Schriften zu Genetischen Ressourcen - Genres
Schriften zu Genetischen Ressourcen - Genres Schriften zu Genetischen Ressourcen - Genres
A. DIEDERICHSEN, D. KESSLER, P. KUSTERS, J.P. RANEY and K.W. RICHARDS Genetic diversity and infraspecific classification in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) A. DIEDERICHSEN, D. KESSLER, P. KUSTERS, J. P. RANEY and K.W. RICHARDS 1 Introduction The distinction between fibre flax and linseed is based on agrobotanical differences and is of great practical value for efficient communication in agronomy and trade. Characterisation and evaluation data of the flax world collection at Plant Gene Resources of Canada (PGRC) as presented here are discussed in terms of infraspecific 2 groupings. Infraspecific taxa in flax can be used as units to quantify biodiversity and as tool to manage genebank collections or to discuss biodiversity related issues (DIEDERICHSEN and RICHARDS 2001). Based on the biological species concept, cultivated flax, Linum usitatissimum L. subsp. usitatissimum, and its wild progenitor, pale flax, Linum usitatissimum L. subsp. angustifolium (Huds.) Thell., are combined into one botanical species (HAMMER 2001). LINNAEUS (1753) distinguished in his “Species Plantarum” four botanical varieties of cultivated flax based on morphological differences. Early botanists proposed separate species names for oil-seed flax (Linum humile Mill.) and flax with spontaneously opening capsules (Linum crepitans Boenningh.). ALEFELD (1866) described eleven varieties of cultivated flax, HOWARD (1924) grouped Indian flax into 26 botanical varieties, and ELLADI (1940) described 119 botanical varieties. Later agrobotanists recognised that too much taxonomic splitting caused confusion. DILLMAN (1953) distinguished ten infraspecific groups with several varieties in a mixed formal and informal classification. KULPA and DANERT (1962) reduced the number of botanical varieties to 28 belonging to four convarieties and the most recent formal infraspecific classification by CERNOMORSKAJA and STANKEVIC (1987) distinguished five subspecies of cultivated flax. 1 Plant Gene Resources of Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada 2 The terms infraspecific and intraspecific can be considered as synonyms. The word infraspecific (= below the species level) is used here. The taxonomic system is considered to represent a hierarchical structure, and the word intraspecific (= within the species) does not indicate this as clearly. 215
Genetic diversity and infraspecific classification in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Material and methods The flax accessions of the PGRC collection were grown at Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Evaluation for the seed oil content and fatty-acid pattern was conducted in the oil chemistry laboratory at the Saskatoon Research Centre (J.P. Raney). Collection of agrobotanical characterisation data was combined with seed increase to produce sufficient germplasm for storage and distribution to genebank clients. So far, the data for 2.813 of the about 3.500 accessions of the PGRC flax has been compiled (DIEDERICHSEN and RANEY 2001). For the infraspecific grouping the convarieties as suggested by KULPA and DANERT (1962) were used, because their classification has the most consistent taxonomic keys of all mentioned infraspecific groupings. Results and discussion The range of observed expressions for selected quantitative characters in the PGRC flax collection (Table 1) exceeded the diversity in recent Canadian flax cultivars in economically important characters such as plant height, seed weight, oil content, and fatty acid patterns (DIEDERICHSEN 2001). Tab. 1: Ranges of diversity for selected quantitative characters in flax Character n min x0.5 max CV (%) Days emergence-maturity 2782 67 92 112 6.24 Petal width (mm) 2442 3.04 9.67 15.82 17.49 Seeds per capsule (Number) 2098 5.1 8.80 10.60 12.31 Plant height (cm) 2746 20 62 130 24.61 Weight of 1000 seeds (g) 2670 2.83 5.87 11.50 20.6 Oil content in seeds (%) 2672 26.19 38.31 45.63 4.61 ∀-linolenic acid (%) 2243 39.59 52.61 66.71 7.51 n=number of accessions; min=minimum; x 0.5=median; max=maximum; CV=coefficient of variation This illustrates the potential of the PGRC flax collection for crop improvement. Several qualitative characters (colour of flower parts, capsule shape, seed colour) are excellent indicators of genetic differences, because they are morphological genetic markers. Due to reticular character combinations and due to the high number of possible combinations, confusion may occur when assigning formal infraspecific names to each observed 216
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Genetic diversity and infraspecific classification in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)<br />
Material and methods<br />
The flax accessions of the PGRC collection were grown at Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,<br />
Canada. Evaluation for the seed oil content and fatty-acid pattern was conducted in the<br />
oil chemistry laboratory at the Saskatoon Research Centre (J.P. Raney). Collection of<br />
agrobotanical characterisation data was combined with seed increase to produce sufficient<br />
germplasm for storage and distribution to genebank clients. So far, the data for<br />
2.813 of the about 3.500 accessions of the PGRC flax has been compiled<br />
(DIEDERICHSEN and RANEY 2001). For the infraspecific grouping the convarieties as<br />
suggested by KULPA and DANERT (1962) were used, because their classification has<br />
the most consistent taxonomic keys of all mentioned infraspecific groupings.<br />
Results and discussion<br />
The range of observed expressions for selected quantitative characters in the PGRC<br />
flax collection (Table 1) exceeded the diversity in recent Canadian flax cultivars in economically<br />
important characters such as plant height, seed weight, oil content, and fatty<br />
acid patterns (DIEDERICHSEN 2001).<br />
Tab. 1: Ranges of diversity for selected quantitative characters in flax<br />
Character n min x0.5 max CV (%)<br />
Days emergence-maturity 2782 67 92 112 6.24<br />
Petal width (mm) 2442 3.04 9.67 15.82 17.49<br />
Seeds per capsule (Number) 2098 5.1 8.80 10.60 12.31<br />
Plant height (cm) 2746 20 62 130 24.61<br />
Weight of 1000 seeds (g) 2670 2.83 5.87 11.50 20.6<br />
Oil content in seeds (%) 2672 26.19 38.31 45.63 4.61<br />
∀-linolenic acid (%) 2243 39.59 52.61 66.71 7.51<br />
n=number of accessions; min=minimum; x 0.5=median; max=maximum; CV=coefficient of variation<br />
This illustrates the potential of the PGRC flax collection for crop improvement. Several<br />
qualitative characters (colour of flower parts, capsule shape, seed colour) are excellent<br />
indicators of genetic differences, because they are morphological genetic markers. Due<br />
to reticular character combinations and due to the high number of possible combinations,<br />
confusion may occur when assigning formal infraspecific names to each observed<br />
216
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