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structures have been examined adopting a displacement-basedprocedure. Results show that the inter-story drift demands inthe CBD were particularly damaging for all types of structuresbut especially catastrophic for mid-rise RC buildings on shallowfoundations. This is an important finding that may contribute tounderstanding why the CTV and PGC buildings collapsed.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSFinancial support for the expedition to the earthquakestrickenarea and the work outlined in this paper has beenprovided under the research project “DARE,” funded throughthe “IDEAS” Programme of the European Research Council(ERC) under contract number ERC-2-9-AdG228254-DARE.The authors would like to thank Professors John Berrill, MiskoCubrinovski, Stefano Pampanin, and Dr. Umut Akgüzel forproviding data and assisting the authors during their reconnaissancevisit in Christchurch in April 2011.REFERENCESApplied Technology Council (ATC) (1996). Seismic Evaluation andRetrofit of Concrete Buildings. 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Period-height relationship for existingEuropean reinforced concrete buildings. Journal of EarthquakeEngineering 8 (S1), 305–332.Cubrinovski, M., R. Green, J. Allen, S. Ashford, E. Bowman, B. Bradley,B. Cox, T. Hutchinson, E. Kavazanjian, R. Orense, M. Pender, M.Quigley, T. Wilson, and L. Wotherspoon (2010). Geotechnicalreconnaissance of the 2010 Darfield (New Zealand) earthquake.Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 43,243–320.Dikmen, Ü. (2009). Statistical correlations of shear wave velocityand penetration resistance for soils. Journal of Geophysics andEngineering 6, 61–72.Eidinger, J., A. Tang, and Thomas O’Rourke (2010). Technical Councilon Lifeline Earthquake Engineering (TCLEE), Report of the 4September 2010 Mw 7.1 Canterbury (Darfield), New ZealandEarthquake. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers.Galloway, B. D., H. J. Hare, and D. K. Bull (2011). Performance ofmulti-storey reinforced concrete buildings in the Darfield earthquake.Proceedings of the Ninth Pacific Conference on EarthquakeEngineering—Building an Earthquake-Resilient Society, 14–16April, 2011, Auckland, New Zealand, paper no. 168.Geonet (2011). Christchurch badly damaged by magnitude 6.3 earthquake(22 February 2011), http://www.geonet.org.nz.Gülkan, P., and M. Sözen (1974). Inelastic response of reinforced concretestructures to earthquake motions. ACI Journal 71 (12), 604–610.Itasca Consulting Group (2005). Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua.Minneapolis, MN: Itasca Consulting Group Inc.Kam, W. Y., U. Akguzel, and S. Pampanin (2011). 4 Weeks on:Preliminary Reconnaissance Report from the Christchurch 22Feb 2011 6.3M w Earthquake. Report, New Zealand Society forEarthquake Engineering Library, Wellington, New Zealand.Natural Hazards Research Platform (NHRP) (2011a). 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Effects of fines on the un-drained behavior ofChristchurch sandy soils. PhD thesis, Civil and Natural ResourcesEngineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.Shabestari, K. T., and F. Yamazaki (2003). Near-fault spatial variationin strong ground motion due to rupture directivity and hangingwall effects from the Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake. EarthquakeEngineering and Structural Dynamics 32, 2,197–2,219.Shibata, A., and M. Sözen (1976). Substitute structure method for seismicdesign in reinforced concrete. ASCE Journal of the StructuralDivision 102 (ST1), 1–8.Tasiopoulou, P., E. Smyrou, İ. E. Bal, G. Gazetas, and E. Vintzileou (2011).Geotechnical and Structural Field Observations from Christchurch,New Zealand, Earthquakes. Research Report, National TechnicalUniversity of Athens, Greece.Toshinawa, T., J. J. Taber, and J. B. Berrill (1997). Distribution ofground-motion intensity inferred from questionnaire survey, earthquakerecordings, and microtremor measurements: A case study inChristchurch, New Zealand, during the 1994 Arthurs Pass earthquake.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 87, 356–369.Uma, S. R., J. Bothara, R. Jury, and A. King (2008). Performance assessmentof existing buildings in New Zealand. Proceedings of the NewZealand Society for Earthquake Engineering Conference, Wairakei,New Zealand, 11–13 April, paper no. 45.Youd, T. L., and B. L. Carter (2005). Influence on soil softening and liquefactionon spectral acceleration. ASCE Journal of Geotechnicaland Geoenvironmental Engineering 131 (7), 811–825.Soil Mechanics LaboratorySchool of Civil EngineeringNational Technical UniversityHeroon Polytechneiou 9Zografou CampusAthens 15780 Greecesmiroulena@gmail.com(E. S.)892 Seismological Research Letters Volume 82, Number 6 November/December 2011

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