tudes calculated by the GSC and should be used with cautionfor magnitudes calculated by other agencies unless it can beverified that the same formulae and procedures were used. Inparticular, until the underlying causes of the m N – M W timedependenceare better understood, it should not be assumedthat this time dependence applies to all data bases for easternNorth America.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSI thank Bob Youngs for providing a second opinion on the timedependence of m N . John Adams, John Cassidy, and MartinChapman provided constructive reviews. Janet Drysdale verifiedthe pre-1995 magnitude calculation procedure. NaturalResources Canada contribution number 20110070.REFERENCESAtkinson, G. M. (1993). Earthquake source spectra in eastern NorthAmerica. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 83, 1,778–1,798.Atkinson, G. M., S.-L. I. Kaka, D. Eaton, A. Bent, V. Peci, and S. Halchuk(2008). A very close look at a moderate earthquake near Sudbury,Ontario. Seismological Research Letters 79, 119–131.Bent, A. L. (1994). The 1989 (M S 6.3) Ungava, Quebec earthquake: Acomplex intraplate event. Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica 84, 1,075–1,088.Bent, A. L. (2009). A Moment Magnitude Catalog for the 150 LargestEastern Canadian Earthquakes. Geological Survey of CanadaOpen-File Report 6080, 23 pp.Bent, A. L., and H. S. Hasegawa (1992). Earthquakes along the northwesternboundary of the Labrador Sea. Seismological ResearchLetters 63, 587–602.Bent, A. L., M. Lamontagne, J. Adams, C. R. D. Woodgold, S. Halchuk,J. Drysdale, R. J. Wetmiller, S. Ma, and J.-B. Dastous (2002). TheKipawa, Quebec “Millennium” earthquake. Seismological ResearchLetters 73, 285–297.Boatwright, J. (1994). Regional propagation characteristics and sourceparameters of earthquakes in eastern North America. Bulletin ofthe Seismological Society of America 84, 1–15.Boore, D. M., and G. M. Atkinson (1987). Stochastic prediction ofground motion and spectral response parameters at hard-rock sitesin eastern North America. Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica 77, 440–467.Burger, R. W., P. G. Somerville, J. S. Barker, R. B. Herrmann, and D. V.Helmberger (1987). The effect of crustal structure on strong groundmotion attenuation relations in eastern North America. Bulletin ofthe Seismological Society of America 77, 420–439.Chael, E. P. (1987). Spectral scaling of earthquakes in the Miramichiregion of New Brunswick. Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica 77, 347–365.Du, W.-X., W.-Y. Kim, and L. R. Sykes (2003). Earthquake sourceparameters and state of stress for the northeastern United Statesand southeastern Canada from analysis of regional seismograms.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 93, 1,633–1,648.Global CMT Project (2010). Online database, http://www.globalcmt.org.Haddon, R. A. W. (1996). Use of empirical Green’s functions, spectralratios, and kinematic source models for simulating strong groundmotion. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 86, 597–615.Hasegawa, H. S. (1983). Lg spectra of local earthquakes recorded bythe Eastern Canada Telemetered Network and spectral scaling.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 73, 1,041–1,061.Herrmann, R. B. (1978). A seismological study of two Attica, New Yorkearthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 68,641–651.Herrmann, R. (2010). Online database, http://www.eas.slu.edu/eqc/eqc_mt/MECH.NA/.Johnston, A. C., K. J. Coppersmith, L. R. Kanter, and C. A. Cornell(1994). The Earthquakes of Stable Continental Regions. Assessmentof Large Earthquake Potential, TR-102261-V1. Five-volume proprietaryreport prepared for Electric Power Research Institute, PaloAlto, CA.Kim, W.-Y., S. Dineva, S. Ma, and D. Eaton (2006). The 4 August 2004,Lake Ontario, earthquake. Seismological Research Letters 77, 65–73.Lamontagne, M., A. L. Bent, C. R. D. Woodgold, S. Ma, and V. Peci(2004). The 16 March 1999 m N 5.1 Côte-Nord earthquake: Thelargest earthquake ever recorded in the Lower St. Lawrence seismiczone, Canada. Seismological Research Letters 75, 299–316Lamontagne, M., H. S. Hasegawa, D. A. Forsyth, G. G. R. Buchbinder,and M. Cajka (1994). The Mont-Laurier, Quebec, earthquake of 19October 1990 and its seismotectonic environment. Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America 84, 1,506–1,522.Nábélek, J., and G. Suaréz (1989). The 1983 Goodnow earthquake in thecentral Adirondacks, New York: Rupture of a simple, circular crack.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 79, 1,762–1,778.National Earthquake Database (2010). Digital database, http://www.seismo.nrcan.gc.ca, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.Nicholson, C., E. Roeloffs, and R. L. Wesson (1988). The northeasternOhio earthquake of 31 January 1986: Was it induced? Bulletin ofthe Seismological Society of America 78, 188–217.North, R. G., R. J. Wetmiller, J. Adams, F. M. Anglin, H. S. Hasegawa,M. Lamontagne, R. DuBerger, L. Seeber, and J. Armbruster(1989). Preliminary results from the November 25, 1988 Saguenay(Quebec) earthquake. Seismological Research Letters 60, 89–93.Nuttli, O. W. (1973). Seismic wave attenuation and magnitude relationsfor eastern North America. Journal of Geophysical Research 78,876–885.Nuttli, O. W. (1983). Average seismic source-parameter relations formid-plate earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica 73, 519–535.Ristau, J., G. Rogers, and J. Cassidy (2003). Moment magnitude calibrationfor earthquakes off Canada’s west coast. Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America 93, 2,296–2,300.Ristau, J., G. C. Rogers, and J. F. Cassidy (2005). Moment magnitudelocalmagnitude calibration for earthquakes in western Canada.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 95, 1,994–2,000;doi:10.1785/0120050028.Sonley, E., and G. M. Atkinson (2001). Apparent source spectra forearthquakes in the Charlevoix seismic zone: A comparison ofdirect and empirical Green’s function methods. Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America 91, 1,729–1,740.Sonley, E., and G. M. Atkinson (2005). Empirical relationship betweenmoment magnitude and Nuttli magnitude for small-magnitudeearthquakes in southeastern Canada. Seismological Research Letters76, 752–755.United States Geological Survey (2010). Online database, http://neic.usgs.gov.Wetmiller, R. J., and J. A. Drysdale (1982). Local magnitude of easternCanadian earthquakes by an extended m b (Lg) scale. EarthquakeNotes 53 (3), 40.Canadian Hazards Information ServiceGeological Survey of Canada7 Observatory CrescentOttawa, Ontario K1A 0Y3 Canadabent@seismo.nrcan.gc.ca990 Seismological Research Letters Volume 82, Number 6 November/December 2011
Meeting CalendarM E E T I N GC A L E N D A R20114 November. Consortium of Organizations for StrongMotion Observation Systems (COSMOS) Annual Meetingand Technical Session, “Recent Major Earthquakes andtheir Influence on Strong Ground Motion Determinationsand Design,” Emeryville, California.www.cosmos-eq.org.6–7 December. Geotechnical Short Course, Virginia Tech,Blacksburg, Virginia.www.cpe.vt.edu/gee/201211–13 January. Magmatic Rifting and Active VolcanismConference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/afar/new-afar/conference/conference.html22–25 January. 7th Gulf Seismic Forum (GSF 2012),Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.http://7gsf.info/.28 February−2 March. 10th International Workshop onSeismic Microzoning and Risk Reduction, Tsukuba,Japan.http://www.jaee.gr.jp/event/10IWSMRR/index.html3–4 March. International Symposium One Year after the2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake, Kenchiku-kaikan Hall,Tokyo.kawashima.k.ae@m.titech.ac.jp10−14 April. Earthquake Engineering Research InstituteAnnual Meeting/Federal Emergency ManagementAgency National Earthquake Conference, Peabody Hotel,Memphis, Tennessee.www.eeri.org17−19 April. 2012 SSA Annual Meeting, San Diego,Californiawww.seismosoc.org and page 966 for details.23−27 April. National Earthquake Conference, Memphis,Tennesseewww.earthquakeconference.org13–15 June. Incorporated Research Institutions forSeismology (IRIS) Workshop, Boise, Idaho.www.iris.edu26−29 June. 45th Rock Mechanics / GeomechanicsSymposium, San Francisco, Californiawww.armasymposium.org5−10 August. 4th International Geological Congress,Brisbane, Australia.www.34igc.org24−28 September. 15th World Conference on EarthquakeEngineering (15WCEE), Lisbon, Portugalwww.15wcee.org4–7 November. Geological Society of America AnnualMeeting, Charlotte, North Carolina.www.geosociety.org/meetings/2012/Please send notices of meetings you would like to appear in the“Meeting Calendar” three months before the expected date ofpublication. Send announcements to SRL Editor Jonathan M.Lees in care of the SRL managing editor at srl@seismosoc.org.doi: 10.1785/gssrl.82.6.991Seismological Research Letters Volume 82, Number 6 November/December 2011 991
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Volume 82, Number 6 November/Decemb
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News and Notes (continued)Nominatio
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Preface to the Focused Issue on the
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TABLE 1Peak ground acceleration (PG
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▲▲Figure 2. A) Sketch of the
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▲▲Figure 4. A) Adopted moment r
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▲▲Figure 7. As in Figure 6 but
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▲ ▲ Figure 8. Misfit parameters
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▲ ▲ Figure 10. Spatial variabil
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▲ ▲ Figure 12. Standard spectra
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Quigley, M., R. Van Dissen, P. Vill
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slip on a 59-degree striking fault
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▲▲Figure 4. Convergence of inve
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observations and other source studi
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-42. 5-43. 0-43. 5-44. 0-44. 5-43.2
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“Product CSK © ASI, (ItalianSpac
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TABLE 2Solutions for fault location
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-43.45(A)degrees N-43.50-43.552.52.
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is still a good fit to the horizont
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Coulomb Stress Change Sensitivity d
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mation takes on a larger strike-sli
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P 9.4267BLDU45P 20.1213CASY39P 2.62
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ERMJNUMAJOINUJHJ2CBIJMIDWJOWYHNBTPU
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(A)6.146.13(B)6.246.36Misfit6.156.1
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(A)(B)(C)(D)▲▲Figure 10. The co
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(A)(B)(C)(D)▲▲Figure 12. The co
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Luo, Y., Y. Tan, S. Wei, D. Helmber
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−44˚00' −43˚00'4-Sep-2010Mw 7
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TABLE 1Pairs of SAR imagery used in
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Depth (km)Coulomb Stress Change(bar
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Crippen, R. E. (1992). Measurement
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AlpineFaultHope Fault38 mm/yr0+ +-1
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σ 1dσ 3Nuσ 3CM w 7.1dw 6.2u70°M
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Right-lateral Faults(A) Range Front
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DISCUSSIONThe 2010-2011 Canterbury
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Large Apparent Stresses from the Ca
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▲ ▲ Figure 2. Observed vs. pred
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10Obs SA(1s)AS1AS+SDAB 2006AB+SDSA(
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Fine-scale Relocation of Aftershock
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−43.25°OXZ0 10 20km−43.5°−4
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A’0 km 4 8−43.5°B’B−43.6°
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REFERENCESAvery, H. R., J. B. Berri
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▲ ▲ Figure 2. A) shows three-co
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▲ ▲ Figure 4. Vertical accelera
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0.8PRPC Z0.40Normalized (Max PGA +
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Near-source Strong Ground MotionsOb
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(A)Magnitude, M w876542009 NZdataba
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Scale0.5 g5 seconds▲▲Figure 4.
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(A)(B)Spectral Acc, Sa (g)North/Wes
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Vertical-to-horizontal PGA ratio543
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(A)(B)Station:CCCCSolid:AvgHorizDas
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REFERENCESAagaard, B. T., J. F. Hal
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▲ ▲ Figure 1. Shear-wave veloci
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Spectral Acceleration (0.3 s), (g)I
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Spectral Acceleration (3 s), (g)In[
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TABLE 1Mean (μ LLH ) and standard
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Strong Ground Motions and Damage Co
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ings and the Modified Takeda-Slip M
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high, but there were no buildings d
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REFERENCES▲▲Figure 8. Heavily d
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(A)(B)(C)(D)(E)▲▲Figure 1. A) M
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(A) (B) (C)▲ ▲ Figure 3. A) Typ
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(A) (B) (C)▲ ▲ Figure 4. A) Typ
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Case StudyKey ParametersTABLE 1Key
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▲ ▲ Figure 9. Representative bu
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Soil Liquefaction Effects in the Ce
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▲ ▲ Figure 2. Representative su
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Location of structures illustrated
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Shading indicates areaover which pr
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1.8 deg15 cmGround cracking due to
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30 cm17 cm30 cmFoundation beam▲
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Comparison of Liquefaction Features
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(A)(B)▲▲Figure 2. A) Simplified
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(A)Acceleration (Gal)6004002000-200
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(A)(B)▲▲Figure 7. Distribution
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(A)(B)▲▲Figure 10. Damage to a
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(A)(B)▲ ▲ Figure 14. A) Subside
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▲▲Figure 17. A trench in a resi
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Ambient Noise Measurements followin
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▲▲Figure 1. Location of the noi
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▲▲Figure 5. Site N20 showing HV
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▲▲Figure 8. Comparison between
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Use of DCP and SASW Tests to Evalua
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▲ ▲ Figure 2. Aerial image of C
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(A)(B)▲▲Figure 4. DCP test bein
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▲▲Figure 7. SASW setup at a sit
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where X ~ N(μ X , σ X 2 ) is shor
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Using the same critical layers as s
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