Schriften zu Genetischen Ressourcen - Genres
Schriften zu Genetischen Ressourcen - Genres Schriften zu Genetischen Ressourcen - Genres
Diversity in barley (Hordeum vulgare) Diversity in barley (Hordeum vulgare) R. VON BOTHMER 1 , TH. VAN HINTUM 2 , H. KNÜPFFER 3 and K. SATO 4 Introduction The magnitude and distribution of genetic variation, or genetic diversity, in wild plants is a major factor for a continuous evolutionary process in nature. The access to variable genetic material is also a prerequisite for early domestication, adaptation to new areas or habitats and for further progress in modern plant breeding. The same basic evolutionary mechanisms of mutation, recombination and selection are also operating under domestication and breeding but the speed of changes has increased considerably under cultivation in comparison to nature. Since the beginnings of modern plant breeding and related research many different techniques have been applied to measurement of genetic diversity, such as morphological characters, adaptive traits and other characters of importance in agriculture (e.g., yield, resistance). In later years there has been a great number of studies on genetic diversity in various crops and wild species. In general the investigations treat: • Material of a certain region or country; • a selected sample of accessions from a world or larger regional collection; • a particular taxon, group or type, such as landraces or cultivation types (winter or spring types, etc.); 1 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Department of Crop Science Box 44 SE-230 53 Alnarp 2 Centre for Genetic Resources (CGN) Plant Research International B.V PO Box 16 NL - 6700 AA Wageningen 3 Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Department of Genebank Corrensstraße 3, D-06466 Gatersleben 4 Research Institute for Bioresources Barley Germplasm Center Okayama University Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan 128
R. V. BOTHMER, TH. V. HINTUM, H. KNÜPFFER and K. SATO • a certain technique applied to certain material, such as some morphological characters, a particular trait (e.g., salt tolerance) or a certain molecular marker sytem; • a particular taxon, group or type, such as landraces or cultivation types (winter or spring types, etc.). However, as to our knowledge there is no major overview of available data from various fields to give a complete picture of the situation in a single species. This is the objective why the present authors, together with a number of specialists in various fields, took up the challenge to compile and compare various sets of available data for a particular crop, namely barley. This paper will conclude some of the major results from a larger publication under preparation (BOTHMER et al. 2002). The reason for choosing barley was that, beside of being an important temperate cereal crop, it has also since long been used as a model object in genetic and cytogenetic research. There is, in addition, a wealth of data available for the present project. Creation of diversity Barley is one of the major crops of the world. Cultivated barley, Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare, belongs to the medium sized, temperate genus Hordeum with ca. 32 species (cf. BOTHMER et al. 1995). In various studies of phylogenetic relationships, barley appears to have its closest wild relatives in the Mediterranean area and SW Asia, where also the single representative of the secondary genepool, H. bulbosum, grows. The closest wild relative to barley, its immediate progenitor and single wild member of the primary genepool is H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum. It is still common in natural habitats and as a weed in the Middle East. The domestication process started here, and there is now conclusive evidence that barley, together with wheat and a few other species, were taken into cultivation and were fully domesticated ca. 10,000 years ago. The progenitor, ssp. spontaneum, has a large genetic diversity (see below), and from this versatile genepool the cultivated forms emerged. The early domesticates were thus obviously genetically very diverse. The transition from a wild to a cultivated state implied a radical change of allele frequencies at certain loci. Rare alleles and new mutational events were positively selected for and got quickly established in the domesticated populations. A trait of prime importance in the wild state, such as brittle rachis promoting efficient seed dispersal, is of negative value under cultivation. Here a tough rachis is favoured, which allows the mature kernels to stay in place until the whole spike is ripe and can be harvested. 129
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Diversity in barley (Hordeum vulgare)<br />
Diversity in barley (Hordeum vulgare)<br />
R. VON BOTHMER 1 , TH. VAN HINTUM 2 , H. KNÜPFFER 3 and K. SATO 4<br />
Introduction<br />
The magnitude and distribution of genetic variation, or genetic diversity, in wild plants<br />
is a major factor for a continuous evolutionary process in nature. The access to variable<br />
genetic material is also a prerequisite for early domestication, adaptation to new<br />
areas or habitats and for further progress in modern plant breeding. The same basic<br />
evolutionary mechanisms of mutation, recombination and selection are also operating<br />
under domestication and breeding but the speed of changes has increased considerably<br />
under cultivation in comparison to nature.<br />
Since the beginnings of modern plant breeding and related research many different<br />
techniques have been applied to measurement of genetic diversity, such as morphological<br />
characters, adaptive traits and other characters of importance in agriculture<br />
(e.g., yield, resistance). In later years there has been a great number of studies<br />
on genetic diversity in various crops and wild species. In general the investigations<br />
treat:<br />
• Material of a certain region or country;<br />
• a selected sample of accessions from a world or larger regional collection;<br />
• a particular taxon, group or type, such as landraces or cultivation types (winter or<br />
spring types, etc.);<br />
1 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences<br />
Department of Crop Science<br />
Box 44<br />
SE-230 53 Alnarp<br />
2 Centre for Genetic Resources (CGN)<br />
Plant Research International B.V<br />
PO Box 16<br />
NL - 6700 AA Wageningen<br />
3 Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)<br />
Department of Genebank<br />
Corrensstraße 3,<br />
D-06466 Gatersleben<br />
4 Research Institute for Bioresources<br />
Barley Germplasm Center<br />
Okayama University<br />
Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan<br />
128
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