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the observed waveforms, it should be noted that accounting fora more complex constitutive model could improve significantlythe results of the INGV smooth model.3D numerical simulations allow us to reproduce the mostsignificant features of surface earthquake ground motion inthe near-fault region. Ground motion shaking maps, in termsof PGV, and snapshots of simulated velocity wavefield are discussed,giving insights into seismic wave propagation effects inrealistic geological structures and under near-fault conditions.In spite of the simplified assumptions behind the numericalmodel, 3D numerical simulations represent a relevant tool topredict realistic earthquake ground motion in complex tectonicand geological environments, and for different seismicsource scenarios that may play a major role in seismic hazardassessment studies.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors acknowledge Simone Atzori of INGV for kindlyproviding the data about the seismic source inversion studies.John Beavan and Caroline Holden of GNS are greatlyacknowledged for their useful suggestions and remarks aboutthe GNS source inversion adopted in this work. Also gratefullyacknowledged are Pilar Villamor, Andrew King, RafaelBenites of GNS, Misko Cubrinovski, Brendon Bradley, JohnBerril of the Canterbury University, and Hugh Cowan of theEarthquake Commission of New Zealand (EQC). We are alsograteful to Anselm Smolka, Martin Käser, and AlexanderAllmann (Munich RE) for their fruitful comments. We deeplythank the research center CRS4 (http://www.crs4.it/) and inparticular Fabio Maggio and Luca Massidda, for the essentialcooperation in the development of GeoELSE. Finally, a particularthanks to Robert Graves, U.S. Geological Survey, forthe detailed, constructive criticism he devoted to our paper.REFERENCESAnderson, J. G. (2004). Quantitative measure of the goodness-of-fit ofsynthetic seismograms. In Proceedings of the 13 th World Conferenceon Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. Paper no.243. Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.Atzori, S., and S. Salvi (2011). 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