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TABLE 2Explanation of JMA seismic intensity scales (http://www.jma.go.jp/) for human perception and reaction; indoor situationsand outdoor situationsSeismicIntensity I jI j < 0.5Human Perception andReaction Indoor Situation Outdoor SituationImperceptible to people, but — —recorded by seismometers.— —keeping quiet in buildings.0.5 ≤ I j < 1.5 Felt slightly by some people1.5 ≤ I j < 2.5 Felt by many people keepingquiet in buildings. Some peoplemay be awoken.2.5 ≤ I j < 3.5 Felt by most people in buildings.Felt by some people walking.Many people are awoken.3.5 ≤ I j < 4.5 Most people are startled. Feltby most people walking. Mostpeople are awoken.4.5 ≤ I j < 5.0 Many people are frightenedand feel the need to hold ontosomething stable.5.0 ≤ I j < 5.5 Many people find it hard tomove; walking is difficult withoutholding onto somethingstable.5.5≤ I j < 6.0 It is difficult to remain standing.6.0 ≤ I j < 6.5 It is impossible to remainstanding or move withoutcrawling. People may bethrown through the air.Hanging objects such as lampsswing slightly.Dishes in cupboards may rattle.Hanging objects such as lampsswing significantly, and dishes incupboards rattle. Unstable ornamentsmay fall.Hanging objects such as lampsswing violently. Dishes in cupboardsand items on bookshelvesmay fall. Many unstable ornamentsfall. Unsecured furnituremay move, and unstable furnituremay topple over.Dishes in cupboards and itemson bookshelves are more likelyto fall. TVs may fall from theirstands, and unsecured furnituremay topple over.Many unsecured furniture movesand may topple over. Doors maybecome wedged shut.Most unsecured furniture moves,and is more likely to topple over.6.5 ≤ I j Most unsecured furniture movesand topples over, or may even bethrown through the air.—Electric wires swing slightly.Electric wires swing significantly.Those driving vehicles may notice thetremor.In some cases, windows may breakand fall. People notice electricitypoles moving. Roads may sustaindamage.Windows may break and fall, unreinforcedconcrete-block walls maycollapse, poorly installed vendingmachines may topple over, automobilesmay stop due to the difficulty ofcontinued movement.Wall tiles and windows may sustaindamage and fall.Wall tiles and windows are more likelyto break and fall. Most unreinforcedconcrete-block walls collapse.Wall tiles and windows are even morelikely to break and fall. Reinforcedconcrete-block walls may collapse.TABLE 3Explanation of JMA seismic intensity scales (http://www.jma.go.jp/) for wooden housesSeismicIntensity High Earthquake Resistance Low Earthquake Resistance4.5 ≤ I j < 5.0 — Slight cracks may form in walls.5.0 ≤ I j < 5.5 — Cracks may form in walls.5.5 ≤ I j < 6.0 Slight cracks may form in walls. Cracks are more likely to form in walls.Large cracks may form in walls.Tiles may fall, and buildings may lean or collapse.6.0 ≤ I j < 6.5 Cracks may form in walls. Large cracks are more likely to form in walls.Buildings are more likely to lean or collapse.6.5 ≤ I j Cracks are more likely to form in walls.Buildings may lean in some cases.Buildings are even more likely to lean or collapse.878 Seismological Research Letters Volume 82, Number 6 November/December 2011