at that place, the westerlybuilding being sawn in two, placed on runnersand drawn to the spot. The questionof a public maidcet was discussed at anearly date in the history of the settlement,and in 1835 a patent was issued by Sir JohnColborne, the then Governor, to A. A. Rapeljee.Sheriff of the District of London, and hissuccessors in office, forever "authorizing himto maintain a market place, collect fees, anddevote the latter to keeping the market inrepair." The market was to afford facilitiesfor the disposal of merchandise of all kinds,as well as farm produce and live stock, andwas appointed to be held on the first TuesdayBICHM(J^•L) STREET, LOOKIXt; SOUTH FROM KINU, 1S65.FOR 1897 VIEW, SEE OPPOSITE PAGE.attained the dignity of a city before this bylawwas fully enforced.Up till the year 1813 the meetings of theCouncil had been held in the one-story storewhich stood till the spring of 1897 on thenorth-east corner of FuUarton and Talbotstreets. The town hall of later days was onthe north-west corner of Talbot and Kingstreets, a frame building which still stands,but is now brick-veneered. When used as atown hall, however, it stood on the MarketSquare.The John Hughes who figures as municipalclerk in village days was the present CountyJudge of Elgin, David John Hughes.The Canddidii Gcizcftccj-, of 1816, makes ashort reference to London. It says there werein the months of April, July and October ineach year. The patent, signed by Sir JohnColborne and Robert S. Jamieson, AttorneyGeneral, is still on file in the Sheriff's office,but the power conferred by it has long passedinto other hands. The Gazetteer also says thatLondon then possessed a theatre. This refersto the old town hall, which had been movedfrom the Market Square to the north-westcorner of King and Talbot streets. This wasfitted up as a theatre and opened under themanagement of John McFarlane, of Detroit,whose Avife, Jessie, was an actress, and alsodanced between the play proper and the afterpiece.Many still alive can recollect when theMcFarlanes used to play in the City Hall beforethe Music Hall was constructed. The

ONTARIO, CANADA. 31theatre was afterwards managed by the lateW. Y. Bruiiton, and it may be added as amatter of history that Maggie Mitchell—nowa white-haired old lady living in retirementin New York— appeared there in the charafterwhich made lier famous throughout theworld— -'Fanchon, the Cricket."On his lastvisit to London, the late P. T. Barnum told mehe had given a performance some years afterthe troubles of 1S87, but he could not recollectthe exact date, in a building near the courtthat period was tlu! Dennis O'Brien building,used as a barracks up till LS4::!, and was ahotel afterwards till as lat(^ as the early 50's.Barnum probabl.y rt^fei-red to th(i old Mechanics'Institute, wlieri^ iiublic performances usedto be given until the theatres was built on thecorner of Talbot and King.A curious feature about (virly-day amusementsis the fact that in LSKJ a lecture onphrenology cost the lecturer thirty shillings($7.50) for a license, while a circus license costRICHMOND STREET, LOUKING SOUTH FROM MASOXIC TEMPLE.house, and he believed it was a small brickone that stood till recently in i-ear of theO'Callaghan Terrace. The circumstance wasimpressed on his mind by the proximity of thehall to the place of the executions of 1837, andby reason of the fact that his party had excitedthe ire of the townspeople because oneof the performers had played " YankeeDoodle," and they were obliged to make asurreptitious departure. Barnum was doubtlessmistaken. The only brick building inrear of O'Callaghan Terrace as far back asfifty shillings ($12.50). The proprietor of alearned pig also paid thirty shillings license.In the same year a license was issued to sellspirits for one evening in the Theatre Royal,which was part of the present O'CallaghanTerrace building, and afterwards used as abarracks. It is worth noting that the oldestnative-born inhabitant of London now living,Mr.V.Cronyn, attended the lecture referred to.It was delivered in the old Mechanics' Instituteon the court house square. In 181:0 the militai-yset up a theatre where the public librarj-

CITY OF LOXDOX,ii()W stands. It was at'ter\\'ards Imrned. In1811 a nunibei' of young men iitted up ateni])()i'ai'>' theatre out of a l)arn located l)ackof the prest'ut polii-e station, and gave a seriesof perfoi'niances. Here Sinieoi^ Lee, aftei'wardscelehrated throughout the whole of America,and now an inmate of tlie Forrest Home,made his first appearance. He played afemale part, and the pei'formance was interruptedby his father walking on the stageand taking him off. Among those; who tookpart were the i)resent Sir John C'arling, thelate Sheriff Glass, and ex-Mayor David Glass.The first Music Hall, on tlu^ corner of Kichmondand York streets, was consti'ucted bythe late E. W. Hynian out of an old racejuetcourt that stood near the railway on the otherside of York street. George Denison managedit for years, when tile late (reorge HolmanIjouti'ht it and transformed it into tlie Holman" thi>i'e weri> excellent I'oads in all directions."This must be consti'ned as mc^aning excellentby comparison, l)ut as a, niattc^r of fact at the])erio(l referred to there were as good roadsas could l)e found anywhere in America insettlements of the same age. There werefrom London to Hamilton, eighty miles, al)laidlanchard, lliirty miles, macadamizedand gravel I'oads were constructed. Fi'omLondon to Ilyan's Corners, a distance of overthirtt^en miles, a joint stock com])any, with aca])ital of eight thousand pounds, in shaivs offive ])ounds each, built the Proof Line Koad.Upwards of four hundi-ed thousand dollarswere expended making thest> roads ; most ofthem by direction of Hamilton H. Killaly, thethen ])resident of the Board of Works, andrepresentative in parliament. There werestages daily to Hamilton and Chatham, e\eryother day to Sarnia and Port Stanley, andtwice a week to Goderich. There were tenchurches, one weekly newspapter, and onedaily mail. The population was given as:iJM). The stage fares were: To Chatham,lis. (id.; Wardsville, Ids.; Goderich, 15s.; St.Thomas, .'is. l)d.; Port Stanley, 5s.; Woodstock,

ONTARIO, CANADA. 336s. 3d.; Brantford, lis. 3d.; Hamilton, 15s.;Sarnia, 15s. If the voads were "excellent," aman conld have made good wages, at therates then current, by walking.The year 1846 marked a distinct era in thearchitecture of London, for then was erectedthe first brick residence within the municipalborders. There were three brick houses putup, the owners being respectively DennisO'Brien, Dr. Lee, and Cyrus Sumner. Theevidence is conflicting as to which was thefirst, but it in all probability was that ofO'Brien. Such points are confused by erroneousstatements made in print, and preserved.One such is to the effect that thirty yearssuch till the erection of the dub house onQuec^n's Avenue, and is now incorporated inthe rear portion of the Thompson House.Apropos of this, it may be said that the first" swell " houses of stone remain to this day.The first to be built was the present residenceof Mrs. John Beattie, by John (afterwardsJudge) Wilson, about 1842, followed by thatof Rev. Mr. Cronyn (afterwards the Strathyhomestead) on Dundas street east.Municipal waterworks date back to 1830.In the accounts of the district for 1837 thereappears this entry : "To paid Allen Buskirkfor pump on public square, £2 10s." This wasprobably for repairs. Prior to that time thequeen's avenue, I.OOKING EAST FROM POST OFFICE.ago there was not one brick house on Richmondstreet south of King save the TecumsehHouse and Nichol's livery stable. The fact isthat the Farrell (now O'Hearn) terrace andthe McOormick homestead were erected yearsbefore, while the inner walls of Hunt's blockare partially built of bricks taken from the" Ein Duetschen Haus " which stood on thesame site. Another fact is that the first brickresidence of any great pretensions was builton the south side of King street, near Richmond.It was the residence of MarcusHolmes. In later years it became the firsthome of the London Club, and continuedsource of supply had been the river andsprings along the bank, but in that year awell was sunk on Ridout street, from whichpipes were run to the jail, where a reservoirwas constructed. As in the days of Hezekiah,they " made a pool and a conduit and broughtwater into the city." This system was extendedand the "town wells" were a municipalinstitution till 1853, when the Legislaturewas petitioned for an Act giving power toerect ^waterworks. In the meantime a systemof tanks was put in at various cross-streets,and a couple on the market square, wherealso were two excellent wells, one at the

34 CITY OF LONDON,north-west corner of the old fish market, theother at the rear of the City Hall. From thispump an eccentric character known as "OldYorkie" used to supply the neighboring storesand hotels, his apparatus being a barrel hungbetween ^vheelbarrow shafts. His nameno one ever seemed to know, and as for hisnickname, " Old Yorkie," some said it arosefrom the fact that he was a Yorkshire man,while others held that it was because hecharged a York shilling a barrel for water.There were also pumps before many, if notall, of the hotels, and " Carter's hotel pump "was a landmark on the corner of Dundas andClarence streets (the site of the present Oddfellows'Hall) till 1872, when the building wasburnt.In 18.54 the London and Westminstermously elected the pioneer water commissioners; while the antis were led by the late Dr.V. Brown, who contended that a comprehensivesewerage system should precede or accompanythe waterworks. So far as Londonis concerned, the naatter is beyond the stageof disputation now. We have both. Extensiveadditions have been made each year tothe supply pipes, and no city on the continentis furnished with better water, fresh from thesprings. It had been intended at first to doall the pumping by hydraulic power, but oflate years steam power has been added andboth systems are now at command. Springbank,the name given to the waterworksproperty, is a charming natural park aboutJOHN JENNINGS.Appointed the first Town AVarden of London, on itsseparation from the Township of London tormunicipal purposes in 1838.HON. G. J. GOODHUE.First President of Council, ISIO.Waterworks Company was formed, intendingto draw from the Westminster ponds.The project fell through because of a suspicionthat the ponds were of surface water, asin later years was proven to be the case. Anew company applied for a charter in 1876,and the then city engineer reported in favorof Wilson's springs, on the 6th concession ofLondon township, as a source of supply. Atthe close of 1877 the Coiincil decided on thepresent site, and the works were built thefollowing year. This was not accomplishedwithout a great deal of preliminary work,the active advocates of the scheme beingheaded by Sir John Carling and the late E.W. Hyman, who for their efforts were unanifourmiles down the liver. It is accessible byboat, and the electric railway runs to the park.Without going into scientific details, it may bebroadly stated that the water is free from allimpurities, being supplied to the citizens preciselyas it bubbles from the hillside of limestoneformation. The best practical test ofits purity is the fact that brook trout live andflourish in it, which would not be the casewere the water in any way contaminated.The question of hospital accommodationwas forced upon the people of early Londonin an emphatic and unpleasant manner. In1832 Asiatic cholera of the most virvilent typeappeared, and so severe were its ravages andthe fright it occasioned that it has been said

ONTARIO, CANADA. 35the late Captain Gi'oves ^\'as eventually theonly person to attend the sick. The firstmedical man to settle in London, Di'. ArchibaldChisholm, had died two years previously.Dr.Stinson, whose davighter was one of thepioneer school teachers, was prostrated byattending his own wife, who died of thedisease, and Dr. Hiram Lee was kept busydispensing. The statement concerning Capt.Groves may be received with due allowance,gi\dng him, however, all credit for his humanity.A nuimber of immigrants had arrived, andit is altogether probable that the residents ofthe place found their time fully occupied inlooking after their own sick or renaoving theirfamilies from the danger of contagion. Posspecialburying ground jirocured. This wasdoubtless the old Potter's field on the blockeast of where the drill shed now stands. Thecholera victims had been interred in the cemeteryat the foot of North street. Apropos ofthe Scotch immigrants, the writer recalls aconversation he had some years ago with thelate Murray Anderson. That gentleman saidhe had trusted many of these destitute personsfor stoves on their taking up land in thesurrounding wilderness, and he added that henever lost a cent, though he had no securitybut their bare word—a tribute to the sterlinghonesty of the old pioneers.A cognate remarkwas once made by ex-Mayor Campbell to theeffect that he never lost a dollar by a manwho had to make his mark. The shed thathad been erected as a hospital was fired by anincendiary, probably from fear of contagion.In 1855 a building for hospital purposes waserected on the Hamilton Road, east of wherethe "One Horse Tavern" then and for a longtime afterwards stood. It contained fourwards, each with accommodation for tenpatients, Michael and Mrs. Audley being thesteward and matron respectively.SIMEON MORRILL.First Mayor of London, 1848.FIRST COUNCIL CHAMBER.North-east corner Fullarton and Talbot Streets.sibly the immigrants objected to nurses. Rev.Dr. Norman McLeod in one of his works tellsof a country town in Scotland where a strangernurse was refused even lodgings, lost she shouldspread the disease. In 1849 cholera again appeared.Dr. Going taking charge of the victimsand there was a third visitation of the diseasein 1854, when several deaths occurred. It madeits appearance for the fourth time in 1866, butthe disease obtained no foothold. In this yearS. McBride was chairman of the Board ofHealth, and Constable Hobbins health officer.The first record of a hospital appears in 1847,when a large number of sick and destitute immigrantsarrived from Scotland. A shed waserected for them on the Market Square, and aThis building was also fired by an incendiary.The hospital was then for a time located inthe military buildings, and in 1862 the twostoryframe house still standing on the southeastcorner of York and Thames streets wassecured for hospital purposes, but the hospitalwas some years later again located inthe military buildings till the building onSouth street, between Maitland and Colborne,was completed in 1875 and formallyopened by the Governor-General. Before thattime there had been no hospital surgeon, anofficer known as the city physician, whichoffice Dr. Moore held for years, paying statedvisits. Dr. Hagarty succeeded him in thiscapacity. The first resident superintendent

36 CITY OF LONDON,EARLY YIEW OF LONDON, FROM WEST SIDE OP RIVEB.Frovi a painting made by the late James Hamilton.RIDOUT STREET, LOOKING NORTH FROM DUNDAS, 1868.From a photograph kiiicUy loaned by Thos. Weston, Chicago.

ONTARIO, CANADA. 37of the hospital was Dr. Kains, his successorsbeing, in the order named, Drs. Burkholder,Wilkinson, Jas. T. Wilson, Wilkinson (secondterm), Belton, and Balfour, the present occupantof the position.During 1898 plans and specifications wereprepared for a city hospital on a scale ofmagnitude that gives us at present a buildingcapable of answering all demands upon itfor years to come. It comprises administrationbuildings, in which are situated the quartersof the surgeon and nursing staff; a children'sward, a consumptives' ward, contagious diseasesbuildings,and commodious pavilionsforthe sicktrations of which are given, stand high inthe reports of the Government inspector.The following ai-c the members of the medicalstaff, the appointments being for life : Consultingsurgeons— Dr. Niven, Dr. Waugh;consulting physicians— Dr. Moorehouse, Dr.MacLaren; active surgeons—Dr. Wishart, Dr.Williams, Dr. Jento, Dr. Belton ; active physicians— Dr. George H. Wilson, Dr. Drake, Dr.Hodge, Dr. McCallum; active gynecologistsDr. Meek, Dr. Moore, Dr. John D. Wilson, Dr.Eccles ; active obstetricians—Dr. Balfour, Dr.Hogg; active ophthalmologists—Dr. Butler,Dr. McLellan, Dr. Ovens ; active physiciansWATERLOO STREET (EAST SIDE), NORTH OP ST. ANDREW'S CHURCH.of all degrees. It is on the site of its predecessor,which has been partially included in thenew building, and has cost upwards of $100,-000. Formerly the city hospital was under thedirect control of the Council, but of late it hasbeen managed by a Trust, of whom the cityfurnishes four members, the mayor being oneex-officio. The others are : T. H. Purdom, Col.Lewis, and Thomas McCormick, the latterhaving succeeded C. F. Complin ; James Gilmour,M. P., represents the county. Ahospital under Catholic auspices was openedat Mount Hope in 1888, which was the forerunnerof the present St. Joseph's hospitalon the corner of Richmond and Grosvenorstreets. Both of the present hospitals, illusandsurgeons (children)—Dr. James D. Wilson,Dr. Burdon ;pathologists—Dr. Bayly, Dr.Neu;anaesthetist—Dr. H. Stevenson ; consultinghomoeopathic physician and surgeon—Dr. CI. T. Campbell ; active homoeopathicphysician and surgeon—Dr. Jarvis.In connection with the city institution thereis a training school for nurses, many graduatesfrom which are now filling leading positions invarious cities on the continent.The hospital for insane is not a municipalinstitution, nor is it within the boundaries ofthe city, though popularly known as the LondonAsylum. It was removed from Maiden atthe instance of the Local Government, of whichSir John Carling was a member, in 1870, and

38 CITY OF LONDON,occupies three hundred acres of land just eastof the city. It has accommodation for sometwelve hundred inmates, and with LondonJunction on the south, stretching to industrialand exporting establishments on theeast and the barracks to the west, it formsthe pivot of a thickly-populated district thatis for all but municipal purposes a part ofthe city proper. The first mention of aninsane person in the London district was in1837, when provision was made for the maintenanceof a lunatic at a private house.Among the charitable institutions akin tohospitals to be found in London to-day arethe Old Men's Home, the Old Women's Home,the Women's Shelter, the Protestant Orphans'Home, the Mount Hope Orphan Asylum(Catholic), the Convalescent Home, the Children'sShelter (organized under the provisionsof the " Children's Protection Act" of Ontario),and the Home for Incurables. Except theMount Hope Institution, these are not thework of any one church or denomination,but they are all the outcome of the churchesand Christian benevolence. Within the pastyear the Sisters of St. Joseph have secured thebuilding that was formerly Hellmuth Ladies'College, just outside the northerly limits,which is to be used as a home for the aged.All of the churches also have societies undervarious names devoted to charitable works.They are conducted unostentatiously. Themembers literally fill the poet's description ofthose who" Do good by stealthAnd blush to find it fame."In 1869, Miss Rye visited the city and -wasentertained by the Corporation in recognitionof her "work on behalf of the ^vaifs of England,and Mr. Middlemore was in later years giventhe use of the Ross farm as a temporaryshelter for English waifs, under the name ofthe Guthrie Home. This has been abandoned,and such work is no longer encouraged.London walked in darkness—temporally,not spiritually— during the first quarter of acentury of its existence. There were no streetlights, save such as were furnished by thelanterns in front of the hotels, till 1855, whengas was introduced, Barker and SiDellmanhaving obtained the gas company's chartertwo yeai's previously. Since that time—saveduring a short interregnum in the '60's, whenthe city and company failed to come to terms—the number of street lights has gone onincreasing. Electricity has been employedsince that light became general.It is interesting to reflect in these days,when we talk, correspond, travel, heat, cook,light and find a motive power for machineryin electricity, that it is just exactly half acentury since its fii'st introduction into London.The first telegram arrived here inAugust, 1849, over a wire from Sarnia. Thefirst long-distance telephone from Londonconnected with St. Thomas. It was put inoperation November 18, 1888.The year 1855 saw London invested withall the dignity of a city. The civic expenditureduring the last year of town life hadbeen £74,101 13s. lid., which seems an enormoussum till it is explained that this amountincluded £50,000 paid to the London & PortStanley Railway Company and other extraordinaryexpenditures. The expenses for thefirst year of city fife were £14,381, which wasraised in 1856 to £38,385. In this year thecity borrowed £63,000 and consolidated itsdebt. From this time on the financial recordsof the city show that aid was given to railroads,schools built, etc., so that the expenditureof no one year can be taken as a guide tothe running expenses, as without an elaborateanalysis it would be impossible to distinguishbetween a bonus, an expenditure on capitalaccount, or an ordinary current payment.One method of gauging the growth of thevalue of the city is to be found in a comparisonof the assessed valuation at variousEven this must be accepted as onlyperiods.approximate, as there were exemptions, laxmethods of assessment, and other causes thatprevent the figures being taken at their facevalue. As to laxity in assessing, it wascharged in 1863 that one of the assessors hadundervalued his own property. Assessmentswere then made on the rental, and it was saidthe assessor had received $66 in rent, while hehad based the assessment on $48. This led tothe resignation of the assessor.As early as 1863 there began to be rumorsof " discrepancies " in tiie books of the citytreasurer, but they blew over when one of thecollectors was found to be short in his paymentand his sureties had to make good theshortage. The rumors were revived in lateryears and irregularities were discovered in1882, when the city treasurer died by his ownhand. But to return to the figui'es, fromwhich, without giving the tables of populationand assessment in detail, we may glean afew facts.Leaving out altogether the earlydays, which are valueless for purposes of comparison,we find that in 1876 the populationwas 18,196 and the assessment $8,508,972, or anassessment per individual of about $468 inround numbers. In 1895 the population had

T&frKW^^^^§^^f4^^m^^'r ,ONTARIO, CANADA. 39

40 CITY OF LONDON,WHARNCL,IFFB ROAD ABOUT 1850.From a painting by the late James Hajnilton, and kindly loaned hy Geo. B. Harris.JENNINGS' DISTILLERY, 1840,FOOT OF MAPLE STREET.From a painting by the late Javie.? Hamilton, Icindly loaned by Qeo. B. Harris.Note.—The buttonwood tree shown bare on the right was the largest in the west.head of sheep and cattle that had taken shelter from a storm werekilled by one stroke of lightning.Here twenty

ONTARIO, CANADA. 41nearly doubled, reaoliinji: 88,427. The assessedvalue, however, had not increased in the sameratio. Rather, it had decreased, showing anassessment of .$4.87.00 to the individual, or$15,654,060 in all. At first glances this appearsas though the population had increased fasterthan the value of the city. But a sharpdistinction should be drawn between theassessed value and tlie actual value. Apartfroni_ the numerous churches, governmentbuildings, charitable institutions, etc., allexempt from taxation, it must be borne inmind that some factories are also exempt,which taxes are collectible, and also in thesum total of taxes to be collected. Thetotal value of realty and personal propertyand income in Ward 1 is .$4,882,108.81 ;Ward 2, not including West London, $4,259,-294.47; Ward 3, $2,021,720.49; Ward 4,$2,752,048.67; Ward 5, $1,683,600.87; additionalfor school rates only, $50,550 : Total,$15,149,819.22. London West's assessable valueis $893,385. A 25-mill rate is charged on this.Ward No. 6 has an assessable value of$1,487,972.78. The rate in South London isVIEW FROM FOOT OF DUNDAS STREET, LOOKING WEST, 1875.From a painting by the late Chas. Chapvutn.others are partially so, while some have afixed assessment covering a period of years,during which additions are made. Thus thefigures, used comparatively, prove nothingbeyond the fact that we have progressed bothin wealth and population during the periodspecified. The population for the past fouryears has shown an annual increase, that ofthe present year (including the number, estimatedat 2,000, gained by the amalgamationof London West) being set down at 88,575.The tax rolls for the past year (1899) showlarge increases in the amount of property upon17 mills. The grand total of assessable propertyin the city is $17,083,877. The city anddebenture rate is 17.6 mills, and will produce$290,771.53. The public school rate is 5.4 mills,and will produce $85,594.04. The separateschool rate is the same as the public schools,and will produce $6,389.30.The total sum tobe collected from all rates, including localimprovements, is $414,266.84.The rate of taxation for the last nineteenyears shows an average slightly in excess of20iir mills per annum.

i2 CITY OF LONDON,It is worth noting that the first record inthe Covmcil proceedings of money being computedin the decimal system is dated January25, 1858. It appears in connection with amemorial of the firemen asking that $5 begranted to the company which first reportedat a fire. Prior to that, accounts were kept inHalifax cui-rency, though " York " shillingsand sixpences were the popular bases ofcomputation.London has from the beginning been aloyal city and more or less connected withroyalty. The name first intended for it,Georgiana, was in honor of the reigning monarch.Here the Queen's birthday was firstcelebrated as a holiday, in 1850, by resolutionof the Council, and in a London cemeteryof the Volunteer Rifles, Highlanders andCavalry. The city was magnificently decorated.Population and wealth considered,we have had no such demonstration since.On a handsome pavilion erected near thestation, the Prince and party were receivedby the mayor, parliamentary representatives,councillors and citizens' committee. The addressof welcome did not differ essentiallyfrom the ordinai-y run of such affairs, butit contained one sentence worthy of preservation": The fact that at most it is onlyforty years since, in the locality where younow stand, none but the red Indian dozedunder the shade of the primeval forest,willsufficiently explain to Your Royal Highnesswhy we can conduct you to no magnificentVIEW, LOOKlXli SOUTH-WEST FKOM COl'KT HOUSE, 1844.Showing Westminster Bridge, Toll Gate, Judge ^\'ilson's and Judge Gi\'ens' Residences.FOXi 1897 VIEW, SEE OPPOSITE PAGE.there lies buried a daughter of George IV.She 'was the wife of an officer of a Britishregiment stationed here, and was buried inSt. Paul's cemetery, the remains afterwardsbeing removed to Mount Pleasant, "where amodest headstone records the facts. Threetimes have members of the royal familyvisited London. The first was in 1860, whenthe Prince of Wales came amongst us. Thedemonstration on that occasion was said byone who accompanied the Prince to have beensuperior to anything elsewhere in Canada,where his visit was one continual ovation. ThePrince and party arrived on the afternoon ofSeptember 12. The Volunteer Artillery fireda salute, and a guard of honor was made upbuildings, to no sacred historic monuments,such as those which are familiar to youreye ; but we are persuaded you can well appreciatethe results of an industry which,in our circumstances, are necessarily moremarked by the useful than the ornamental."In reply, the Prince spoke briefly—six sentencesin all. Two of them contained the kernelof the speech ": The country throughwhich I have passed this day presents thespectacle of a i)opulation prosperous andhappy. Its progress excites alike admirationand astonishment, and the industry evincedon every side has nearly supplanted thetrackless forest of past generations by smilingfields and pastures reminding you of those

. Mrs.. . Miss. . . Miss. MissONTARIO, CANADA. 4:3which so many of you have qviilted in youryouth." The royal sense disphiyed in thisspeech is superior to the rhetoric. As theparty moved in procession to the TecumsehHouse—which had been leased by the Governmentin its then unfinished state and put inshape for occupancy by the Prince and suite—there was continued cheering and everymanifestation of joy. A party of two thousandschool children had been coached by aMr. Longman in the Natit)nal Anthem, andmany are alive to-day whose fond mothersdecked them out in best bib and tucker toswell the chorus, which was sung from alarge platform erected for the purpose nearthe present site of St. Andrew's Church. In.S.Lancers .Waltz .GalopQuadrilleWaltz'I Lancers .10. Polka .n. Galop .12. Quadrillel.S. Waltz .14. Galop15. Lancers .16. Galop17. Quadrille18. Waltz19. Lancers .20. Waltz ....21. Sir Roger de Coverly.The next morning therevolunteers, firemen, trades. . . Mrs. Howell.iMiss Princi'.A.skin..Judge Small.Hamilton.Mr.s. \V. L. Lawrason.Miss .Jennings.Miss Meredith.Bell.. Miss Gzowski.Mrs Rivers.Miss Gzowski.Miss Hope.Miss Dalton.. Miss Paul.Mrs. Taylor.Mrs. JaiTies Daniell.. . Miss Brough.was a turnout ofsocieties and citi-YOBK STREET (WESTMINSTER) BRIDGE.response to cheers, the Prince appeared on thebalcony of the hotel; and in the evening therewas a display of fireworks and a torchlightprocession. The next day the Prince paid aflying visit to Sarnia, returning in the eveningto be present at a ball held in a pavilionerected in rear of the Tecumseh House. Somethree hundred couples were present, many fromoutside places. The Prince danced all of thetwenty-one numbers on the programme, andas fashions in dances, as in all else, change, itwill be interesting to recall what was then invogue, for which purpose the card of thePrince is here transcribed1. Quadrille .... . . Miss Moffat.2. Polka Mrs. Watson.3. Waltz . . .... Miss Becher..zens generally, and at ten o'clock His RoyalHighness took his departure for Niagara Falls—pleased, let us hope ; tired, without a doubt.During his stay addresses were presented tothe Prince by the Board of Trade, signed byD. Farrar, president, and Charles Hunt, vicepresident;the St. Andrew's Society, J. Wilson,president; the Synod of the Diocese of Huron,the magistracy, the mihtia, and the Welshmen,Benjamin Nash, representative. The Prince isstill, forty years later, hale and hearty.The royal salute as the Prince left Canadianterritory at Windsor—he having come backthrough London—was fired by the LondonField Battery. In 1869 Prince Arthur andsuite visited London as the guests of the

u CITY OF LONDON,city, and received a heai'ty welcome. Thethird royal visitor was the Princess Louise,who was in London in company with herhusband, the Marquis of Lome, Governor-General, in 1879. While in the city she wasthe guest of private citizens, but met manywho called upon her. Her hostesses were Mrs.Major Walker, who resided in the presentresidence of Dr. Eccles, and Mrs. Harris, ofEldon House.The events of the Jubilee celebration—tomark the sixtieth anniversary of Queen Victoria'saccession to the throne—are fresh inthe memories of many readers.The main display was on Tuesday, the22nd of July, 1897. On that day typical Juneweather prevailed, and the city "was crowdedwas from Victoria Park and adjacent streetsalong Dufferin avenue to Richmond, to Dundas,to WeUington, to King, to Adelaide, toDundas, and thence to the Park. At the headof the parade came the London wheelmen, 100strong, with beautifully - decorated wheels.Then came the 7th Battalion band, followedby the Ancient Order of United Workmen, 50strong; the Independent Order of Foresters,100 strong; and the Canadian Order of ChosenFriends, 125 strong.The 27th Battalion band followed, precedingthe Grand United Order of Oddfellows, 20strong, and the Canadian Order of Oddfellows,60 strong.Battalion band marched in frontThe ;:)2ndof the Woodmen of the World, 100 strong, whoFrom a painting made by the late James Hamilton.CLARK'S BKIDGB AND WESTMINSTEK ABBKY HOTKL, 1S43.B'OK 1897 view, see opposite page.with thousands of visitors from outside parts.In the morning the troops then under canvas,being composed of the militia performing theannual drill, supplemented by the regularsstationed at the barracks. No. 1 Company,R. C. I., marched to Queen's Park. The staffconsisted of Lieut.-Col. White, Lieut.-Col.Stacey, Lieut.-Col. Dawson, Lieut.-Col. Irwin,Lieut.-Col. Ellis, Major Wadmore, Capt. Carpenter,and Capt. Hughes.Each battalion had a regimental band. Theline of march was from the barracks to Queen'sPark, and was crowded with spectators. Arrivedat the Park, a series of military manoeuvreswere performed.In the afternoon there was given the largestparade ever seen in London, The routewere followed by the Canadian Order of Foresters,90 strong.The Musical Society's band marched next,preceding the Ancient Order of Foresters, 300strong, and Juvenile Foresters, 160 strong.The Orangemen followed, 200 strong, ledby the fife and drum band, after which camethe 26th Battalion band ; the Sons of England,140 strong; the Irish Benevolent Society, Aldermenand School Board.The firemen accompanied the processionas far as the grounds, and then marchedback to duty. At 3.20 the head of the processionentered the Park, and at 3.50 themai'ch past the grand stand, crowded withsome 4,000 spectators, was comijleted. Col.Dawson acted as grand marshal, and was

ONTARIO, CANADA. 45assisted by Major Stuart, 2()th; Captain Nixeii,2()th ; and Capt. Dawson, of tlie 27th.The lodges were niarslialed as t'oliows:.\. O. U. \V.-C\.l. Dawson.I. O. F.—Jas. Orawfoid and J. W. Reynold.s.C. O. O, P._B. J. Nash.0. IT, O. O. F.—BIorgan Oray.O. O. O. F.-Wm. Bayless. "C. O. F.—.T. Armstrong.A. O. F.-J. W. Metheiall.Jnveniles—T. C. Bartlett.L. O. L.-W. Shoulter.S. O. E.— .S. Loveless.Tailing the procession came some thirtymembers of thi> Robin Hood drill eorps ofCourt Forest City, A. O. F., in charge ofCapt. John Brown, who, on their arrival in"To the Queen, London:"Ottawa, Tuesday, 6.12 a. m. [11.12 a. m., Greenwichtime]" The Queen's most gracious and touching message,this moment received, shall be immediately madeknown to "V'our Majesty's people throughout theDominion, and will stir afresh hearts already full onthis memorable day.We offer the glad tribute of loyaldevotion and affectionate homage.God save and blessthe Queen. (Signed) ABERDEEN," Governor-General."Tremendous cheers greeted the reading ofthese messages, the bands adding to the effervescentloyalty of the assembled throng with" God Save the Queen."To celebrate the event Mayor Little hadpresented to each school child in the city aWELLINGTON STREIST (CLARK's) BRIDGE.front of the grand stand, went through aseries of beautifully executed evolutions tothe music of the " Golden Trumpet March,"played by the Seventh band.Athletic sports were indulged in till nightfall,and an exhibition of a run with thehounds was given by members of the LondonHunt. His Worship Mayor Little readthe Queen's message to the Canadian people,and Lord Aberdeen's reply thereto, as followsGovernment House,Ottawa, June 22.His Honor the Lieutenant-Governor, Toronto :Rideau Hall, Ottawa, 8.20 a. m.—Best greetings. Ihave just received the following :" Buckingham Palace,London, June 22."The Governor-General of Canada, Ottawa, 11.07 a. m. :" From my heart I thank my beloved people. MayGod bless them. (Signed) VICTORIA, R. I."medal, a facsimile of which is here given, andhe also presented a silver medal to each memberof the Board of Aldermen.At night the city, which had been resplendentwith flags all day, was fairly ablaze withelectrical displays, and the scene was one never

4() CITY OF LONDON,The Sons of Scot-before equalled in the city.land had an illuminated fiery cross on thereservoir hill at Springbank, and the militaryFIRST LOCOMOTIN'E, 1854.W. H. Winnett ; secretary, Mr. C. A. Kingston ;treasurer, Mr. P. W. D. Broderick.The troublous times of '36-7 gave Londona prominent place in provincial history.Without speaking at length of the niatter,the following letter is well worth quoting asthrowing a side hght on London's history, andgiving a clear idea of the prevailing state ofafPairs.The writer of the letter was the wifeof the pioneer, Dennis O'Brien, and the documentis still in possession of his daughter,Mrs. McMillan, of this city :London, May .31, 1838.My Dear Mrs. Orichton,—Your kind and affectionateletter of 17th Jnly last came duly to hand, andafter a month orjitwo of negligence on my part inVIEW OP THE SOUTHERN PART OF CITY WHILE GRADING FOR THE G. W. R.From a jxiiiitl iiii kindly loaned by Mrs. IV. G. Macbeth. for 1897 virws, see opposite page.a campfire on Barracks Hill. During themorning a tree was planted by St. Andrew'sChurch congregation in honor of the day. Mr.James Gillean, the oldest member of the congregation,placed the tree in position. To sumit up in the words of an observer ": Londonthe Less could not have celebrated the Jubileeof Her Gracious Majesty more loyally or enthusiasticallyhad the beloved sovereign of thepeople been present in person to inspire themwith her queenly presence. It was a celebrationbefitting the occasion, and it was thepatriotic outpouring of a faithful people, thehomage of devoted and loving subjects."The chaii'man of the committee was Aid.answering it, the rebellion broke out and a series oftroubles thereby accruing has prevented my soonerdischarging an obHgation so long due, and' now asthings are a little more settled and the times bear amore lively aspect, with the return of spring, a seasonwhich brings with it cheerfulness, I will attempt to giveyou a faint sketch of the times upon which we havefallen. London since December last has been one continualscene of confusion, crowded with soldiers, andlarge nvmihers were billeted on each house for want ofbarracks, and it has been but recently since we gotrid of them; and arrests of persons suspected of beingimplicated in the outbreak were going on through thewinter, and among the number w;is m\' brother-in-law.Mr. Ladd, and I am sorry to inform you he has beenconvicted by a packed and partial jurv, and is now ingaol, but the Judge did not think proper to pass sentenceon him and we daily expect his release, but it hasbeen most ruinous to him and his family, and all of ushave been in extreme trouble about him. I expect as

ONTARIO, CANADA. 47GRAND TRUNK R. R. BRIDGE AND SOUTH-WEST RIVER SECTION.VICTORIA BRIDGE, RIDOUT STREET SOUTH.

48 CITY OF LONDON,'-A "^'^ ^-^mm*^BLACKPBIABS BRIDGE, 1843,BLACKFKIAKS BBIDtiE, 1S57.The aboi-c are from paintings by the late James Hamilton.BLACJKi^KIABS BBIDGK, 1870.FOR 1897 VIEW, SEE OPPOSITE PAGE.

ONTARIO, CANADA. 49soon as he is ivleast'd he will quit the cduntry, .-uid thea )seiK-e of my sisti^i' is aiiotlicv soin-cc of grief to me.My sister's (iMvs. Goff's) familv has heen sick and slie haslost one of her chihlicn, ami fiiiallv, to smu it all up iua few words, [ never i-ould have dieanu'd of sui-h soreaiHietions and trials as 1 liav

50 CITY OF LONDON,Fenian troubles of 1866. The late Col.Peters snceeeded Col. Shanly. The lateMajor John Williams was a member ofthe Battery for twenty-eight years and itsprincipal drill instructor. In all, he servedover half a century as a soldier underthe British flag. He died during the ])astyear. In the early '60's the volunteer spiritwas rife, the war in the adjoining Republiccausing martial matters to be uppermost inthe ptiblic mind. In the first year of thatdecade Buckley's Artillery Corps, the Merchants'Rifle Co. (Capt. Taylor) and MajorBruce's Volunteer Corps were organized.Among the leading militia officers of that dayin London were: Colonel J. B. Askin; Lt.-Cols.,L. Lawrason and John Wilson ; Captains,H. L. Thomiison, J. B. Strathy, Hiram Chisholm,William Lawrason, John C. Meredith,Chas. G. Hope, A. G. Smyth ; Lieuts., F. Kerby,H. Long, Samuel Peters, T. H. Buckley, D. M.Thompson, J. B. Smyth ; Ensigns, GeorgeSymonds, E. W. Reid, J. L. Wilkins, B. Cronyn,N. Monsarrat, Paul Phipps ; Captain andAdjutant, A. Walsh. In 1862, James Moffatand John I. Mackenzie organized a Companyof Highlanders, equipping them at their ownexpense. Moffat Avas then a captain andMackenzie a private. This state of affairsAvould scarcely comport with modern ideas ofmilitary discipline, but it was the true clanspirit nevertheless. The 83rd were stationedhere in 1841, the 81st and 2nd Royals in 1815,and the 2.3rd in 1850. During the first yearsof the American civil war a number of Britishtroops, including the 63rd, were quartered inLondon, but Avere withdrawn the followingyear in consequence of an affray betweenMayor Cornish and Major Bowles. Cornishhas frequently been spoken of as the " rowdyMayor." His encounter with Bowles gave himwidespread notoriety, and the troops werewithdrawn. Had Cornish not held an officialposition the affair would have been passedover as the act of a drunken man whoassaulted an officer unprovoked.Afterwardsother regular troops were quartered here,including the 47th, 53rd, 63rd, 29th, 16th, and69th Regiments, a battery of artillery, sappersand miners, a troop of military train, and ahospital ambulance corps. The 69th (Col.Merritton and Major Bagot in command)arrived in March, 1868, and left in Novemberof the same year, being relieved byone wing of the 29th, under command of Col.(afterwards General Lord) Wolseley, thesebeing the last British troops here. The 5.3rdwas here at the same time. A memorablefield day was the 24th of May, 1868, when Col.Florence's 53rd, Major DeGill commanding;Lt.-Col. Gibson's E. Battery, R. A. ; Lt.-Col.Lewis' London Light Infantry ; Lt.-Col. Merritton's69th Infantry ; Capt. Dempster's Londoncavalry troop ;Lt.-Col. Shanly's volunteerfield battery, had a field day on the commonsin the north-eastern part of the city. Lateron, in 1885, the Seventh Battalion—organizedfrom the independent companies in 1866—wastaken to the scenes of the troubles on thebanks of the Saskatchewan, but the backboneof the rebellion was broken before theyreached the scene of conflict. They were keptat Clarke's Crossing, however, for a long time.They did not reach this spot without dangersand discomforts, as may be inferred from thefollowing extract from the "order book" ofthe period, which refers to the maich acrossLake Superior on the ice :"Carleton Place, April 9, 1885." Non-commissioned officers and men will put on bothsuits of underclothing and make all changes necessaryin the clothins; preparatory to commencing the journeyoverland. Every man must be ready to move at daylight.The journey will last nearly five days, and nochange of clothing will be possible till the end of thattime."In the days of the Fenian troubles, whenall the military were sent to the front, manycitizens became almost panic-stricken, andCol. Bruce advised and carried out the for-}Taation of a " home guard." The services ofthose "who went to the front in 1866 werethis year recognized by the distribution ofmedals, but in the interval many of theveterans have passed away. Shortly aftertheir return from the Northwest the 7thBattalion became disrupted, but it was soonreorganized, Col. Lindsay being in command.It lasted thus for a few years, but in 1899 wasagain reconstructed, and is once more one ofthe crack volunteer regiments of the Dominion,under the following officers : Hon. Lt.-Col.,Sir John CarHng, K. C. M. G. ; Lt.-Col., A. M.Smith ; Majors, J. W. Little, H. B. Cronyn;Captains, G. W. Hayes, W. S. Smith, G. T.Brown, F. Reid, A. A. Campbell, H. A. Kingsmill; Lieutenants, W. A. McCrimmon, H. C.Becher, W. Spittal, E. Masuret, W. J. Taylor,A. T. Little, J. S. Brown; 2nd Lieutenants,T. J. Murphy, S. J. RadcHffe, F. H. Screaton,F. M. Harris, G. A. Bentley, W. Wanless;Paymaster, W. J. Reid ; Adjutant, W. A.McCrimmon; Quartermaster, J. Graham;Surgeon-Major, J. M. Piper, M. D. ; Surgeon-Lieutenant, R. Ovens, M. D.; Hon. Chaplain,Rev. Evans Davis, M. A.The other corps now in London are theArtillery and the First Hussars, the followingbeing the officers of each respectively : 1st

ONTARIO, CANADA. 51Hussars—Cdldnel Gnrtshoro, Major King; ('aptahis,Strotliors, Stewart, BcMihani, King ; 1stLieutenants, MeConib, Abbott, Rork, JohnGartsbore, John ^^'eld, McLeay, Kinsman,Leghorn; 2n(l Lieutenants, King, Balfour,Weldon, Wigle; Paymaster T. S. llobbs ; AdjutantH. Roik; Quartermaster Benj. Higgins;Stirgeon-Major J. G. Morrison, M. D. ; VeterinaryLieutenant J. H. Wilson, V. S.; Hon.Chaplain, Rev. J. G. Stuart. 6th London FieldBattery—Major Fairbank, Lieutenant VanTuyl; 2nd Lieutenants, Johnston, Geo. H.Wilson,J. E. Sniallman; Surgeon-Major S. H.Allan, M. D.; Veterinary Lieutenant C. S.Tamblin, V. S. 2nd Lieut. SuUivan Bec.her, aGeo. Tayloi-, Joseph Tuson, W. Mills, Wm.I'atterson, John McDonald, .John Gotten,Lawrence MeCJovei-n, James Barnes, AmbroseStork, J as. H. Cadhani, Roger Tuson, JosephTolhurst, E. Ronsell, 1). Campbell, W. Wilson,Captain J. B. Canip))ell, M. D., John Cameron,John Mitchell.No. 1 Ciompany, Royal Canadian Infantry,occupy the barracks. This was opened in1888, the order for the erection of thebuilding having been before issued two yearspreviously. Coi. Henry Smith was the firstcommandant, and remamed till 1898, beingsucceeded by Col. Holmes. Two millionbricks were used in the constriiction of theKING STREET BRIDGE, CARRYING TRUNK SEWER.grandson of the late H. C. R. Becher, now inthe 2nd Gourkhi Regt., fought in the veryfront at Dargal, tmd has a medal and twoclasps for the campaign. The only son of Mr.Justice Street, a native of London, is alieutenant in the Hampshire Regt., nowguarding the north-west frontier of India.Arthur Coyne, who distinguished himself as amilitary commander during the Hawaiiantroubles, and who now holds an importantgovernment office in the Sandwich Islands, isa native of London. The following membersof the 7th Battalion volunteered for service inthe Northwest during the first Riel rebellionin 1870: Joseph F. Tennant, Thos. Bayley,building, and they were manufactured withingunshot of the structure. The ordinancelands in the city were then sold, the siteof the drill shed on the corner of Wellingtonstreet and Central Avenue being retained. Thisshed is the second in London. The formerstood for years on what is now Duffer inAvenue, east of Waterloo street, but abouta quarter of a century ago it fell in, crushedby the weight of snow on the roof. Thepresent shed will soon disappear, the Governmenthaving now undertaken to build anew armory on the south-west corner ofDundas and Waterloo streets. This location,by the way, recalls a prophecy made by a

CHERRY MILLS, FOOT OP ST. JAMES STREET, 1855.Froin a painting by the late Javies Hamilton.waters' mill — carling's creek, near river — 1843.From a painting by the late James Hamilton, kindly loaned by Geo. B, Harris,LONDON WEST — FRESHET, 1883.

ONTARIO, CANADA. 53blacksmith named Abernethy about fortyyears ag-o. His shop was on the north sideof Dundas street, between WeUington and\V aterloo, and he tlec-lared that inside of halfa century it would be the center of the city.Geograpliically, that prophecy is now fulfilled,and the spot is also, as near as may be, thecenter of population.As a matter of record it may be well toinsert here the names of those who formedthe London contingent who were sent to theNt)rth\vest in 1885 : The staff comprised: W.De Ray Williams, Lt.-Colonel ; Majors Smithand Gartshore ; Adjutant Reid; QuartermasterSmith; and Surgeon Fraser. The Captainswere: Ed. McKenzie, Frank Butler, Thos.H. Tracy, Dillon and S. Frank Peters. TheLieutenants were: Bapty and Bazan. ChisholmPatrick Neil, Charles Potter, W. D. Crofts, A.Davis, A. McRoberts, James Lozier, T. R. Hardwood,F. Young, Thos. Livesey, W. Beaver,W. Andrews, W. Ferguson, George Davis, A.Somerville. Sergeants Anundson and Anglin ;Corporal McDonald; Privates S. Lancaster,W. Wanloss, Jones, Pennington, Fysh, Burns,Atkinson, Dignan, Kidder, Burke, Hanson,McCoomb, Graham, Mercer, Kirkendale, Ryan,C;esar, Pettit, Wright, Smyth and J. A. Muirhead.Sergt. Borland ; Corporals Richards,McDonald and Bayley; Privates Lister, Moore,Mills, Smith, McCarthy, Pennington, Macbeth,Webb, R. Smith, Lowe, McCormick, G. Westland,Benson, Cowan, L-onsides, Allen, Mitchell,Howard, Davis, Smith, Labatt, E. P.Dignan, C. D. Gower, Carey, Gregg, Carnegieand W. Owen. Sergeants Jacobs, SummersTHE LATE FBEE5IAN TALBOT.A chain bearer in the orif^inal surveying party,and later editor of the Prototype.THE LATE J. B. STBATHY.Collector of Customs.THE LATE CAPT.First City Engineer.CADDY.and Gregg, Cox and Payne, Hesketh, Jones andPope. The Staff-Sergeants were: Sergt.-MajorByrne; Paymaster-Sergeant W. H. Smith;Quartermaster-Sergeant J. Jury; Sergeant ofAmbulance, A. Campbell; Sergeant of Pioneers,M. Cotter. Color-Sergeant A. Jackson ;Sergeant James Becroft; Corporal C. G. Annstrong; Privates George Chapman, EdwardHarrison, A. Leslie, Charles Pugh, H. Pennington,George Rogers, W. Schabacker, C.F. Williams, Walter Wright, Frank Sadlerand Langford. Color-Sergeant Thos. GooldSergeants McClintock, John Harris, JosephO'Roake ; Corporals A. E. Walker, W. Dysonand James Goold ; Lance-Corporals JosephAmor and Wm. Brown ;PriA ates Hugh Mc-Roberts, James Ford, H. Arbuckle, J. I. Walker,James Johnston, J. F. Gray, H. Westaway,and Neilson ; Corporals Field, Rowland andOpled; Privates Jacobs, Tennant, Best, Dickenson,Walton, Martin, Johnson, Moriarity,Peden, Kenneally, Cassidy, Norfolk, Hayden,A. McNamara, Hah, Quick, W. Wright, Cowie,Appleyard, Richardson, Northy, Stinchcomb,Thwaite, Ralph, Beetham, Walton, Sinnott,Rowason and McNamara. Sergeant Line;Privates H. Mills, T. Mills, Stansfleld, Black,Collins, Copper, George Clark, Connell, Dunkin,Flavin, Harrigan, Keenan, Land, Lalley,Lovell, Morkin, Thomas. Wright, Wilson,Brown, Crawford, W. Wright and J. Clark.Color-Sergeant Borland, Sergeants Lynch andFuller ; Corporals Harrison and Lyman ; PrivatesAllison, Barrell, Bigger, Borland, Brazier,Blackburn, Dickens, Duval, Essex, Hicks,Hood, Hutchison, McCutcheon, McCoy,

54 CITY OF LONDON,McPherson, Maedonald, Parkinson, Pickles,Pate, Robertson, Steele, W. Smith, Terry,Whittaker and Woodall.In 1875 a sum granted by the DominionGovernment to the survivors of the war of1812 was distribvited. Cols. McPherson, Moffatand Taylor, and Majors Leys and Peterswere the examiners of the applicants in theLondon district. Thirty presented theirclaims, the youngest of whom was 78 and theoldest 87, who must have been 15 and 24respectively at the period of the war. Theapplicants had been at different points —Lundy's Lane, Queenston Heights, Detroit,Fort Erie, Stony Creek and elsewhere. Amongthe number were four Indians, one of themfrom No. 1 Military District, of which Londonis the headquarters, for South Africa, to takepart in the war with the Transvaal. It occurredon Wednesday, Oct. 25. The city wasin holiday attire. The day was marked bymagnificent weather, and in the brightness ofthe sun flags and bunting showed gaily. Manypublic and business buildings were splendidlydecorated. Streamers of red, white and bluebedecked the whole front in places, whileflags floated in the gentle breezes fromflag-pole and window. The air was filled withcheers and shoutings, with military music andloud hurrahs. The streets were a mass ofpeople, scarce kept in check to permit of apassageway for the soldiers en route to theA PORTION OF NO.2 WARD, POBMBBLY LONDON WEST, FROM KENT STREET.named George King. On embracing Christianity,the Indians, in addition to their Pagannames, had fantastic cognomens bestowed onthem by the whites, and George King hadbeen known as " King George " because of hissupposed resemblance to that monarch, andhis legal name as a Christian was acquired bymerely transposing the two words of his nickname.The first two Indians baptized inCanada, it will be recollected, received thenames of the King and Queen of FranceHenri and Marie—from the French Catholicmissionaries, in 1610. TheEnglish reversed thispractice. The past year witnessed a militarydisplay in London the like of which had neverbefore been seen in Canada. The occasion wasthe departure of a contingent of volunteerswaiting train. Among the men recruited atMontreal for the South African contingentwas J. W. Jeffrey, of London.The following v^^ere the members of Londonmilitary organizations who left with the contingent,under command of Capt. Stuart, aLondoner, but attached to the 26th (WestMiddlesex) Battalion : First Hussars— A. B.Cole, R. H. Little,G. Taylor, W. CoUins, P. CIngamells, E. Taylor. Sixth Field BatteryA. E. Burwell, W. J. Hyman, F. W. Turner.Seventh Battalion—Wm. G. Adams, P. Barrett,W. H. Chapman, F. J. Coles, S. Crockett.James Duff, F. G. W. Floyd, J. T. Hcnnessy,F. W. Hessel, James Herrick, George A. Macbeth,C. D. McLaren, C. Redge, W. G. Reed,G. R. B. Sippi, A. E. Wardell, W. West, G. W

ONTARIO, CANADA.Woodliffe, A. H. WheutcvDt'l-, C. E. Finch, W.H. Woodyatt, G. F. Pinel. No. 1 Company, R.C. R. I., Wolseley Barracks — Quartermaster-Sergt. Galloway. Private D. L. Moore, Lance-Corporal A. E. Merix, Private E. Mullins,Private W. R. Stevenson, Sergt. Hendrie,Sergt. Bethune, Bugler Beales.The following Londoners who had beenmembers of the 26th Battalion also left : W. J.Burns, H. H. Donohue, J. A. Dunnigan, F.Evans, W. J. Green, A. W. Woodward, C.Green, Robert Smith, J. C. Hill and A. Mc-Murchy.The need of a public park never enteredWharncliffe and Wortley Roads. Agitationfor a park began in 1868, and that year thecourt-house grounds were granted for thepurpose, on condition that trees be plantedand the grounds improved. A few trees wereplanted, but the matter ended at that. Tenyears later Salter's grove (now Queen's Park)was acquired by the city, and in 1873, afterthe burning of the old barracks, the ordinancelands became the propei^ty of the corporation,and the present Victoria Park sprang intoexistence, being dedicated by the Governor-General, Lord Dufferin, on August 27, 1874.The Park was then a piece of virgin ground,VIEW, LOOKI>fG SOUTH-BAST FROM SOUTHERN FIRE HALL NO. 3.the minds of the early settlers. And whyshould it ? It was only necessary to step outof the log cabin to have the whole Provincefor a park. Col. Burwell was the first to foreseethe need of the future, and he deeded tothe city St. James' Park, which was successivelya potato patch and pasture field, butnever a park. In 1855 the city fenced it, butin the following year it was leased to ThomasFrancis, who used it for the purpose statedtill it was a few years since cut up into buildinglots. Few of the latter-day residents knowof its location. It was the piece of groundbetween the track and Stanley street, and thewith no trees upon it, but the plans had beenwell prepared—the services of the gardener ofFairmount Park, Philadelphia, having beensecured— trees were transplanted bodily bycitizens — Monte Cristo's achievement on asmall scale—and to-day we have a parkwhich, for its size, twenty acres,* is a spotto be proud of. It is not necessary to go intoall the details of the arrangements by whichthe city became possessed of the old ordinance* The park proper is a trifle less than seventeenacres, but for all practical purposes the streets on thefour sides of the square and a gore at the north-westcorner are all parts of the Park.—A. B.

56 CITY OF LONDON,lands. Suffice it to say, in brief, that in returnfor a site for barrack and parade grounds onthe heights which overlook Adelaide andOxford streets to the west, the ordinancelands were turned over to the city. In 1888R. Pritchard and A. B. Powell — with themayor cr-officio—were appointed trustees forthe administration of the lands, and whenthey relinquished their trust in 1894 theiraccovmts showed the city had been a considerablegainer by the deal. The illustrations (seepages 18, 19, 22) give a clear idea of the Parkas it was originally and in its various stagesof evolution. The old pine stump fence is wellremembered by many, but a circumstance inconnection therewith is well-nigh forgotten.The original enclosure took in the gore andscapes, sylvan glades, purling streams andpellucid ponds. The picture by Mr. CharlesChapman, on page 41, is a view taken fromthe main business street, and suggests thatthe jaded man of affairs or the timewornmerchant may, in a few minutes, transporthimself from the worriments of his everydaysurroundings to the pleasures and beatitudesof retreats full of refreshment and free fromall cares.Erected in Woodland Cemetery is one ofthe finest pieces of monumental architectureanywhere to be found, and the finest in theworld ever erected in memory of a member ofthe dramatic profession. It was built at acost of fifty thousand dollars, and marks theresting-place of the ashes of Annie Pixley (inVIEW, LOOKING EAST, SHOWING EASTERN FIRE HALL NO. 2.closed up Clarence street (now Park Avenue).The citizens desired to open this street, butthe military objected. The city authoritiesgave notice that at a certain time they wouldremove the stumps, and the military turnedout to prevent. Nothing daunted, the citizensstarted to open the street, when theartillery began to fire blank cartridges. This^vas kept up for some time, but the stumpswere removed—not, however, till a number ofthem had been set on fire by the dischargesfrom the cannons. The barrack fire enginewas employed to extinguish the fiames.A feature of London, preserved by no othercity, is the proximity to the business center ofthe mtost charming scenery—delightful landprivatelife, Mrs. Robert Fulford), a celebratedcomedienne, v^^hose remains were cremated inEngland, and the funeral urn deposited inLondon, beside the grave of her infant son.London is Mr. Fulford's birthplace.On all occasions of elections London hasbeen known as a " fighting " constituencymetaphorically speaking, of course, thoughsometimes the term could be taken literally.It was first established as a separate parliamentarydistrict in 1835, when Col. MahlonBurwell became the representative. HamiltonH. Killally followed, and was in turn succeededby Lawrence Lawrason in 1844. W. H.Draper was the next member, resigning toaccept a seat on the bench. John (afterwards

ONTARIO, CANADA. 57Judge) Wilson and Thos. C. Dixon were therepresentatives till 1857, when John (now SirJohn) Curling came to the front. Since thattime Mr. Carling has represented the city inevery Dominion Parliament, save the presentand the one for the term of 1874-8, when Col.Walker won the seat. The Colonel was unseatedin the courts, and J. H. Fraser waselected for the balance of the term. In 1890Mr. C. S. Hyman was declared elected and satfor one session, but was vmseated by thecourts, and the seat, after another generalelection, went to Mr. Carling. Sir John alsorepresented the city in the Provincial Legislaturefrom Confederation till the abolition ofdualrepresentation. Mr. W. R. (now Sir ChiefJustice) Meredith was then chosen for thecounsel occupying a period of twenty -onedays. At the • conclusion of the argument,Justices Ferguson and Robertson reservedjudgment, which was eventually given infavor of Major Seattle, who is still the sittingmember. We of the present regard our electioncontests as exciting, but they do not comparewith the stories told of olden times. Aslate as 1844, elections for M.P. lasted six wholedays. At that time Middlesex, Elgin, Perth,Bruce and Huron constituted one county.From north to south it was more than 90miles ; from east to west more than 60 ; andvoters frequently had to remain in London,where all such elections were held, from oneto three days before they had an opportunityto vote. Probably the most exciting contestVIEW, LOCIKING SOUTH-WEST FROM NO. 2 FIRE HALL.latter position, and occupied it till 1894, whenhe resigned to go on the bench, and was succeededby Mr. T. S. Hobbs, who held the seattill the next general elections, when he retired.The candidates then were Col. F. B.Leys and Mr. Adam Beck, the former stillholding the seat. Sir John Carling havingdeclared his intention of not again going tothe polls, and having been appointed to theSenate, the next contest for the DominionHouse was between Major Thomas Beattieand Mr. C. S. Hyman, the former opponent ofMr. Carling. It resulted in the return ofMajor Beattie by a majority of 43. A protestwas entered, and the trial will go down toposterity as the longest civil case ever heard ina Canadian court, evidence and argument ofknown was that in 1865, for the mayoralty.On the second day of polling the militarywere called out—not to quell a disturbance,but to prevent a possible one. David Glasstriumphed, and that was the end of the Cornishregime.The administration of justice in early dayswas crude. There were none of the " law'sdelay," of which Hamlet makes complaint.At the building of Westminster Bridge thefirst criminal was taken red-handed. He hadstolen a fellow workman's axe. This was thecrime of crimes. As well take a pioneer'sright hand as his axe. An impromptu jurydecided that the culprit should be banishedor given a whipping. This latter form ofpunishment seems to have been frequently

58 CITY OF LONDON,inflicted for petty thievery, and was latersupplemented by the pillory and stocks, butit grew into disfavor as the settlement progressed,and the last lashing for larceny wasin 1819. The pillory and stocks withstoodpublic sentiment for eleven years longer,but they had been disused for a long timebefore in 1830 they were incontinentlypitched into the river. The whipping-postwas restored by Provincial enactment in 1870,and several men have since been lashed. Buttheir crimes were of a different nature, andhumane sentiment is not shocked by theapplication of the lash to those found guiltyof specific offences against the person. Inillustration of the primitive methods of thesedays, it is said that Mr. Clarke Gamble, Q. C,District ; James Hamilton, of Sterling, beingappointed his successor, July 12, 1837._When the second court house at Vittoriawas burned, and the court removed to London,Judge Mitchell was the District Judge. Hewas not a lawyer, but it is said that duringthe quarter of a century that he occupied thebench but three of his decisions were appealedfrom. His salary was £40, but at the close ofhis term he was presented with twenty-fiveacres of land in London, which he sold for$800. While the district court house was stillat Vittoria, there were several points at which"magistrate's court houses" were located.One such was presided over in 1825 by SquiresSpringer and IngersoU, at the spot known topresent-day readers as Springbank. In theVIEW, LOOKING NORTH FROM EASTERN FIRE HALL NO. 2.Toronto, father of Mrs. I. F. Hellmuth, of thiscity, acted as clerk of the court at an assizein 1828. Mr. Gamble is still living in Toronto,aged 92 years. After one of the caseshad been tried the jury were sent out incharge of a constable to some safe place.Some time afterwards one of the counselin the case rushed up to the judge, saying:" My Lord, the jury sent out on my client'scase are sitting on the logs outside, withpeople around them. Look out of the windowand see for yourself." The judge replied,"Well, if you can find a safer place for them,let me know," and proceeded with the court'sbusiness. In 1827 the first court of quartersessions was held, presided over by Col. JosephRyerson, the first sheriff of the old Londonearly days the most common cause of imprisonmentwas for debt, and under the law as it thenstood, an impecunious debtor was practicallyat the mercy of the creditor, who could keepthe debtor in prison indefinitely by payinghim one dollar per week. A debtor confinedas above stated in a common prison, perhapsfor life, might take advantage of one apparentlyhumane clause in the law and enjoy alittle sunshine. Whenever he could producetwo competent men to go his bail, that ifreleased he would not go beyond the " limits,"the prison door was kindly opened for hisdeparture. A post, well dressed and paintedred, about six inches square, was set on eachleading road to the town, one measured-miledistant. On these posts was painted in large

ONTARIO, CANADA. 59white letters, "Jail Limit, 1 Mile." To goone rod beyond any of these posts meantimmediate reimprisonment for the unfortunateman. The "jail limits" were afterwardsextended to include the jail district.The first jailor was Peter McGregor, who,however, only held office for a short time asa sort of " sub." or nominal jailor. The secondwas Samuel H. Parke, who in 1858 gave placeto Joseph Lamb. He died in 1880, and wassucceeded by Henry Fysh, who held office forthree years, and at his death Patrick Kellywas appointed. Mr. Kelly died in 1896, whenthe position of jailor was assumed by Mr.Robert Boston, of Lobo, ex-M. P. for SouthMiddlesex. The police force in the early dayswas an irregular body, dependent upon theirfees, a regular force not being appointed tillthe office was abolished. In 1878 SergeantJames Crawford shot a robber named ThomasLey, who had been guilty of several burglaries,and attempted to shoot the officer, butthis was not in the city. There have beenmany minor melees in which batons werefreely used, and in 1872 what was practicallya riot on a small scale took place on Dundasstreet, owing to the presence in the city of aman named Mason, from Toronto, whose occupationwas that of informer against thosewho sold liquor illegally. He was rescued bythe police. Up till that time the liquor lawnot so strict as it now is—was practically adead letter. On this point it is worth notingthat in 1849—half a century ago—there were41 liquor licenses, and as late as 187.3 therewere 138, while to-day there are but 42 allTHE LATE DENNIS O BRIEN.THE O BBIBN HOMESTEAD.1855, when the status of a city was assumed.Though the police force of London has done agreat deal of dangerous work, many desperatecriminals having been taken in the act,only on four occasions have serious assaultsbeen made upon the officers, two of them resultingfatally. In 1874 Constable John Kellywas stabbed and disabled by a prisoner namedGeorge D. Miller, and in 1892 Detective Phairwas fatally shot by a man named Wilson,vrhom he was trying to arrest. In 1898 PoliceOfficer Twohey was shot and killed by a trampnamed Marion Brown, to which occurrencereference is made later on. In the late '40's,before there was a regular police force, theconstables were engaged in a fight "with somesoldiers, the result of which was that ConstableHarry Boyd was maimed for life. Theauthorities appointed him as bell - ringer,which office he held till his death, whentold—34 hotels, 6 shops and 2 wholesales. Thepolice force of 1867 was greatly exercised—aswas the whole city—over the criminal pranksof a man called, for want of a better or moreaccurate name, " Slippery Jack." His practicewas to gain entrance to the sleeping apartmentsof women—sometimes three and fourin a night—and awaken the sleeping inmatesby tickling their feet. He was never caught,though often seen and several times shot at.The police force at the present time consistsof forty men all told—1 chief, 1 sergeantmajor,3 sergeants, 2 detectives and 33 patrolmen.The total cost of the department for1898 was $31,362, and in the same year thenumber of cases adjudicated upon in the policecourt was 1,315, the summary convictions 398,the criminal cases tried summarily 87, 59 ofwhich resulted in convictions, and the amountof fines paid to the city treasurer was $562.

GO CITY OF LONDON,London has been comparatively free fromcapital crimes. The sentence of death hasbeen carried ovit but thrice in London formurders committed within the city. Prior tothese there had been several executions inLondon. Six persons sentenced to death wereindicted for participation in the rebellion of1836-7. Their " crime " carries no stigma atthis date, and it is sufficient to state thattheir names were Cornelius Cunningham,Joshua G. Doane, Amos Perley, Adam Clark,John Scott and Enos Scott. These men werenot triedby a criminal court, but at, as thedeath warrant of Amos Perley recites, " amilitia general court-martial, convened andholden at the town of London," on the 22ndday of December, " in the second year of ourreign " (1839). The warrant is directed " Towith unfortunate men, who were held on acharge of high* treason. All those prisonerswere tried by a jury of their peers, and aidedby the best legal talent of that time, namely,the late Judge Wilson, then a practisingbarrister at the bar at London. All but oneof those prisoners were acquitted. AlvaraLadd was convicted and sentenced to death.Soon after his conviction he was pardoned bythe executive power.In this connection, a letter is now in thepossession of Mr. Wm. Harrison, of Bayfield,which was wiitten, shortly before his execution,by one of the condemned men who "rose"in the rebellion. This letter is still in a fairlygood state of preservation, and has been in Mr.Harrison's possession for 43 years, and he becamepossessed of it in the following mannerTHE LATE SHERIFF HAMILTON.THE LATE THOS. SCATCHEBD.City Solicitor and M. P. for West Middlesex.THE LATEJ-OHXHABKIS.First Treasurer of London District.the Sheriff of the district of London," is datedat Toronto, January 28, 1839, and is signed bySir George Arthur, K. C, and Lieutenant-Governor. Col. John Bostwick, of Port Stanley,was the presiding officer of the courtmartial.Forty-three men in all were triedbefore that court. The court sat from the27th day of December, 1838, until the 19th ofJanuary, 1839. Forty-three of the prisonerswere found guilty and sentenced to death.Six were executed, some others transported,and the rest eventually pardoned. Theprisoners had been tried, not for particijjatingin the rebellion of '37, but for having mustereda party in the United States, and havinginvaded Canada, determined to subvert theGovernment. London jail in the winter of1837, and until Aug., 1838, was literally filledMr. Harrison was then living in an hotel inLondon, Ontario, and he found the letter in asleigh belonging to Mr. John Davidson, ofStanley. Mr. Davidson had driven to Londonand put up at the hotel where Mr. Harrisonwas employed. When on his way, he overtooka lady and gave her a ride in his sleigh toLondon, and it is supposed that she droppedthe letter in the sleigh, and although diligentenquiry was made at the time to discover theowner, she was never found. The letter, asvvdll be seen by the date, was written at thetime of the Canadian rebeUion, and the writerwas, no doubt, one of the unfortunates whowere imprisoned and executed for participationin it. The writing is good, and thewriter was, evidently, no ordinary man. It is

ONTARIO, CANADA. 61addressed to Mrs. Fanny Doane, at Mr. Buscerk's,London, and is as follows :" London, 27th January, 1837.--,_Weak \Vife,— I am at this moment confined inthe cell from which I am to go to the scaffold. Ireceived my sentence to-day, and am to he executed onthe sixth of Pebruai-y. I am permitted to see youto-morrow, any time after ten o'clock in the morning,That this may be the case, is the prayer of your affectionatehusband,Joshua G. Doane."In 18.31, C. A. Burley (or Burleigh) washanged for the murder by shooting of ConstablePomeroy at Bayham. A ghastly scenewas enacted at the execution. As the dropfell the rope broke and the half-strangled manPARADE OF THE LONDON "OLD BOYS,"as may suit you best. I wish you to think of such questionsas you want to ask me, as I do not know how longyou will be permitted to stay. Think as little of myunhappy fate as you can, as from the love you bearto me and have ever evinced, I know too well how itmust affect you. I wish you to inform my father andI must saybrother of rny sentence as soon as possible.good-bye for the night, and may God protect you andmy dear child, and give you fortitude to meet thatcoming event with that Christian grace and fortitudewhich is the gift of Him our Lord, Who created us.is said to have walked about till another halterwas procured. The latter part of the story isprobably untrue, for obvious reasons. Thefollowing year, Henry Sovereen was hangedfor the brutal murder of his wife and sevenchildren near Burford. He had previouslybeen sentenced to death for cattle stealing, butafterwards pardoned. All other executions

62 CITY OF LONDON,in London are within the memory of hvinginhabitants. Thomas Jones was hanged in1868 for the murder of his niece in Delaware; he protested his innocence on thescaffold. He was the last malefactor publiclyexecuted in London. In 1871 Cyrus Pickardwas hanged in the jail yard for the shootingof his employer, Duncan McVannell, an EastNissouri farmer. There was an element ofromance connected with the tragedy thatlifts it above the brutal butcheries of others.Pickard was engaged to be married, but onof his paramour, Mary Ann Stokes ; and JamesSmith in 1890 for the murder of one who forthirty years had passed as his wife, but withwhom, as he confessed under the gallows, hehad eloped from England, leaving a wifebehind. At this execution the hangman wasfor the first time unmasked. He was J. R.Radclive (called in the newspapers Radcliffe)and this was the first occasion on which heofficiated as a regularly-appointed official ofthe Dominion Government. The last executiontook place in London on the 17th of May,C

left" tieONTARIO, CANADA. 63Presbyterian Cnuirch, askt-d permission of tlieslieriir to address the rei)orters, and this hein^-Kvanted, lie protested a-ainst the executionon the j4-roinuI tliat it was not the meting- outof jnstiei'. hut tlie " cuhuination of pi-rseeution."Afterwards, as he ended the Lord'sPrayer on tiie scalfold, tin- reverend ^enth'niauraised his right hand and said: "May Clodpity us! May Ood pity tliis country foi- tliecrime !committed to-day then linrst intotears. In r(>ply to a direct question if Ui-ownhad confessed, Mr. .Johnston said:" I may saythat Prown freidy opened his heart to me.You know my opinion of crime. That manwas no murderer."In 18.52, James 8. Mason was condenmed todeath for mnrder, and in 18.5!) one Long-, whonun-dered liis wife, and a man named McDiar-The estimal.(\s as to tlic? nund)ei- on hoardrange fi-om (idO to 800, hut tliere is no nietliodof t^xactly (h^termining. Tlie "Victoria" wasol' i3 tons hurtlieii, 70 feet long, with a liO-tootIxvun, and when loa(le

64 CITY OF LONDON,followed. The following is a full list of thelocal interments, and of those sent abroad forsepulture, so far as obtainable :Short, James, 13, city.Stevens, Mary, 35, London West.Stevens, Ellen, 12, London West.Stevens, Thomas, 5, London West.Stevens, Mary, 3, London West.Smart, Elizabeth, 26, city.Smart, George, 5, city.Smart, Laura, 8 months, city.Swayzie, Jane, 18, city.Siddons, Charles, 13, London South.Swanwick, Letitia, 21, London East.Tatham, Dolly, 8, city.Westman, William, 14, London South.Williamson, Alice, 29, city.Williamson, Edward, 8, city.Wastie, Alfred, 14, city.Wallare, Thos. J., 15, city.CATHOLIC CEMETERY.Beaton, Lillie, aged I.S.Beaton, Mary, 6.Curran, John, 50.Oonroy, Henry, 16.Darey, James, 28.Fitzgibbon, Richard, 14.Glavin, Mrs. Michael, 27.Glavin, Mary, 4.Hogan, Minnie, 12.Jones, Annie, 13.Jones, Frank, 7.Laughlin, Eddie, 13.Mahoney, Delie, 22.Madden, Elizabeth, 16.Madden, Mary, 13.McCarthy, John, 12.O'Connell, Mary, 17.O'Brien, John, 17.Pendergast, John, 36.WOODLAND CEMETERYAbey, Harry, aged 12, London Bast.Box, Emma Jane, 22, city,Coughlin, Edward, 9, city,Craddock, Mary, 18, city.Dyer, W. H., 45, city.Dyer, Margaret, city.Dyer, Bertie, 5, city.Deadman Alice M.London South.Evans, Elizabeth, 45, city.Evans, Fanny Elizabeth, 9,city.Evans, Samuel, 6, city.Evans, George Wm., 2, city.Evans, Albert Ernest, 1, city.Graham, Simon Peter, 13, city.Graham, Mary Jane, 10, city.Hayman, Henry, 37, London East.Hayman, Mrs. H., 37, London East.Hayman, Wm. H., 2, London East.Harper, David, 47, city.Kendrick, Marie E., 24, city.Kelly, John, 14, city.LeClaire, John, 15, Westminster.Lawson, Elosia, 21, city.Matthews, Annie, 23, London West.Matthews, Geo. William, 2,London West.Megin, Charles Edward, 12, city.Millman, W. H., 39, city.Millman, Ontario, 8, city.Millman, Turville, 6, city.Mackay, Miss, city.Mcintosh, Adaline, 11, city.Meredith, J. C, 72, city.Robertson, James, city.Roe, Frederick, 17, city.THE SCENE A FEW DAYS AFTBB.

ONTARIO, CANADA.. 65Pendergast, Mrs., 86.Quin, Mary, 15.Stewai't, Elizabeth, 18.Tieriiev, Mary, 13.All of the city.JIOUNT PLEASANT CEMETERY.Anderson, Minnie E., London East.Abbott, Hudson G., 9, city.Burns, Jennie M., 13, city.Burns, Ida M. L., 11, city.Baskerville, John, 30, city.Bailer, Annie.Breze, Thomas, London West.Bailey, Rosetta, city.Cornish, Ellen, 20, city.Cooper, Jennie D., 19, city.CodviUe, Samuel D. ,city.Chapman, Ellas, city.Delling, Daniel.Dubeau, Mrs. Emma. city.Dubeau, infant, city.Edmunds, Samuel L., city.Edmunds, W. C, city.Fryer, A. R., city.Fryer, Mrs. A. R., city.Fryer, Wm., city.Fisher, Emma Jane, city.Gorman, Charles, 13, city.Glass, Wm. D., 23, city.Grafton, Margaret, 19, city.Gibling, Walter J., 12, city.Harrison, Mary, city.Heron, Mrs. Mary Ann, city.Handy, Mrs.Handy, Nellie.Hardy, Wm.Hall, Benjamin, 25, city.Hall, Mrs. B., city.Hall, infant, city.Irving, Mrs., city.Jones, Lizzie E.Lister, Thomas, city.Morrison, Nellie, 16, London East.Morrison, John, 14, London East.Morrison, Wm., 4, London East.Mooney, Fred. T., city.Markham, Rosetta Ann, 8, London East.Mustill, Priscilla, 13, London South.Magee, Harry, 15, city.McPherson, Mary P.," 15, city.McLellan, Mrs. Mary A., city.McNorgan, Eliza, Port Huron.McBride, Wm., 64, city.Prescott, Emma, city.Prescott, Nellie, city.Pike, Mrs.,Short, Wm. F., city.Shane, Henry, 12, city.Shayer, Alfred, 25, city.Smith, Mrs. Mary J., 45, Westminster.Smith, Minnie, 17, Westminster.Skinner, Lillie, 16, city.Smith, Orville E., 21, Westminster.Smith, Edwin A., city.Tremeer, George P., London West.Tremeer, Willie, London West.Vick, Richard, 16, city.Wonnacott, Wm., 19, city.Weatherhead, James, 38, Westminster.Wall, John, 33, city.Wall, Martha, city.Wiseman, — ., 13, city.PRESBYTERIAN CEMETERY.Elliott, Josie, aged 12, city.McPherson, Miss, 13, London West.Perkins, James, 9, city.Scott, Mrs. Wm., 58, city.SENT ELSEWHERE FOR INTERMENT.Anderson, Henry, Westminster.Ashbury, Mrs. W., St. John's.Boomer, Ohas., 10, Norwichville.Batzner, , and unknown lady friend,Bothwell.Cole, Albert, 12, St. Thomas.Dennis, Hamely, 25, Palermo.Diver, Hiram, Rochester.Diver, Mrs. Hiram, Rochester.Diver, (2) infants, Rochester.Deacon, W. S., 10, Birr.Foxten, Annie, 22, Clinton.Foxten, Jane, 20, Clinton.Griffith, Julia A., 17, Brick street.Graham, Joseph, 17, Wheatley.Hay, Wm., 24, Pinkerton.Hazen, Ida, Port Burwell.Hall, George, 29, Toronto.Johnson, , Lobo.Milburn, Mrs., 29, Wilmot.Middleton, Janet, 17, Gait.McEllistrewn, Julia Ann, 21, Gait.McVicar, D., rural.Nixon, Wm., 14, Brick street.Mullins, George, rural.Oronhyatekha, Henry W. H., 10,Pilkey, Joseph, 18, Hamilton.Pile, Samuel, 23, rural.Shipley, Lizzie, 1.5, Falkirk.Shipley, Minnie, 12, Fajkirk.Smith, Harry, 21, Brick street.Whrtley, Henry, 21, Clinton.Belleville.Willson, (2) Misses, Birr.Young, , 10 (boy). Birr.The acfident put a damper for a time onaquatic sports, but boating as a pastime isagain in favor, and the London Boat Club isa flourishing institution, with a commodiousboathouse, and grounds that have been laidout as a golfing place, bo^wling green andtennis lawn. A large fleet of pleasure boatsplying between the city and Springbank aretemporarily laid up as this is written, thevs^aterworks dam having been in great partcarried away in the spring freshet of thepast year. The reconstruction of the damis in progress. In the early years of Londonthe favorite stretch of water for boatingwas on the south branch, and no doubtthis will in future become as it vs^as in thepast. All the facilities for boating arethere, but Springbank is the favorite resort.The physical geography of London is suchthat, while there is a freshet every spring,the city does not suffer therefrom. Built asit is on a gradual slope from the point wherethe two branches of the stream form a "fork,"the natural valley only is flooded, and thereare but few dwellings and no business housesever afPected. An exceptional flood occurredin 1883, but it was in midsummer, and wasoccasioned by a cloudburst. The downpourbegan on the night of the 10th of July. Inthe surrounding country and in London Westa great deal of damage was done, severalhouses being wrecked, and eight lives were

66 CITY OF LONDON,lost. The storm area was small, but therapid rise of the waters caused considerableloss along the course of the stream by whichthe doAvnpour found its way to the lakes.The suffering that resulted from the flood ledto the formation of a relief committee, andthe active efforts undertaken by the citizensof London aided those overtaken by the direcalamity to recover rapidly from its effects.In addition to the voluntary aid from citizensand the money grant from the City Council,the County of Middlesex contributed $1,000 inaid of the sufferers.On the night of the 2nd of January, 1898,an accident befell at the City Hall by whichfifteen persons lost their lives and a largenumber were injured. It was at the close ofthe polls on the municipal election day, andentertained, it was resolved to organize an"Old Boys'" association in London, and thereunions will hereafter be a feature of London'ssummer diversions. The present officersof the London association are :Honorary President, Sir John Carling;Honorary Vice-President, Mr. C. 8. HymanHonorary Second Vice-President, Major J. W.Little; Honorary Third Vice-President, MajorBeattie, M. P. President, Ex-Ald. McPhillips;First Vice-President, Mr. Francis Love;Second Vice-President, Mr. B. C. McCann;Third Vice-President, Mr. B. W. M. Flock.Secretary-Treasurer, Mr. James S. BeU. ExecutiveCommittee: Messrs. R. A. Carrothers,A. Talbot, R. R. Bland, J. L. Fitzgerald, J. R.Minhinnick, Thos. Gillean, R. W. Bennett, E.J. MacRobert, Aid. Douglass, R. A. Bayly,JUDGE UANIBLL.Of L'Orlgnal, iormerly of London.THE LATE COL. .J. B. ASKIN.Clerk of the Peace.the successful candidates were addressing theelectors in the Hall, according to custom,when a large section of the floor in the northeastcorner of the Hall gave way. Many^were precipitated into the Engineer's officebelow, with the fatal result noted.In the summer of 1897 residents ofToronto who were natives of London organizedan excursion party to this city, and cameas "The Old Boys of London." The eventwas novel and pleasing, and was repeated thefollowing year with even greater success.The idea spread, and in 1899 the " Old Boys "of Detroit and Chicago joined in the reunion.They were met by the Mayor and leadingcitizens, and an address of welcome read onthe Park. After a couple of days' visiting,during which the visitors were pleasantlyNicholas Wilson, Frank Cooper, Harry Craig,and Aid. Jolly.Our illustration (page 61) shows themarch of the " Old Boys " from the Park tothe City Hall, via Dundas street (1899).London Bast, in its early days known asLilley's Corners, became a part of the city.Ward 5, in 1885. The settlement dates backto early days. In 1851 Murray Anderson purchaseda lot, bounded by Dundas street, Adelaidestreet and Queen's avenue. It was then apotato field in close proximity to " English'sbush," which surrounded the log cabin ofthe pioneer. Noble F. English. In 1864, whenthe first oil refineries were started by W.Bayley, Sen., and the Duffield Bros., thepopulation of London East was about 500,

ONTARIO, CANADA. 67but the development of the oil industrydoubled this in the next two years. The citypursued a shortsighted policy in driving therefineries beyond the city Umits, because ofcomplaints regarding the odor of the oil incourse of treatment. The odor remained, buttaxable property was outside of the jurisdictionof city assessors. The settlement grewapace till 1874, when the population numbered2,500 and incorporation as a village wasdecided upon. On the 1st of January, 1875,the following became the first municipalrulers of the village : Reeve, A. M. RossDeputy Reeve, Peter Allaster ; Councillors,Isaac Waterman, R. Gough and J. H. Mc-Mechan Clerk,; A. Isaac ; Treasurer, J. D.Smith. After ten years of fife as a village,London East took a broader view of itsin 1874, having previously been known locallyas Petersville, and had a population of 2,500,with a fine schoolhouse and three churches—one Episcopalian and two Methodist.During the present year legislation hasbeen had by reason of which London willhereafter consist of four wards, electingtwelve aldermen at large ; that is, eachelector can vote for twelve candidates, butthree must be elected for each ward. As thisis written, the statute is not printed, and thevarious summaries of it prevent explicitness.But the general idea is given here.At first glance it might appear far-fetchedto cite the London Gun Club and the LondonHunt to show the development and growth ofthe city. Possibly it would be so were theyquoted as factors in the development, but asTHE LATE J. H. GRIFFITH, ARTIST.An active promoter and instructorin the London Art School.THE LATE CHAS. CHAPMAN.An artist who did much to promote theLondon Art School.destiny and cast in its lot with London,making municipally what had been practicallyand commercially one from the beginning.The genesis of London South offers nothingfor especial remark. Municipally there neverwas a London South. That Avas merely a localname given to the section across the river inthe township of Westminster, which grewbecause of its desirability as a dwelling place.Industrially it has no history, but on its accessionto the city in 1890, as Ward 6, it addedconsiderably to the population and assessablevalue of London.London West, which had been part of thecity practically, but not municipally, ever sinceits existence, voted to cast in its lot in 1898.It was originally incorporated as a villageproofs thereof nothing could be more pertinent.In the early days there was no suchthing as hunting for sport. The streams werefull of fish, brook trout and bass abounding inthe Thames and its many feeders, whilegame birds and edible animals throngedthe woods. No restrictive laws hinderedthe furnishing of the tables of the settlers,and hunting and .fishing were then mattersof routine labor rather than of sport,as necessary a preliminary to a meal as fillingthe kettle or kindling the fire. It is only ofrecent years that the game bird supply hasfallen short; indeed, there are men living whohave hunted on present factory sites, and someold settlers delight to tell of the time whenSam Stewart took a random shot and broughtdown two wild turkeys that he had not seen.

68 CITY OF LONDON,The influx of settlers drove off the game, butthe fish still remain to some extent. Finestrings of black bass are still occasionallytakenwithin the city limits. The Gun Clubwas organized for the better enforcement ofthe game laws, that the shooting inthe surroundingcountry might not be utterly destroyed,and also to protect the fisheries andmaintain a source of supply, both of whichobjects it is accomplishing. The LondonHunt was organized in 1885, mainly as ameans of furnishing outdoor sport in whichladies and gentlemen could join, and to encourageequestrianism. Kennels were establishedat " Glenmore," on a side road in thetownship of London, but afterwards removedto more capacious quarters on the Proof LineRoad, the name " Glenmore " being retained.During its existence many horses that haveachieved continental fame as record-breakersin high jumping have been trained at Glenmore.Mr. George Burns acted as Secretaryof the Hunt for the first ten years of itsexistence. The following are the presentofficers : Adam Beck, Master ; Geo. C. Gibbons,President ; T. H. Smallman, Vice-President; Col. A. M. Smith, 2nd Vice-PresidentJ. B. Kilgour, Secretary ; Marshall Graydon,Treasurer ; Dr. Niven, Chairman House Committee.As an incident of the early hunting days,it is related that in 1844 a number of pupilsat the old Grammar School, among whom, bythe "way, was the present Justice Street, witnessedsome hunters with their dogs who hadtreed a bear on the flats belo'w the school.The bear came down, smashed the dogs andtook refuge in the river near the court house.The village people were excited, and turnedout en masse with their muskets and firearms.Mr. Kerr (of the post office) and B. W. Harristook an old dug-out boat and made for theanimal. It was flnally killed and the carcasstowed down the river. A dispute ensued asto who owned the bear, when the custom ofthe country prevailed, and it was given to thehunters who pursued and remained with it toa finish.The early residence of military officers inLondon gave an impetus to athletic sports,and cricket grounds and racket courts wereamong the earliest institutions. The first ofthese latter was erected about 1840, and stoodon the present site of the Collegiate Institute.It was replaced by one on the south side ofYork street, west of the Tocumseh House.On the death of the racket club thisbuildingwas removed to the corner of Richmond andYork streets, and, being brick-veneered, becamethe Holman Opera House. It gaveplace to wholesale storehouses on the buildingof the recently-burnt Opera House, in1880. In baseball London has always takena high rank with its amateur players, and inthe days of professionalism excitement usedto run to great heights. London's team becamethe international champions, and soadvertised the city far and near. The love ofthe game still lingers, and Tecumseh Park isan excellent field for the game. On the Parkthere is also a bicycle track, and the wheelmenof the city are to be counted by hundreds.The use of the wheel, however, hasceased to be solely a means of recreation, andit now plays an important part in locomotionfor business purposes.As showing the vast strides made by Londonin coming out of the wilderness, it isworthy to note that in 1866 there arose ahardship from the scarcity of firewood, whichwent up to eight dollars per cord, with consequentsuffering to many. The Great WesternRailway came to the rescue and secured asupply from Bothwell, which greatly reducedthe price. For this action the late CharlesHunt and Thomas Swinyard, directors of theroad, received the formal thanks of the Corporation.In 1870 there was another fuelfamine, which the Port Stanley Railway relievedby hauling in wood and selling it atcost. Since then coal has come into almostuniversal use.London enjoys preeminence of all Canadiancities in the number and strength of itsvarious fraternal and beneficial societies.Masonry stands at the head in point of antiquity,the first record of its appearance in thedistrict being in 1829. The lodges in thesedays were peripatetic, one reason being thatthe charters were held by British regiments,and another the fact that there were probablynot enough Masons at any point to constitutea lodge. The first meeting was heldat what is now Siddallsville or Carlisle. Thefollowing year, 1830, a Masonic communicationwas held at " the village of the forks."It was eleven years after, in 1841, that thefirst lodge. No. 209a, was organized in London.For purposes of record there is appended aof the Deputy Grand Masters who havelistheld office in the London District since 1855,as far back as the register goes :MASONIC DEPUTY GRAND MASTERS FORI.ONDON DISTRICT.Prior to 1856 the Masonic District had beenknown as the "Western." It was then changedto "London."

ONTARIO, CANADA. 69R. M. BUCKE, M. 1).Supcrintenrlent Insane Asylum.J.S.V) W. c. Stcplicns lK7(i -.las. SuttonlS5li— .l.iiiK'K l);uiicll 1.S77- -J. IM. Hanghart1S57 'rhdinpsoii Wilson LS7S( 'asraden,1.1S.")S .hinics iMolV.'it 1S7!I |{. H, llungeitord18r)ii Wilson ISSd Kobt. McKaylS(i(l K. W. 'Phonuis IHSl W'ni MilnerIS(!I -(ieo. Masson 1SS2 -L. (J. .larvislS()2--(ieii. Ma,sson ISSH H. (A. LindsavlS(«-(J(.o. MasscinIKSI -W. (i. Lunilcy1S(U— (!. .1. S. Asl

A.70 CITY OF LONDON.Another invitation, the date of which(1835) is authenticated, is curious, as showingthe fashionable hours that prevailed atthat periodMr. and Mrs. Morrill present their compliments, andrequest the pleasure of your company at dinner onFriday, 16th of January next, at i p. m.London, Dec. 24th, 1835.Speaking of nationality, it may be recordedthat the first Chinaman settled in London in1878. He did not remain long, but others soonfollowed, and there have been more or less ofthem ever since.The first birth in London, already spokenof, is well authenticated by tradition. Thereis no record or trace of either the first marriageor first death. The first marriage in theneighborhood of which definite account canbe found was that of Thomas Carling andAnn Routledge, the parents of Sir John Carling,which took place in 1820, in the townshipof London. The legal preliminary noticerequired was written and tacked to a tree,and, in the absence of ministers, the ceremonywas performed by two magistrates. Col. Burwelland Squire Springer. The tree to whichthe notice was attached stood on the roadsideopposite the present summer residence of Mr.D. S. Perrin, on the banks of the Medway.Here a man named Getty kept a store, and itwas the most public place in the township inthose days.As one of the oldest marriage certificatesextant in this district, the following copy is ofinterestUpper Canada, \ Whereas, John Sifton and DeborahLondon District. / Hardy, Both of the Township ofLondon in the Said District, where desirous of intermarryingwith each other, and there Being no parsonor Minister of the Church of England living withineighteen miles of them or either of them they haveapplied to me for that purpose. Now these are tocertify that in pursuance of the Powers granted by anact of the Legislature of this province Passed in thethirty-third year of his late Majesty's Reign, I, DavidSpringer, one of His Majesty's Justices of the peace forthe Said District, having caused the previous notice bythe Statute Required to be given have this nineteenthDay of March in the year of our Lord one thousandeight hundred and twenty-one Married the said JohnSifton and Deborah Hardy together and they arebecome legally contracted to each other in marriageand the Deborah Hardy has taken upon herself thename of her said husband in the presence ofRoBT. Harding John Talbot John SiftonThos. Howard Joseph Hardy Deborah Sifton.This may be a fitting place in which to statethat the " oldest inhabitant " of London—thatis, the one who has resided the longest in thecity—is Mr. Andrew McCormick. The oldestnative-born resident is Mr. Verschoyle Cronyn.HEADS OF THE CORPORATIONS.Village Presidents.Village Clerks.1840—Geo. J. Goodhue)1841—James GivensV John David Hughes1842—Edward MatthewsJ1843—Edward MatthewsW. K. Cornish1844^James FarleyGeo. Railton1845—John BalkwillThos. Scatcherd1846—T. W. ShepherdThos. Scatcherd1847—Hiram D. LeeHenry HamiltonToion Mayors.Town Clerks.Alf . Carter]1848—Simeon MorrillVChas. Hutchinson1849—Thos. C. Dixon.JJames Farley1850—Simeon MorrillJohn Doyle1851—Simeon MorrillJohn Doyle1852-Bdward AdamsJohn Doyle1853—Edward AdamsJohn D^yle1854—Marcus HolmesJohn DoyleCity Mayors.City Clerks.1855—Murray Anderson. . .• John Doyle1856—Wm. BarkerJohn Doyle1857—Elijah LeonardJohn Doyle1858—David GlassJohn Doyle1859—Wm. McBrideA. S. Abbott1860—Jas. MoffatA. 8. Abbott1861—F. B. CornishA. S. Abbott1862—F. E. CornishA. 8. Abbott1863—F. E. CornishA. S. Abbott1864—F. E. CornishA. 8. Abbott1865—David GlassA. 8. Abbott1866—David GlassA. S. Abbott1867—Frank (now Sir) Smith \* A. S. Abbott1868—W. 8. SmithA. S. AbbottiBRQ /John Christie (resigned) A. 8.i»oy—Abbott|g jj Graydon I S. Abbott1870-8. H. GraydonfA. 8. Abbott1871—J. M. CousinsA. 8. Abbott1872—John CampbellA. S. Abbott1873—Andrew McCormickJA. 8. Abbott1874—B. CronynA. 8. Abbott1875—B. Cronyn A. S. Abbott1876—D. C. MacdonaldA. 8. Abbott1877—Robert PritchardA. S. Abbott1878—Robert LewisA. S. Abbott1879—Robert LewisA. S. Abbott1880-John CampbellA. S. Abbott1881—John CampbellA. S. Abbott1882—Ed. MeredithA.S.Abbott1883—Ed. MeredithA. S. Abbott1884—0. 8. Hyman A. 8. Abbott1885—Henry BecherA. S. Abbott1886—T. D. HodgensA. S. Abbott1887—Jas. CowanA. 8. Abbott1888 -Jas. Cowan A.S.Abbott1889—George TaylorA. S. Abbott1890—George Taylor C. A.1891—George Taylor C. A.1892—W. M. Spencer C. A.1893—E. T. Essery C. A,KingstonKingstonKingstonKingston1894—E. T. EsseryC. A Kingston1895—J. W. Little C. A, Kingston1896-J. W. LittleC. A. Kingston1897—J. W. LittleC. A. Kingston1898—Dr. J. D. Wilson O. A. Kingston1899—Dr. J D. Wilson C. A. Kingston1900--P. G. RumballC. A. KingstonMunicipal Treasurers.l«dn_';9 fJohn Harris 18,52-82—John BrownI^W. W. Street 1882-99-John Pope*During these years the mayors were elected by thealdermen from among their own number. In otheryears the people voted direct for the head of the corporation.

mPOo

CITY OF LONDON,Municipal Solicitors.1845-48—John Wilson .^0,^ q, |W. R. Meredithi»JU-y4-^,j,1849-55-H. O. R. Becherq Meredith1855-76 -Thomas Seatcherd 1894-99—T. G. Meredith1876-90—W. R. MeredithEngineers.1850-55—Oapt. John Her- 1859-79—Wm. Robinsonbert Oaddy 1879-91—T. H. Tracey1855-59—Samuel Peters 1891-99—A. O. GraydonTax Collectors.The office of tax collector seems to have been atemporary one prior to the incorporation of the city.Among the incumbents of the office up to 1855 wereJohn O'Neil, John McDowell, John Brown and A. S.Abbott. After that date the record is :1855-56-A. S. Abbott 1870-80—John BlairAlex. JohnstonJames Taylor1857-58—Alex. Johnston 1880-82-James TaylorWm. OakleyDaniel Lester1859-68—Thos. Fraser 188:3-93—Daniel LesterJohn BlairJ. K. Clare—John Blair1894^96 -Daniel LesterWade OwenAlf. McOoubrey1897-99—Geo. S. HayesCtty Auditors.1855-56—John F. J. Harris 1872— A. G. SmythBenj. Shaw Alex. Davidson1857— B. S. Oollett 1873- A. G. SmythNicholas Wilson W. F. Bullen1858-59—E. S. Oollett 1874— J. J. DyasA. G. Smyth C. F. Complin1860-63—E. S. Collett 1875— A. G. SmythBenj. ShawW. D. Riddell1864— E. S. Collett 1876-79-A. G. SmythCharles MurrayB. Schram1865-66—A. G. Smyth 1880-81-A. G. SmythCharles MurrayJohn Smith1867— A. G. Smyth 1882-83—Geo. F. JewellJohn GearyR. D. Miller1868-70—A. G. Smyth 1884-99—Geo. F. JewellT. R, Westcott Andrew Dale1871— A. G. SmythC. I). ShawPolice Magistrates.1855-63—The Mayor e.r.-officio1864r-82—Lawrence Lawrason1882-99—E. J. Parke1900 —Francis LoveChiefs of Police.Prior to incorporation as a city the chief peace officerhad various appellations. He was at times warden, highconstable, inspector and high bailiff.In ante-city daysthose holding the office were .John Jennings, Wm. Robb,Michael McGarry, Philo Bennett, Wm. Reilly and PeterMcCann. Thenceforward the record is :1855-58 -Samuel Ayres 1863 (partial) — W. Basker-1858-60—Thael Van Valken-villeburg 1863-77— Richard Wigmore-62 -Brock Stevens 1877-99—W. T. T. WilliamsPolice Court Clerks.1855-82—The City Cerk ex- 1888-93—J. M Kearyofficio 1893-99- John Moule1882-88—Richard WigmoreChiefs of Fire Departinent.1873-80 -Thos. Wastie 1880-99—John A. Roe1858-99— W. C. L. GillCity Registrar.Relief Officers.1871-83—David Hughes 1883-99—Wm. BellAssistant Relief Officer.1887-99—James Lutman.City Hall .Janitors.1856-73—Richard Dinahan 1888-99—Henry Merritt1873-88—Robert MawhinneyRIVER VIEW NEAR WATERWORKS.

'Chapter IILONDON SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES.In every village, marked with little spire,Embower'd in trees, aud hardly known to fame,There dwells, in lonely shed and mean attire,A matron old, whom we schoolmistress name.''— Sheiistone : "The Schoolmistress."-the Christian hopes sublimeTranscend the bounds of fate and time."'-Sir Walter Scott :' Rokeby."ondon's first schoolhousewas an attic in the jail."So opened this chapterin the first edition of"Illustrated London."This piece of informationwas originally found someyears ago in a small bookintended only for private circulation, thememoirs of a well-known pioneer of Middlesex,the late Thomas Scatcherd, compiledby the late ex -Recorder Horton. Thevolume is rare, and the statement concerningthe school is but an incidental observation,having no essential bearing on the main subject.Now, we are assured that the jail atticwas not lofty enough for even an Irish Leprechaunto stand upright. It is, however, aconceded fact that the first school in Londonhad its location somewhere about the jailprecincts, and here Peter Van Every taughtthe childi'en of that day their " a, b, abs."That was in 1827, and four years later, in1831, Miss Stinson was the preceptress, andher academy was a decided advance on thatof Van Every, though still far from beingluxurious. There "were no patent systems ofventilation, but plenty of it. The buildingwas a one-story structure, built mainly oflogs. The flooring and the interstices betweenthe logs "were of terra cotta. That hasa sound of luxury, but it really only meanshard clay. Opposite the door there was a"wide fireplace, and midway bet"ween thehearth and the ceiling a branch of a treesprang from the wall. It had gro"wn curvilinear,and by dint of chopping had acquireda degree of symmetry. The space betweenthe curved limb and the wall had been filledin with— "well, terra cotta, and served as amantelpiece. On one side of the room was adesk, which the pupils occupied in turn duringtheir "writing exercises. Some smallforms and a chair for the mistress completedthe furnishings. Miss Stinson was an educated,refined lady, the daughter of a NewHampshire physician. Fault is found withthe above description on the ground that it isnot probable that such a lady—who was

CITYOF LONDON,assisted by her niece, Miss Graniss—wouldconsent to teach amid such surroundings.The reason is not convincing. Many ladiesleave comfortable, even luxurious, home surroundingsto take up missionary and educationalwork in far-off places. The point isnot worthy of argument, only in so far asmutual reminiscences and recollections tendto elicit the facts. A few years la.ter, in 1840,the forei'unner of our Public Library wasseen in a newsroom kept by John Norval,country place," from which we are justified inassuming that by this time London wasbeginning to regard itself as metropolitan.Reverting to the early schools, a pedagogueof a period prior to 1846 was named Gallagher,his temple of learning being situatedon the north-west corner of King and Talbotstreets, the town hall which after^vards stoodthere and which, brick-veneered, still remains— being then located on the marketsquare. John'Talbot, who opened a schoolSTREET PARADE OF SCHOOL CHILDREN — HOISTING THE FLAG — DOMINION DAY." over Garrison's store,'* where the casualvisitor might drop in and devour all thecurrent literature of the day, at the rate of aYork .sixpence (64 cents) per visit. How longthis lasted cannot be said. There is norecord of its inception, nor of its closure, butit "was advertised as being for sale in the"Inquirer" newspaper of 1844, so that itmust have been in existence at least fouryears. At the latter period it was describedin the advertisement as being " suitable for aon Ridout street in 1832, and Miss Merrill,were also among the earliest school teachersof London. Apropos of the early teachers,here is a tale of the experience of Mr. HughMatheson, of the village of Embro. Tosecure the school there it was necessary heshould pass an examination in London. Thiscity he i-eached on foot, and put up at Mc-Phee's hotel on the corner of Dundas andRichmond streets. Stumping operationswere being carried on all around this hotel,

ONTAHIO. CANADA./:>F. W. JIKRCHANT. 31. A.Principal W. ( (. Normal S/liool, London.J. I. DK.VRXESS.Vice-Principal \V. O. .\ornjal Scliool, LondoWESTERN ONTARIO NORMAL SCHOOL, LONDON.

76 CITY OF LONDON,the small clearings being under tillage. Mr.Matheson tells the rest of the story thus :Next morning at 10 o'clock I appeared before theboard, which was constituted of Col. Askin (secretary),Lawyer Wilson (afterwards judge), and two otherjudges from Niagara district.I presented to them thetoo excellent recommendation my brother got from theRev. Mr. McKenzie. They passed it the one to theother without any comment, then dismissed me withthe request to call next morning at the same time andplace. I did so. The chairman pulled my documentsout of a drawer, cut and diy, already sealed and readyfor delivery. There was one blank left which theycould not iill without asking me one question, whiciiwas : "Did I teach classics ?"I bowed my head in the affirmative. I thought theqviestion was, "Did I teach the scholars in classes?"So the blank was filled out by giving me authority toteach any school in Upper or Lower Canada, where aclassical education wasrequired.As Mr. Wilsonwas gifted with asense of humor, itis not an unfairguess that he didput the questionas Mr. Mathesonun d er stood it.There is somethingintellectually grotesquein a classicalmaster beingrequired in thislocality in thosedays.Prior to all this,however, otherprivate schoolshad been established',and severalhad lived — andmost of them died— before, in 1842,OLD GRAMMAR SCHOOL, KING STREET.Rev. Benj. Cronynwas appointed Superintendent of Educationfor the town of London, and was ordered todistrict the town for school purposes. Hesimplified his work by constituting each warda school district. The total amount of schooltaxes at that period did not exceed five hundreddollars, but the disputations and wranglesover the spending of this sum were asgreat as now when the total expenditure forsalaries alone equals that sum multiplied byone hundred and fifty. The " ward schools "were soon found to be inadequate, and a demandfor "higher education" sprung mp in1848 that resulted in the building of the nowdefunct "Union School" the following year.The school board at that time consisted ofRight Rev. Benj. Cronyn, chairman ; J. Skin-ner, W. Elliot, G. McLatchey, and W. Livingston,with Rev. W. F. Clarke as secretary.The first staff of teachers in this school consistedof N. Wilson, J. C. Brown, Wm. Irwin,E. J. Craig, J. Taaffe, Jas. McLearen, Mrs. Hopkins,Misses Bethel, Corrigan, Sharpe, Lester,and Robertson. The pupils of this year (1849)numbered 1,800. The first principal of theUnion School was Mr. Nicholas Wilson, andhere it may be noted that the only trusteesat the time of his appointment who are nowahve are Sir John Carhng and Judge Wm.Elliot. Mr. Wilson was succeeded by Mr.Hunter, and he in turn gave place to Mr.J. B. Boyle, who became the principal onthe town merging into a city in 1855. Heheld the office tillhe was appointedInspector of thecity schools, and"died with harnesson his back,"being found deadat his desk in theschoolhouse in1891. It is with afeeling of regret,and through nolack of diligencein search, that apicture of Mr.Boyle isabsentfrom this work.The fact is, henever had onetaken, if exceptionismade of alarge group picture— taken infront of the oldUnion School forexhibition at theCentennial Exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876— and in this the individual faces are toominute to be recognized. In the course ofsearch, application was made in many quarterswhere such a picture would likely be if inexistence, and in his reply one of the gentlemenwritten to— Mr. W. Anderson, F. C. A.,City Auditor of Toronto — paid a tribute toMr. Boyle that is deserving of preservation.It was written in a private letter and notintended for publication, but on request Mr.Anderson consented that his words might bemade public. He wrote :"I may here remark, as a well-deserved tribute toa worthy man, that, having enjoyed the advantage ofbeing a private pupil of his for several years, 1 canfreely say I have never met a man possessing in ahigher degree the characteristics that constitute the

ONTARIO, CANADA. 77S. J. RADCLIFl-'E, B. A.Principal London Collegiate Institute.COMMERCIAL SCHOOL.London Collegiate Institute.THE LONDON COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE.

--If

ONTARIO, CANADA. 79essential elements of the true gentleman. His intellectualgifts were of a high order, while his liberal views,advanced ideas, extensive i-eading, and rare ability toimpai't knowledge, rendered him facile princcps amongthe members of the teaching profession. Many a youthwas indebted to Mr. Boyle for his scholastic training,gx'atuitously bestowed. Even after the labors of theday were over he would work on far into the nightwith diligent and deserving pupils, his only rewardbeing the pleasure he derived from helping others.Not a few now look back with gratitude to the hoursspent in his company and recall the sound trainingreceived, the noble sentiments inculcated, the ambitionsaroused, and the intellectual gymnastics practised underhis guidance."Mr. Carson succeeded Mr. Boyle as Inspector,and still holds the office. With the developmentof the Collegiate Institute the UnionSchool was believed by many to have outlivedits usefulness, and in 1890 it was razedand the site cut up into building lots.Manysuccessful business and professional men ofto-day, in London and elsewhere, were graduatedfrom the " old Union School," but it hadits day, and sentimentalists may heave a sighover the fact that the capstone of the old seatof learning now does duty as a horse-blockwithin gunshot of its former proud position.In 1897 Mr. Nicholas Wilson completed a fiftyyearterm of pedagogy in London, and theunique event was celebrated by the presentationto him of a complimentary address and$1,000 in gold, as a souvenir from his expupilsin all parts of the world. As a reminiscence,it is worthy of note that the lastlog house to remain standing in London wason the lot now occupied by the Simcoe Streetgraded school.The growth of school accommodationin London proceeded pari passuwith that of the school population, and todaythere is no city in the Dominion betterprovided. The admission of London Westinto the city involved new obligations andincreased expenditure during 1898. Anadditional room was opened in connectionwith the Public School there, and a KindergartenRoom was established at Albert Hall.Probably the most important transaction ofthe year 1898 was the erection and completionof what is known as the CommercialBuilding in connection with the CollegiateInstitute. By its establishment, accommodationhas been furnished for all those pupilswho, after passing the entrance examination,are desirous of taking up a course of study toprepare them for commercial pursuits. Thevarious Pubhc School buildings, with theirsites, are valued at a quarter of a milliondollars, the furniture and apparatus areworth thirty thousand dollars, while thesalaries paid the officers, teachers, and janitorsaggregate seventy-five thousand dollarsper annum. There are one hundred and tenPublic School teachcis, thirteen transitionteachers, fourteen kindei'garten directors,vs^ith an equal number of paid assistants, anda music master, the whole staff, including theInspector, making a total of one hundred andfifty-three. The average salary of the femaleteachers in London is $'M('), and that of themales, $840, which is, respectively, $74 and $25less than the a\'erage of all the cities ofOntario combined. The number of pupils onthe roll is 6,160, with an average daily attendanceof 5,000.The Collegiate Institute, buildingand site, is valued at $100,000; the salariesof teachers, janitors, etc., entail an annualexpenditure of $23,000; while the value of theapparatus, library, etc., is placed at $4,000.The number of pupils on the roll is 1,027.During the past year the Board of Educationdecided that an annual fee of ten dollarsshould be imposed on Collegiate Institutescholars. The average co.st of education inthe Public Schools of London is $10.55, and inthe Collegiate Institute $23.52, which is $6.48less than the average cost throughout theProvince. The total cost of the Public andSeparate Schools of London during the pastdecade and a half, with the proportion itbears to the general assessment, is givenbelow :^

80 CITY OF LONDON,MODEL SCHOOL — SIMCOB STREET.time were Mr. J. S. De'war, afterwards chairmanof the city Board of Education ; Mr. R.M. McElheran, at present secretary of theBoard of Education,and Mr.;Frank Harding.There is alsoa boarding andday school forgirls at the conventof the SacredHeart. Itis open to alldenominatio n sbut does notcome within thecategory of freeschools. Thisapplies to severalschools, col-Principal Model School.B. M. GRAHAM.leges and academies,which are based on proprietary orcommercial considerations.Huron College is a theological institutionin connection with the Episcopal Church. Itwas founded in 1863, and is now in affiliationwith the Western University, which wasestablished in 1878, and by its charter isempowered to grant degrees in arts, divinityand medicine. The Medical College wasfounded in 1881, and seven years later theschool at the corner of York and Waterloostreets was erected. The arts department ofthe Western University, -which was formallyopened in 1895, "will be an aid to those whointend taking up the study of the law.Reverting to the earlier educational institutionsof London, the oldGrammar Schoolshould not be omitted. The first teacher ofthis school was the late Francis Wright, whotaught for some years, till declining healthled to his resignation. He was succeeded byand affec-Mr. James Thompson (familiarlytionately known as "Jim"), of Adelaide, an accomplishedscholar. Then came the Rev. Benj.Bayly, a graduate of Trinity College, Dublin,

ONTARIO, CANADA. 81

82 CITY OF LONDON,who continued his mastership of the schoolafter its amalgamation with the senior divisionof the Central School, and finally asprincipal of the new Collegiate Institute,until the day of his death.From the halls of the old Grammar Schoolwere turned out matriculants who have sinceachieved high place— not alone locally, but inthe eye of the country. Professional andcommercial men who have risen to the top —Ottawa. Hereafter London will be the educationalheadquarters of the whole ofWestern Ontario. Mr. F. W. Merchant, principalof the London Collegiate Institute, hasbeen appointed principal of the new NormalSchool, and Mr. John I. Dearness, East MiddlesexPublic School Inspector, assistant principal.A pretty ceremony has of late years beenintroduced in connection with the celebrationof Confederation Day, 1st July. It is knownjurists who ornanaent the bench — men inevery walk of life— recall with affection theiralma mater, the old Grammar School.The Western Ontario Normal School is astriking edifice that adds one more to thearchitectural beauties of London. The buildingwas begun in the fall of 1898. It islocated on the south-east corner of theWortley Road and Elmwood Avenue, andis fitted up in a modern fashion, with allrequirements so far known in institutions ofits kind. Heretofore Normal School studentsfrom the West had to go to Toronto oras " The Hoisting of the Flag," and consists ofthe school children assembling on the park,and there, after some simple ceremonies, thehalyards are grasped by the scholars and theUnion Jack is, amid the cheers of the multitude,run up to the peak of the staff.** Let me here quote a few sentences culled from anotable paper written by General Harrison, ex-Presidentof the United States, apropos of Queen Victoria'sJubilee : "There is a love in English hearts, and a respectin all hearts, for the good and venerable woman who forsolong has been Queen of England, born of her personal virtues;but she is loved by Englishmen more for what shepersonifies—the government and the glory of England.

ONTARIO, CANADA. 83As a matter of record,School Board and itsyear (1900) are ;ii)i)(Mi(l(>d :Chairman : R. A. Bayly,Barrister. Collegiate Institute: Thos. Gillean, Jeweller; D. W. Blackwell, Merchant; E. J. MacRobert, InsuranceAgent ; D. Regan,Gentleman; Mrs. H. A.Boomer ;Walter Morgan, De-T. Hamilton,signer ; W.Cutter. Public Schools:Ward 1_W. J. Teasdall, M.D.; C. J. McCormick, Merchant.Ward 2—R. A. Bayly,She is always for the State, neverfoi- a party — party management isleft to the Ministry. * •patriotismsiiould be cultivated —should, in every home, he communicatedto the children, notcasually, but by plan and of forethought.For too long our childrenthe nanii'i i of theofficci s for tln' l)resentgot it as they did the measles —caught it. * * * In the home,and before the school days come,the feelings should be kindled andsentiment awakened. Do not beashamed to love the flag or to confessyour love of it. Make much of it— tell its historysing of it. It now floats over our schools, and it oughtto hang from the -windows of all our homes on all publicdays. Every man should uncover when the flag is borneby in the parade, and every one should rise when anational air is given at a concert or public meeting."Bai'rister ; Chas. Colerick, Contractor. Ward'.i — .John Jones, Contractor; Thomas Evans,Accountant. Ward I — C. H. Ziegler, Dentist;J. M. Logan, Publisher. Ward5—W. M. English, M. D.; E.W. Boyle, Druggist. Ward6 — John MacPherson, Barrister; A. Wilkins, Gentleman.Officers : S. J. Radcliff'e,B. A., Principal CollegiateInstitute ; William J.Carson, Inspector PublicSchools ; John Pope, Treasurer; R. M. McElheran, Secretary.The Western School ofArt, which is under Governmentauspices, was openedin 1877, and has proven agreat aid and incentive tothe study and practice of art.The late Mr. J. H. Griffithhad been connected with theschool from its opening tillhis death in 1898, and he, incompany with the late Mr.Charles Chapman, may be setdown as the real fathers ofSchoa/,the school. It did and is doing good work inpromoting the study and practice of art. Oneof its earliest students was the late Paul Peel,who achieved European fame, and w^hose

84 CITY OF LONDON.fir-Iff,\a r ^t•. '^:lEJIPBESS AVENUE SCHOOL, WEST LONDON.RICHMOND STREET NORTH SCHOOL.father, Mr. J. R. Peel, was one of the pioneers inart who should be included with Messrs. Griffithand Chapman.Taking up the genesis of the Public Libraryand reading room, which occupies the fine buildingat the south-^west corner of Wellington streetand Queen's Aveniie, it may be said to have begunwith the reading room that existed in 1840, towhich reference is made on a preceding page. Inthe following year the Mechanics' Institute wasestablished, with the following officers : ElijahLeonard, president ; Henry Dalton, 1st vice-president; Simeon Morrill, 2nd vice-president ; E. P.Ellis, treasurer ; James Dall, recording secretary ;John F. J. Harris, corresponding secretary ; Wm.McBride, librarian. The Institutewas not incorporatedtill eleven years later (in1852), when it had its quartersin a building on thecourt - house square. Thiswas afterwards removed toTalbot street, where it stoodfor several years—in fact,the rear portion is stillstanding. It is used now asa factory, and faces Queen'sAvenue. The Institute maintaineda nominal existence,with occasional spurts ofvitality, for about twentyyears, when in 1870 a freshlease of life was taken, underthe following officers: President,F. Westlake ; 1st vicepresident,R. Lewis; 2nd

86 CITY OF LONDON.vice-president, T. F. McMuUen ;merged in the former in 1894, the Librarybeing opened to the public the following year,with R. J. Blackwell as librarian, and MissesGray and McLaughlin assistants, who stillremain, with another assistant. Miss Leigh.The board of directors at the opening wasmade up of H. Macklin, chairman ; R. Reid, T.W. Keene, Joseph Marks, E. R. Cameron, J.Egan, R. H. Dignan, and Talbot Macbeth, Q.C.,the latter having replaced Geo. A. Burrell onthe original board. The board for the presentterm (1900) is composed of Messrs. TalbotMacbeth, Q. C, chairman ; Frederick G. Rumball,Mayor ; George C. Gunn, Henry Macklin,correspondingsecretary, H. A. Baxter ; recording secretary,M. D. Dawson; treasurer, AdamBegg ; managers, Isaac Waterman, T. Brown,J. R. Peel, A. J. G. Henderson, W. Skinner,H. I. Brown, S. McBride, J. Siddons,James Smith, R. Reid, Wm. Noble, andGeorge Anderson. The old library, containingfifteen hundred volumes, was reopenedand additions made. The Institute so flourishedfor a time that a new site and morepretentious building were decided upon. Asa result the corner stone of the structure onDundas street now occupied as ConservativeClub rooms and London OperaHouse was laid in 1876, the officersof the Institute being then as follo^vs: President, Col. Walker ; 1stvice-president, T. H. Tracey ; 2ndvice-president, Thomas Green;i-ecordingsecretary, J. O'Connor;corresponding secretary, Alf. Robinson; treasurer, W. W. Fitzgerald ;HOLY ANGELS SEPARATE SCHOOL.directors, R. Lewis, Alex. Harvey, B. W.Greer, S. Mummery, A. J. G. Henderson,W. Fairbairn, Dr. J. R. Flock, J. Moses,W. Lewis, and W. J. Smart. The MercantileLibrary Association was organizedin 1852, but does not appear to have livedlong into the sixth decade of the century.Among those whose names havebeen preserved as leading spirits in it wereDavid Glass, Henry Long, L. Lawrason, Chas.Ramsay, M. W. Cummings, Joseph Atkinson,C. D. Holmes, J. C. Brown, G. Gordon, Jr.,James Egan, and Charles Crookall. Theestablishment of the Public Library did awaywith any necessity that ever existed for theMechanics' Institute, and the latter wasSEPARATE SCHOOL, PARK AVENUE.Joseph C. Judd, James Egan, A. O. Jeffery,Q. C; E. Manigault, and R. H. Dignan. TheLibrary building is one of the few publicstructures that was built within the firstestimate.London's church history began early in18.30, but there is no clear record as to whenthe first house of worship was erected in theplace. In 1833 a church was built by theMethodist body, on the west side of Ridoutstreet, north of Carling. The structure wasof the material known as " roughcast." Londonat that time -was merely a preachingstation, and had therefore no settled pastor,but the names of Rev. Messrs. Stoney, Newberry,Matthew Whiting, Robt. Corson, Philo

EX-CHAIBMBN, CHAIRMAN AND OFFICERS BOARD OF EDUCATION.E. J. MacRobert, ex-Chairman.The late J. B. Campbell, M. D., ex-Chainnan.R. A. Bavlt, Chairman.The late .James Wright, ex-Chairman.J. S. Dewar, ex-Chairman.W. J. Carson, Inspector Public Schools.J. M. Logan, ex-Chairman.W. J. Teasdall, M. D., ex-Chairman.R. M. McElheran, Secretary.

88 CITY OF LONDON,Bennett, and James Jackson have been preservedas among the pioneer preachers. Sixyears later the congregation had grown sothat a more commodious place of worshipwas needed, and a site was selected at theworkman. This church was only used for acouple of years, and in 1841 a third one waserected on the east side of Richmond street,south of Dundas. It was continued in usefor ten years, and was then devoted to comkfes:-^*-.dHURON COLLEGE.south-east corner of King and Talbot streets,where a frame building was erected. It isrecorded that the first piece of ornamentalplastering done in London was in connectionwith this building, Henry Roots being theMEDICAL SCHOOL.mercial purposes, being burned in 1870.Early in the fifties the division in the Methodistbody occurred, and the historic " NorthStreet Chvirch" came into existence, underthe pastorate of Rev. Wna. Pollard, he havingsucceeded Rev. Dr. Evans. The lot was purchasedfrom Anthony Pegler for £700. Theboard of trustees at the first consisted ofWilliam Glass, George Tyas, John Elson, S.Peters, S. McBride, and S. Screaton. Thecontract was let lihe following year, and in18.54 the church was dedicated. It is noteworthythat in all this time there have beenbut three board secretaries. Wm. McBrideheld the office till 1874, and A. B. Powell fromthat date till his removal from the city in1898, when he was succeeded by the presentincumbent, R. J. C. Dawson. In 1873 anaddition known as Wesley Hall was built,and in 1880 great improvements 'were made,including the erection of an organ at a costof $9,000. The church pursued its prosperouscourse till early in 1895, when it wasdestroyed by fire, as was also in a few daysafterwards the Dundas Street Centre MethodistChurch. The latter congregation resolvedto rebuild on the old site, but theformer removed to the corner of DufferinAvenue and Wellington street.Both of thenew edifices are on a grander scale than theirpredecessors, and are as fine specimens ofarchitecture as may be found in the Province.It is a circumstance worthy of record that Mr.

ONTARIO, CANADA. 89S. MeBride, mIio placed in position the weathervane on the spire of the first church inl^.i4. performed the same service on the newchurch in 1896—forty-two years afterwai-ds.1 he old North Street Church has frequentlybeen called the parent church of Methodismm London, and it Hved long enough to see anumerous and successful progeny spring uparound it. Atthe time of itserection theold church wascomputed tohold more peoplethan anyother buildingin London.THE RT. KEV. BENJAMIN CBONYN, LL. D.Bishop of Huron, 1857-1871.For thisrea-all of a high order architecturally and attestingin solid brick and stone the prosperity ofthe Methodist body. These are : The FirstMethodist (rebuilt Queen's Avenue, or oldNorth Street), Dundas Centre (corner Dundasand Maitland), The Centennial (Dundas streeteast), Wellington Street (corner Wellingtonand Grey), Colborne Street (corner Colborneand Piccadilly), and London South (cornerCraig, formerly Askin, and Teresa), EmpressAvenue Church and the Kensington Church inold London West. The King Street Church(formerly Methodist) is now owned by theChristian Workers. There are also severalmissions, yet to grow into churches, in variousparts of the city ; and a colored congregationof Methodist Episcopalians, whohave a fine brick church on Grey street, eastof Colborne. It dates backto the days of 1852, whenthe church was on the westside of Thames street, betweenBathurst and Horton.Apropos of this, itmay be mentioned that aconvention of colored refugeesfrom slavery was heldat London in April, 1853,son it was selected in 1865 asthe place for holding memorialservices on the occasionof the assassination of PresidentLincoln. G. W. Moncrieffdelivered the oration ofthe day. The church wasvested in "the trappings andsuits of woe," city bells weretolled, stores closed, and theoccasion one of universal sorrow, though thetown was full of secession sympathizers. Butthis was merely an incident in, not a partof, the church's history. Space does notpermit a tracing in detail, but it willawaken pleasant recollections for the olderreaders to recall the names of some of thepastors of the pioneer church of London.We find in the list those of Carroll, Evans,Pollard, Wilkinson, Douse, Cooney, Sanderson,Jones, Potts, Bishop, Hunter, Elliott,Briggs, Jeffers, Hannon, Graham, Philp,Gaetz, Treleaven, Sutherland, Scott, Boyd,Annis, Daniels, and others whose names arefamiliar in Canadian Methodist history.It is sufficient to say that the progress ofMethodism has been not only rapid, but substantial,and that there are to-day within thecorporate limits no less than eight churches.THE KT. BEV. I. HBLLMUTH, D.D., D. C. L.Bishop of Huron, 1871-188i.THE BT. BEV. MAUBICE S. BALDWIN, D. U.Bishop of Huron.those presentbeing mainlyresidents of theplace and of theWilberf o r c esettlement nearLucan. Thishad been establishedby theQuakers as arefuge for runawayslaves. The last survivor, Mrs. Bell,died in 1878, over one hundred years ofage. The colored population of London atthe time of the convention numbered 276,and they owned real estate assessed at$13,504 — a considerably higher average thanfor the white men of the period. In theSeptember previous an anti-slavery society

90 CITY OF LONDON,had been started, when Rev. S. R. Ward, acolored man, visited London and preached inthe Methodist New Connexion Church. Theofficers of the society were : President, Rev.Wm. McClure ; secretary-treasurer, Rev. R.Boyd; directors, Revs. John Scott and W. F.Clarke, Drs. Salter and Wanless, and Messrs.John Fraser, Wm. Rowland, and A. B. Jones.The "Fugitive Chapel" (still standing as adwelling house on Thames street) was erected,and London became one of the terminii ofwhat was known in slavery days as the" Underground Railway." Incidentally, itmay be mentioned that in the summer of18.58 John Brown, the apostle of abolition,visited London, and passed his time here andin Chatham while drafting the Constitutionof his proposed Provisional Government ofthe United States. He received warning thathis hiding place -was known, and returned toKansas. His uprising at Harper's Ferry andsubsequent death on the scaffold are mattersof history.Some of his relatives still residehere.Anglican traditions antedate those ofMethodism, going back to 1827, but it wastwo years later before a clergyman wasplaced regularly on the district, which "svascalled "St. Paul's." He was the Rev. B. N.Bos well, and remained about three years,being succeeded in 18.32 by Rev. Benj. Cronyn,who came hither from Ireland. There -wasno regular place of ^worship, however, andservices were conducted in the old GrammarSchool, on the court-house square. The firstSt. Paul's Church, a frame structure, waserected in 1834, where the present Cathedralstands. It was destroyed by fire, after tenyears of service, on Ash Wednesday, 1844,and on Ash Wednesday, 1846, its successorwas dedicated to public worship. This buildingwas supplemented by a frame schoolhouse,which is still standing. It is on theold Kent estate, in that portion of Hymanstreet formerly known as London Lane, andhas for years been used for residential purposes.Among the leading members of thecongregation at that time were Judge H.Allen, H. G. Allen, J. B. Allen, J. B. Askin, H.C. R. Becher, H. Chisholm, James Givens, G.J. Goodhue, L. Lawrason, C. Monsarrat, W.Horton, John Harris, W. W. Street, FreemanTalbot, .John Wilson, and C. S. Gzowski.One of the few remaining tombstones in St.Paul's churchyard is apt to be misleading tothe historian. It marks the grave of LawrenceLawrason, and the date of death isgiven as March 9, 1830. The age may be takenfor either 10 or 70, and if looked at when thestone, which lies flat, is marked with mudand snow, is most likely to be taken for thelatter. This gives the impression that itmarks the grave of the pioneer LawrenceLawrason, who died fifty-two years later, onthe 14th of August, 1882. When it wasdecided that the frame building should bereplaced by a brick edifice, the bricksrequired were naade from clay dug on thepremises and burned on the site of thechurch. The town council of a subsequentdate refused to permit a brickyard to beestablished on "North street, adjoining thechurchyard." For what reason is not stated,nor is there anything to show whetherreference was made to St. Paul's churchyardor to the cemetery which was then located atthe western end of North street, overlookingthe river. The corner stone of the new edificewas laid in June, 1844, by Bishop Strachan ;the only Masonic lodge in the place, St. John'sLodge, 209 (now 209a), taking part in theceremonies. Soon after the erection of thechurch, a chime of bells, the fii-st in WesternCanada, was added, and still remains. Thebells were purchased in London, England,shipped to Port Stanley, and from therecarted to this city. Within the past fewyears St. Paul's has been greatly improved,and now ranks as one of the finest ecclesiasticalstructures in the Dominion. The oldChapter House on Piccadilly street being disposedof, it was determined to " restore " St.Paul's and to add to it an extension on thenorth which should serve as diocesan officesand chapter house. The Diocese of Huron,with London as the See city, was created in1857, and Rev. Dr. Cronyn became the firstbishop. Under his episcopacy the dioceseflourished, till in 1871 Rev. Dr. Hellmvith wasappointed Coadjutor Bishop. He becamebishop on the death of Bishop Cronyn in thesame year, and held the position till 1884,when he resigned to make his residence inEngland, having received an appointment asSuffragan Bishop. In that year the presentincumbent. Right Rev. Maurice Baldwin, whohad been Dean of Christ Church Cathedral,Montreal, was chosen Bishop of Huron, andstill holds the office. Among the names ofthose who are or have been connected ^\^thSt. Paul's in a clerical capacity we find CanonInnes (Dean of Huron), Dr. Bayly, H. H.O'Neil, Hayward, John McLean (afterwardsBishop of Saskatchewan), W. Rainsford, G. J.Lowe, Starr, S. B. Kellogg, J. G. BayHs, J. Gemley,A. Brown, Richard Hicks, Canon Dann,and others. St. Paul's furnishes an exampleof long continuance in office, A. G. Smyth

ONTAK'TO, CANADA. 91li.-niui;- hccii \-csli-y cli'i-k siiHH' ISf)!). Koniicr ^-alidii by tlio ])i-cscii1;iti()ii of ;i collji'i-Jit iiclci'kshad lu'cii Wilson Mills and .1. ('. latoi'S' address and a sidislantial |»ni-sc ofMei'(>ditll. Canon Inncs has hccn connected j^old. Man\' chni-ches have heeii erected aswitli tlie Cathedi-a! Tor (dosi' npoii a i;-ener- olTshoots oT St. I'anl's. Anioii^- those afeation. andon tlie celehi-ation of his twenty- Cin-ist Chui-cji, coiaier \\'(dlin^ftoii and Milllit'th year of connection with St. I'aul's tlie streets, lS(i;!; Memorial Chnrch (ercM-ted hyI'vent was httiugly reco«;-nized by the coiiyre- the fann'ly of the late liisho]) Cronyn), cornerWilliam sti'eet and (^neen's Avenue. 1S72;St. (Jeor^-e's. London West, 1 S74 ; St. .James'(of which Ai'chdeacini ])a\is has l)een in

92 CITY OF LONDON.pastoral charge since the opening), Askinstreet, 1875 ; St. Matthew's, London Bast,1882, and St. John's, corner Wellington andSt. James' streets, 1888. The dates of erectionof these various churches give a clearidea of the steady growth of the Anglicancommunion in London.The Presbyterian body first appears as aregular congregation, vs^ith a specified pastor,in 1832. The date of the erection of the firstchurch is not clear, but it was about thistime. It was a frame building on Yorkstreet, in rear of where the Tecumseh Housenovsf stands, and there services v^ere held till1859, when the church w^as burnt. The followingyear it was reerected of brick on thepresent site, corner of Park and DufferinAvenues, and here in 1872 the first organ washeard in a Presbyterian church in London.In 1894 it v^ras again remodeled and rebuilt,and is now one of the handsomest buildingsin London. While the official title hasalways been " The First Presbyterian," foryears it was popularly knov^^n as "Proudfoot'sChurch," the first pastor having been Rev. W.Proudfoot, who was succeeded by his son.Rev. Dr. Proudfoot, in 1851, who held theoffice till increasing infirmities necessitatedhis retirement in 1890. He was followed byThe firstRev. Mr. Clark, the present pastor.meeting of the Presbytery of London tookplace in this church, and it w^ill be of interestto recall the names of those vs^ho took part.They were Revs. Dr. Proudfoot, J. Rennie, M.Fraser, J. K. Wright, Geo. Cuthbertson(Sarnia Presbytery), A. Henderson, J. M.Munro, A. Beamer, J. Wells (Sarnia Presbytery),F. Ballantyne, M. A., L. Cameron, N.McKinnon, K. McDonald, W. A. Sutherland,John M. Morris, D. B. Whimster, HughCameron, J. Johnston, D. Stewart, D. Mc-Gillivray, J. Stewart, D. Mann, and Geo.Sutherland. The elders at that time wereJames Shields, A. Sutherland, Thos. Gordon,William Brown, Adam Murray, James Bell,D. Turner, A. McMillan, D. K. McKenzie,James Scott, D. McNair, Neil Munro, andOne of these, Adam Murray,James Douglas.still survives, a resident of Chicago.Rev. John Scott, who was the first pastorof St. Andrew's Church, and who held thatposition for exactly a quarter of a century,from 1850 to 1875, prepared in 1868 a historyof that church. Therein he says that up till188.S the Presbyterians of London regardedthemselves as belonging to the Church ofScotland. In that year they formed a distinctsociety, and heard the gospel expoundedby missionaries sent from England, Irelandand Scotland, as well as neighboring studentsand ministers, till the year of Mr. Scott's induction.In 1842 a lot for church and cemeterypurposes was obtained from the Government—thepresent church and parsonage site,corner of Queen's Avenue and Waterloo street—and here a frame building 45 x 60 feet waserected and opened in 1843, Revs. DonaldMackenzie, Duncan McMillan and RobertLindsay officiating. A fortnight later thecongregation was formally organized by theelection of Alex. Ross, John Mitchie, WilliamClarke, James McLaren, and Andrew McCormickas elders, and the first communionservice was held early in the winter of thesame year, Revs. Mackenzie and McMillanofficiating. On its sale in 1868, to make wayfor the present structure, it was taken apartand reerected down the river as a woolen mill,for vsrhich purpose it was used till the cityacquired the property for wraterworks purposes.The old church -was then utilized as arefreshment room till 1897, when it wasdestroyed by fire. The present St. Andrew'sChurch was erected at a cost of $.30,000.This sum the congregation soon paid andcollections were abolished. The list of theprincipal contributoi's to the building readslike a connecting link between the pastgeneration and the present. Those who gave$100 and upwards were : John Birrell, Wm.Begg, Alex. Campbell, Andrew Chisholm,John Campbell, David Bogue, John M. Burns,Thos. Browne, W. H. Birrell, Ewan Cameron,John Cousins, Wm. Clark, Duncan Campbell,James Durand, R. S. T. Davidson, DavidDenholm, Wm. Durand, John Elliott, J. H.Fraser, William Gordon, G. M. Gunn, Alex.Gauld, James Glen, Alex. Graham, A. J. G.Henderson, W. Kent, Daniel Lester, Mrs.Lyle, — Lunn, Mrs. Mitchie, R. S. Murray,J. G. Mcintosh, Alexander Mcintosh, JosephMcKay and Bro., Thomas McCracken, JohnRoss, Edward Rowland, Warren Rock, A. M.Ross, Hugh Stevenson, John Stewart, Wm.Stephenson and Co., and Rev. John Scott.In the latter days of Rev. Mr. Scott's pastoratedissensions arose in the congregation overthe question of an organ in the church, hebeing opposed to instrumental music inworship. The pro-organists eventuallycarried the day, and this, with advancingyears, led to Mr. Scott's retirement. Hisdeath occurred at Hamilton in 1895. He wassucceeded by Rev. J. A. Murray, who officiatedas pastor till his death in 1894, when Rev. Dr.Johnston, the present incumbent, was called.The King Street Presbyterian Church wasestablished in 1876, when the growth of

94 CITY OF LONDON.London East warranted the erection of a Presbyterianchurch in the locality. Rev. Mr.Wright was the first pastor, but afterwardsresolving to devote his life to mission work,Rev. W. M. Roger was called to the pastorate,and remained until September, 1896, whenRev. Thomas Wilson succeeded him, and stillremains the pastor.St. James' Presbyterian Chiirch sawtroublous times. The land on which itstood, the southern portion of the goreformed by the junction of Richmond streetand Park Avenue, was granted by the Crownin 1859, to induce the congregation toabandon their claim to the site of St.Andrew's. Rev. Francis Nichol had beenlocated here a year previovisly, and heworked up the congregation to undertakethe erection of the building. The churchwas opened in 1861. Among those whosenames appeared as prominent members andadherents of the church at that time w^ereJudge Daniell, William Muir, Robinson Orr,Daniel Maefie, and Andi-ew Cleghorn. Rev.Mr. Nichol gave place as pastor to Rev. Mr.Camelon about 1868, and affairs ran alongmore or less smoothly till 1875, Rev. Mr.Camelon being still the pastor, when the" Auld Kirk " troubles arose over oppositionto the union of the Presbyterian churches,the result of which was a division of thecongregation and a lawsuit for the property.These matters can be barely referred to here,and it is sufficient to say that the dissidentsw^orshipped for some time in the old CongregationalChurch on King street. Rev. R.Burnett being pastor, and finally dissolvedas a body. St. James' was for some yearsunder the pastorate of Rev. D. McGillivray, hebeing succeeded in 1890 by Rev. Mr. Tailing.At present writing the congregation of St.James', in conjunction "with a mission thathad been conducted in the northern part ofthe city, have a new^ place of w^orship at thecorner of Piccadilly and Wellington streets,with Rev. A. J. MacGillivray as pastor. Theoriginal trustees of St. James' Church wereRev. Francis Nichol (the pastor), GeorgeMacbeth, Alex. McArthur, James Dunbar,William Chalmers, James Cowan, DuncanMackenzie, and John Mackenzie, none ofwhom are alive to-day. The old groundsand edifice were sold during the present year,and the church will be hereafter known as" The First Church of Christ Scientist, London,Ont." Incorporation papers were takenout by the following board of directors : D.S. Robb, Wm. J. Hurkett, William Rose, C. P.Heal, C. D. Burdick, A. A. Campbell, W. H.Hamilton, W. Southcott, and F. W. Smyth.It is the first incorporated Christian ScienceChurch under the Union Jack.Knox Presbyterian Church, corner ofBruce street and Wortley Road, has had anuneventful career of prosperity. It was firstmooted in 1882, as a natural result of thegrowth of the place, and two years later thechurch was established. The most interestingfact in connection with it has been thesteady growth of the congregation, so that inthe first decade of its history it became necessaryto greatly enlarge it. Rev. Jas. Ballantynewas the first pastor, and remainedsuch till 1894, when he received a call toOttawa, and was succeeded by Rev. Mr.Stewart, the present incumbent.During the past year another PresbyterianChurch, to be known as " Chalmers'Church," was dedicated. It is an outcome ofa mission on Waterloo street south, andbegan with a membership of twenty-five,eleven being received on profession of faithand fourteen by certificate. The latter cameprincipally from the First, St. Andrew's, andSt. James' Presbyterian Chiirches. Theprime movers in the establishment of thenew^ church w^ere Messrs. Harry Bapty, JohnAnderson, and Andrew Greenlees, and Rev.Mr. Scott was placed in charge. The churchbuilding was formerly one of the wardschools of the city.The first Roman Catholic Church in Londonwas dedicated in 1834. Father Downie,then stationed at St. Thomas, was the officiatingclergyman. In the early days there wereno clergymen in London, though serviceswere frequently held in the houses of theleading Catholics, who sent word to those ofthe surrounding country when a visit from ajjriest was expected. Among the names ofthe pioneer Catholics are many that havebeen transmitted to this day, among thembeing Garret Farrell, Patrick Smith, DennisO'Brien, Cornelius Gorman, Capt. McLoughlin,A. McCausland, the Redmonds, John Cruickshank,James Wilson, O'Byrne, P. McLough-Ian, John Wright, John Walsh, O'Flynn,Flood, M. Kiely, Peter McCann, John Orange,Peter Kennedy, Dr. Anderson, J. Martin,James Reid, P. Burke, E. Burke, John Clegg,W. Darby, J. O'Brien, the Bruces, Andersons,Milnes, Johnstons, Dignam, Scanlan, P.Tierney, Charles and Mathew Colovin, E.Hillen, John M. Keary, Wm. Dalton, JohnWalsh, Richard Dinahan, P. Cleary, Corbett,H. O'Brien, McLean, and many others. Itwas in the house of Dennis O'Brien that masswas for the first time said in this part ofCanada, and not only his house, but his store

96 CITY OF LONDON,was always open for the clergy and for allchurch purposes free of charge. He died May17th, 1865, aged 73, after a residence since1827. He came from Cork, Ireland, in 1811,to Maine, then in 1827 to Canada. Mr.O'Brien was a contemporary of G-. J. Goodhueand John Jennings, a trio of the mostpublic-spirited and hospitable citizens of theearly days. It "was the custom of Mr. Goodhueto entertain the children of the villageevery New Year's Day — a sleighride andrefreshments forming the basis of the entertainment.Some few of our older citizensrecollect taking part in these excursions.The first church was built with funds obtainedfrom the sale of a collection of farmproduce. It was located on the south-westcorner of Richmond and Maple streets, thesurrounding land being used as a cemetery.Up till 1850 there were not more than twohundred Catholics, exclusive of the military,church, and finally a Salvation Armyin London, but the following year saw arapid increase, and then was begun the erectionof the old Cathedral on the north-eastcorner of the same streets. In the meantime,on August 24, 1851, the log structure hadbeen destroyed by fire, and mass was celebratedfor a time in the town hall, on thecorner of King and Talbot streets, and afterwardsin the old building on King street thatwas at various periods of its life a Universalist,a Catholic, a Congregational, a Presbyterianbarracks. Though best known to the presentgeneration as "the old CongregationalChurch," it would seem more deserving ofthe title of "Universalist"—speaking literally,not theologically. It was burned a few yearsago, and to many present readers its site mayeven not be known. It was located on thenorth side of King street, between Wellingtonand Waterloo. The old Catholic Cathedi-alcontinued in service for thirty-fiveyears, being finally pulled down in 1885, onthe opening of the present Cathedral. Thecost of the old building was £5,000, an enormoussum in those days, while that of thepresent structure completed will not fallshort of five times that amount. The firstappointment of a priest for London seems tohave been in 1849. Father Kirwan, morecommonly called " Dean," was the appointee,and he remained till 1856. The diocese ofLondon was created in this year, the Eev.Peter Adolphus Pinsonneault, priest of theSociety of St. Sulpice, Montreal, being namedas the first bishop. Shortly after his installationhe determined to make his residenceat Sandwich, and in 1859 he procured a pontificalbrief, which not only authorized thechange of residence, but altered the name ofthe diocese from London to Sandwich. In1857 Father Bruyere, of Toronto, was madeVicar-General of the diocese, and removed toSandwich in 1860. In 1868 Right Rev. Dr.Walsh, having succeeded Bishop Pinsonneault,removed the Episcopal See from Sandwichto London, and in the following yearsecured from the Propaganda a decree makingLondon once more the Episcopal See ofthe diocese, which was renamed London. In1876 Bishop Walsh paid a visit to Rome, andon his return received a hearty welcome.From a speech he made on that occasion afew sentences may be culled, as they containin a nutshell the history of the diocese up tillthat time. He said :" Ten years ago this diocese found itself encuraberedby an enormous debt which weighed upon it like a millstone,crushing its energies, destroying its credit, andrendering church progress a moral impossibility. Nowevery farthing of this debt has been liquidated, withoutspeaking of $6,000 actually paid towards the support ofthe former bishop of this diocese. Twenty-eight newchurches have been raised to the glory of God and forthe purposes of religion. All the edifices, with fewexceptions, are of brick ;ind stone, and many of themare splendid and costly edifices. Besides, five churcheshave been greatly enlarged and improved. Seventeencommodious presbyteries have been built for the accommodationof the parochial clergy. An episcopal residence,second to none in the Province, has been constructed,and not a cent of debt has been left upon it.Three convents have been built. Mount Hope has beenpurchased and paid for, and a splendid new orphanagehas been erected on it, and besides a handsome newcollege has been built by the self-sacrificing zeal of theBasilian Fathers. In fine, more than a quarter of amillion dollars has been actually expended within thelast nine years."The first sod of the new (present) Cathedralwas turned in 1 880, the cornerstone laidthe following year, and in 1885 it was openedfor public worship. In the meantime BishopWalsh had been raised to the dignity ofArchbishop of the Province, and on April 19,1885, he bade farewell to the congregation inold St. Peter's, which was shortly afterwardstorn down. Early in the 70's a missionchurch, known as St. Mary's, was establishedon Hill street, and is still continued. Duringthe present year a second mission has beenstarted in the east end of the city. BishopWalsh was succeeded in the episcopacy byBishop O'Connor. He, however, was in 1899raised to the Archbishopric of Toronto (renderedvacant by the death of ArchbishopWalsh), and was succeeded by MonsignoreMcEvay, of Hamilton. The new Bishop wasconsecrated on Sunday, August 6, and thefollowing Sunday he announced that longservice and hard work had led the doctors torecommend a rest and ocean voyage for Rev.Father Tiernan, who had been administratorof the Diocese and rector of the Cathedral

ONTARIO, CANADA. 97T?"" %^ ??^ *''''- ^^ therefore appointedIxev. father Ayhvard to succeed Rev. Fatheriiernan as rector of the C^athedral, and theRev. Peter McKeon to be chancellor of theDiocese and first assistant in the Cathedral,leather IHeurenx he ai)i)oiiitea Bishop'ssecretai-y.The first services of the Baptist Church inLondon were held about 1844, the place ofmeeting being the old Mechanics' Institute,then situated on the court-house square.Two years_ later the straggling congregationwas organized into a regular church, havingnine members, the names of all of whomhave beenpreserved.ThevwereWm. Wakeling,J. H.Haines, Lt.Allright,J as. Hitchens,withthe wives ofthese fourgentlemen,and Mrs.Hy. Groves.The scene ofthe serviceswas thentransferredto the MethodistChapelon the cornerof Kingand Talbotstreets, Re\'.Jas. Inglisbeing thefirst pastor.Four yearslater the congregation took possession of theirown church, on the corner of York and Talbotstreets, where they worshipped for thirtyoneyears, or till the end of 1881. The buildingis still standing, being used as a vs^arehouseand machine shop. In 1882 the presenthandsome edifice on Talbot street,between Maple and Kent, was dedicated.The successors of Mr. Inglis in the pastoratewere Robt. Boyd (five years), Charles Campbell(one and one-half years), W. AUington(four years), Thos. Ure (three years), HenryWatts (two years). Dr. James Cooper (fourteenyears), Jas. B. Montgomery (co-pastorfor two years), A. Grant (five and one-halfyears), W. H. Porter, who assumed thepastorate in 1885 and continued for six years.till the appointment of Rev. Ira Smith. Thelatter gentleman remained co-pastor tillthe past year, when he resigned, and thejiulpit is at the present time occupied byRev. Dr. Sowerby. The Adelaide StreetBaptist Chuirh is an offshoot of the parentbody, having developed from a missionstarted about twenty-three years ago. In1877 it branched out as a regular congregation,with exactly fifty more members thancomposed the older body on its organizationin 1846. The pulpit was supplied from YorkStreet Church till 1878, when Rev. P. A. Mc-Ewen was oi'dained as the fii'stI'egular pastor.After twoyears ofservicehe ^vas succeededby Rev.Joseph Firth,who gave placethreeyears laterto Rev. Thos. S.Johnston, underwhose pastoratewas builtthe presenthandsomebrick churchon the cornerof AdelaideandKing street.The formerchurch wasa framestructure onthe oppositecorner. Itwas originallya Methodistchurch,then sold tothe Anglicans, and by them to the Baptists.On the erection of the presentchurch the former was transformed into askating rink and afterwards burnt. Mr.Johnston was succeeded by Rev. Messrs.Speller and Mihell, but is again in pastoralcharge, having returned in 1895. Baptistmissions are maintained in the extremenorthern and southern ends of the city ; andsince early days there has been a congregationof colored Baptists worshipping in asmall frame church an Horton street, west ofWellington. In 1877 a frame church thathad been erected by the Bible Christians onWortley Road, near the corner of Brucestreet, was acquired by the Baptist body, andthe frame structure was replaced by a fine

98 CITY OF LONDON,red brick church. The pastor since thebeginning, and at the present time, is Rev.Mr. Walker.The Congregational body have held servicesin London since 18.37, though at thattime they had no regular place of worship,Rev. W. F. Clarke preaching in the old GrammarSchool. The present church edifice occupiesa central position on Dundas street,between Colborne and Waterloo, and is architecturallya fine structure. The first regularCongregational Church was built in 1840about where the Free Press office now stands,a few years later a move being made to theirBIGHT BBV. MONSIGNOBB M'BVAY.Fourth Bishop of London.historical site on King street. The presentchurch -svas dedicated and opened in 1876,the corner-stone having been laid by MayorCronyn the previous year. Rev. R. W. Wallacewas then the pastor, having succeededthe Rev. J. A. R. Dickson in 1874. Mr. Wallaceresigned in 1881, and was succeeded byRev. H. D. Hunter. After Mr. Hunter's termthe pulpit had no settled occupant till 1897,when Rev. Mr. Pedley was called. He remainedtill the summer of the past year,when he resigned to go to Toronto, and Rev.E. Clarence Oakley became his successor. Dr.Wild officiated for a time, and Rev. PrincipalAustin, of St. Thomas, was a frequent " supply."Among the pioneer pastors were Rev.Messrs. Ebbs (1846), John Durrant (1847), W.F. Clarke, Jr., (1849), Boyd, and C. P. Watson.In 1897 a branch known as the SouthernCongregational Church was started, the placeof worship being a small but architecturallyhandsome building on the south side of

ONTARIO, CANADA. 99FROM ARCHITECT'S PLANS.ST. PETER'S CATHEDRAL AND EPISCOPAL PALACE.

100 CITY OF LONDON,SACRED HEART CONVENT.MOUNT HOPE ORPHANAGE.

iiONTARIO, CANADA. 101Horton street, east of Buvwoll. The pastor isRev. W. H. A. Claris.In addition to the \arions denominationsspoken of, London has a con-iiogation ofHebrews. They had, till this year, noregular synagogue, but set up their altar ascircumstances dictated. A brirlv synagogue isnow, however, in existence on Richmondstreet, near Simcoe. The Latter DaySaints have a place of worship on Maitlandstreet, between King and York. They differfrom the Utah Mormons in that they eschewpolygamy, which they claim is not sanctionedby the Book of Mormon. The German Lutheranshold services in Duffield Hall. About1881 the Salvation Army made their appearancein London. At first they were reviled,and some were imprisoned, technically becausethey refused to obey the police and" move on." This savored of persecution,though in reality it was the strict letter ofthe law,and made friends for the Army ofmany who would have been otherwise indifferentas to their operations. They haveprogressed till now they own a valuable"barracks'' on Clarence street—the old NewConnexion Chui-ch rejuvenated — and maintainedwhat was called a Workingmen'sHotel. This was recently abandoned becauseof lack of patronage. Theyalso have a Rescue Home for fallenwomen, on Riverview Avenue, SouthLondon.The Young Men's Christian Association,wlios(^ building, on Wellingtonstreet, adjoins the Public Library, and formsone of the architectiiral Ix-auties of London,had a modest beginning in 1856. It languished,however, aftei- a few years, and atlength ceased to exist till 1878, when it wasresiiscitated. For two years rooms wereoccupied upstairs in the building adjoiningthe Free Press office, but in 1876 a suite ofW. R. HOBBS.Kx-President Y. M. C. A.A. B. COX.President Y. M. C. A.YOUNG men's christian ASSOCIATION BUILDING.Wellington street.

102 CITY OF LONDON.rooms was procured in the Oddfellows' Block,and the Association engaged its first permanentsecretary, the late W. J. Freeland. In1878, T. McCormick being the president, theAssociation becanie free from debt, and purchasedthe old New Connexion Church onClarence street, refitting the building and callingit Victoria Hall. This was occupied till1893, when it was sold to the Salvation ArmyThe new halland the present site purchased.was dedicated early in 1897. The first sodwas turned by 'President W. R. Hobbs onOctober 9th, 1895. Mr. A. B. Cox waselected to succeed Mr. Hobbs as presidentthis year, and Mr. C. R. Sayer is thesecretary.r'f±W«iral.**»^-"^'K^v-JJifc— Wt,t_WHAT IN THE WORLD S THAT, SAMMY !— A HEXEOUTION ?In the early days it was the custom on opening court for a constable to summonthe Sheriff, who would meet the Judge and escort him to the court room, accompaniedby a tipstaff, and preceded by the rest of the tipstaves. This picture representssuch a procession. Judge McAuley and Sheriff Hamilton being the principalpersonages about to enter the Court House. The picture is a reproduction of a drawingmade in 1846 by the present Judge Wm. Elliot, and preserved in the office of theClerk of the Peace.

oifmr^^''^CnAI'IIM!III.i^JJ^.,;x|i., ^iJf§^\THECOMMERCIAL METROPOLISOF WESTERN ONTARIO." Noi- is my whole estateUpon the foitune of the present yen-."'— Aiiionio :" .Merchant of Venice."OMMERt'K follows the flag." One of the firstconiniercial transactions of which I canfind a record was in the nature of a bonnsto an "infant industrj-,"' to borrow ajdirase from the politit-ians. A blacksmith'sshop is geuerall\' regarded as thefirst industrial need of a new settlement, bnt such an establishmentdid not flourish in the early days. In less than ayear after the first settlement a shop had been establishedand abandoned, and Dennis O'Brien took possession of thevacated smithy and fitted it up as a general store. Thefittings were not elaborate. They consisted of two barrels upended,with a plank laid across for a countt^r. They served the purpose,]io\\'ever. In those days thei'e Avere no millinery "• ojienings, " no"bargain days," and no "selling Ijelow cost." People bought onlywhat they absolutely needed, and very little ot that. But the re-/'. y moval of the blacksmith's sliop was an industrial calamity, and was^recognized by the people as sucli. Conse(|uently. in the same year(1827) Samuel Laughton was given a grant of a lot on Bathm-ststreet, near the present Grand Trunk Statitm. on condition that hewould erect and maintain a blacksmith's shop. Doulit is cast upon tliis story on theplausible objection that in those days there were hundreds of lots to be given freely ;but while this objection has been stated, it does not appear conclusive. It is true that

104 CITY OF LONDON,POST OFFICE.the lots were nominally given away on settlementterms, but it is equally true that £8 hadafterwards to be paid for the patent, and asLaughton afterwards sold the lot for $16worth of iron, it is altogether probable thatthe patent to him was a bonus. It is notreasonable to suppose that he wouldpay $32 in cash for a lot, and thensell it for $16 in merchandise. Laughton,by the "way, ironed the firstwagon for use in London To%vnship.Previous blacksmiths had been JamesWilliams and Montague. The commercialdevelopment of the first foiu--teen years w^ent on apace, but there isnothing but tradition concerning it tillthe incorporation of the village in 1840.We know that the market grew,* withthe intersection of Dundas and Ridoutstreets as the " rialto " of the day. Atthe date of incorporation, among thegeneral storekeepers we find the namesof Smith, Mathieson, Moore & Co., G. J.Goodhue, L.Lawrason, John Jennings,Kerr & Armstrong, Douglass & Warren,Glennon & Co., Angus & Birrell,J. H. Joyce, and John Claris. L. Perrincarried on business as general grocerand baker ;Lyman, Moore & Co. andJ. Salter were the druggists. Dennis* Our map drawn in 1840 gives the locationof the market square in the north-eastern partof the city. There is nothing to show, however,that this was ever more than a proposedmarket. It subsequently became the Potter'sField.O'Brien owned the Blackfriars mills, whichhe had erected about six years before theincorporation ofthe village, andthey were said tobe "near the centerof the town." Asa matter of fact,the present Blackfriarsmill is theidentical building,with improved machinery,of course,and with the repairsto the originalstructure that timeperiodically madenecessary. PriorTHOS. A. BROWNE.Postmaster.to that period therehad been a millerected by Thomas Waters at the point whereCarling's Creek enters the river, but at thatperiod this locality was not within the corporatelimits. Power was obtained from thecreek by means of a flume and overshotwheel—the first, I believe, of its kind to beemployed here. The pioneer mills usuallyused a dam and tailrace. This point v^^as afavorite military bathing spot, and manylives -were lost owing to the cold springsCUSTOMS HOUSE.

which abounded. John Talbot& and SchrafnGroves were avictiouoers and commissionmen. 1 he lawyers were W. Horton, H. C. R.Becher, and Frederick Cleverly. Alex. Hamiltonwas the burber. Simeon Morrill thetanner \ ale & Walters and S. Condon thetinsmiths, R. Mootry and J. Wells the tailors,TT ,,^\^^'^ ^^^ Henry Learning the butchers,U. C. Lee and Wm. Lee the proprietors of theRobinson Hall and Mansion House, respectively.John Norval kept a bookstore " overJ. Garrison's store."The first manufacturing enterprise on alarge scaleLondoninwas the tanneryof Mr.SimeonMorrill.It waserected on ablockboundedby Ridout,Talbot,Bat hurstand Yorkstreets.MorrillMr.gotthree lotsfrom Col.Talb o t—very unusualgift at thetime. Thesethree lotswere, on thenorth-westcorner ofthe block.Cob Talbotwas easilypersuadedthat an extensiveestablishmentsuch as Mr.Morrill contemplatedwould be a great boon, not onlyto the town, but to all the surroundingAs soon as the tannery establishment was infull force, the proprietoi- erected a large buildingfor the manufacture of shoes and boots.He w^as the first man in London who everONTARIO, CANADA. 105COURT HOUSE.townships. Leather at the time was scarce,costly, and not more than half dressed,Mr. Morrill, from the first day of the open-ing of his establishment, took from hiscustomers all hides, skins and pelts, anddressed them in first-class style, giving thecustomer one• half of the dressed leather.employed any large force, and always paidthem promptly in cash for their labor. Theestabhshment of Mi-. Moi-rill was three timesdestroyed by fire, but after each conflagrationhis men were at worlc in the hot ashes thenext day pre])aring to rebuild on a granderscale. Cash was scarce in those days, onefirm announcing that it would receive " porkand wheat in payment of debts and in exchangefor goods — part cash for good pork,"while another ofPered to "pay one dollar perbushel, in goods, for good wheat."Some years ago a pioneer shoemaker toldan amusingstorythat soundedapocryphal,but inthe light ofthese statementsmaybe true. Theshoemakervs^as seatedin his shoponedaywhen thereentered astalwartScotchmanwho askedif he did notwish to buya pig. Theshoemakerreplied thathe did, anda bargainstruck.wasThen theScotchmanpicked outseveral pairsof shoes forhis family.The twochatted on till nightfall, when the Scotchsaidhe must be going, and asked formanthe pay for his pig. "Why," repHed theshoemaker, " the shoes you have taken morethan balance the price puce of oi the tne pig — you arein my debt." " Hech, mon," retorted thecanny Scotchman, " dinna ye ken that pork'scaush?" The subtle humor of the speech andsituation did not seem to strike the Scotchman.The first financial transaction of whichthere is any record goes to show the price ofmoney, and eases the astonishment we feel

106 CITY OF LONDON,on hearing that in the early days a commonbarter was a bushel of wheat for a yard of" factory " (unbleached) cotton. In 1830 thebanking business was done at Hamilton, andthe charges on a protested draft in that yearamounted to within a fraction of 39 per cent.of the face of the bill. The draft was madefor £100, and the charges were made up asfollows : Damages, £20 ; 4 per cent, at NewYork on £120, £5 6s. 8d.; postage, 5s. 6d.:total, £38 18s. 9d. The first bank to estabherewas the Bank of Upperlish a branchCanada, thedate being1835. Themanager wasRichard Richardson,fatherMrs.(Judge)Hughes, of St.Thomas. Thebank wasthen locatedat the cornerof Ridout andof the Hon.Judge HughRichardson,of the SupremeCourtof Assiniboia,resident atRegina,andofKing streets.Mr. Richardsoncontinuedasmanageruntil the timeof his death,in April, 1838.Hewasburiedin St. Paul'sChurchyard.His successorCITYwas EdwardGo Idsmith,who was sent up from the head office totake charge temporarily, and after a fewmonths, Wm. Warren Street, the presentJudge Street's father, became the manager,and so continued for many years. Mr. JamesHamilton succeeded Mr. Street, and continuedas manager till the failure of the bankin the '60's. Later on the Commercial andthe Gore Banks founded branches in London,and the system of barter that formerly prevailedgradually went out of existence,though the " order " plan of paying wageslingered on till who shall say it finally dis-appeared ? At one time, indeed, the cityissued scrip of its own. With this, city workwas paid for, the scrip being receivable inreturn for taxes, market fees, licenses, or anycivic impost, and so acquired general circulationlocally, and answered all requirementstill remittances or acceptance of drafts becamenecessary. It covers all that is requiredto say that since the first establishment ofbanks here the financial facilities of Londonhave kept pace with the commercial requirements.HALL.At the present time the banks representedin Londonare asfollows: Bankof Commerce,G. del. O'-Grady, Esq.,manager;Bank of Toronto,JohnPringle, Esq.,manager;MolsonsBankP.W.D.Brod-Esq.,erick,manager;Merc han t sBank of Canada,A. St. L.Macintosh,Esq., manager;Bank ofMontreal, A.H. Beddome,Esq.,manager;and Bankof BritishNorth America,R. Inglis,Esq., manager;all ofwhich occupybuildingsthat addgreatly toLondon's beauty architecturally and valuecommercially. There was maintained inLondon a branch of the Federal Bank from1874 to 1882, and to it we are indebted forthe handsome building now occupied by theBank of Commerce. The Bank of Londonhad a brief career of about a yearin 1886-7, when it was wound up. A seriesof legal and financial complications followed,one effect of which was to seriouslycripple, and in some cases suspend, the operationsof industrial establishments, while theindirect effect was much more far-reaching.

The greater i>art, of the damage done wasto those not engaged in commercial or indu s t r ialpurs u i t s ,but who hadinvestedFRANCIS LOVE.Police Magistrate.ONTARIO, CANADA. 107their all —or nearly so— in theconcerns directlyaffected,witha view ofhaving apermanentincomefrom theproceeds ofthe investment.Thebusiness ofing and Loan Association, Wm. Spittal, Esq.,secretary-treasurfr. Without going into thedetails ofthe financialstandingof theseor any ofthem — thereader whomay be speciallyinterestedbeingreferred toa tabularstatementon a succeedingpage — itmay be saidin a generalway thatthe loan societieshavegreatly aidedin buildingvip theTHE LATE B..JONES PARKE.Kx-Police Magistrate.London,h o we ver,was on asound basis,and the disasterwas consequently felt more individually city and surrounding country, and have beenthan collectively. In addition to its banking the means of securing the investment of ainstitiitions, Londonlarge amount of foreigncapital amongstpossesses seven savingsand loan societies,us.the subscribed capitalThe earliest Gazetteerof Upper Canadaof which may be setdown in round numbersat about eighthad — probably theto w^hich access can bemillion dollars, morefirst ever issued —than half that amountmakes the statementbeing paid up. Belowthat "the commercialare the names of theaffairs of London aresocieties : Huron &regulated by a BoardErie Loan and SavingsCompany, G. A.ment is true only toof Trade." The state-Somerville, Esq., manager; Ontario Loanefforts made to im-the extent that alland Debenture Company,Wm. F. BuUen,status of London haveprove the commercialEsq., manager; DominionSavings andsupport of the Boardhad the unqualifiedInvestment Society,of Trade, which inNathaniel Mills, Esq.,many cases mootedman a g e r ; AgriculturalSavings andthat beneficial end.projects leading toLoan Company, C. P.Organized in 1857, itsButler, Esq., managerconstitution declaredCanadian Savings andthe Board of Trade toPOLICE COURT-HOUSE AND STATION.Loan Company, RobertFox, Esq., mana-"the promotion of justhave for its objectger ;London Loan Company of Canada, MalcolmJ. Kent, Esq., manager ; People's Build- abuses in trade, and the protection ofand equitable principles, the correction ofthe

108 CITY OF LONDON,THE LATE ROBERT REID.Ex-Chairman Public Library Board.TALBOT MACBETH, Q. C.Chairman Public Library Board.HENRY MACKLIN.Ex-Chairman Public Library Board.rights and the advancement of the interestsof the country generally." The first officersof the Board, with the possible exception ofone, have all been taken by death. Theywere: AdamHope,president;LionelRi d o u t,vice-president; J.II |[^C. Macklin,secretary;J. I.McKenzie, JohnBirrell, H.Chisholm,C.D.ShawWalterSims o n ,Chas. J.Hope, T.H. Buckley,G. M.Gunn, JasCoyne, D.Farrar,E.Leonard,Char 1 e sPUBLIC LIBRARY.Hunt, andJosephAnderson. A careful perusal of the minutesof every meeting held by the Board since itsorganization shows that the first subjectstaken up were the bankruptcy and usurylaws, then before the Legislature. It desiredto advance the legal rate of interest fromsix to seven per cent., taking the ground thatstringent usury laws vs^ere evaded and had atendencytokeepout t hef o r e i gncapitalnecessaryto developfordebtshouldthe country.TheBoardheld thatimprisonmentbe abolished,andas earlyas 1858 debatedthequestionof ProtectionversusFreeTrade. An u m berof membersheldthat a protective duty should be levied uponmanufactured goods equal to that imposed bythe United States. This, however, was aspeculative rather than a practical question

ONTARIO, CANADA. 109in those days, and does not sooni from therecords to have evoked much enthusiasmeither way. Matters of more direct con-p^-PROTESTANT ORPHANS' llOMK.cern excited greater interest, such as therules regulating the market and providingfor the proper packing, inspecting and brandingof butter. In 1862 we find the Boardtaking up seriouslythe questionof the circu- "lation of Americansilver, whichhad then become anuisance, and thesubject formed aperennial sourceof discussion forsixt ee n years.The Board earlyrecognized or anticipatedthe postalneeds of thesection, and in 1864petitioned for aBritish mail bagdirect to and fromthis city, whichpoint was gained - - -twenty - six yearslater. In 1864 alsothe Board beganan agitation for the abohtion of market fees,and it is entitled to whatever credit is duefor first bringing up this subject in a publicway. The fees were finally abolished in 1882,the county council in return throwing off thetolls on all the I'oads in the county save theProof Liiu% which is the property of a jointstock company. The i'(!ciprocitytreaty with the United Statesreceived a good deal of attentionfor a period covering severalyears, but it was finallydropped by the Board comingto the conclusion that any proposalsfor a renewal shouldcome from the country that hadabrogated the treaty. To touchupon all the minor matters inwhich the Boai-d of Trade hasplayed a judicious part in theinterests of London would be toexceed the space at command,but a few of the more importantmatters may be briefly referredto. The chief of these isthe support which the Boardhas always given to every movementtowards developing Londoninto the great railway centerit is to-day—for be it knownthat London has more trainsarriving and departing daily than any othercity in Canada. The Board was foremost inthe field in the matter of the London, Huronand Bruce Railway, raising a personal sub-IcAGED PEOPLE SHOME.^3}>jMUji&!scription for preliminary expenses. It alsopetitioned the Council for aid, and held severalmeetings devoted to this object. TheBoard took an active part in first gaining

? So .SOJ .EoMoBoQceoP^aH^noo

ONTARIO, CANADA.Illadmittanc-e to the rity for the Canad;Southern (Michigan Central), and used strenuous endeaA'ors to havethe Credit Valley extendedto London—a result thatwas achieved later onwhen the Canadian PacificRailway reached here—andit was in a groat measuredue to the efforts of theBoard that the latter roadselected London as one ofits divisional headquarters.The Board opposedthe amalgamation of theGrand Trunk and GreatWestern. In 1867 theBoard publicly called attentionto the fact that thechemical works in this citywas the only one in BritishAmerica, and also, whilediscussing the qviestion ofoil inspection, pointed outthat Canadian oil was notso explosive as that refinedacross the border. In 1868the Board recommendedthe issuance of a license toa pork-packing house in the city. It favoredthe inspection of hides and leather, urged therepeal of the Stamp Act, advocated the removalofcanaltoUsand suggestedtheappointmentof adry goodsappraiserfor thiscustomsdistric tDuringthe oil excitementperiod theBoard interestedLATE DB. C. G. MOORE.First City Physician.Trade, which has also exerted itself beneficiallyin municipal affairs, notably in connectionwith the buildingof the car shops, the establishmentof the waterworksand other enterprises ofmoment. A matter of nationalconcernaroseinl875,as it has since, and theBoard then took strongground against allowingAmericans to sell tea dutyfree in Canada, as tendingto discourage direct tradebetween Canada and thecountries of growth. Bythe way, it may not begenerally known that inthe early days of Londontea was considered a luxury,even for the well-todo.Many of the older settlerswere in the habit ofdrinking what they called" Plains Tea," made from ashrub that grew on thehillside north of Northstreet. It was of the willowfamilyi^.S'aZ/./-herbaceaj,common on the banksand was more or lessof what was Devinney's tailrace, even in thepast quarter of a century. A somewhatsimilarplant isused inlieu, of teain someportionsof India,and it issaid thatpalatablebeverage.On thiss u b jeet,Mr. FreemanTalbotsaysitself inobtainingthat thesuch trainearly settlersprivilegeshadas wouldmanysubstitute sST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL,allow oiloperatorsfor theto spend their days in Bothwell and their real article — spicewood, sassafras, juniper,nights in London, The Western Fair has and black currant leaves— each and all madeever found a staunch friend in the Board of a drink that very few could object to. Foritamakesvery

save112 CITY OF LONDON,coffee, tliey had peas, corn, rye and bread,and, if the aroma is not deceptive, we havein many instances the selfsame substitutes today.A municipal change generally concededto be a reform — the collection of taxes byinstalments, and earlier in the year—was alsoadvocated by the Board of Trade. Among itsother municipal recommendations were theexempt . buildings used for places ofpublic worship and for no other purpose.The first recommendation is now the law ofthe land, but, like many another law, it ismore noted for its breaches than its observances.To speak of all the minor matters inwhich the Board took part would be prolixrather than profitable, but it may be said in at'ENTRAL FIBE HALL.abolition of wards, a reduction of the numberof aldermen and school trustees, and theelection of women to the School Board. Amost successful matter was its petition in1890 to the Ontario Government to increasethe jurisdiction of the division courts, sinceacted upon. The Board also recommended in1875 that all property should be assessed atits real value, and that nothing should begeneral way that at all times it has shownitself alert to the commercial and municipalneeds of London. A cognate organization,the Chamber of Commerce, was organizedearly in the '70's, and later the Merchants andManufacturers' Exchange, but in 1881 allthese bodies coalesced under the old name ofthe Board of Trade. The officers of theBoard at the present time are : President,

ONTARIO, CANADA. 113James Mattinson ; vice president, A. M.bniart; socrotaiy tn^asurer, J. A. Nelles.Council— Messrs. P. W. D. Broderick, John-Bowman, C\)l. Gartshore, W. J. Reid A BGreer. John McClary, John Campbell,' T. H.^mailman, W. J. Saunby, J. H. Ginge, J. W.l.ittle, and V. B. Hunt.Board of Arbitration—D. W. Blackwell, J. A. Kennedy, L. H.Ingram, D. S. Perrin, V. H. Elliott, Thos.Bryan, R. Inghs, P. Poeoek, J. H. Ginge, S.^tevely, A. St. L. Macintosh, and J. D.Auditor—Thos. A. Browne.S. Hobhs, W. (;. Allen, F. A. Fitzgerald, Robt.Reid, Jr., W. J. Saunby, H. C. Strutliers, JohnMcClary, D. W. Blackwcdl, W. M. Gartshore,S. Sterling, T. H. Smallman, and John Forrestal.Reference was made in the preceding paragraphto the days of the oil boom in WesternOntario. It was believed by many that theoil so freely pumped at Bothwell continuedits underground course to London, andseveral derricks were put up and wells putXO. 2 FIRE STATION. NO. 3 FIRE STATION.Saunby. Board of Examiners—C. B. Hunt,W. J. Saunby, J. D. Saunby, John Sutherland,and John S. Pearce. Western Fair Representatives—A.B. Greer, J. W. Little, T. H.Smallman, W. J. Reid, A. M. Smart, and A.St. L. Macintosh. Railway and MunicipalA. M. Smart, George McCormick, C. S. Hyman,J. H. Ginge, J. W. Little, John Campbell,C. W. Leonard, L. H. Ingram, A. M.Smith, John Bowman, John Labatt, A. W.White, J. R. Minhinnick, Sir John Carling, T.One ofclown to test the truth of the theory.these derricks still stands at the foot of Dundasstreet. The White Sulphur Springs werestruck while boring for oil, and have flowedcontinuously ever since. It soon became apparentthat oil was not to be had, and the boringswere gradually abandoned, though insome cases the derricks remained till they fellto pieces of their own accord or were tornapart for fuel. In this connection, in 1865,an oily sharper named Hicks undertook a

114 CITY OF LONDON.confidence game. He proposed to sink a wellat the foot of the spur which forms the northeastangle of the boundaryof what is now Woodlandcemetery, then a farm. Hehad interested a number ofsanguine local capitalists, aderrick was erected andboring indulged in, till suddenlyit was announcedthat oil had been struck.Sure enough, there it was,oozing from the hole andfloating down the rivuletto the river. The excitementthat ensued causedordinarily well-balancedheads to become unhinged,and the wildest dreams ofwealth were indulged in.The "castles in Spain" that"were erected would havekept busy a battalion ofarchitects. Farmers in theneighborhood refused fabulousofEers for bondingprivileges, and the " Col.Sellers "of the day could scarcely find enoughfigures in the multiplication table to calculatethe m i 1 -lions thatwere to beJUDGE EDWARD ELLIOTT.JUDGE VVII^LIAM ELLIOT.made. Butsic transitgloria olea!It all fadedintono th ingness,andwas asifit had never been,when itwas discover e dbysome PaulPry thatthe oilfound itsvs^ay froma cask thathad beencached inthe hillsideby Hicks,who leftvery littlethe city with no ceremony andcash.The oil trade, however, did a great deal indeveloping London, and the trade served tomake London known all over the Dominion.London also had itsland " boom," though theword then had not the significancewhich modern acceptanceof a slang phrasejustifies. It occurred in1851, and many lots werethen sold at figures whichthey would not commandto-day if forced upon themarket. Suburban lotswere surveyed nearly asfar west as Komoka, andthe records shovs^ the saleof land on Dundas street,between Wellington andWaterloo, at $100 per foot." Hamilton's Bush," at thecorner of Ridout streetsouth and Grand Avenue,was disposed of at an extravagantfigure, though itstood as a bush for well onto a generation afterwards.The late N. Reid purchaseda block of land near Adelaide street, and afterpaying taxes thereon for thirty years, sold itfor the price he had originally paid. Theboom didnot lasthow-long,ever,thoseandwnohad not theforesig ht— or theluck, as thecase maybe—to sellwere fora numberof yearsweighteddown withtheir realestate holdings,andfully realizedwhatit is to beland poor.Shortly afterwardsTHE LATE JUDGE DAVIS.came thecommercial depression which spread all overthe country at the close of the Crimeanwar, and the year 1857 saw the beginning

KESIDEXCE OF VERSCHOYLE CRONYX. RESIDENCE OF AV. J. REID.RESIDENCE OF MAJOR BEATTIE, M. P.RESIDENCE OF ADAM BECK.RESIDENCE OF GEORGE ROBINSON. RESIDENCE OP C. W. LEONARD.(

116 CITY OF LONDON,of troublous times for allin the commercialworld, and many were compelled to gounder in the almost universal wreck. London'snatural position, however, stood heryears the assessment of London increasednearly one hundred per cent., yet in the fifthyear the increase over the first of this periodwas but three per cent. To put it more con-^ ^THE LATE E. W. HYIMAN.First Water Commissioner,1878.J. K. MINHINNICK.First Water Commissioner,1878.WILLIAM ROBINSON.Engineer, Water Commissioners,1878.Sir John Carling, First Water Comraissioner, 1878. (See page 130.)EX.-ALD. JAMES BGAN.Chairman No. 3 on passage ofWaterworks By-law.in good stead, and she faster than manyother less fortunately -placed centers ralliedfrom the shock and found herself once moreon a sound commercial basis. It was at thistime that the Corporationissued the scrip previouslycisely : An assessment of $100 in the firstyear had increased to $200 in the fourth year,and gone back to $103 in the fifth year.In its early days London little dreamed ofits coming greatness as ae- _ railroad center, and heroicJ. M. MOORE.Engineer, Water Commissioners,1900.WILLIAM JONES.Cliairman, Water Commissioners,1900.J. W. Little, Water Commissioner, 1900. (See page 122.)O. ELLWOOD.Secretary, Water Commissioners,1900.referred to, and which materially helped totide over the difficulty.Some idea of the inflation that prevailedmay be gathered from the fact that in fourefforts were necessary to secure a beginningin this direction. The question waslong agitated before, in 1834, an act of incorporationwas secured for the London and

ONTARIO, CANADA. 117to cnuiect Burling-S^rRnv'^'v/n^"name ofJ^f^^"«^the proposed company beinghow.r;?;]. 11 U f ?•^""- ""^he project, changed to the Great Western Railroad (!om,atthat tune did not go beyond pany. The London and Port Sarnia RailroadTHE WATERWORKS AND SPRINGBANK PARK.obtaining the charter, and even this wasallowed to lapse. Eleven years later, however,in 1845, the project was revived, theCompany was chartered in 1853, when theGreat Western was opened, the road to bebuilt from the foot of the lake to intersect

118 CITY OF LONDON,the Great Western at or near London. Thisis now well known locally as "the SarniaBranch," forming part of the trunk hne beneverreached fruition. The first publicrecord in connection with the London andPort Stanley Railroad appears in the CouncilProceedings of 1853, when, at the first meet-SPBINGBANK, LOOKING NOBTH-WEST, AND EX-MAYOK LITTLE'S SUMMER RESIDENCE.tween the east and west. In 1857 the Londonand Lake Huron Railroad Company waschartered. It was to build from London to apoint at or near Port Frank, but the projectiiig in January, Murray Anderson moved,seconded by John Carling, that the Mayor,Edward Adams, call a meeting of the citizensto consider the project. The meeting was

ONTARIO, CANADA. 119favorable, and asa result the company wasincorporated in May, and in the followingAugust the Corporation decided to take stockm the road to the extent of $25,000. St.Ihomas Middlesex and Elgin having heldaloot when it was supposed they would haveaided, it became necessary three years latertor London to again step to the front, whichshe did to the extent of $28,000 in debenturesand $5,000 in cash, and the following year afiirther sum of $30,000 was granted. OnOctober 2, 1856, the road was opened. Thehistory of the road was commonplace anduneventful till 1872, when the need of repairsto the roadbed and of additions to the rollingstock became so apparent that something hadto be done, and in that year the road wasWestern, it was not renewed, and after agood deal of negotiation, during which Londonbought the interest of St. Thomas in theroad, the lease passed into the hands of theLake Erie and Detroit River Railroad, whichnow operates it. Of the original incorporatorsof the company but one is alive — FreemanTalbot. The others were E. JonesParke, Murray Anderson, G. W. Boggs, W. D.Hale, G. R. Williams, Robert Thomson, Wm.H. Higman, J. M. Batt, Boyce Thomson,Lawrence Lawrason, Lionel Ridout, S. S.Fomeroy, Elijah Leonard, Wm. Smith, S.Morrill, E. W. Hyman, Thomas C. Dixon,Alex. Anderson, Thomas Carling, EdwardAdams, Samuel Feters, John K. Labatt,Wm. Barker, Daniel Harvey, Murdoch Mc-VIEW, LOOKING EAST, FROM SPRINGBANK.leased to the Great Western for a period oftwenty years. This course had been mootedfive years previously, in 1867, when the returnsshowed that the earnings of the roadfor the year had been $42,759.91, an increasefor the year of $3,651.66. The MichiganCentral Railroad was given running powersover the road north of St. Thomas in 1886,and still retains this privilege. On the lapse,by effluxion of time, of the lease to the GreatKenzie, Crowell Wilson, and Cyrenius D.Hall. It is not generally known that, barringa few short lines without passengertraffic, which operate between mines and theseaboard, the proportion of earnings to "workingexpenses, and the earnings per train mile,are greater on the Fort Stanley than on anyother railroad in Canada. In 1870 the projectof the London, Huron and Bruce Railroadwas first publicly mooted, and in 1871

120 CITY OF LONDON,the citizens voted for a by-law giving a bonus " stub line," running from the main line atof $100,000 to that line. The road was opened St. Mary's. The first Grand Trunk depot wasin 1875, and in the following year was located on the south-eastern outskirts of theamalgamated with the Great Western sys- city. It was an old frame shed, used alikeJt.iltXCHKlSTIi;.wv.JOIIV CAMPBELL,_ 1872..80-8LElijah Liconabd, Mayor 1857. (Sec Senators, page 132.)EX-MAYORS OF LONDON.C. S. Hyman, Mayor 188L (See M. P.'s, page 131.)tem. London was connected with the Grand for freight and passengers, but soon gaveTrunk in the building of that road westward place to a brick structure which is still standfromToronto, in 1859, but the London branch ing and used as a mercantile warehouse,was what is known in railroad parlance as a The location was inconvenient, however, and

ONTARIO, CANADA. 121the passenger station was removed to an old then became the central point of a railwaywooden shed at the junction of Bathurst and system radiating to the four cardinal points-BurweJl streets with the Hamilton Road, of the compass, and for all practical purposesims was destroyed by fire in 1872, and was to the whole thirty-two points. In 1887 the.lA.MKSCOW.VN1.SM7 HX.J. W. Little, Mayor 1895-96-97. (See page 122.) J. D. Wilson, Mayor 1898-99. (See page 123.)BX-MAYOBS OF LONDON.replaced by a neat brick structure, subse- Canadian Pacific Railroad entered London,quently abandoned on the amalgamation of and thus gave us a direct line on Canadianthe Grand Trunk with the Great Western, soil to the whole Northwestern Provinces andThis fusion took place in 1882, and London [continued on page 123.]

122 CITY OF LONDON,EX-MAYOR J. W. LITTLE.A glance over the minutes of the Councilproceedings for the three-years term duringwhich Mr. J. W. Little occupied the office ofChief Magistrate of the city, 1895-6-7, showsa record worthy of preservation. It is notpretended, of course, that Mr. Little, unaided,carried out all the changes and improvementsby his individual efforts, nor would he desirethat such an impression should be conveyed.He always had a loyal Council at his back tofurther his suggestions. All the minor mattersof the regime cannot be touched upon inthe space at command, but a glance at theleading featvires will beof interest.The firstof note was the rearrangementof the CityHall so that all theoffices of the variousdepartments were removedto the first floor— a great convenienceto those having business"withthe officials,as well as greatly addingto the beauty ofthe Hall from an architecturalpoint of view.The asphalt pavementswere laid, and thestreet-car system ofthe city extended andelectrified, while theroad roller was purchasedas an auxiliaryin the improvement ofpartsthe streets in allof the city. The firstmacadam pavementswere also laid, and amost comprehensive.J.system of sewerageadopted. The annexationof London Westbrought about a most desirable change inthe geographical aspect of the city, andadded a large number to our population.The diversion of Hunt's mill race resultedin the removal of t^vo unsightly bridges fromone of our important streets, making adecided improvement in that vicinity. Thebridges also received attention, those on thePort Stanley road being rebuilt, while anew means of access to the Sixth Ward wasprovided by the King street bridge, underwhich the sewer pipe runs. The WesternFair buildings were greatly improved andincreased accommodation provided, and thecar shops, which had been burnt and theruins allowed to remain for some years, wereW. LITTLE.Mayor of London, 1895-96-9;rebuilt, and now give employment to upwardsof 400 men. Matters pertaining to the FireDepartment received attention, the electricalarm boxes being renewed and the aerialtruck purchased, thus giving the Departmentthe use of a piece of fire-fighting apparatuswhich it had previously lacked, while a systemof accident insurance for the men of theDepartment was inaugurated. To add to theefficiency of the corporation laborers, housesfor the storage of tools and implements wereprovided, combining utility with economy.The by-law under which the magnificentVictoria Hospital was erected was passedduring Mr. Little'sterm. He was also activein the formationof the London andSouth-eastern RailwayCompany, "which,though it never builta road, is still a charteredcompany, andof great service toLondon in its variousnegotiations with otherrailway corporations.In the financial line,during Mr. Little'sterm, a much morecomprehensive systemof preparing the reportsof the various citydepartments was inaugurated,the auditors'annual report nowtouching upon, manypoints previously omitted,and it is worthy ofnote that during thesame period a sale ofbonds brought fromthe investors the bestprice that had,up tillthat time, ever beenpaid for the city bonds. Among the manyacts for which Mr. Little was personally responsiblewas the presentation to the city ofa new and thoroughly up-to-date ambulance,which is now located at the Police Station,and is always ready for any emergency call,and on the occasion of the Queen's Jubilee hehad struck a large number of medals to commemoratethe event, one of which he presentedto every school child in the city, whilstsilver medals were provided for the aldermenand city officials. His acts of private charitywere many in cases where applicants for reliefwere really in need, but under circumstanceswhich, while evoking sympathy, didnot legally justify the use of pubHc funds.

ONTARIO, CANADA. 123EX-MAYOR. JOHN D. \VII,S()N.the overwhelming majority of the peopleThe administrativo term of Mayor John being orderly and law-abiding, but there isIJ. Wilson was marked by a notable event in no saying where the end would have beenthe opennig of the new General Hospital — had not the supremacy of law and ordermonument to London's philanthropy and a been promptly and firmly insisted upon.strikmg addition to the architectm-al beauty Talien all in all. Mayor Wilson's term ofof the city. Though the by-law authorizing office was a memorable one, and in afterthis structure was passed in a preceding term, years many events will be dated from thatIt IS a well-known fact that the plan in its period.entirety, involving as it did an expenditure of[CONTINUKD FROM PAGE 1217]over one hundred thousand dollars, would Territories and to the Pacific Ocean, in additionto furnishing a competitive route tonever have been carried to completion but forthe tenacity, pertinacity and determination many points in Ontario, the Eastern andof the gentleman who occupied the office of Western States and the seaboard. So muchChief Magistrate during the period of its for the rise and progress of railroad facilitieserection and up till thein London, which is thetime of its formal opening.The Hospital assituated, so far as rail-most advantageouslyit stands to-day is oneways are concerned, ofof the most completeany city in Canada.and up-to-date institutionsof its kind on thetrains arrive at andAs before said, morecontinent, and affordsdepart from Londonfull opportunity for thedaily than from anyseparation and isolationof patients whereminion. This generalother point in the Do-successful treatmentdescription should bedemands such a measure.Mayor Wilsonglance at the map givensupplemented by aalso had the honor duringhis term of officeby there may be ob-on another page, where-of bidding godspeed totained a better knowledgeof London's pecul-the Londoners who volunteeredfor serviceiarly fortunate situationas a railway center.against the Boers inSouth Africa, and appropriatelyvoiced thethe whole area of theIt will be seen thatsentiments of the communitygenerally inOntario is tributary tomost fertile portion ofgiving the gallant soldierlads a befittingmercialthis city as its com-JOHN andD. WILSON, M. Dmanufacturingmetropolis.send-off. A point thatMayor of London, 1898-99.required a good deal ofIt may be broadlytact in dealing with itstated that London hasarose during Mayor Wilson's term of office in never been without a public market place.quelling an incipient riot that might have Almost coincident with the first settlement agrown to formidable proportions in less capablehands. A strike of street railway emhousesquare for market purposes. It wasframe building was erected on the courtployees,the merits of which need not be discussedhere, led to the assemblage of thou-site, but this did not prove satisfactory, andshortly afterwards removed to the presentsands of people upon the streets. They were it was again shifted to what was the extremefor the most part mere curiosity mongers, south-eastern portion of the village, on Wellingtonstreet. Here, again, dissatisfactionbut the presence of the crowds tempted a fewturbulent and unthinking persons to throw af'ose, and the market was moved to the sitemissiles at the cars, endangering the public of the present Grand Trunk station, fromsafety. The police force not being numericallyequal to the occasion, the Mayor read present Market Square. This was in 1853,whence it was finally taken and placed on thethe Riot Act and called out the military to when a lot was purchased on Dundas street,clear the streets. The disorder ended there, from L. Lawrason, for an entrance. For this

Henry Dbeaney.Edward Parnell, Jr.William Reed.MEMBERS OF THE BOARDW. H. WiNNETT.Hugh M. Douglass.John Wilkey.F. G. RuMBAi.L. (See page 126.)Robert A. Carrothers.Stephen O'Meaka.John W. MoCallum.

John H. Pritchard.'George C. Jolly.Joshua Garratt.OF ALDERMEN FOR 1899.Charles M. R. Graham.Patrick McPhillips.Francis J. Plant.Ja.mes Malloch.Andrew Greenlees-

12(5 CITY OF LONDON.land £25 per foot was paid. This is the presentMarket Lane, but it may not be generallyknown that four feet of this lane is privateproperty, and it is closed up periodically for afew hours so that the title shall not lapse byprescription. It was also resolved to go onwith the town hall, but a bitter fight arose asto whether it should face on Richmond streetor the Market Square. The form of theoriginal building, known to present-day citizensas the City Hall, would suggest that acompromise was reached, so that either sidemight be called the "front." The totalamount of the various contracts for thisbuilding was £7,501 10s.compute its total cost asit stands to-day ? Marketfees were an institutionfrom the first, but thefirst record of the privilegeof collection beingsold appears in 1843,when Maurice Baker paid£169 17s. The followingyear Alex. S. Armstrongpaid £251—an odd figure,probably based on a beliefthat the generally acceptedvalue of the privilegewas about an even thousanddollars. In 1848 alsowe find the first record ofsvhatwas afterwardsquite common tiU the feeswere abolished— a manbefore the Magistrate forfailing to pay the marketfees. His name was Wm.Cahill, and he was orderedto pay the fee of two shillingsand a fine and costsamounting to thirteenshillings and ninepence.In the same year JohnSchofield purchased a pigwhich had not been takeninto the public square,and for this act againstthe public weal he wascondemned to pay a fineof ten shillings and eightshillings costs. The firstrecord of market prices,beyond the offering ofone dollar in goods for abushel of wheat, appears in 1850, when we findthe following : Fall wheat, .3s. 5d. per fiftypounds (within a couple of cents of a dollarper bushel); spring wheat, 2s. 9d. (79 centsper bushel); oats. Is. 3d. per bush.; timothyseed, 7s. 6d. per bush.; hay, 55s.;. straw, 25s.;flour, 7s. 6d. per cwt.; potatoes. Is. 10|d. perbush.; apples, 2s. 6d.; pork, 20s. per cwt.; beef,2d. per lb.; mutton, 2d.; butter (salt andfresh), 7|d. per lb.; eggs, 7|d. per doz.; geese,each. Is.; fowls, 7^d. per pair ; turkeys, 2s. 6d.The month was February, and the outsideprices are quoted. In an old paper of theperiod are given the following market quotationsfor September 30, 1844 : Wheat, 3s. to3s. 9d.; oats. Is. to Is. 3d.; rye, 2s. 6d.; potatoes.Is. to Is. 3d.; hay, per ton, 30s.; straw,per load, 10s. to 12s. 6d.; barley, 2s. 6d.; beef,3d.; but who shall per cwt., 15s.; mutton, per lb., 3^d.; veal, 2|d.;F. a. RUMBALL.Mayor of London, 1900.The municipal career of Mayor Runiballhas been brief, but essentially noteworthy.Elected first for the year 1897 as aldermanto represent a Ward in which lie did not reside—butin which, however, his place ofbusiness was located—he served with acceptancefor the term. On his re-election, aftera year in which he did not participate inmunicipal affairs, he was chosen as chairmanof the most important committee, andwas chosen as Mayor for the succeeding year(19()0). His administration has V)een markedby clean-cut business methods and a wellconductedcouncil.hams, per lb., 5d.; butter,per lb., 6d.; eggs, 5d.;fowls, per pair. Is.; turkeys,3s. l^d. The figurespossess a certain degreeof interest as a reminiscence,but they point nomoral. The conditionsof life then were so utterlydifferent from now thatcomparison is out of thequestion.About the periodspoken of, a second genbusinessmeneration ofbegan to appear on thescene. Dennis O'Brien,the pioneer, had just retired,and it is interestingto note who were theleading commercial spiritsof that day, showing asit does the progress thathad been made in Londonwhat may beduringcalled the first generationof its commercial men.It will be noticed that thegrowth was most markedin the mercantile, hotelkeepingand professionallines, while an observerof to-day would say thatthe most marked characteristicof London is itsmanufacturing population.At this point pardona digression, which ismore or less pertinent.It is a noteworthy factthat, while other industries have flourished,distilleries have never gained a permanentfoothold in London. At one time or anotherthere have been four, but none exists

MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF ALDERMEN FOR 1900.Ori'O E. Brener.Hugh A. Stfa'ENSOn, M. Ii.Richard Wuay.David Ross.Xeit. Cooper.William Gerrv.Heney Winder.John W. Bartlett.Thomas Jenkins.John Baiined.Aldermen for 1899-1900: Dreauey, Winnett, Pritchard, Plant, Jolly, Malloch, Garratt, Douglass. (See pages 121 and 123.)

128 CITY OF LONDON,to-day, nor has there beenone for over a generation,though Moore's distillery isa landmark still standingon the river bank in thesouth-eastern part of thefity. It is related of DennisO'Brien that he ascribed hiscommercial downfall to hisdistillery. Some mightregard this as pointing asignificant moral ; othersmight quote the success ofdistilleries elsewhere, andhint that the failures inLondon were in some measui'edue to the number ofillicit or " moonshine " stillsin operation in this neighborhood.That, however,is beside the question ; theT. G. MEREDITH.City Solicitor.ever made in London wasmade by John Dymond ; hisbrewery stood on the northside of North street. Thebusiness directory of. Londonin 1850 — precisely halfa century ago—was as follows:Auctioneer—John Talbot.Booksellers—F.B. Beddome,J. Gillean, J. M. Graham,Robert Reid.Breioers—Wm. Carling,John Dymond, Eccles &Labatt.Builders—Thomas Code,J. Elliott, Green & Bros.,Geo. Watson, Winson &Screaton.Banks—Bank of Montreal(John Fraser, manager).C. A. KINGSTON.City Clerk./JOHX POPE.City Treasurer.F. JEWELL, E. C. A.City Auditor.fact remains. Asshowingthe pricesthat thenprevailed,I find anadveVtisemen t inwhich DennisO'Bi-ienoffers forsale 200barrels of" prime oldwhiskey "at Is. 3d.(25c.) pergallon. Thefirst beerA. O. GRATDON.City Engineer.STEPHEN GRANT.City Assessment Commissioner.Bank ofUpper Canada(JamesHamilton,manager).CommercialBank(Chas.Monsa r r a 1 1manager).Gore Bank( W. W.Street,manager).Mr. Street,who wasthe fatherof the presentJusticeStreet, had

ONTARIO, CANADA. 129previously been manager of the Bank ofUpper Canada, leaving its seivico in 1845. Heafterwards removed to Chicago, and becameAssistant City Freight Agent of the MichiganCentral Kailway. He was president of thebt. Ueorges Society in that city for manyyears prior to hisChii )i(Uer-Hy. Dalton.Cabin e t7nake)s— E.P. Ellis, J.B. Merrill,Mountjoy &Sons,W.Till.CarriageBuildem —M. Holmes,A. Lawrie,Plummer &Pacey.C ommissionM e r -chant—WilsonMills.Dry GoodsMerchants—Adair &Thompson,MatthewColovin, B.Cox & Co.,Wm. Gordon,G. M.Gunn, Dan'lMacfie,FrancisMcGill,Geo. G. Magee,Matt.McGill, J. G.Mcintosh &Co., R. S.Murray &Co., JohnPhillips,John Raymond,Tyasdeath.THE LATE A. S. ABBOTT.Ex-City Clerk.WM. BELL.License and Relief Inspector.& Williams.Druggists— B. A. Mitchell,John Salter, John Williams.Distillers—Wm. Moore, Samuel Peters.Founders—M. Anderson, Jackson & Elliott,E. Leonard.Grocers— E. Adams, T. H. Buckley, Wm.Glass, Hugh Macfie, D. Murphy, A. Paull,Hugh Rose, Frank Smith, A. & G. Smyth,Robert Wilson.General Merchants— Hope, Birrell & Co.,Lawrason & Chisholm, J. C. Macklin.Hotels—Wm. Balk will, W. Barker, J. M.Bennett, W. B. Lee, John Smyth, S. Smith,David Thompson, and the following, personallykept by the persons whose names theybear : Matthews' Hotel, McDowell's Hotel,W. C. L. GILL.Registrar.Macfie's Hotel,Robertson'sHotel,Strong's Hotel,and Rober t Summers' Hotel.Hatters —Thomas C.Dixon, E.RaymondHardirare—L. Ridout.I n s u rance—W. H.Chi Ids, J.Frankhn, H.Lambk i nAlex. Macdonald,S. S.Pomeroy.Livery - J.Coote, JohnJ ennings,W. T. Kiely.Laioy e r s— Hy. Becher,R. Becher,JamesD a n i e 1 1Wm. Horton,E.JonesParke, Thos.Scatcherd,J. F. Saxon,J.Shanly,D.M. Thompson,John1 s o n,CounsellorHughes.T. T. WILLIAMS.Mi I ler—Chief of Police.Rog'r Smith.Printer sand Publishers—W. Sutherland (Free Press),Lemon & Hart (Times), H. A. Newcombe.Physicians — A. Anderson, David Farrar,Henry Going, A. McKenzie, Charles G. Moore,George Southwick, Thomas Phillips.Sash Factory—Wm. Bissell.Saddlers — Robert Darch, Robert Fennell,[continued on page 132.]W i

iI'1John'':Parliament130 CITY OF LONDON,SirSIR JOHN CABLING.John Carling presents such a uniquefigure in his public career that soine extendednotice is worthy of place. No other publicman in Canada, of whom we are aware, hassuch a record. The following sketch is takenfrom the Farmer's Advocate of January, 1891,and it is so full and complete, up to that date,that it only remains to be added that SirJohn is now in the Senate for the secondtime—also a unique event in the career of aCanadian public man — he having resignedafter serving a term, when first appointed, torun again for the Commons, subsequentlybeing reappointed tothe Senate. The sketch i -below quoted gives allthe salient facts in SirJohn's history, but it;may be added that inaddition to his publicacts he has al"ways advocatedand worked forthe advancement ofwhat is practically,though not literally,his native city.From the Farmer's Advocateof January, 1891 :''Hon. John Carling, Ministerof Agriculture in theDominion, was born in thetownship of London, countyof Middlesex, on the 2.3rd January,1828. His father, a nativeof Yorkshire, was oneof the pioneer settlers of thisdistrict, and saw the City ofLondon spring from the forestwilderness and grow tobe the commercial center ofWestern Ontario. At elevenyears of age, Mr. Carling,with his father, removed tothe above city, where he receivedhis early education.In 1849 he and his br otherWilliam succeeded to the brewing business which theirfather had begun. In 18.50 he was elected to his firstpublic position, that of school trustee, and continued amember of the Board of Education for four years. In18.54 he was elected to the Town Council, and served thecity in the capacity of an alderman for another fouryears. In December, 18.57, he was first elected to Parliament—the old Parliament of Canada—and continued asa representative in that House until Confederation.1802 he was appointed Receiver-General in the Macdonald-CartierGovernmentof Old Canada, and was returnedby acclamation on accepting office. He continued inParliament after the defeat of that administration on ageneral appeal to the country, the late Win. McBridebeing his opponent. At Confederation, dual representationbeing then in vogue, he accepted office as Commissionerof Agriculture and Public Works in the firstOntario Government, holding at the same time his seatin the Commons. In the contest of that year he wasopposed by the late James Durand for the Local Legislatureand the late James Peacock for the Commons.He continued in office in the Local Legislature after theelection of 1871, in which the late Frank Cornish washis opponent, still holding his seat at Ottawa. He re-* Since the above article was fir.st printed all of those gentlemen have pasiscrl away, with the exception of Sir Hcolor LangMr. Baurassa mentioned was the falher of the present member of that name.Insigned with the Government, however, in the fall of thatyear. In 1872 dual representation was abolished, and heresigned his seat in the Legislature, to be succeeded byMr. W. R. Meredith. In the same year he was re-electedto the Commons over the present Judge McMahon.In 1874, however, he was defeated by the late Col. Walker,under circumstances with which the people of Canadaare tolerably familiar. When Col. Walker was unseatedand disqualified in 187.5, Mr. Carling did not againpresent himself for re-election. In 1878 he was electedchairman of the first Board of Water Commissionersfor the City of London, and during that year the presentefficient system of waterworks was constructed. InSeptember of that year he was again elected to the DominioaParliament in a contest with the late Col. Walker,and has continued to represent the City of Londonever since. On May 23rd, 1882, just before the generalelection, he was sworn in as Postmaster-General, whichportfolio he held till 25th December, 1885, when he wascalled to the responsible positionhenow holds of Minister!of Agriculture. In the interimhe has succeeded intwo contests, one with Mr.Campbell and the othier with Mr. C. S. Hyman.It is worthy of remark thatX,HON. SIR .JOHN CABLING, K. C. M. G.of all the men who were inwhen Mr. Carlingfirst entered it in 1857,but four are still there— SirJohn Macdonald, Sir HectorLangevin, Mr. Bourassa, andMr. Daoust.* Mr. Carlinghas been prominently identifiedwith the material progressof London, and in publiclife he has played a no lessconspicuous part. As Directorof the Great WesternRailway, he was instrumentalin securing the G.W.B. and Ontario car shops forLondon, as well as the London,Huron & Bruce Railwayand manyfor this district,years later he was the chieffactor in bringing the CanadianPacific Railway to thatcity. It will be rememberedthat as Minister of Agriculturein the Local Legislaturehe established the firstExperimental Farm in Canada,selecting Mirnico, nearToronto, as the site. Subsequentlyhis successor inoffice changed the site to Guelph. And while Commissionerof Public Works he directed the building ofthe London Insane Asylum, Belleville Asylum for theDeaf and Dumb, and the Brantford Asylum for theBlind. More recently he secured the Military Schoolfor London. He also'carried out the extensive schemeof drainage which renders so large a portion of thewestern peninsula of Ontario fit for settlement, and atthe same time opened up the free-grant lands of Muskoka.He was the first to have grants of money setapart for Mechanics' Institutes and the Fruit-growers'and Entomological Societies. In his capacity as DominionMinister of Agriculture he has reared a monumentto his memory in the far-reaching and splendidly-equippedsystem of Experimental Farms. They will live andbe useful when Mr. Carling and his political associateshave passed away from the scene of action. In conclusion,it may be remarked that Mr. Carling, in his privatelife, has exhibited all those qualities of generosity,of unchanging affability and devotion to friendshipwhich make the very brightest complement to a usefuland industrious public life. Long may his generovisand useful life be spared and devoted to his nativecountry."The

ONTARIO, CANADA.131JlKMHKHs OK Parliament:t'»i.. JlAiiLON Bi'KWKi.i., is:«.Hx.Mii.LoN H. Kn.i.Ai.i.v, LS;w,I>A\VKKNOI.: L.UVUASON, l»H.W. H. DRAi'Eii (aftiTwanls .ludyo) 1SI,S.loii.N Wii.soN(„rtcnvai-(ls.l,-„ln,.|',s-l'i''""- " DiNO.V, l,v.-,L>,MkMHKJIS of I'AUi.IAMENT :SiK .loMN Cahmni^, 1H,-,7-187I, 1878-1891,18HI-189(i.Cor,. Waj.kf.h, 1871.J. H. FuAKKH, 187.'i-187S.('.W. HVMAN, 18ill)-18ill.Ma.jou Thomas Bkattiio, ISIKi-liiiKi.jVIE.MBER ok IjRtllSr.ATL'RE :Sir Johx Carmvg. from CoiifcdcratioTiuntil abolition of dual representationin 187-.Sir W. R. Meredith, 1S7-'-1S!II.T. S. HoiiB.s, 18II4-18!I8.C'oi..F. B. Leys. 18»,8-1!kiij.MEMBERS .\N])EX-MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT AND LEGISLATURE.TiiK LATR Coi.. Wai.khr, ex-M.P.Tiie i.ate J. H. Frasek, EX-M.P.C. S. Hyman. ex-M.P. Chief Justice Sir Wm. R. Meredith, ex-M.P.P.Col. F. B. Leys, M. P.p.Major Thomas Beattie, M.P.t. s. hobbs, ex-m.p.p.

132 CITY OF LONDON,[continued prom page 129.]Joseph Gibbons, W.King, D. O. Marsh.Tailors—J. Glen, W.Hall, P. McKittrick,Stewart Bros., E. Yealland.ra?i«ers— E. W. Hyman,Simeon Morrill.T i n s m ith —JohnJarmain, S. McBride.Watchmahers— Hy.Davis, R. J. Jeanneret,Wm. Dewey.Of the above-namedpersons, at the momentthis is printed eight arestill living in Londonand one in Toronto.Three of the Londonersstill follow their oldlines of business.This brings us to aperiod when Londonhad about recoveredfrom two disastrousfires. The first had occurredin October, 1844, when the block boundedby Dundas, North (Carling), Talbot andRidout streets was destroyed, and the secondHON. CLIFFORD SIFTON.Dominion Minister of the Interior.Hon. G. J. Goodhuea machine that ingraded somewhatin April of the followingyear (1845). Thesefires marked an epochin London's history.The place had thenbeen incorporated as avillage for five years,but, like many, if notall, of the villages evenof the present day, thefacilities for battlingwith fire were of thecrudest description.The first volunteer firebrigade had been organizedthree yearspreviously, but it wasmerely a bucket affair,a by-law compellingevery householder tokeep a leathern bucket,painted black, in a convenientspot for use incase it should be required.This answeredall purposes till the firstgreat fire, when the latepurchased a " fire engine,"these latter days would behigher than a vs^ateringHON. SENATOR DAVID MILLS, Q. C.Minister of Justice and Attorney-General of Canada.THE LATE ELIJAH LEONARD.Senator.

ONTAEIO, CANADA. 133can, but lower than n lawn sprinkler. It wasworked for a few minutes in the second conflagration,when the spread of the flamesner of Dundas and Ridout streets, and in agreat deal less time than it has taken to compilethese facts, some three hundred buildingscaused it to be abandoned, and it shared inthe general destruction. The fire originatedin the Robinson Hall, on the south-east corofvarious styles of architecture,but all of wood, wereturned to ashes. The burntdistrict extended from Dundasstreet south to the river,Ridout and Talbot streets beingthe western and eastern boundaries,respectively. Within thisarea but one house was leftstanding, the Balkwill House,kept by Mr. John Balkwill,the President of the village.It stood on the site of thepresent City Hotel. Whilethis fire in its full extentwas probably never foreseen,it is curious to readof the precautions prior toTwoit to prevent any fire.years previous, Alex. Lawrie,a carriagemaker, hadbeen fined 9s. 9d. for startinga fire on Talbot streetto set a wagon tire, and in the same yearJohn Gray, he having received a box of lucifermatches, was ordered by the village board

13-t CITY OF LONDON,to remove it to a distant outhouse, as it wasconsidered dangerous to allow the box to bekept in a store. There was also a clause inthe village by-lawsproviding for a jjenaltyshould the watertanks be opened exceptin case of fire,and the records showthat it was an ofPenseagainst the majestyof the law, punishableby a fine, to permita chimney tocatch fire. There havesince been fires inLondon of greatermagnitvide, consideredcommercially, butnone that can bespoken of as a calamityentailing sufferingand personal hardshipof so universal a characteron the people ofthe section as resulted from this fire.In 1854 the commerce of London hadreached such proportions as to justify thewhen he gave place to his brother-in-law, J.B. Strathy, who continued in office till 1878,when Robert Reid was appointed, he beingsucceeded by GeorgeBurns, the presentcollector, in 1899. Atthe beginning, theground floor of thestore opposite theMarket Lane WHS largeenough to accommodatethe business. Butonly for a short time,when a removal wasmade to the buildingsopposite the City Hall,thence to the AlbionBlock, where the CustomsHouse remainedLONDON CLUB HOUSE.till 1872, when a portionof the presentbuilding, the constructionof Avhich begantwo years previously,was occupied. Assho"wing the growth of London commercially,a fe^\'' figures gleaned from customs returnsare given, but the intelligent reader willKIRJ)S-EYE VIEW OK (iRAND TRUNK CAR SHOPS.creation of a customs district, with head- know that, while the figures are correct, thequarters here. Dr. Hiram Lee was the first conclusion reached therefrom can only becollector, holding the office for two years, approximate. The varying rates of duties,

ONTARIO,CANADA.135Tliese figures pioxt^ tlm increasedpurchasing capacity ofthe people, but little beyondthat. Coming to more recenttimes, the receijits for customsduties in 1871 were $233,126.The following year there wasan increase of about .fi30,000 inthe duties collected, while in1873 the sum decreased to .$214,-970. This was raised to $304,888in 1874, and from that periodincreases were the order ofeach year, save one (1880), till1881, when the figures hadreached $541,724. Since thatperiod the amount of dutiescollected each year has hoveredaround the half-million mark,ranging from $581,697 in 1887(the highest) to $447,000 in 1895INAUGURATION OF THE TROLLEY CAB SYSTEM(the lowest).IN LONDOX, 1895.As bearing upon the industrialinterests, the inland revenuereturns are in some directions better in-and fluctuations in periods of imports andrelease_ of goods from bond, will cause variationsin the amount of duties collected withtions.In the former edition of this work, itdices of prosperity than the customs collecoutbeing an accurate reflex of the amount was pointed out that the proportion of exciseof trade done in the district in any certain revenue collected in London, as comparedspecified time. In the first year the importsat the port of London were to the value of£'232,.552, while the exports were £77,973. Thefollowing year the imports increased to £293,-998, and the exports decreased to £7.5,433.MOOXLiailT EXCURSION CAR—LONDON STREET RAILWAY COJfPANY.LONDON STBEKT RAILWAY POWER HOUSE.

136 CITY OF LONDON,a-H3.!^:!oHMH

ONTARIO, CANADA. 137JOHN M'CLARY.JUDGE DAVID JOHN HUGHES.Town Clerk, London, 1840.VEBSCHOYLE CBONYN.Oldest native-born within city limity.with the Province at large, was, rovighlyspeaking, about five to one per cent, of thepopiilation, but, as was also pointed out, thesefigures do not show a relatively heavier taxon Londoners. They show rather that inthe excise district of London manufacturingis carried on for consumption outside of thedistrict ; in other words, London is a manufacturingcenter.The number of licenses issued by theExcise Department during the year were :Cigar manufacturers, 17 ; bonding warehouses,13 ; maltsters, 3 ; brewers, 6.During the past year the Inland RevenueDepartment at London has been raised fromthe standing of second-class to first-class. Theeffect is to place the Department of Londonon the same footing as Toronto and Montreal.It is a recognition of the -wonderful growthof business. During the past year, also, theTHE LATE SHERIFF WM. GLASS.SHERIFF CAMERON,

l:!S CITY OF LONDON,

ONTARIO, CANADA.l:]9ITiiited Stiitos consular ageiuy here has beenraised to a ijosition of the hrst-flass. Col.Culver, the present incumbent, is a fullconsul. His predecessors were consularagents. This is a recognition of London'simportance as a commei-cial center.London's prei'minence as a manufacturingand commercial ci-ntei- naturally rendersit tlie headquarters of the Western OntarioCommercial Travellers' Association, and someidea of the nuignitude of London's wholesaleconcerns may be formed from the fact thatthis organization nimibers in the neighborhoodof five hundred members. They covercommercially the whole of Western Ontario,whilst many of them travel from the MaritimeProvinces on the Atlantic to BritishColumbia on the Pacific. The Associationwas formed in 1876, and incorporated fouryeai's later. The present secretary, Alf. Robinson,has held office for nineteen years.The Association has an insurance scheme fordeath, accident and sickness, and is a flourishingorganization financially.It goes without saying that London's commercialsupremacy, while the result in a largedegree of the excellent railroad system ofwhich it is the hub, and the enterprise of itsinhabitants, arises mainly in the first place THE MOLSOXS BAXK.THE BANK OF TORONTO.THE CANADIAN BANK OF COMMERCE.

RESIDEXCK UK .](IHN I.AHATT. KESIDKNCE OF .lOHX M CLARY.RESIDENCE OF F. E. LEONARD. RESIDENCE OF T. H. CARLING.

U2CITY OF LONDON,from the agricultural richness of the countrysurrounding it. Middlesex is one of the mostfavored counties in Ontario, and it is surroundedby counties of so like a nature thatthe Western Peninsula forms a more fertiletract, with more diversified productions, thanexists anywhere else under the sun. Drawa line northward from the mouth of thefarming," special attention being paid to thedairy industry. Of all the counties in thefertile section west of Toronto, Middlesexstands second both in the number of itscheese factories and of its creameries. Inthe production of wool it is sixth, some ofthe more hilly counties outranking in thisparticular, and it is third in the raising ofTHE CARLING BKKWING & HALTING CO.(LIMITED).Niagara River to the Georgian Bay, and westwardof that line in Ontario will be found anarea the equal of which, for fertility anddiversity of production, is to be found nowhereelse on earth. Speaking more particularlyof our own local district, this is asection not alone noted for its roots, fruits,cereals, and live stock, but here is broughtto perfection the process known as " mixedcattle. It stands easily first in the numberof horses, while it is far and away ahead ofall others in the lines of poultry and bees.The State of Michigan, though in the samelatitude, is not so highly favored, for horseshave to be imported from this section toprevent deterioration of the stock there.This is not generally known, nor is the stillmore enviable fact that the superiority of

ONTARIO, CANADA.UAW. J. Reid, 1887. THt ] iiB, John Bland, 1893-94. JoH.N' Bowman. 1895-96.A. B (iKKHK Ihm-^H. James Mat-i-inson, 1899-1900.EX-PRESIDENTS AND PRBSIDB>{T OF THE LONDON BOARD OP TRADE.

Ui CITY OF LONDON,

'ONTARIO, CANADA. 145the i-aoe horses of the famous blue j^rassregion in KtMitucky is constantly "maintainedby the importation of sires anddams from the country surrounding London.But a word with special referenceto the dairy industry. The business wasbegun some years ago in a modest way,but its development has been systematic,and has reached enormous proportions.wmBwmBs^mmsm^BRU Q'.MMB ^5 vSS SB B-EHURO^f& EmELOlfTSmriWCS CCM^?A?!''Iiselis;•!?*»*>'IXTERIOR SECTIONAL A'lEW, H. & B. L. & S. CO.THE HURON & BRIE LOAN AND SAVINGS CO.Able and scientificinstructors,sent out at theinstance of theGovernment,havehad apt and intelligentpupils,and there is nowno quarter of theuniverse fromwhence our cheesemakers fear competition,so far asthe quality oftheir product isconcerned. Thecheese has notonly reached ahigh degree ofperfection, but itis of uniform excellence.Fromevery point ofview, the developmentof the cheeseand butter tradehas been a benefitto the district,and,keeping in viewLondon's positionwith regard to THE ONTARIO LOAN AND DEBENiLitK cu.shipping facilities,it cannot failto be seen thatadvance alongthis line meansprogress for LondonṪhe productionof oil and saltis carried on to alarge extent inthe district, whilethe fishery interestson the northand south are considerable,andlumbering is afeature of the sectionknown as theOntario peninsula.The vineyardregion hasbeen highly developed,and allsemi-tro picalfruits are raisedin ab u n dance.Tobacco culturemay be said to bein its infancy, asit is only of recent

146 CITY OF LONDON,^- MBcnuASHcm amROBINSON, LITTLE & CO., WHOLESALE DRY GOODS, 1897.

ONTARIO, CANADA. 147years that its cultivation on a systematic andextensive scale has been carried on, thoughthe refugee negroes from the South raisedmore or lessof it ever sincetheir landingin this section.The raising oftobacco w a scarried on inwhat is nowa portion ofLondon, butwas then thetownship ofWestminster,while theAmerican warwas in progres s . Theplant wasGEORGB ROBINSON.The oldest. Wholesale Merchant in Londonraised, however,forhomeconsumption,and not forcommerc ialpurposes. The fact is worthy of note mainlyas an indication of the nature of the soil inthe immediate vicinity.The productivenessof the surroundingcountry naturallyenough suggested anexhibition to the pioneers,and those of uswho visit the WesternFair of to-day havemuch reason to heedwell the advice of old," Despise not the dayof small things," aswe consider the developmentof this institutionfrom its beginning.While Londonwas yet a hamlet, anagricultural associationhad sprung upin the surroundingcountry, and its firstexhibitions were heldon the court-housesquare. The date ofthe first is not ascertainable,but it wascertainly as early as1833, and possibly before.In 1844 theeleventh show of theLondon District AgriculturalSociety was held, and an apology forthe paucity of the prize list was given becausethat year the funds of the Society had beenso largely drawn upon to pay for fencing thegrounds. By the way, the people of the earlydaysbestPHILIP MACKENZIE.One of the oldest Loan Society Directors in London.of exhibitionsand cheapestoffered prizes for " theimplements. This wouldseem to give almostarbitrary powder tothe judges, and perhapswas the beginningof the frictionwhich in later yearsled manufacturers toagitate for a totalabolition of prizes, lettingeach visitor tothe Fair be his ownjudge. In 1852 the"Horticultural andMechanical Associationof the Town ofLondon " was organized,the first officersbeing : President,Marcus Holmes; vicepresidents,Geo. W.HarperWanless ; secretary, J.C. Meredith ; treasurer,John Brown;directors, Jamesand JohnDaniell, L. Lawrason,Wm. Rowland, A.Lawrie, Wm. Ross,Elijah Leonard andJoseph Anderson. TheFair of the earlierperiod seems to have

us CITY OF LONDON,LONDON HUNT KENNELS, 1897.

CaptainONTARIO, CANADA. 149T. H. SMALLMAX.Fii'st Vice-President London Hunt,ADAM BECK, M. F. H.On " Longshot," now owned by His Gracethe Duke of Marlborough, England.DB. JAMES S. MVEN.Treasurer London Hunt,1899.Lt. Burnaby, R. E., on Fanny.Lt. Romeb, lith Regt., on Moose.Lt. Anderson, 83pd Regt., on Murat.Lt. Patton, R. A., on FrancisGRAND MILITARY STEEPLB'OH A.SELt. Lvsons, Royals, on Red Indian.Lr. Windham, Royals, on Wild Boy.Stewards :From a litho. of painting by Lady Alexander ;At London, Canada West, 9th May, 1813.Davenport, Royal Regt. Lt. Fisher, K. A. Lt. Douglas, 11th Regt.kindly loaned by John Labatt.

THE LONDON HUNT, 1900.

ONTARIO, CANADA. 151THE LONDON MUTUAL PIBB IXSURANCE CO. A. M. SMITH & CO., WHOLESALE GR0CEB8.grown upjice and flourished, for soon moreroom became necessary, and the Fair Grounds\v'ere removed to the east end, near Adelaidestreet. This seems to have been used onlyone year—1853—for in 1854 the first ProvincialFair was held in London on the lotbounded by Oxford, Talbot and Grosvenorstreets and the ri\'er. The main buildingthen erected is still standing, and is used asa storehouse for lumber. Tradition says thatthirty thousand people were present on thepi'inci])al day of the Fair. Those who werepresent say there was a veiy large crowd,but thirty thousand people would makeT. F. KINGSMILL'S CARPET WAREHOUSE. T. F. KINGSMILL.

152 CITY OF LONDON,DOMINION OATMEAL MILLS.H. GINGE.several large crowds on that lot. However, making allallowance for the elasticity of figures under such circumstances,there was avery large attendance.There was a special reasonfor it. Lord Elgin,the Governor, was announcedto be present,and was so. A good dealof feeling existed, owingto the political troublesof the time, andsome feared the presenceof the Governor would lead to a disturbance. Thelate Adam Hope and J. I. Mackenzie drove out as far asIngersoll to meet him, and endeavored to dissuade himfrom coming further westward. He persisted, ho^vever.Arches had been erected in his honor, and some of thesewere torn down, but beyond that therewas no disorder.When the Provincial Fair returned in 1861, new groundshad been acquired, the Crystal Palace, the pride of thosedays, standing at the junction of Wellington street andTHK CANADIAN PAC'KTNG COMPANY.

Central Avenue.How the landscame to be theproperty of thecity is an interestingtale, not generallyknown.They were part ofthe ord i nan o elands, and Mr.John Carling, ascity member, triedto purchase themfrom the Governmentfor the city.Mr. Yankoughnet,Commissioner ofCrown Lands, refusedto sell, butoffered to make anexchange. The'WAVERLEY,"city owned a plotof about twentyfouracres on the Hamilton Road, at thesouth-west corner of the road leading totheMeadow Lily Mills, and this was offered to theGovernment in exchange. The report of thevaluator, Mr. Emery, father of the present Mr.A. S. Emery, was not such as to cause theGovernment official to close the deal, and thematter laid in abeyance. In the course oftime Mr. Vankoughnet died, and on theremoval of the seat of government fromQuebec, Mr. Coffin, successor to Mr. Vankoughnet,brought the matter to the attentionof Mr. Carling, asking if it could notbe closed. That gentleman communicatedONTARIO, CANADA. 153RESIDENCE OF T. H. SMALLJIAX.RESIDENCE OF ROBERT WATSON.BBSIDF,NCE OF DANIBI- REGAN. RESIDENCE OF F. W. COLES.

154 CITY OF LONDON,with the city authorities, with the result on these grounds proved such a success thatthat London acquired the land at Mr. Em- the promoters felt that no pent-up Londonery's valuation. It i3roved a hicky trans- contained their powers. In 1867 the idea ofaction in more ways than one. The Fair held a Western Fair, to which the whole peninsulaBOBEKT WATSON. V. W. COLES. .JOHN FERGUSON.1111,1, 13M* ,,iitjTHE (iLOKE CASKET COMPANY.

ONTARIO. CANADA. 155THE LONDON BOWLINfi CLTJB.WINNERS OF THE INTBKNATIONAL BASEBALL TROPHY, 1877..7. KNOWDELI.. J. HORNlINli. \V. SPENCE, K. SOMERVIl.I.K.F. Goldsmith. K. Soi-i-iiam. Piiu.. Powers. M. Dinnk.x. Herman Doesi^her.

156 CITY OF LONDON,should be tributary, was broached. The EastMiddlesex Agricultural Society and the CityHorticulturalSociety fell ineagerly with theplan, and it wascarried intoeffect the followingyear. Justthe grounds should be sold. The Council refused,or rather neglected, to carry out thewishes of the people, and indeed it was nottill five years afterwards that a portion ofthe grounds was sold. This placed the Fairdirectors inan awkwardplace. Ther e m a i ningJOHN M.DILLON.President W. O. V. T. A.,1895-

ONTARIO, CANADA. 157ADAJI BECK S VENEER AND THIN LUMBER SAWMILLSAND BOX WORKS.building is 200 x 80, and cost about $25,000.Railway sidings run to the site on one side,and electric cars enter the grounds on theother. The cattle sheds are the best in theProvince. Wm. McBride was the secretaryof the Western Fair till his death at thefoundering of the Victoria in 1881, when hew^as succeeded by George McBroom, who heldoffice for eight years. T. A. Browne thenfilled the position acceptably till the year1899, when, the Dominion Government havingappointed him postmaster, he resigned,and J. A. Nelles was elected to and stillholds the office. In the early days the officeofpresident was rarely or never held morethan one year,butCapt.A.W.Porte continuouslyheld thatofficefroml887till his removalto Toronto in1897, when Col.Leys was elected.He heldthe office onlyone year, Col.be-Gartshoreing elected in1898 and againin 1899-1900.Previous presidentshad beenfollows:GEORGE BURNS.Collector of Customs.as1868, Jas. Johnson ; 1870, Jas. Johnson1871, Richard Tooley ; 1872, Wm. Saunders1874, Jas. Johnson ; 1875, John H. Griffiths1876, A. S. Emery; 1878, Joseph Johnson1880, George Douglas1879, And. McCormick ;1882, John Plummer ; 1883, John Kennedy1884, E. R. Robinson ; 1888, Richard Whetter1887-96, A. W. Porte. In the years the datesof which are missing the Western Pair gaveplace to the Provincial. A special feature ofthe Western Fair of late years has beenT. R. PARKER. THE LONDON AND PBTROLIA BARREL CO.

158 CITY OF LONDON,'*u^ 'i^ -frtJ^-\A'M. H. WORTArAX.THE WORTJtAX & WARD MANUFACTURING COMPANY.— clivei'si-'what is known as the "attractionsfied performances alternating with the speedingof the horses. These have been underthe superintendence of Mr. W. J. Reid, andhave added greatly to the receipts of the FairBoard and enhancedthe pleasure of thespectators.A fair test of commercialprogress isto be found in thepost - office returns,and as such, a fe-wfigures may be takenas showing London'sdevelopment. These,however, are not tobe taken as the fullmeasure of the progressof the city, forthe reason that they represent the businessdone at the London Post Office proper. Thereare six other offices within the city limits.These can scarcely be described as branchoffices, inasmuch as all "were in existencebefore they were includedin the boundsof London city. Theyare rather subsidiaryoffices, to invent aphrase, and consistof London East,Ealing, LondonSouth, Kensington,Petersville, and St.James' Park. Londonhad been a settlementthree years before,in 1829, it boastedof any post office.WJI. GORMAN. GORMAN, ECKBBT & CO. R. C. ECKEBT.

ONTARIO, CANADA. 15!)and the first one was so inconveniently situ- July 1, 1899, when lie was superannuatedt»Ti-i

160 CITY OF LONDON.been in the office since 1859. Tlie inconvenientposition of the post office in early days led toa petition to the Government, which resultedin its transference to Goodhue's store, in thecommercial district at the intersection of Dundasand Ridovit streets. At the beginningtherewas but one mail arriving and departingeach week. Now the number is practicallycountless, and there is one hour in eachday in which noless than fortyfivemails are madeup, while everyhour the process isgoing on. Shortlyafter the establishmentof thepost office, JohnNichols began onhis own account,with the Government'ssanction, asystem of postaldelivery, chargingone penny for lettersand a half-B. A. MITCHELL.The oldest Retail Merchant in London.penny for papers.This he continuedtill 1876, when regularcarriers wereappointed and the free delivery of mail matterwas inaugurated. From year to yearsince, this system has been amplified, till nowall portions of the city are served with asemi-daily delivery, while in the commercialdistricts there are four and five deliverieseach day. As the business center of the placeB. A. MITCHELLS DRUG STORE.Dundas Street.changed, the post office was removed to Richmondstreet, next door south of present site,where it continued till 1860, when the newoffice, which had been in the course of erectionfor two years, was taken possession of. Tenyears later extensive additions were made,which have been still further added to duringTHE TECUMSEH HOUSE.THE LATE WM. DUFPIELD.President City Gas Co.

!5P\ Q

162 CITY OF LONDON,THE FREE PRESS OFFICE.Richmond Street.ing the matter handled to have increasedto 1,637,989 letters and 874,505 newspapers.There were mailed during 1898, 3,194,816letters, 654,100 post cards, 1,288,352 newspapers,and 33,565 parcels (of which 412were foreign), the value of the latter being$101,914. Each one of these items (the yearclosing in March)an in-showedcrease in 1899,the figures forthe year being :Letters, 3,335,-500 ;post cards,665,490; newspapers,l,740,960;parcels, 40,612,728 of these beingforeign andthe value $106,-428. The moneyorderbranch ofthe London PostOffice, as mightnaturally be expectedin suchTHE LATB josiAH BLACKBURN. g, commercial"Free Press."the present year. In the early '60's the revenueof the post office ran about $12,000 perannum. From that time on there weregradual increases. For the period 1876-86the average annual revenue was $35,000,ranging from $28,000 to $44,000 in roundnumbers. In 1887 the revenue reached $46,-000, and $47,000 the following year. Since thatperiod the annualrevenue hasbeen, omittingthe odd cents1889, $51,5 001890, $51,7001891, $54,38 718 92, $56,2031893, $58,2641894, $58,910the return for1895 showing inthe neighborhoodof $60,000.In the deliverydepartment in1897 there werehandled 1,573,827letters and 831,-046 newspapers,the succeeding THE LA.TE WM. CAMERON.year (1898) show-" Advertiser."ADVERTISER Ol'FICE.Richmond Street.

ONTARIO, CANADA.]o:{THE LONDON DAILY NEWS.and the increase in weightof letters, has no doubt decreasedthe revenue, but notwithstandingthis, London'srevenue has gone on increasing.The fact is very gratifying,and is a sure sign of progress.But we must rememberthat London is the commercialand social center ofa million English-speakingpeople, occupying a territorywhere illiteracy is at the lowestpoint.Ne^wspapers and commercego hand in hand, andLondon was not long withoutits newspaper. It was.JOHN SIDDONS.either in 1830 or 1831 thatOldest Editor in London.Edward Allan Talbot firstbegan the publication of the Sun — a small-sized fourpagepaper. It was at first neutral in politics, but afterwardsfell in line with the Conservative party. Thiswas the first newspaper published west of Hamilton. In1835, Thomas and Benjamin Hodkinson came to Londonfrom Port Burwell, and established a weekly newspaperentitled the LondonGazette. In 1836 aMr. Edward Grattoncame to London, andpublished a smallnewspaper, entitledthe London Times,for a few months.In the spring of 1873,George WashingtonBusteed, an Irishman,came from theCity of New Yorkcenter, is a most importantdepartment. During the year1898 there were 7,470 ordersissued, of the value of $72,-965, and orders paid to thevalue of $439,322. The valueof stamps sold during thesame year was $120,270. Theamount received on depositin 1898 was $115,364, asagainst $104,008 in 1897. Inreference to the postal revenuethere is a point thatshould not be overlooked,and that is the lowering ofthe cost of postage. The intro4uctionof postal cards,THE LATE WILLIAM WELD," Farmer's Advocate."THE farmer's ADVOCATE ANDHOME MAGAZINE OFFICE, 1897.

and commencedthe publicationof the True Pati'iot.a strongConsor V a t i v enewspaper.Itsurvived but avery few months.In 1836 a feAvardent Eeformersin Londonpurchased aprinting press,and induced EdwardAllan Talbotto again enterthe field as apublic journalist.The paper wasintended to denounceSir FrancisBond Head,the then Governor,and all hissupporters. Atthat particulartime the greaterportion of thereading Liberalswere supportersof the St. ThomasLiberal, edited byJohn Talbot:consequently, theLINE,new LondonM DONALD & CO.,paper,the Freeman'sJournal, died for want of support.In 1840 the two Hackstafs established a . Reformpaper, the Inquirer. That paper livedfor several years. In 1844, Lemon & Hartissued the Times. This later on became theONTARIO, CANADA. 165property of J.Cowley, mIio published'it in IStS.Geoi'ge Brownpublished theW(^steni (xlobe in1845, but it wasprinted at Torontoand sent toLondon for dist] i bu tion. In1848, J. R. Lovellpublished theGospel Messenger.In the followingyear,1849,an official towncrier was appointedby thecouncil, so wemay assume thatnewspaper advertisingwasstill undeveloped.The official wasW. Williams, andhe continued hisoffice till his deatha few years ago.He rang a bell atprominent corners,and proclaimedauctionsales, stray cattle,CICJAR MANUFACTURERS.town meetings,entertainments,lost children, etc. The fact that he began hisannouncements with the old Saxon formula," Oyez ! Oyez ! Oyez"! and invariably closedwith "God Save the Queen!" used to excitemild amusement in later years, but it vfasprobably an official formality when he waslirst appointed. Latter-day officers, whose'J*^'^'''^'l' I 1B^siMawf m:'"M\\l\ [332 3'illllli i!5'-3 3 333K. &

166CITY OF LONDON,RESIDE^'CE OF J. H. GINGE.delicacy of ear exceedstheir erudition, haveperverted the '.'Oyez"into "Oh! yes!" Butthis by the way. FreeinanTalbot establishedthe Prototype in 1851.In 1853 he took in JohnSid dons as a partner,and two years latersold his interest toMarcus Talbot, whosefather wa.s editor andproprietor of the Lein- RESIDENCE OF T. F. KINGSMILL.ROW OF (;OTTAGHS ON \\'ATBKLO(} STREET NORTH.RESIDENCE OF .JOSEl'lISjriTH.ster Express in Dublin.The first directory of Londonwas published in 1853,and it is interesting tonote that in its advertisementsthere are found thenames of nine persons whoto-day follow the same occupationsin London thatthey did at that period.They are J. H. Flock, andT. Partridge, junior, lawyers; A. G. Smyth and F.B. Beddome, insuranceagents ;John Law, brassworker; John Campbell, BESTDENCE OF .). D. SHARMAN.

carriagemaker ; B. A.Mitchell, druggist; Wni.Dewey, gold and isilvcrsmith, and E. Yoalland,ONTARIO, CANADA. 167merchant tailor. Geo.Railton was the publisherof tho first directory.A second one in1856 was printed at theoffice of the Atlas, oppositethe City Hall,Hunter & Culbert beingthe proprietors. In 1857the Atlas seems to havedropped ovit of existence,leaving the newspaperfield to the Prototype,the Free Press (J. & S.Blackburn), and the THE CAXADA CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING COMPANY (LIMITED)..lOHN LAW..lOH N law's bell and BRASS WORKS.four months. In 1887,W.W. Butcher startedthe Speaker, and Paul& Harris the EveningTimes. None of theseventures lived half ayear. The News is thelatest addition tothenewspaper list of London.It was establishedin June, 1896. Therehave been manychanges in the staff.C. B. Keenleyside isnow managing-director.The initial numberof the Free Presswas printed from aHerald, owned byA. Lepsy. Thislatter soon wentover to the majority,and |;he Prototypewas conductedfor manyyears by John Siddons,till recentlyof thecustomsservice, but nowsuperannuatedand residing inSarnia, and laterunder the nameof the Herald, byColonelDawson,now of the militiaservice. In 1877, E. E. Shepherd and W.Westlake began the Standard, which lived.JOHN CAirPKELL & SONS CARRIAOE WORKS.plant that had previously been used on oneof the papers that had, prior to the troubles

168 CITY OF LONDON,THE LOXJJOX PRINTING & LITHOGRAPHING COJIPANY (LIMITED).of 1836-7, been strong, not to say bitter, indenunciation of the " Family Compact." Itwas published at St. Thomas. The plant fellinto disuse, and Thos. Parke, being about tobecome parliamentary candidate, shortlyafterwards bought it andhad it removed to London. ,,,,:,.,, .„,^„He in turn sold it to a mannamed Hartstaff, or Harkstaflp,from whom it was purchasedby W. Sutherland in1849. He started the FreePress, and, after conductingit for a time, sold out toJosiah Blackburn in 1852.Three years later the jDaperThe firmwas made a daily.for many years was composedof that gentleman and hisbrother, Stephen Blackbvirn,but with increasing businessit was transformed into ajoint stock company, whichit remains. Mr. Josiah Blackburn(now deceased) was formany years chief editorialwriter on the QuebecChronicle, and on the startingof the Toronto Mail hewas selected as chief ofLONDON ELECTKIC LIGHT WORKS.

IIIIONTARIO, CANADA. 169the staff of that paper, which position heretained for a length of time, when lie returnedto the Fieo Press, which is now,though still a joint stock company, controlledby his sons, Walter and Arthur' Blackburn.The Advertiser was founded in 1808 by JohnCameron, its present head. Rev. J. H. Robinsonhad an office, where the EvangelicalWitness was published and job printingcarried on. Early in the 'GO's Thomas Evanswas m charge of this office, and pubHshedthe News, of which the late W. G. Moncrieffwas the editor. It failed in 1863, and themanagement of the office was given by Mr.Robinson to John Cameron. He soon beganthe publication of the Advertiser, the firstnumber being issued on October 28, 1863.At the start it was non- political, but laterespoused the Reform cause. The late Wra.r e m a ins.Within thepast f e ^\'weeks thec o m p a n yhas been reorganized,andno wconsists of T.H, Purdom,Q. C; Hon.David Mills,Q. C; JohnCameron, R.D.Miller,andAlex.Purdom.Early in the'70's the pro-LT.-COL.HOLMES, D. A. Ci.'«»#III Ili Til.;WOLSELEY BARRACKS— MILITARY SCHOOL.Cameron afterwards became a partner, asalso did W. J. Mcintosh. The former died in1884, and the latter withdrew to becomeclerk of the Division Court in 1881. In themeantime the partnership had been changedto a joint stock company, which it stillprietors of the Advertiser established a papercalled the Liberal, in Toronto, but it wasdropped after a few weeks as an unsuccessfulventure. After the retirement of GordonBrown from the managing editorship of theToronto Globe, John Cameron took his place.

170 CITY OF LONDON.Hon. David Mills becomingpolitical editor of the Advertiser; but at the end ofhis term of engagement Mr.Cameron returned to theAdvertiser, his interest inwhich he had retained inthe meantime. The earliestrecord of newspaper pricesappears in an advertisementof the Prototype in 1856. Itwas then a semi-weekly, andthe subscription price was12s. 6d. if paid in advance,or 15s. if not so paid.Two successful denominationalpapers have beenpublishedin London — theEvangelical Witness andthe Catholic Record. Theformer was a well-writtensheet, and continued to bean able organ of the NewConnexionbody (withthe lateRev. J. H.Robinsonci n d t h elate Rev.David Savageas editors)up tillthe unionof the variousMethodistbodies,Avhenitsspecialfield ceasedto exist.The CatholicRecordwas startedin 1878by WalterLocke; thepresentproprietor,Thos. Coffey,soonafterwardscoming intopossession.It isfirminsuppo r t ofCath olicprinciples,but dignifie dandLT.-C(JL. W. JI. GABTSHOBE.Commanding No. 1 District, First Hussars.OKFICKKS OV A fcyUADKON', FIKST HIISSAKS,Capt. a. a. Bookeu. Likut. St. Clair Bali'our. Lieut. J. Wei.d.courteous in its utterances.The Industrial Banner isthe organ of the Trades andLabor Council. The Farmer'sAdvocate was startedearly in the '60's by W^illiamWeld, and is now publishedby a company bearing thename of the founder, whoseson, Mr. John Weld, is themanager. It is the onlypurely agricultural journalfounded in Canada that hasachieved lasting success.The Canadian Entomologist,a monthly magazine devotedto the interests of entomology,is also published inLondon. It is issued underthe auspices of the EntomologicalSociety of Ontario,and has a wide scope of usefulnessin its particular fieldof la borThis journaldatesback to theyear 1868,Rev.C.J.S.B e t h u n ebeing editorfromitsinceptiontill 1873.Dr.Wm.Saunderswas thenexteditor,filling thatposition till1886, whenRev. Dr.Bethun eagain assumedtheduties, andhas continuedinthe positionto thepresentTheSocietytime.p e I' s e n tofficers ofthe Entomologicalare : President,Rev.LONDON.T.W.Fyles,Lieut. A. T. B. Layeokn. of South

1. Capt. W. J. Reid, Paymaster.2. Capt. H.A. Kingsmill.3. Capt. W. S. SjSith.i. Major G. W. Hayes.5. 2nd Lt. T. J. Murphy.OFFICKKS OV THE SEVENTH BATTALION, LONDON, 1900.6. Capt. John Graham.7. Lt. a. T. Little.8. Surgeon-Major J. M.Piper.9. Lt. W.J. Taylor.10. Major J. W. Little.H. Lt.-Col. a. M. Smith,Commanding.12. Major H. Chonyn.13. Lt. J. S. Brown.14. 2ni) Lt. W. Wanless.15. 2ndLt. F. H. Screaton.16. Lt. H. C. Bkcher.17. 2nd Lt. G. a. Bentley.18. Capt. A. A. Campbell.19. Lt. W. a. McCrimmon,Adjutant.20. Capt. F. A. Reid.21. Lt. W. Spittal.22. Rev. Ven. ArchdeaconE. Davis, Chaplain.

172 CITY OF LONDON,

(JNTAIUO, CANADA. 173

174 CITY OF LONDON.s Bo HOo«oB3OzHmKg

ONTARIO, CANADA. 175— lij — ;v;5 H 5 > -'^ " o-^ -^'i- ^ H s id ?

1. Capt. D. Stuart.3. A. McMi-RCHV.5. W. J. Hyman.BW. Wright.L(JN'D

Quebec ; vice-president, Prof. Wm. Lochhead,Guelph; sepi'etary, W. E. Saunders, London;treasurer, J. A. Balkwill, London ; librarianand curator, J. Alston Moffat, London. Thereare also softions for the study of otherbranches of science connected with the Society,as follows: Microscopical—Dr. Hotson,chairman; Prof. J. H. Bowman, secretary.Botanical— I. Bond, chairman ; Elliot Richmond,secretary. Geological—S. Woolverton,chairman: John Law, secretary. Ornithological—W.E. Saunders, chairman ; Dr. W.J. Stevenson, secretary.It may be considered superfluous to recapitulateat any great length the advantagesthat London possesses as a commercial andindustrial center, or as aplace of residence. Fromwhat has been said instatement of facts the intelligentreader can readilydraw his own conclusions.He will have gatheredthat, in the way ofrailway accommodation,there is no better distributingpoint in Canada.Three trunk lines, with anequal niimber of branches,converge here, while anindependent line gives accessto the lakes. Thesefacts need only to be mentionedto command the attentionof the shipper andof the manufacturer whoseraw material must be imported.That they havenot been overlooked isseen inthe large numberof factories and wholesalehouses here situated.The following tables from Government reportsare given, not so much for the informationof local readers, but to enable investorsin foreign parts to form an idea of the meritsof London as a city for placing foreign capitalfor investment :ONTARIO, CANADA. 177THE LATE COL.FINANCIAL STATUS OF LONDON SFINANCIAL STATUS OF LONDON'SName of Bank.First Colonel of London Field Battery, 1856.Namk.Organized.Agricnitural Savings & Loan Co May 3, 1872Birkheck Loan CoFeb. 11, 1893Canadian Savings & Loan CoSept. 2, 187.5Dominion Savings & Investment Society. . Apl. 20, 1872Huron & Brie Loan and Savings Co Mar. 18, 1864London Loan Co. of CanadaMay 2, 1877London and Western Trusts CoSept. 17, 1896Ontario Loan & Debenture CoSept. 26, 1879People's Building & Loan Association June 22, 1892CapitalPaid-up.Bank of Toronto ,$ 2,000,0ii0Canadian Bank of Oonnnerce 6,000,000Bank of Montreal12,000,000Bank of British North America 4,866,666Molsons Bank2.000,000Merchants Bank of Canada. . . 6,(JO0,0O0BANKS.Restor ReserveFund.1,800,0001,000,0006,000,OCO1,338,3331,400,0003,000,000$32,866,666 $14,538,333Tavo points should be carefully borne inmind. The first is that so many of the wageearnersown their own homes. London isnot a city of tenements, but of self-containedresidences, and a feature which invariablystrikes the casual visitor is the great proportionof trees, well - keptcottages and grounds.London has no slums norany specially pretentiousdistricts. Fine residences,telling of wealth and taste,may be found in all quarters,but the homes of theworkers are alongside.There is no distinct sectionin which residence isan index of social status.All parts of the city arealike desirable. There areno districts of squalor orhaunts of vice. Londonis, above all things, a cityof happy homes. Thegeneral conformation ofthe city guarantees itssalubrity. Official statisticsshow it to be theSHANLY.healthiest city in the Dominion.The high standingof its educational institutions,with the facilitiesfor safe investment of capital, must beattractive to the man who has retired fromactive business, and many such have madeLondon their abiding -place. In the quaintphrase of the Jubilee hymn, "There's room"for many-a more !LOAN AND INVESTMENT COMPANIES.SubscribedCapital, 1899.$ 630,200. 108,800750,0001.000,0003.000,000661,850500,0002,000,00043,700Paid-upCapital.i 629,54447,767740,1.39934,4911,400,000661,8,50100,0001,200,00027,609Reserve.TotalAssets.$160,000 $2,083,8.5283,179210,000 1,84.3,3922,247,434750,000 6,519,94381,000 1,450,253136,2.32480,000 3,963,5952,500 242,434

JUBILEE DAY, 1807 — START (IF THE PARADE, DUFFERIN AVE.NITE." THE JIARCH PAST.''First Hi.ssak.s —>r.-('()l.. (iAKTSHOKE. AuTIi.r.EKV — M AJOK Wll.SON. TWKNTV-SIXTH BATTALION - LT.-COI.. IhWIN. TWENTVsEVENTHBattalion — Lt.-Coi,. Ellis. Thirty-second Battalion, Lt -Col. Scott.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.AVENUES AND STREETS.Central Ave., east Richmond St.Dufferin Ave., west Wellington St.Dundas St. (about 1840), west from WellingtonDundas St., cast Richmond - . .l)unda.s St., east Talbot St., 180(1Kiuidfts S(., west Riclimond Si., 1897Itundas St., east Maltland St. - . . .Uiindas St., east from Ridout St., 1863 -North St. (now Queen's Ave.), east Post Office, 186(1Queens Ave., fa.st Peter St - - . .Queen's A\ e.. east Post Office, 1897 - - .Richmond Si . south King St„ 18G5 -Richmond St.. south Masonic Temple, 1897Richmond St,, north from Dundas Sc, 1861Kiuhniond Si , north from City HallRidout St., north from Dundas St., 1863Waterloo -St , north of St, Andrew's Church\\ ellington St., east Victoria Park, 1867\\ cUingion St., Cast Victoria Park. 1897BRIDGES.Blackfriars nridge, 1843BlHckfriars Bridge, 18.')7Blackfriars Bridge, 187U - -Blackfriiirs, Oxford, and C p. R. Bridges, 1897Clark's Bridge, 1843Grand Trunk R. R. BridgeKensington BridgeKettle (Jreek Bridge -King Street Bridge, carrving Sow crMill Creek BridgeVictoria Bridge - - . . .Wellington Street Bridge (Clark's), lt97York Street (Westminster) BridgeBUILDINGS.Advertiser OfficeAged People's HomeAsylum for Insane - - -Bank of Toronto -Beck's Box Factory - - -Bird's-eye View of G. T. Car Shops -Campbell, John & Son - - -Canada Chemical Manufacturing Co. (Limited)Canadian Bank of CommerceCanadian Packing CompanyCarling Brewing & Malting Co. (Limited)Central Fire Hall ----..City HallCourt House -Covent Garden, 1870Covent Ciarden MarketCustoms HouseDominion Oatmeal MillsDominion Savings and Investment SocietyFarmer's Advocate and Home Magazine Office, 1897First Council ChamberFree Press OfficeGlobe Ca.sket WorksGothic Hall—Mitchell'sGorman, Kckert & Co.Greer's Carriage factory -Huron & Erie Loan and Savings Co,Interior Sectional View, H. & E. L. & S. Co.Kerry, Watson & Co.Kingsmill, T, F.'s Carpet Warehousel,abatt's BreweryLaw's Br»S3 WorksLeonard, E. & SonsLine, McDonald & Co.London Club ...London Electric Light WorksLondon Victoria HospitalLondon Hunt Kennels, 1897London Mutual Fire Insurance Co.London & Petrolia Barrel Co. -London Street Railway Power HouseLondon Printing & Lithographing Co.L. E. & D. R. R. Station - - .McClary Manufacturing Co. (Limited)Molsons Bank- -Mount Hope OrphanageNews OfficeNo. 2 Fire HallNo. 3 Fire HallOntario Loan and Debenture Co.Perrin, D. S. & Co.Police Station - - -Post Office - -Pritchard's WarehouseProtestant Orphans' Home -Public Library - .Robinson, Little & Co.Sacred Heart ConventSmith, A. M. & Co.St. Joseph's HospitalTecumseh HouseWolseley BarracksWortman & Ward'sY. M. C. A. Building•2323161726273926323933303128-.93,;372421484848494447131615116447434316211 '96913915713416716713915214211210610363621041321561633516215416)15816314314.)147151r381671401651341681101481511571.35168164136139lIlO163113113145144107104165109108146100151111160169138100CHURCHES.Adelaide Street BaptistAskin Street MethodistBaptist Church, South LondonCentennial Methodist - - - -ChristianChrist EpiscopalianChristian Workers-Christian ScientistsColborne Street MethodistDundas Street Centre MethodistEmpress Avenue MethodistFirst Congregational -First Methodist . -First PresbyterianHamilton Road MethodistKing Street PresbyterianKnox Presbyterian - -Memorial-North Street, 1860 -Old St. Andrew's and ManseOld CatholicSouthern CongregationalSt. Andrew's PresbyterianSt. George's EpiscopalianSt. James' EpiscopalianSt. James' PresbyterianSt. John the EvangelistSt. Mary's R. C. -St. Matthew'sSt. Paul's, 1860St. Paul's CathedralSt. Peter's CathedralTalbot Street BaptistWellington Street MethodistPARKS.Bird's-eye View Victoria Park, 1897Cricket .Square (Victoria Park), 1867Western lair Grounds (Queen's Park)RESIDENCES.Beattie, Major ThomasBeck, AdamBecher, Mrs. KatherineBlackwell, Thos. P.Brodrick, P. W. D.Bullen, W. F.Carling, T. H. -Coles, F. W,Col. Talbot's Residence and Church at T^ rconnelCronyn, Verschoyle ......Cronyn, Verschoyle—Summer ResidenceEccles, Dr. F. R.Elliott, Judge EdwardElliot, Judge Wm. -Ginge, J. H. - -Harris, George B.Hyman. C. S.Kingsmill, T. F.Labatt, JohnLeonard, C. W.Leonard, F. E.Leys, Lieut. -Col. F. B.Little, ex-Mayor J. W.McClary, JohnMcCormick, Thos.Meredith, Mrs.Minhinnick. J. R.-O'Brien Homestead, ThePerrin, D. B. - -Regan, DanielReid, W. J. -Robinson, GeorgeSharman, J. D.Smallman, T. H.Smith, JosephWatson, RobertSCHOOLS.AberdeenColborne StreetCommercial School. L. C. I.Empress Avenue, West LondonHoly Angels .Separate -Huron CollegeKing StreetLondon Collegiate Institute (High School)Lome Avenue ....Maple AvenueMedical -ModelOld Grammar-Old Union -Park StreetPrincess AvenueQuebec Street - - - - -Queen's Avenue KindergartenRectory Street - - - - -Rectory Street KindergartenRichmond Street North919795939193959395979393939395939332919991919791979599912293999593191871115115159133159141141133201151411331331391661331331661411151411591181411331331393915913311511516613316615381778486(•S81778581767881828184817384

SCHOOLS — CONTINUED.SeparateSt. George'sTalbot StreelVictoria - - -Western Ontario Normal .SchoulWortley Road ... -VIEWS OF LONDON.Business Section of London about 1833Cberry Mills, toot of St. James St., ISoo -City, south part, while grading for G. W. R.Early view of London, from west side riverFirst Contingent passing Free Press OfficeFirst Electric Car -First Locomotive, 1851Foot of Diindas St., looking west, 1875Fountain in Vicloria ParkFrom tower of St. Paul's Cathedral, Views takenGrand Military Steeplechase, 1843Horse Car - - - -.Jennings' Distillery, foot of Maple St., 181UJubilee Day -London. 1851 - - -London Electric RailwayLondon North, from St. James St. south, 187(1London North, from St. James St. south, 1897London South, 1897London 'West, from Kent StreetLondon West -Freshet, 1883London Bowling ClabLower West PondAbbott, A. S.Andei-son, MurrayArtillery ContingentAskin, Col. J. B.Baldwin, Rt. Rev. Maurice S.Balfour, J. G. - . -Barker, WilliamBarned, John -Bartlett, John W.Bayly, Rev. B. -Bayly, R. A.Beattie, Major Thos.Becher, HenryBeck, AdamBell, WilliamBlackburn, JosiahBland, JohnBowman, John -Brener, Otta A.Browne, Thos A.Bucke, Dr. R. M.Burns, George -Burwell, Col. -Caddy, Capt.Cameron, SheriffCameron, Wm.Campbell, JohnCampbell, J. B.Carling, Thos.Carling, T. H.Carling, Hon. Sir JohnCarrothers, Robt. A.Carson, W. J.Chapman. Chas.Christie, JohnColes, F. W.Cooper, NeilCornish, F. E.Cousins, J. M.Cowan, JamesCox, A. B.Cronyn, Rt. Rev. BenjaminCronyn, VerschoyleCronyn, BenjaminCurling ClubDaniell, JudgeDavis, JudgeDearness, J. I.Dewar, J. S.Dillon, John M.Douglass, Hugh M.Dreaney, HenryDuffleld, Wm.Eckert, R. C:.Egan, James -Elgin, Lord -Elliot, Jndge Wm.Elliot, SkefflngtonElliott, Judge EdwardEUwood, O.Essery, E. T.Ferguson, JohnForrestal, Jno.Eraser, J. H. - - -Gartshore, Lt.-Col. W. M.Garratt, JoshuaGerry. Wm. - •Gibbons. Geo. C.Gill, W. C. L. - •Gilmour, James, M. P. P.Ginge, J. H. -Glass, Sheriff Wm.PACK.129 Glass, DavidVIEWS OF LONDON— CONTINUED.PAGE.8B Map of Western Ontario83 New View London Hunt, 1899 -85 Old Waters' Mill— Carling's Creek, lSi;j84 Old Boys' Parade, 1899 - - - -7,5 Plan of London, 1840-4181 Plan of London and Suburbs, laiURegimental Games (63rd), May 24th, 1864Reservoir - - -14 River view near Waterworks52 Row of Cottages on Waterloo St. north46 South-west view from Cricket Squai-e. 180(136 Springbank, looking north-west174 Stage Coach - - - -1(13 Street Parade of School Children46 'Thames below Pumping Station41 The Forks and First Log Cabin73 Upper West Pond -6, 7 Victoria Disaster, May 24tli, 1881149 View south-west from Court House, 1844103 View East End, showing Fire Hall No. 24U View East End, south-west from Fire Hall No.178 View East End. north from Fire Hall Xo. 225 View, looking east from Springbank135 Waterwoi'ks and Springbank Park22 Wharncliflfe Road, about 185(123f^MISCELLANEOUS.52 Littlejohn's Diary155 Mayor Little's Jubilee Medals118 What is that, Sammy !—a Hexecution ?PORTRAITS.1211 Goodhue, Hon. G. J.176 CiOrman, \\'m.6689Graham, Chas. M. K.Graham, R. M.110 Grant, Stephen120 Gray, Wm.127 Graydon, A. O. - -12776Graydon, S. H.Greenlees, Andrew87 Greer, A. B.131121Griffith, J. H.Hamilton, James149 Hamilton, Sheriff129 Harris, John162 Hellmuth, Rt. Rev. I.-143 Hobbs, W. R.143 Hobbs, T. S.127 Hodgens, T. D.104 Holmes, Lt.-Col.69 Hughes, Judge Da^'id John157 Hunt, C.21 Hyman, E. W.53 Hyman, C. S.137 J. A. Nelles162 Jenkins, Thomas120 Jennings. John87 Jewell, G. F.21 Jolly, Geo. C. -142 Jones, Wm.130 Kilgour, J. B.124 Kingsmill, T. F.87 Kingston, C. A.67 Labatt, John120 Labatt, J. K.154 Law, John127 Lawrason, L. . .120 Leonard, F. E.120 Leonard, Chas. W.121 Leonard, Senator101 Lewis, Lt.-Col. Robert89 Leys, Lt.-Col. F. B.137 Line, Harry121 Little, J. W.161 Logan, J. M. -66 London Boys, B Company114 Love, Francis75 McBride, Wm.87 McCallum, J. VV.156 McCormick, Thos. -124 Mc(iormiok, Andrew124 McClary John160 McDonald, Robert D. -168116McElheran, R. M.McEvay, Rt. Rev. Mons.10 McPhillips, P.114 Macbeth, Talbot172 Maodonald, D. C.114 Macklin, H. -116 Mackenzie, Philip121 MacRobert, E. J.1.54 Malloch, James157 Mattinson, Jas.131 Merchant, F. W.170 Meredith, Sir Wm. R.125 Meredith, T. G.127 Meredith, E.148 Mills, Hon. David129 Minhinnick, J. R.110 Mitchell, B. A.152 Moffat, James137 Moore, J. M.P.iGE.12034158Via80128156128120125143672560608910113112116913714311613171127341281'2511614815112813813816725140140132121131KiS12287175, 176107120124110121137165879812510812110814787125143751311281211321161601'20116Moore, Dr. C. G.1150526112132211872166221181(137411891186442565758119117401145102PAGE.IllMorrill, Simeon 35Niven, Dr. Jas. S. - 149Non-Com. Officers of 7th, 1885 172O'Brien, Dennis - - - 59O'Connor, Rt. Rev. Denis 98Officers (7th) at (ilarks CU'ossing 172Officers 1st Hussars - 170Officers 7th Battalion 171O'Meara, Stephen 124Parke, E. Jones - 107Parker, T. R. 157Parnell, Edward, Ji-. 124Perrin, D. S. - - - 144Pinsonneault, Rt. Rev. P. A. 98Pioneer Hunter and Son 9Plant, Francis J . - 125Pope. John - 128Pritchard, Robert 121Pritchard. John H. 125Purdom, Thos. 110Radcliffe, S. J. 77Reed, Wm. - 124Reid, Robert, Sr. 108Reid, W. J. - 143Richardson, Judge - 25Robinson, Geo. 147Robinson, Wm. 116Roe, John A. 112Ross, D. - 127Rumball, F. G., Mayor 126Scatcherd, Thomas 60Seventh Battalion Return, 1885 173Shanly, Col. 177Siddons, John - 163Sifton, Hon. Clifford 132Sinicoe, Governor 10Sippi, Dr. C. A. 69Smallman, T. H. 149Smith. Lt.-Col. Henry 169Smith, Major A. M. 148Smith, Sir Frank 120Smith, Wm. S. 120Spencer, \\'. M. 121Stevenson, Hugh A. 127Strathy, J. B.Talbot, Freeman 53Talbot, Col. 20Taylor. George 121Teasdall, W. J. 87Thomson, Walter - 152Thomson, W. W. 162Two Pioneer Hunter 9Underwood, Wm. L. 156Walker, Col. - 131Walsh, Most Re^-. John 98Waterman, Isaac - 143Watson, Robert - 154Weld, Wm. - - 163Weldon, Thos. H. 165Wilkey, John 124Williams, W. T. T. - 129Wilson, Nicholas - - 78Wilson, Judge - 21Wilson, Jno. D., M. D. 123Winder, Henry - - 127Winners Baseball Trophy, 1877 155Winnett, W. H. - - - r24Wortman, Wm. H. 158Wray, Richard - 127Wright, Jas. 87o3