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high, but there were no buildings damaged around HPSCand SHLC where the 1–2-second response was low. In particular,there were many heavily damaged buildings, similarto what happened in the Kobe earthquake, that correspondedto the result of the nonlinear seismic response analysis aroundREHS. Thus, our investigation confirmed that the 1–2-secondresponse bore a close relationship to heavy damage to buildings.However, there were no buildings with heavy damagearound PRPC, where the 1–2-second response was almost thesame as that of CCCC, and there were some houses with heavydamage a little away from HVSC seismic station though it wasexpected that ground motions there would not cause heavydamage to houses. We surmise that these results arise becausethe majority of the buildings around the seismic station wereranch houses and thus likely made from masonry, and theperiod corresponding to damage of such buildings is shorterthan 1–2 seconds (Sakai and Nakamura 2004).▲▲Figure 4. Elastic acceleration response spectrum comparedwith the 1995 Kobe earthquake.▲▲Figure 5. Hysteresis models: A) Takeda Model and B) Modified Takeda-Slip Model.TABLE 4Explanation of JMA seismic intensity scales (http://www.jma.go.jp/) for reinforced-concrete buildingsSeismicIntensity High Earthquake Resistance Low Earthquake Resistance5.0 ≤ I j < 5.5 — Cracks may form in walls, crossbeams and pillars.5.5 ≤ I j < 6.0 Cracks may form in walls, crossbeams and pillars. Cracks are more likely to form in walls, crossbeams andpillars.6.0 ≤ I j < 6.5 Cracks are more likely to form in walls, crossbeamsand pillars.6.5 ≤ I j Cracks are even more likely to form in walls,crossbeams and pillars.Ground level or intermediate floors may sustainsignificant damage. Buildings may lean in somecases.Slippage and X-shaped cracks may be seen in walls, crossbeamsand pillars. Pillars at ground level or on intermediatefloors may disintegrate, and buildings may collapse.Slippage and X-shaped cracks are more likely to be seen inwalls, crossbeams and pillars.Pillars at ground level or on intermediate floors are morelikely to disintegrate, and buildings are more likely to collapse.TABLE 5Parameters of the Hysteresis Models.Hysteresis Characteristics Model α y Q c / Q y α β γ δTakeda-Model 0.25 0.30 0.50 0.01 — —Modified Takeda-Slip Model 0.30 0.30 0.50 0.15 3.00 1.00Seismological Research Letters Volume 82, Number 6 November/December 2011 879