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<strong>Fire</strong> <strong>Safety</strong> RiskAssessment<strong>Small</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Medium</strong><strong>Places</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Assembly</strong>
© Crown Copyright, 2013ISBN: 978 0 33709 7225Printed in the UK for The Stationery Office Limitedon behalf <strong>of</strong> the Department <strong>of</strong> Health, Social Services <strong>and</strong> Public <strong>Safety</strong>PC3152 03/13
ContentsHow to use this guide 1Preface 2Introduction 3Part 1 <strong>Fire</strong> risk assessment 9Step 1 Identify fire hazards 12Step 2 Identify people at risk 15Step 3 Evaluate, remove, reduce <strong>and</strong> protect 16from riskStep 4 Record, plan, inform, instruct <strong>and</strong> train 36Step 5 Review 43Part 2 Further guidance on fire risk assessment 45<strong>and</strong> fire precautionsSection 1 Further guidance on fire risks <strong>and</strong> preventative 47measuresSection 2 Further guidance on fire detection <strong>and</strong> warning 64systemsSection 3 Further guidance on firefighting equipment <strong>and</strong> 68facilitiesSection 4 Further guidance on escape routes 73Section 5 Further guidance on emergency escape lighting 116Section 6 Further guidance on signs <strong>and</strong> notices 119
Section 7 Further guidance on recording, planning, 123informing, instructing <strong>and</strong> trainingSection 8 Quality assurance <strong>of</strong> fire protection equipment 135<strong>and</strong> installationAppendix A A1 Example fire safety maintenance checklist 136A2 Example form for recording significant 140findingsAppendix B Technical information on fire-resisting 141separation, fire doors <strong>and</strong> door fasteningsAppendix C Historic buildings 152Appendix D Glossary 154References 160Further reading 165iv
How to use this guideThis guide is divided into two parts:• Part 1 Explains what a fire risk assessment is <strong>and</strong> how you might go about it. <strong>Fire</strong> riskassessment should be the foundation for all the fire precautions in your premises.• Part 2 Provides further guidance on fire precautions. The information is provided for you<strong>and</strong> others to dip into during your fire risk assessment or when you are reviewing yourprecautions.The appendices provide example checklists, some detailed technical information on fireresistingelements <strong>and</strong> advice on historic buildings.This guide is one <strong>of</strong> a series <strong>of</strong> guides listed on the back cover.The rest <strong>of</strong> this introduction explains how the law applies.Technical terms are explained in the glossary <strong>and</strong> references to other publications listed atthe end <strong>of</strong> the publication are identified by a superscript number in the text.In this guide reference is made to British St<strong>and</strong>ards <strong>and</strong> st<strong>and</strong>ards provided by otherbodies. The st<strong>and</strong>ards referred to are intended for guidance only <strong>and</strong> other st<strong>and</strong>ards couldbe used. Reference to any particular st<strong>and</strong>ard is not intended to confer a presumption <strong>of</strong>conformity with the requirements <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Services (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) Order2006 1 or the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>Safety</strong> Regulations (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) 2010 2 .The level <strong>of</strong> necessary safety (or service) must be dictated by the findings <strong>of</strong> your riskassessment so you may need to do more or less than that specified in any particularst<strong>and</strong>ard referred to. You must be prepared to show that what you have done complies withany requirements or prohibitions <strong>of</strong> the Order 1 or Regulations 2 irrespective <strong>of</strong> whether youhave relied on a particular st<strong>and</strong>ard.A full list <strong>of</strong> references can be found at the back <strong>of</strong> this book.1
PrefaceThis guidance gives advice on how to avoid fires <strong>and</strong> how to ensure people’s safetyif a fire does start. Why should you read it? Because:• <strong>Fire</strong> kills. Northern Irel<strong>and</strong> <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Service attend thous<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> major firesannually. Every year hundreds <strong>of</strong> people end up as casualties in incidents which occur indomestic <strong>and</strong> non domestic premises <strong>and</strong> tragically a small number are killed as a result<strong>of</strong> fire.• <strong>Fire</strong> costs money. The costs <strong>of</strong> a serious fire can be high <strong>and</strong> after a fire manybusinesses do not re-open. Every year insurance companies in the UK pay out hundreds<strong>of</strong> millions <strong>of</strong> pounds for damage caused by fire.This guide applies to Northern Irel<strong>and</strong> only. It does not set prescriptive st<strong>and</strong>ards, butprovides recommendations <strong>and</strong> guidance for use when assessing the adequacy <strong>of</strong>fire precautions in small <strong>and</strong> medium places <strong>of</strong> assembly. Other fire risk assessmentmethods may be equally valid to comply with fire safety law. The guide also providesrecommendations for the fire safety management <strong>of</strong> the premises.Your existing fire safety arrangements may not be the same as the recommendations usedin this guide but, as long as you can demonstrate that they meet an equivalent st<strong>and</strong>ard <strong>of</strong>fire safety, they are likely to be acceptable. If you decide that your existing arrangements arenot satisfactory there may be other ways to comply with fire safety law. This means there isno obligation to adopt any particular solution in this guide if you prefer to meet the relevantrequirement in some other way.Where the building has been recently constructed or significantly altered, the fire detection<strong>and</strong> warning arrangements, escape routes <strong>and</strong> facilities for the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Serviceshould have been designed, constructed <strong>and</strong> installed in accordance with current buildingregulations. In such cases, it is likely that these measures will be satisfactory as long asthey are being properly maintained <strong>and</strong> no significant increase in risk has been introduced.This guide should not be used to design fire safety in new buildings. Where alterations areproposed to existing premises, they may be subject to building regulations. However, it canbe used to develop the fire safety strategy for the building.2
IntroductionWHo SHoulD uSe tHIS guIDe?This guide is for all employers, managers, occupiers <strong>and</strong> owners <strong>of</strong> small <strong>and</strong> mediumplaces <strong>of</strong> assembly. Details <strong>of</strong> other guides in the series are listed on the back cover. Ittells you what you have to do to comply with fire safety law, helps you to carry out a fire riskassessment <strong>and</strong> identify the general fire precautions you need to have in place.This guide is intended for premises where the main use <strong>of</strong> the building or part <strong>of</strong> thebuilding is as a small (i.e. premises accommodating up to 60 people) or a medium (i.e.premises accommodating up to 300 people) place <strong>of</strong> assembly. These include: publichouses; clubs; dance halls/schools; village halls; community centres; churches; otherplaces <strong>of</strong> religious worship or study <strong>and</strong> associated premises; temporary structures <strong>and</strong>marquees/tents.This guide does not apply to sports grounds or common areas <strong>of</strong> shopping malls; referenceshould be made to the guide for Large <strong>Places</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Assembly</strong> for these premises.This guide may also be suitable where the premises adjoin other complexes, althoughco-operation with the other managers will be necessary as part <strong>of</strong> an integrated riskassessment for the complex.Also, where you h<strong>and</strong>le <strong>and</strong> store flammable materials <strong>and</strong> substances, it will help you totake account <strong>of</strong> these in your risk assessment <strong>and</strong> help you to determine the necessaryprecautions to take to minimise the likelihood <strong>of</strong> them being involved in a fire.The guide has been written to provide guidance for an appropriate person, to help them tocarry out a fire risk assessment in less complex premises. If you read the guide <strong>and</strong> decidethat you are unable to apply the guidance, then you should seek expert advice from acompetent person. More complex premises will probably need to be assessed by a personwho has comprehensive training or experience in fire risk assessment. However, this guidecan be used for multi-occupied buildings to address fire safety issues within their individualoccupancies.It may also be useful for:• employees;• employee-elected representatives;• trade union-appointed health <strong>and</strong> safety representatives;• enforcing authorities; <strong>and</strong>• all other people who have a role in ensuring fire safety in small <strong>and</strong> medium places<strong>of</strong> assembly.3
If your premises are listed as <strong>of</strong> historic interest, also see Appendix C.<strong>Fire</strong> safety is only one <strong>of</strong> many safety issues management must address to minimise therisk <strong>of</strong> injury or death to staff or the public. Unlike most <strong>of</strong> the other safety concerns, firehas the potential to injure or kill large numbers <strong>of</strong> people very quickly. This guidance isconcerned only with fire safety, but many <strong>of</strong> the measures discussed here will impact uponother safety issues, <strong>and</strong> vice versa. It is recognised that these differing safety dem<strong>and</strong>s cansometimes affect one another <strong>and</strong> management should consult other interested agencies,such as the Local Council, where necessary to confirm that they are not contravening otherlegislation or guidance.You can get advice about minimising fire losses from your insurer.FIRe SAFetY legISlAtIonPrevious general fire safety legislationThe <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Services (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) Order 2006 1 <strong>and</strong> the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>Safety</strong>Regulations (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) 2010 2 replace previous fire safety legislation. Any firecertificate issued under the <strong>Fire</strong> Services (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) Order 1984 3 will cease to haveany effect. If a fire certificate has been issued in respect <strong>of</strong> your premises or the premiseswere built to recent building regulations, as long as you have made no material alterations<strong>and</strong> all the physical fire precautions have been properly maintained, then it is unlikely youwill need to make any significant improvements to your existing physical fire protectionarrangements to comply with the Order 1 <strong>and</strong> the Regulations 2 . However, you must still carryout a fire risk assessment <strong>and</strong> keep it up to date to ensure that all the fire precautions inyour premises remain current <strong>and</strong> adequate.If you have previously carried out a fire risk assessment under the <strong>Fire</strong> Precautions(Workplace) Regulations (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) 2001 4 , as amended 2003 5 , <strong>and</strong> this assessmenthas been regularly reviewed, then all you will need to do is revise that assessment takingaccount <strong>of</strong> the wider scope <strong>of</strong> the Order 1 <strong>and</strong> Regulations 2 as described in this guide.Your premises may also be subject to the provisions <strong>of</strong> a licence or registration e.g. underthe Licensing (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) Order 1996 6 or the Local Government (MiscellaneousProvisions) (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) Order 1985 7 , <strong>and</strong> Northern Irel<strong>and</strong> <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Servicemay wish to review your risk assessment as part <strong>of</strong> the licensing approval process.BackgroundThe Order 1 <strong>and</strong> Regulations 2 apply in Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>. They cover general fire precautions<strong>and</strong> other fire safety duties which are needed to protect ‘relevant persons’ in case <strong>of</strong> firein <strong>and</strong> around most ‘premises’. The Order 1 <strong>and</strong> Regulations 2 require fire precautions to be4
put in place ‘where necessary’ <strong>and</strong> to the extent that it is reasonable <strong>and</strong> practicable in thecircumstances to do so.Responsibility for complying with the Order 1 <strong>and</strong> Regulations 2 rests with the ‘appropriateperson’. In a workplace, this is the employer <strong>and</strong> any other person who may have control<strong>of</strong> any part <strong>of</strong> the premises, e.g. the occupier or owner. In all other premises the person orpeople in control <strong>of</strong> the premises will be responsible. If there is more than one appropriateperson in any type <strong>of</strong> premises (e.g. a multi-occupied complex), all must take all reasonablesteps to co-operate <strong>and</strong> co-ordinate with each other.If you are the appropriate person you must carry out a fire risk assessment which mustfocus on the safety in case <strong>of</strong> fire <strong>of</strong> all ‘relevant persons’. It should pay particular attentionto those at special risk, such as disabled people, those who you know have special needs<strong>and</strong> children, <strong>and</strong> must include consideration <strong>of</strong> any dangerous substance liable to be onthe premises. Your fire risk assessment will help you identify risks that can be removed orreduced <strong>and</strong> decide the nature <strong>and</strong> extent <strong>of</strong> the general fire precautions you need to take.If your organisation employs five or more people, your premises are licensed or analterations notice is in force, you must record the significant findings <strong>of</strong> the assessment. It isgood practice to record your significant findings in any case.There are some other fire safety duties you need to comply with:• You must appoint one or more competent persons, depending on the size <strong>and</strong> use<strong>of</strong> your premises, to assist in undertaking any <strong>of</strong> the preventive <strong>and</strong> protectivemeasures required by the Order 1 <strong>and</strong> Regulations 2 (you can nominate yourself for thispurpose). A competent person is someone with enough training <strong>and</strong> experience orknowledge <strong>and</strong> other qualities to be able to implement these measures properly.• You must provide your employees with clear <strong>and</strong> relevant information on the risks tothem identified by the fire risk assessment, about the measures you have taken toprevent fires, <strong>and</strong> how these measures will protect them if a fire breaks out.• You must consult your employees (or their elected representatives) about nominatingpeople to carry out particular roles in connection with fire safety <strong>and</strong> about proposals forimproving the fire precautions.• You must, before you employ a child, provide a parent with clear <strong>and</strong> relevantinformation on the risks to that child identified by the risk assessment, the measuresyou have put in place to prevent/protect them from fire <strong>and</strong> inform any otherappropriate person <strong>of</strong> any risks to that child arising from their undertaking.• You must inform non-employees, such as temporary or contract workers, <strong>of</strong> therelevant risks to them, <strong>and</strong> provide them with information about who are the nominatedcompetent persons, <strong>and</strong> about the fire safety procedures for the premises.5
• You must co-operate <strong>and</strong> co-ordinate with other appropriate persons who also havepremises in the building, inform them <strong>of</strong> any significant risks you find, <strong>and</strong> how you willseek to reduce/control those risks which might affect the safety <strong>of</strong> their employees.• You must provide the employer <strong>of</strong> any person from an outside organisation who isworking in your premises (e.g. agency providing temporary staff) with clear <strong>and</strong> relevantinformation on the risks to those employees <strong>and</strong> the preventive <strong>and</strong> protective measurestaken. You must also provide those employees with appropriate instructions <strong>and</strong> relevantinformation about the risks to them.• If you are not the employer but have any control <strong>of</strong> premises which contain more thanone workplace, you are also responsible for ensuring that the requirements <strong>of</strong> theOrder 1 <strong>and</strong> Regulations 2 are complied with in those parts over which you have control.• You must consider the presence <strong>of</strong> any dangerous substances <strong>and</strong> the risk thispresents to relevant persons from fire.• You must establish a suitable means <strong>of</strong> contacting the emergency services <strong>and</strong> providethem with any relevant information about dangerous substances.• You must provide appropriate information, instruction <strong>and</strong> training to your employees,during their normal working hours, about the fire precautions in your workplace, whenthey start working for you, <strong>and</strong> from time to time throughout the period they work for you.• You must ensure that the premises <strong>and</strong> any equipment provided in connection withfirefighting, fire detection <strong>and</strong> warning, or emergency routes <strong>and</strong> exits are covered bya suitable system <strong>of</strong> maintenance, <strong>and</strong> are maintained by a competent person in anefficient state, in efficient working order <strong>and</strong> in good repair.• Your employees must co-operate with you to ensure the workplace is safe from fire <strong>and</strong>its effects, <strong>and</strong> must not do anything that will place themselves or other people at risk.The above outlines some <strong>of</strong> the main requirements <strong>of</strong> the Order 1 <strong>and</strong> Regulations 2 . The rest<strong>of</strong> this guide will explain how you might meet these requirements.Responsibilities for short-term hiring or leasing <strong>and</strong> for shared useSome premises or structures may be leased as an empty <strong>and</strong> unsupervised facility (e.g.village halls, temporary structures <strong>and</strong> marquees). The fire safety responsibilities <strong>of</strong> thoseleasing the building or structure (<strong>and</strong>, therefore, in charge <strong>of</strong> the activities conducted withinthe building or structure), <strong>and</strong> those <strong>of</strong> the owner/leasee, need to be established as part <strong>of</strong>the contract <strong>of</strong> hire.In some premises (e.g. pubs), part <strong>of</strong> the premises may be hired out to another organisationfor a separate function (e.g. DJs <strong>and</strong> dance promoters, weddings, birthdays <strong>and</strong> funeral6
organisers). The fire safety responsibilities <strong>of</strong> those organising the separate function, <strong>and</strong>those <strong>of</strong> the remainder <strong>of</strong> the building, need to be established as part <strong>of</strong> the contract <strong>of</strong>hire.The appropriate person for each individual unique, occasional or separate event or functionwill need to be clearly established <strong>and</strong> documented, <strong>and</strong> their legal duties made clear tothem. In particular, <strong>and</strong> where necessary, the appropriate person will need to take account<strong>of</strong> their own lack <strong>of</strong> familiarity with the layout <strong>of</strong> the premises, the fire safety provisions, <strong>and</strong>the duties <strong>of</strong> other appropriate persons within the premises.Who enforces the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>Safety</strong> legislation?Northern Irel<strong>and</strong> <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Service will enforce the Order 1 <strong>and</strong> Regulations 2 in mostpremises. The exceptions are:• Crown-occupied/owned premises where the Health <strong>and</strong> <strong>Safety</strong> Executive forNorthern Irel<strong>and</strong> will enforce;• premises within armed forces establishments where the defence fire <strong>and</strong> rescueservice will enforce.The enforcing authority will have the power to inspect your premises to check that you arecomplying with your duties under the legislation. They will look for evidence that you havecarried out a suitable fire risk assessment <strong>and</strong> acted upon the significant findings <strong>of</strong> thatassessment. If you are required to record the outcome <strong>of</strong> the assessment they will expectto see a copy.If the enforcing authority is dissatisfied with the outcome <strong>of</strong> your fire risk assessmentor the action you have taken, they may issue an enforcement notice that requires you tomake certain improvements or, in extreme cases, a prohibition notice that restricts the use<strong>of</strong> all or part <strong>of</strong> your premises until improvements are made.If you are making changes to your premises, you should also consult your local licensingauthority.If your premises are considered by the enforcing authority to be or have potential to be highrisk, they may issue an alterations notice that requires you to inform them before you makeany changes to your premises or the way they are used.Failure to comply with any duty imposed by the Order 1 or Regulations 2 or any notice issuedby the enforcing authority is an <strong>of</strong>fence. You have a right <strong>of</strong> appeal to a County Courtagainst any notice issued. Where you agree that there is a need for improvements to yourfire precautions but disagree with the enforcing authority on the technical solution to beused (e.g. what type <strong>of</strong> fire alarm system is needed) you may agree to refer this for anindependent determination.7
If having read this guide you are in any doubt about how fire safety law applies to you,contact your local fire safety <strong>of</strong>fice through Northern Irel<strong>and</strong> <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue ServiceHeadquarters. Contact details are available from www.nifrs.org.If your premises were in use before 2010, then they may have been subject to the <strong>Fire</strong>Services (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) Order 1984 3 <strong>and</strong> the <strong>Fire</strong> Precautions (Workplace) Regulations(Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) 2001 4 , as amended 2003 5 . Where the layout (means <strong>of</strong> escape) <strong>and</strong>other fire precautions have been assessed by the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Service to satisfy theguidance that was then current, it is likely that your premises already conform to many<strong>of</strong> the recommendations here, providing you have undertaken a fire risk assessment asrequired by the <strong>Fire</strong> Precautions (Workplace) Regulations (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) 2001 4 , asamended 2003 5 .New buildings or significant building alterations should be designed to satisfy currentbuilding regulations 8 which address fire precautions. However, you will still need to carry outa fire risk assessment, or review your existing one (<strong>and</strong> act on your findings), to comply withthe Order 1 <strong>and</strong> Regulations 2 .8
Part 1 <strong>Fire</strong> risk assessmentMAnAgIng FIRe SAFetYGood management <strong>of</strong> fire safety is essential to ensure that fires are unlikely to occur; that ifthey do occur they are likely to be controlled or contained quickly, effectively <strong>and</strong> safely; orthat, if a fire does occur <strong>and</strong> grow, everyone in your premises is able to escape to a place <strong>of</strong>total safety easily <strong>and</strong> quickly.The risk assessment that you must carry out will help you ensure that your fire safetyprocedures, fire prevention measures, <strong>and</strong> fire precautions (plans, systems <strong>and</strong> equipment)are all in place <strong>and</strong> working properly, <strong>and</strong> the risk assessment should identify any issuesthat need attention. Further information on managing fire safety is available in Part 2.WHAt IS A FIRe RISk ASSeSSMent?A fire risk assessment is an organised <strong>and</strong> methodical look at your premises, the activitiescarried on there <strong>and</strong> the likelihood that a fire could start <strong>and</strong> cause harm to those in <strong>and</strong>around the premises.The aims <strong>of</strong> the fire risk assessment are:• To identify the fire hazards.• To reduce the risk <strong>of</strong> those hazards causing harm to as low as reasonably practicable.• To decide what physical fire precautions <strong>and</strong> management arrangements arenecessary to ensure the safety <strong>of</strong> people in your premises if a fire does start.The term ‘where necessary’ (see Glossary) is used in the Order 1 <strong>and</strong> Regulations 2 , thereforewhen deciding what fire precautions <strong>and</strong> management arrangements are necessary you willneed to take account <strong>of</strong> this definition.The terms ‘hazard’ <strong>and</strong> ‘risk’ are used throughout this guide <strong>and</strong> it is important that youhave a clear underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> how these should be used.• Hazard: anything that has the potential to cause harm.• Risk: the chance <strong>of</strong> that harm occurring.If your organisation employs five or more people, or your premises are licensed or analterations notice requiring it is in force, then the significant findings <strong>of</strong> the fire riskassessment, the actions to be taken as a result <strong>of</strong> the assessment <strong>and</strong> details <strong>of</strong> anyoneespecially at risk must be recorded. You will probably find it helpful to keep a record <strong>of</strong> thesignificant findings <strong>of</strong> your fire risk assessment even if you are not required to do so.9
HoW Do You CARRY out A FIRe RISk ASSeSSMent?A fire risk assessment will help you determine the chances <strong>of</strong> a fire starting <strong>and</strong> the dangersfrom fire that your premises present for the people who use them <strong>and</strong> any person in theimmediate vicinity. The assessment method suggested in this guide shares the sameapproach as that used in general health <strong>and</strong> safety legislation <strong>and</strong> can be carried out eitheras part <strong>of</strong> a more general risk assessment or as a separate exercise. As you move throughthe steps there are checklists to help you.Before you start your fire risk assessment, take time to prepare, <strong>and</strong> read through the rest<strong>of</strong> Part 1 <strong>of</strong> this guide.Much <strong>of</strong> the information for your fire risk assessment will come from the knowledge youremployees, colleagues <strong>and</strong> representatives have <strong>of</strong> the premises, as well as informationgiven to you by people who have responsibility for other parts <strong>of</strong> the building. A tour <strong>of</strong> yourpremises will probably be needed to confirm, amend or add detail to your initial views.It is important that you carry out your fire risk assessment in a practical <strong>and</strong> systematicway <strong>and</strong> that you allocate enough time to do a proper job. It must take the whole <strong>of</strong> yourpremises into account, including outdoor locations <strong>and</strong> any rooms <strong>and</strong> areas that are rarelyused. If your premises are small you may be able to assess them as a whole. In somepremises you may find it helpful to divide them into a series <strong>of</strong> assessment areas usingnatural boundaries, e.g. assembly spaces, process areas (such as cooking facilities invillage halls), <strong>of</strong>fices, stores, as well as corridors, stairways <strong>and</strong> external routes.If your premises are in a multi-use complex then the information on hazard <strong>and</strong> riskreduction will still be applicable to you. However, any alterations to the use or structure <strong>of</strong>your individual unit will need to take account <strong>of</strong> the overall fire safety arrangements in thebuilding.Your premises may be simple, with few people present or with a limited degree<strong>of</strong> activity, but if it forms part <strong>of</strong> a building with different occupancies, then the measuresprovided by other occupiers may have a direct effect on the adequacy <strong>of</strong> the fire safetymeasures in your premises.Under health <strong>and</strong> safety law (enforced by the Health <strong>and</strong> <strong>Safety</strong> Executive for NorthernIrel<strong>and</strong> (HSE<strong>NI</strong>) or the local council) you are required to carry out a risk assessment inrespect <strong>of</strong> any work processes in your workplace <strong>and</strong> to take or observe appropriate special,technical or organisational measures. If your health <strong>and</strong> safety risk assessment identifiesthat these processes are likely to involve the risk <strong>of</strong> fire or the spread <strong>of</strong> fire then youwill need to take this into account during your fire risk assessment under the Order 1 <strong>and</strong>Regulations 2 <strong>and</strong> prioritise actions based on the level <strong>of</strong> risk.10
You need to appoint one or more competent persons (this could be you) to carry out any <strong>of</strong>the preventive <strong>and</strong> protective measures needed to comply with the Order 1 <strong>and</strong> Regulations 2 .This person could be you, or an appropriately trained employee or, where appropriate, athird party.Your fire risk assessment should demonstrate that, as far as is reasonable, you haveconsidered the needs <strong>of</strong> all relevant people, including disabled people.Figure 1 shows the five steps you need to take to carry out a fire risk assessment.1234FIRe SAFetY RISk ASSeSSMentIdentify fire hazardsIdentify:Sources <strong>of</strong> ignitionSources <strong>of</strong> fuelSources <strong>of</strong> oxygenIdentify people at riskIdentify:People in <strong>and</strong> around the premisesPeople especially at riskevaluate, remove, reduce <strong>and</strong> protect from riskEvaluate the risk <strong>of</strong> a fire occurringEvaluate the risk to people from fireRemove or reduce fire hazardsRemove or reduce the risks to people• Detection <strong>and</strong> warning• <strong>Fire</strong>-fighting• Escape routes• Lighting• Signs <strong>and</strong> notices• MaintenanceRecord, plan, inform, instruct <strong>and</strong> trainRecord significant findings <strong>and</strong> action takenPrepare an emergency planInform <strong>and</strong> instruct relevant people; co-operate <strong>and</strong> co-ordinate with othersProvide training5 ReviewKeep assessment under reviewRevise where necessaryRemember to keep your fire risk assessment under review.Figure 1: The five steps <strong>of</strong> a fire risk assessment11
SteP 1 IDentIFY FIRe HAzARDSFor a fire to start, three things are needed:• a source <strong>of</strong> ignition;FUELFlammable gasesFlammable liquidsFlammable solids• fuel; <strong>and</strong>• oxygen.If any one <strong>of</strong> these is missing, a fire cannotstart. Taking measures to avoid the threecoming together will therefore reduce thechances <strong>of</strong> a fire occurring.The remainder <strong>of</strong> this step will advise onhow to identify potential ignition sources, thematerials that might fuel a fire <strong>and</strong> the oxygensupplies that will help it burn.1.1 Identify sources <strong>of</strong> ignitionOXYGENAlways present in the airAdditional sources fromoxidising substancesIG<strong>NI</strong>TION SOURCEHot surfacesElectrical equipmentStatic electricitySmoking/naked lightsFigure 2: The fire triangleYou can identify the potential ignition sources in your premises by looking for possiblesources <strong>of</strong> heat, which could get hot enough to ignite material found in your premises.These sources could include:• cooking equipment, hot ducting, flues <strong>and</strong>filters;• smokers’ material, e.g. cigarettes, matches<strong>and</strong> lighters;• electrical, gas or oil-fired heaters (fixed orportable), room heaters;• hot processes, e.g. welding by contractors;• faulty or misused electrical equipment;Naked flameHot surface• light fittings <strong>and</strong> lighting equipment, e.g.halogen lamps or display lighting;• hot surfaces <strong>and</strong> obstruction <strong>of</strong> equipment ventilation;Mechanically generated sparksElectrically generated sparksFigure 3: Sources <strong>of</strong> ignition• central heating boilers;12
• naked flames, e.g. c<strong>and</strong>les or gas or liquid-fuelled open-flame equipment;• flares, fireworks <strong>and</strong> pyrotechnics; <strong>and</strong>• deliberate fire setting.Indications <strong>of</strong> ‘near-misses’, such as scorch marks on furniture or fittings, discolouredor charred electrical plugs <strong>and</strong> sockets, cigarette burns, etc., can help you identify hazardswhich you may not otherwise notice.1.2 Identify sources <strong>of</strong> fuelAnything that burns is fuel for a fire. You need to look for the things that will burn reasonablyeasily <strong>and</strong> are in enough quantity to provide fuel for a fire or cause it to spread to anotherfuel source. Some <strong>of</strong> the most common ‘fuels’ found in small <strong>and</strong> medium places <strong>of</strong>assembly are:• flammable liquid-based products, such as paints, varnishes, thinners <strong>and</strong> adhesives;• flammable liquids <strong>and</strong> solvents, such as alcohol (spirits), white spirit, methylated spirit,cooking oils <strong>and</strong> disposable cigarette lighters;• flammable chemicals, such as certain cleaning products <strong>and</strong> photocopier chemicals;• flammable gases such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) <strong>and</strong> acetylene;• displays <strong>and</strong> st<strong>and</strong>s;• costumes, drapes <strong>and</strong> hangings, scenery <strong>and</strong> banners;• packaged foodstuffs;• packaging materials, stationery, advertising material <strong>and</strong> decorations;• plastics <strong>and</strong> rubber, such as video tapes, polyurethane foam-filled furniture <strong>and</strong>polystyrene-based display materials <strong>and</strong> rubber or foam exercise mats;• upholstered seating <strong>and</strong> cushions, textiles <strong>and</strong> s<strong>of</strong>t furnishings <strong>and</strong> clothingdisplays;• litter <strong>and</strong> waste products, particularly finely divided items such as shreddedpaper <strong>and</strong> wood shavings, <strong>of</strong>fcuts, <strong>and</strong> dust accumulation amongst lubricated areas;<strong>and</strong>• fireworks <strong>and</strong> pyrotechnics.13
You should also consider the materials used to line walls <strong>and</strong> ceilings, e.g. polystyreneor carpet tiles, the fixtures <strong>and</strong> fittings, <strong>and</strong> brought-in materials, <strong>and</strong> how they mightcontribute to the spread <strong>of</strong> fire. Further information is available in Part 2, Section 1.1.3 Identify sources <strong>of</strong> oxygenThe main source <strong>of</strong> oxygen for a fire is in the air around us. In an enclosed building this isprovided by the ventilation system in use. This generally falls into one <strong>of</strong> two categories:natural airflow through doors, windows <strong>and</strong> other openings; or mechanical air conditioningsystems <strong>and</strong> air h<strong>and</strong>ling systems. In many buildings there will be a combination <strong>of</strong>systems, which will be capable <strong>of</strong> introducing/extracting air to <strong>and</strong> from the building.Additional sources <strong>of</strong> oxygen can sometimes be found in materials used or stored atpremises such as:• some chemicals (oxidising materials), which canprovide a fire with additional oxygen <strong>and</strong> so helpit burn. These chemicals should be identifiedon their container (<strong>and</strong> Control <strong>of</strong> SubstancesHazardous to Health data sheet, see Figure 4) bythe manufacturer or supplier who can advise asto their safe use <strong>and</strong> storage;• oxygen supplies from cylinder storage; <strong>and</strong>• pyrotechnics (fireworks) which contain oxidisingmaterials <strong>and</strong> need to be treated with great care.Figure 4: Label on oxidsing materialsChecklist• Have you identified all potential ignition sources?• Have you identified all potential fuel sources?• Have you identified all potential sources <strong>of</strong> oxygen?• Have you made a note <strong>of</strong> your findings?14
SteP 2 IDentIFY PeoPle At RISkAs part <strong>of</strong> your fire risk assessment, you need to identify those at risk if there is a fire.To do this you need to identify where you have people working, either at permanentlocations (such as workstations) or at occasional locations around the premises, <strong>and</strong> toconsider who else may be at risk, such as worshippers, customers, other users <strong>of</strong> thefacilities, including visiting performance companies, visiting contractors, etc., <strong>and</strong> wherethese people are likely to be found.You must consider all the people who use the premises, but you should pay particularattention to people who may be especially at risk such as:• yourself <strong>and</strong> your helpers if you are ‘managing’ the premises but are unfamiliar withthe location, e.g. organisers hiring the venue;• employees who work alone <strong>and</strong>/or in isolated areas, e.g. cleaners <strong>and</strong> security staff;• unaccompanied children;• people who are unfamiliar with the premises, e.g. visitors <strong>and</strong> customers;• people with disabilities* (including mobility impairment, or hearing or visionimpairment, etc.);• people who may have some reason for not being able to leave the premises quickly,e.g. people in a state <strong>of</strong> undress (e.g. swimmers or performers), elderly customers,pregnant women or parents with children;• sensory impaired due to alcohol, drugs or medication; <strong>and</strong>• other people in the immediate vicinity <strong>of</strong> the premises.In evaluating the risk to people with disabilities you may need to discuss their individualneeds with them. In more complex buildings used extensively by the public you may need toseek pr<strong>of</strong>essional advice.Further guidance on help for people with special needs is given in Part 2, Section 1.13.* Visit the Equality Commission for Northern Irel<strong>and</strong> www.equalityni.org or the Northern Irel<strong>and</strong> Human Rights Commission www.nihrc.org formore information.15
Checklist• Have you identified who is at risk?• Have you identified why they are at risk?• Have you made a note <strong>of</strong> your findings?SteP 3 evAluAte, ReMove, ReDuCe AnD PRoteCt FRoM RISkThe management <strong>of</strong> the premises <strong>and</strong> the way people use it will have an effect on yourevaluation <strong>of</strong> risk. Management may be your responsibility alone or there may be others,such as the building owners or managing agents, who also have responsibilities. In multioccupiedbuildings all those with some control must co-operate <strong>and</strong> you need to considerthe risk generated by others in the building.3.1 evaluate the risk <strong>of</strong> a fire occuringThe chances <strong>of</strong> a fire starting will be low if your premises has few ignition sources <strong>and</strong>combustible materials are kept away from them.In general, fires start in one <strong>of</strong> three ways:• accidentally, such as when smoking materials are not properly extinguished or whenmobile heaters are knocked over;• by act or omission, such as when electrical equipment is not properly maintained, orwhen waste is allowed to accumulate near to a heat source; <strong>and</strong>• deliberate fire setting, such as an attack involving setting fire to external rubbish binsplaced too close to the building.Look critically at your premises <strong>and</strong> try to identify any accidents waiting to happen <strong>and</strong> anyacts or omissions which might allow a fire to start. You should also look for any situationthat may present an opportunity for a deliberate fire setter.Further guidance is given in Part 2, Section 1 on evaluating the risk <strong>of</strong> a fire starting.16
3.2 evaluate the risk to peopleIn Step 2 you identified the people likely to be at risk should a fire start anywhere in thepremises <strong>and</strong> earlier in Step 3 you identified the chances <strong>of</strong> a fire occurring. It is unlikelythat you will have concluded that there is no chance <strong>of</strong> a fire starting anywhere in yourpremises so you now need to evaluate the actual risk to those people should a fire start <strong>and</strong>spread from the various locations that you have identified.While determining the possible incidents, you should also consider the likelihood <strong>of</strong> anyparticular incident; but be aware that some very unlikely incidents can put many people atrisk.To evaluate the risk to people in your premises, you will need to underst<strong>and</strong> the way fire canspread. <strong>Fire</strong> is spread by three methods:• convection;• conduction; <strong>and</strong>• radiation.Convection<strong>Fire</strong> spread by convection is the most dangerous<strong>and</strong> causes the largest number <strong>of</strong> injuries <strong>and</strong>deaths. When fires start in enclosed spaces suchas buildings, the smoke rising from the fire getstrapped by the ceiling <strong>and</strong> then spreads in alldirections to form an ever-deepening layer over theentire room space. The smoke will pass through anyholes or gaps in the walls, ceiling <strong>and</strong> floor into otherparts <strong>of</strong> the building. The heat from the fire getstrapped in the building <strong>and</strong> the temperature rises.ConductionSome materials, such as metal shutters <strong>and</strong>ducting, can absorb heat <strong>and</strong> transmit it to the nextroom, where it can set fire to combustible items thatare in contact with the heated material.Figure 5: Smoke moving through a building17
RadiationRadiation heats the air in the same way as an electric bar heater heats a room. Any materialclose to a fire will absorb the heat until the item starts to smoulder <strong>and</strong> then burn.Smoke produced by a fire also contains toxic gases which are harmful to people. A fire ina building with modern fittings <strong>and</strong> materials generates smoke that is thick <strong>and</strong> black,obscures vision, causes great difficulty in breathing <strong>and</strong> can block the escape routes.It is essential that the means <strong>of</strong> escape <strong>and</strong> other fire precautions are adequate to ensurethat everyone can make their escape to a place <strong>of</strong> total safety before the fire <strong>and</strong> its effectscan trap them in the building.In evaluating this risk to people you will need to consider situations such as:• fire starting within an assembly space, such as a church hall, where many people couldbe affected;• fire starting on a lower floor affecting the only escape route for people on upper floors orthe only escape route for people with disabilities;• fire developing in an unoccupied space that people have to pass by to escape from thebuilding;• fire or smoke spreading through a building via routes such as vertical shafts, serviceducts, ventilation systems, poorly installed, poorly maintained or damaged walls,partitions <strong>and</strong> ceilings affecting people in remote areas;• fire spreading rapidly through the building because <strong>of</strong> combustible structuralelements <strong>and</strong>/or large quantities <strong>of</strong> combustible goods;• fire <strong>and</strong> smoke spreading through a building due to poor installation <strong>of</strong> fire precautions,e.g. incorrectly installed fire doors (see Appendix B2 for more information on fire doors)or incorrectly installed services penetrating fire walls;• fire <strong>and</strong> smoke spreading through the building due to poorly maintained <strong>and</strong> damagedfire doors or fire doors being wedged open; <strong>and</strong>• fire starting in a service room <strong>and</strong> affecting hazardous materials (such as pyrotechnics orswimming pool chemicals).Further guidance on fire risks is given in Part 2, Section 1.18
3.3 Remove or reduce the hazardsHaving identified the fire hazards in Step 1, you now need to remove those hazards ifreasonably practicable to do so. If you cannot remove the hazards, you need to takereasonable steps to reduce them if you can. This is an essential part <strong>of</strong> fire risk assessment<strong>and</strong> as a priority this must take place before any other actions.Ensure that any actions you take to remove or reduce fire hazards or risk are not substitutedby other hazards or risks. For example, if you replace a flammable substance with a toxic orcorrosive one, you must consider whether this might cause harm to people in other ways.Remove or reduce sources <strong>of</strong> ignitionThere are various ways that you can reduce the risk caused by potential sources <strong>of</strong> ignition,for example:• Wherever possible replace a potential source by a safer alternative.• Replace naked flame <strong>and</strong> radiant heaters with fixed convector heaters or a centralheating system. <strong>Fire</strong> guard naked flames <strong>and</strong> restrict the movement <strong>of</strong> portableheating appliances.• Restrict <strong>and</strong> control the use <strong>of</strong> naked flames, e.g. c<strong>and</strong>les.• Operate a safe smoking policy in designated smoking areas, ensuring sufficient ashtraysare provided <strong>and</strong> cleaned appropriately, <strong>and</strong> prohibit smoking elsewhere.• Ensure that sources <strong>of</strong> heat are kept away from flammable materials such as curtains,scenery <strong>and</strong> displays.• Ensure electrical, mechanical <strong>and</strong> gas equipment is installed, used, maintained <strong>and</strong>protected in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.• Strictly control hot proceses/hot work by operating permit to work schemes.• Ensure that no one carrying out work on gas fittings which involves exposing pipes thatcontain or have contained flammable gas uses any source <strong>of</strong> ignition such as blow-lampsor hot-air guns.• Ensure that no-one uses any source <strong>of</strong> ignition while searching for an escape <strong>of</strong> gas.• Ensure cooking <strong>and</strong> catering equipment is installed, used, maintained <strong>and</strong> protectedin accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.19
• Check all areas where hot work (e.g. welding) has been carried out, to ensure that noignition has taken place or any smouldering materials remain that may cause a fire.• Ensure that flares <strong>and</strong> fireworks are not brought into the premises by members <strong>of</strong> thepublic.• Ensure that all pyrotechnics, fireworks, flares <strong>and</strong> other hazardous equipmentare installed, used, maintained, protected <strong>and</strong> stored in accordance with themanufacturer’s instructions.• Take precautions to avoid deliberate fire setting.Remove or reduce sources <strong>of</strong> fuelThere are various ways that you can reduce the risks caused by materials <strong>and</strong> substanceswhich burn, for example:• Ensure that all upholstered furniture, curtains, drapes <strong>and</strong> other s<strong>of</strong>t furnishings, arefire-retardant, or have been treated with a proprietory fire-retardant treatment designedto enhance their fire performance.• Ensure that display materials (including artificial <strong>and</strong> dried foliage), scenery <strong>and</strong> st<strong>and</strong>s,are fire-retardant, or have been treated with a proprietory fire-retardant treatmentdesigned to enhance their fire performance.• Reduce stocks <strong>of</strong> flammable materials, liquids<strong>and</strong> gases on display in public areas to aminimum. Keep remaining stock in dedicatedstorerooms or storage areas, preferably outside,where the public are not allowed to go, <strong>and</strong> keepthe minimum required for the operation <strong>of</strong> thebusiness.• Ensure flammable materials, liquids <strong>and</strong> gases,are kept to a minimum, <strong>and</strong> are stored properlywith adequate separation distances betweenthem.• Do not keep flammable solids, liquids <strong>and</strong> gasestogether.• Remove, cover or treat large areas <strong>of</strong> highlycombustible wall <strong>and</strong> ceiling linings, e.g.polystyrene or carpet tiles, to reduce the rate <strong>of</strong>flame spread across the surface.Figure 6: Storage <strong>of</strong> flammables20
• Develop a formal system for the control <strong>of</strong> combustible waste by ensuring that wastematerials <strong>and</strong> rubbish are not allowed to build up <strong>and</strong> are carefully stored until properlydisposed <strong>of</strong>, particularly at the end <strong>of</strong> the day.• Ensure that foam mats (e.g. gymnasium mats), contents <strong>of</strong> foam pits <strong>and</strong> similarequipment are <strong>of</strong> combustion modified foam. Cover pits when not in use.• Do not keep scenery or properties which are not in current use on an open stage otherthan in an approved scenery store or property store.• Ensure that quantities <strong>of</strong> all pyrotechnics, fireworks <strong>and</strong> other hazardous equipment arekept to a minimum.• Take action to avoid any parts <strong>of</strong> the premises, <strong>and</strong> in particular storage areas <strong>and</strong>ground staff equipment, being vulnerable to deliberate fire setting or v<strong>and</strong>alism.• Check all areas where hot work (e.g. welding) has been carried out to ensure that noignition has taken place <strong>and</strong> no smouldering or hot materials remain that may cause afire later.Further guidance on removing <strong>and</strong> reducing hazards is given in Part 2, Section 1.Remove or reduce sources <strong>of</strong> oxygenYou can reduce the potential source <strong>of</strong> oxygen supplied to a fire by:• closing all doors, windows <strong>and</strong> other openings not required for ventilation, particularlyout <strong>of</strong> working hours;• shutting down ventilation systems which are not essential to the function <strong>of</strong> thepremises;• not storing oxidising materials (including pyrotechnics <strong>and</strong> fireworks) near or with anyheat source or flammable materials;• controlling the use <strong>and</strong> storage <strong>of</strong> oxygen cylinders, ensuring that they are not leaking,are not used to ‘sweeten’ the atmosphere, <strong>and</strong> that where they are located is adequatelyventilated; <strong>and</strong>• controlling the use <strong>and</strong> storage <strong>of</strong> pyrotechnics <strong>and</strong> fireworks.21
3.4 Remove or reduce the risks to peopleHaving evaluated <strong>and</strong> addressed the risk <strong>of</strong> fire occuring <strong>and</strong> the risk to people(preventative measures) it is unlikely that you will be able to conclude that no risk <strong>of</strong> firestarting <strong>and</strong> presenting a risk remains to people in your premises.You now need to reduce any remaining fire risk to people to as low as reasonablypracticable, by ensuring that adequate fire precautions are in place to warn people in theevent <strong>of</strong> fire <strong>and</strong> allow them to escape safely.The rest <strong>of</strong> this step describes the fire protection measures you may wish to adopt to reducethe remaining fire risk to people (see Steps 3.4.1 to 3.4.6).The level <strong>of</strong> fire protection you need to provide will depend on the level <strong>of</strong> riskthat remains in the premises after you have removed or reduced the hazards <strong>and</strong> risks. Part2, Section 4.1 can help you decide the level <strong>of</strong> risk that you may still have.Flexibility <strong>of</strong> fire protection measuresFlexibility will be required when applying this guidance; the level <strong>of</strong> fire protection shouldbe proportional to the risk posed to the safety <strong>of</strong> the people in the premises. Therefore, theobjective should be to reduce the remaining risk to a level as low as reasonably practicable.The higher the risk <strong>of</strong> fire <strong>and</strong> risk to life, the higher the st<strong>and</strong>ards <strong>of</strong> fire protection will needto be.Your premises may not exactly fit the solutions suggested in this guide <strong>and</strong> they may need tobe applied in a flexible manner without compromising the safety <strong>of</strong> the occupants.For example, if the travel distance is in excess <strong>of</strong> the norm for the level <strong>of</strong> risk you havedetermined (see Part 2, Table 2 on page 81), it may be necessary to do any one or acombination <strong>of</strong> the following to compensate:• Provide earlier warning <strong>of</strong> fire using automatic fire detection.• Revise the layout to reduce travel distances.• Reduce the fire risk by removing or reducing combustible materials <strong>and</strong>/or ignitionsources.• Control the number <strong>of</strong> people in the premises.• Limit the area to trained staff only (no public).• Increase staff training <strong>and</strong> awareness.22
note: This list is not exhaustive <strong>and</strong> is only used to illustrate some examples <strong>of</strong> trade-<strong>of</strong>fs toprovide safe premises.If you decide to significantly vary away from the benchmarks in this guidance then youshould seek expert advice before doing so.3.4.1 <strong>Fire</strong> detection <strong>and</strong> warning systemsIn many premises a fire may be obvious to everyone as soon as it starts (e.g. in a simpleopen plan village hall). In these cases, where the number <strong>and</strong> position <strong>of</strong> exits <strong>and</strong> thetravel distance to them is adequate, a simple shout <strong>of</strong> ‘fire’ or a simple manually operateddevice, such as a gong, whistle or air horn that can be heard by everybody when operatedfrom any single point within the building, may be all that is needed.Organisors or staff will need amanaged fire evacuation plan to dothis.Where an alarm given from any singlepoint is unlikely to be heard throughoutthe building, an electrical systemincorporating sounders <strong>and</strong> manuallyoperated call points (break-glassboxes) is likely to be required. This type<strong>of</strong> system is likely to be acceptablewhere all parts <strong>of</strong> the building areoccupied at the same time <strong>and</strong> it isunlikely that a fire could start withoutsomebody noticing it quickly. However,where there are unoccupied areas,or common corridors <strong>and</strong> circulationspaces in multi-occupied buildings, in which a fire could develop to the extent that escaperoutes could be affected before the fire is discovered, an automatic fire detection systemwith a control panel which is able to identify the zone or specific location where the alarmhas been raised may be necessary (see Figure 7).You may need to consider special arrangements for times when people are workingalone, are disabled, or when your normal occupancy patterns are different, e.g. whenmaintenance staff or other contractors are working while the premises are closed.In complex premises, particularly those accommodating large numbers <strong>of</strong> people indifferent rooms, such as community centres, it is likely that a more sophisticated form <strong>of</strong>warning <strong>and</strong> evacuation, possibly involving staff alarms, should be provided (where staff arealerted before members <strong>of</strong> the public).orVisualorAudible/voiceFigure 7: <strong>Fire</strong> detection <strong>and</strong> warning system23
The control panel (or a repeater) should be located near the entrance to the premises.Arrangements should be made to brief the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Service when they arrive.False alarms from electrical fire warning systems are a major problem <strong>and</strong> result in manyunwanted calls to the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Service each year. To help reduce the number <strong>of</strong>false alarms, the design <strong>and</strong> location <strong>of</strong> activation devices should be reviewed against theway the premises are currently used.If you are not sure whether your current arrangements are adequate, see the additionalguidance on fire warning systems in Part 2, Section 2.Checklist• Can the existing means <strong>of</strong> detection ensure a fire is discovered quickly enoughfor the alarm to be raised in time for all the occupants to escape to a place <strong>of</strong>total safety?• Are the detectors <strong>of</strong> the right type <strong>and</strong> in the appropriate locations• Can the means <strong>of</strong> warning be clearly heard <strong>and</strong> understood by everyonethroughout the whole building when initiated from a single point? Are thereprovisions in locations where the alarm cannot be heard?• If the fire detection <strong>and</strong> warning system is electrically powered, does it have aback-up power supply?3.4.2 <strong>Fire</strong>fighting equipment <strong>and</strong> facilities<strong>Fire</strong>fighting equipment can reduce the risk <strong>of</strong> a small fire, e.g. a fire in a waste-paperbin, developing into a large one. The safe use <strong>of</strong> an appropriate fire extinguisher to control afire in its early stages can also significantly reduce the risk to other people in the premisesby allowing people to assist others who are at risk.This equipment will need to comprise enough portable extinguishers that must be suitablefor the risk.24
Main types <strong>of</strong> portable extinguishers, their uses <strong>and</strong> colour codingWATER POWDER FOAM CARBON DIOXIDE (CO 2)For wood, paper, textile For liquid <strong>and</strong> electrical fires For use on liquid fires For liquid <strong>and</strong> electrical fires<strong>and</strong> solid material firesDO NOT USE on liquid,electrical or metal firesDO NOT USEon metal firesDO NOT USE onelectrical or metal firesDO NOT USE onmetal firesThe contents <strong>of</strong> an extinguisher is indicated by a zone <strong>of</strong> colour on the red body.Halon extinguishers are not shown since no new Halon production is permitted in the UKFigure 8: Types <strong>of</strong> fire extinguishersIn simple premises, having one or two portable extinguishers <strong>of</strong> the appropriate type, readilyavailable for use, may be all that is necessary.In complex premises, such as multi-roomed community centres, where it is considered thata number <strong>of</strong> portable extinguishers are required, they should be sited in suitable locations,such as on the escape routes at each floor level. It may also be necessary to indicate thelocation <strong>of</strong> extinguishers with suitable signs. You should locate extinguishers in areas wherethey can be easily accessed by trained members <strong>of</strong> staff, but not in areas open to misuse orv<strong>and</strong>alism.Some premises will also have permanently installed firefighting equipment such as hosereels, for use by trained staff or firefighters.People with no training should not be expected to attempt to extinguish a fire. However, allstaff should be familiar with the location <strong>and</strong> basic operating procedures for the equipmentprovided, in case they need to use it. If your fire strategy means that certain people, e.g.fire marshals, will be expected to take a more active role, then they should be provided withmore comprehensive training.Other fixed installations <strong>and</strong> facilities to assist firefighters, such as dry rising mains <strong>and</strong>access for fire engines, or automatically operated, fixed fire suppression systemssuch as sprinklers <strong>and</strong> gas or foam flooding systems, may also have been provided.Where these have been required by law, e.g. the Building Regulations or local legislation,such equipment <strong>and</strong> facilities must be maintained.25
Similarly, if provided for other reasons, e.g. insurance, it is good practice to ensure thatthey are properly maintained.In most cases it will be necessary to consult a competent service engineer. Furtherinformation is given in Part 2, Section 3. Keeping records <strong>of</strong> the maintenance carriedout will help you demonstrate to the enforcing authority that you have complied with firesafety law.Appendix A.1 provides a sample fire safety maintenance checklist you can use.For more guidance on portable extinguishers see Part 2, Section 3.1, for fixed firefightinginstallations, Part 2, Section 3.2 <strong>and</strong> other facilities (including those for firefighters) seePart 2, Section 3.3.Checklist• Are the extinguishers suitable for the purpose?• Are there enough extinguishers sited throughout the premises at appropriatelocations?• Are the right types <strong>of</strong> extinguishers located close to the fire hazards <strong>and</strong> canusers get to them without exposing themselves to risk?• Are the extinguishers visible or does their position need indicating?• Have you taken steps to prevent the misuse <strong>of</strong> extinguishers?• Do you regularly check equipment provided to help maintain the escape routes?• Do you carry out daily checks to ensure that there is clear access for fire engines?• Are those who test <strong>and</strong> maintain the equipment competent to do so?• Do you have the necessary procedures in place to maintain any facilities thathave been provided for the safety <strong>of</strong> people in the building (or for the use <strong>of</strong>firefighters, such as access for fire engines <strong>and</strong> firefighting lifts)?26
3.4.3 escape routesOnce a fire has started, been detected <strong>and</strong> a warning given, everyone in your premisesshould be able to escape to a place <strong>of</strong> total safety unaided <strong>and</strong> without the help <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Fire</strong><strong>and</strong> Rescue Service. However, some people with disabilities <strong>and</strong> others with special needsmay need help from staff who will need to be designated for the purpose.Escape routes should be designed to ensure, as far as possible, that any person confrontedby fire anywhere in the building should be able to turn away from it <strong>and</strong> escape to a place <strong>of</strong>reasonable safety, e.g. a protected stairway. From there they will be able to go directly to aplace <strong>of</strong> total safety away from the building.Those who require special assistance (e.g. very young children <strong>and</strong> some people withdisabilities) could be accommodated on the same level as the final exit from the premisesto facilitate escape. Where they need assistance to evacuate, you should make sure thatthere are sufficient staff to ensure a speedy evacuation.The level <strong>of</strong> fire protection that should be given to escape routes will vary dependingon the level <strong>of</strong> risk <strong>of</strong> fire within the premises <strong>and</strong> other related factors.When determining whether your premises have adequate escape routes, you need toconsider a number <strong>of</strong> factors, including:• the type <strong>and</strong> number <strong>of</strong> people using the premises;• escape time;• the age <strong>and</strong> construction <strong>of</strong> the premises;• the number <strong>and</strong> complexity <strong>of</strong> escape routes <strong>and</strong> exits;• assembly points;• assisted means <strong>of</strong> escape/personal evacuation plans;• whether lifts can or need to be used; <strong>and</strong>• the use <strong>of</strong> delayed alarms (staff alarms).the type <strong>and</strong> number <strong>of</strong> people using the premisesThe people present in your premises will sometimes be employees (out <strong>of</strong> opening hours),but most <strong>of</strong> the time will be a mixture <strong>of</strong> employees <strong>and</strong> members <strong>of</strong> the public (includingdisabled people <strong>and</strong> unaccompanied children). Employees can reasonably be expected27
to have an underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> the layout <strong>of</strong> the premises, while members <strong>of</strong> the public,particularly in more complex premises, will be unlikely to have knowledge <strong>of</strong> alternativeescape routes.The number <strong>and</strong> capability <strong>of</strong> people present will influence your assessment <strong>of</strong> the escaperoutes. You must ensure that your existing escape routes are sufficient <strong>and</strong> capable <strong>of</strong>safely evacuating all the people likely to use your premises at any time, <strong>and</strong> particularlyduring times <strong>of</strong> high usage (e.g. during an amateur dramatics perfomance in a village hall).If necessary you may need either to increase the capacity <strong>of</strong> the escape routes or restrictthe number <strong>of</strong> people in the premises.In considering the numbers <strong>of</strong> people using your premises, you may also need to takeaccount <strong>of</strong> the possible effects <strong>of</strong> intoxicants (alcohol, illegal drugs, etc.) on how peoplemay react in a fire. You also need to take account <strong>of</strong> the type <strong>of</strong> event being held on thepremises, for example if it is a ticketed event, or an event with free admission. You mayhave to consider monitoring the number <strong>of</strong> people entering the premises, controlling entrynumbers or controlling the numbers within specific areas, <strong>and</strong>/or preventing migration<strong>and</strong> overcrowding. You may also wish to consider other behavioural issues such as parentsseeking their children <strong>and</strong> people reluctant to ab<strong>and</strong>on their property.escape timeIn the event <strong>of</strong> a fire, it is important to evacuate people as quickly as possible from thepremises. Escape routes in a building should be designed so that people can escapequickly enough to ensure that they are not placed in any danger from fire. The time availablewill depend on a number <strong>of</strong> factors, including how quickly the fire is detected <strong>and</strong> thealarm raised, the number <strong>of</strong> escape routes available, the nature <strong>of</strong> the occupants <strong>and</strong> thespeed <strong>of</strong> fire growth. For simplicity, the travel distances in Part 2, Table 2 on page 81 takethese factors into account. Part 2, Section 4.1 will help you decide the level <strong>of</strong> risk in yourpremises for escape purposes.the age <strong>and</strong> construction <strong>of</strong> the premisesOlder buildings may comprise different construction materials from newer buildings <strong>and</strong>may be in a poorer state <strong>of</strong> repair. The materials from which your premises are constructed,the quality <strong>of</strong> building work <strong>and</strong> state <strong>of</strong> repair could contribute to the speed with which anyfire may spread, <strong>and</strong> potentially affect the escape routes the occupants will need to use. Afire starting in a building constructed mainly from combustible material will spread fasterthan one where fire-resisting construction materials have been used.If you wish to construct internal partitions or walls in your premises, perhaps to divideup a meeting room, you should ensure that any new partition or wall does not obstructany escape routes or fire exits, extend travel distances or reduce the sound levels <strong>of</strong> the28
fire alarm system. Any walls that affect the means <strong>of</strong> escape should be constructed <strong>of</strong>appropriate material. (Further technical information is provided in Appendix B.)Depending on the findings <strong>of</strong> your fire risk assessment, it may be necessary to protect theescape routes against fire <strong>and</strong> smoke by upgrading the construction <strong>of</strong> the floors, ceiling<strong>and</strong> walls to be a fire-resisting st<strong>and</strong>ard. You should avoid having combustible wall <strong>and</strong>ceiling linings in your escape routes. For further information see Appendix B. You may needto seek advice from a competent person. Any structural alterations may require buildingregulation approval.the number <strong>of</strong> escape routes <strong>and</strong> exitsIn general there should normally be at least two escape routes from all parts <strong>of</strong> thepremises, but a single escape route may be acceptable in some circumstances (e.g.a premises or part <strong>of</strong> a premises accommodating less than 60 people or where the traveldistances are limited).Where two escape routes are necessary <strong>and</strong> to further minimise the risk <strong>of</strong> peoplebecoming trapped, you should ensure that the escape routes are completely independent <strong>of</strong>each other. This will prevent a fire affecting more than one escape route at the same time.When evaluating escape routes, you may need to build in a safety factor by discountingthe largest exit from your escape plan or doors which cannot be opened quickly. Youcan then determine whether the remaining escape routes from a room, floor or buildingwill be sufficient to evacuate all the occupants within a reasonable time. Escape routesthat provide escape in a single direction only may need additional fire precautions to beregarded as adequate.Exit doors on escape routes <strong>and</strong> final exit doors shouldnormally open in the direction <strong>of</strong> travel, <strong>and</strong> be quickly <strong>and</strong>easily opened without the need for a key. Checks should bemade to ensure final exits are wide enough to accommodatethe number <strong>of</strong> people who may use the escape routes theyserve.Management <strong>of</strong> escape routesIt is essential that escape routes, <strong>and</strong> the means provided toensure they are used safely, are managed <strong>and</strong> maintainedto ensure that they remain usable <strong>and</strong> available at alltimes when the premises are occupied. Tell employees instaff training sessions about the escape routes within thepremises.Figure 9: A blocked corridor withincorrect signage29
Corridors <strong>and</strong> stairways that form part <strong>of</strong> escape routes should be kept clear <strong>and</strong> hazardfree at all times. Items that may be a source <strong>of</strong> fuel or pose an ignition risk should never belocated on any corridor or stairway that will be used as an escape route.Further guidance is available in Part 2, Section 4.emergency evacuation <strong>of</strong> persons with mobility impairmentThe means <strong>of</strong> escape you provide must be suitable for the evacuation <strong>of</strong> everyone likely tobe in your premises. This may require additional planning <strong>and</strong> allocation <strong>of</strong> staff roles – withappropriate training. Provisions for the emergency evacuation <strong>of</strong> disabled persons mayinclude:• stairways;• evacuation lifts;• firefighting lifts;• horizontal evacuation;• refuges; <strong>and</strong>• ramps.Use <strong>of</strong> these facilities will need to be linked to effective management arrangements as part<strong>of</strong> your emergency plan. The plan should not rely on <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Service involvementfor it to be effective.Marquees, tents <strong>and</strong> temporary structuresExit routes from marquees, tents <strong>and</strong> temporary structures may be over uneven ground ortemporary flooring, duck boards, ramps, etc. These factors should be taken into accountto ensure that there are safe egress routes. Travel distances should be shorter than inconventional buildings (see Part 2, Section 4.1).Further guidance on escape routes is available in Part 2, Section 4.30
Checklist• Is your building constructed, particularly in the case <strong>of</strong> multi-storey buildings, sothat, if there is a fire, heat <strong>and</strong> smoke will not spread uncontrolled through thebuilding to the extent that people are unable to use the escape routes?• Are any holes or gaps in walls, ceilings <strong>and</strong> floors properly sealed, e.g. whereservices such as ventilation ducts <strong>and</strong> electrical cables pass through them?• Can all the occupants escape to a place <strong>of</strong> total safety in a reasonable time?• Are the existing escape routes adequate for the numbers <strong>and</strong> type <strong>of</strong> peoplethat may need to use them e.g. staff <strong>and</strong> members <strong>of</strong> the public, includingdisabled people?• Are the exits in the right place <strong>and</strong> do the escape routes lead as directly aspossible to a place <strong>of</strong> total safety?• If there is a fire, could all available exits be affected or will at least one routefrom any part <strong>of</strong> the premises remain available?• Are the escape routes <strong>and</strong> final exits kept clear at all times?• Do the doors on escape routes open in the direction <strong>of</strong> escape?• Can all final exit doors be opened easily <strong>and</strong> immediately if there is anemergency?• Will everybody be able to safely use the escape routes from your premises?• Are the people who work in the building aware <strong>of</strong> the importance <strong>of</strong> maintainingthe safety <strong>of</strong> the escape routes, e.g. by ensuring that fire doors are not wedgedopen <strong>and</strong> that combustible materials are not stored within escape routes?• Are there any particular or unusual issues to consider?3.4.4 emergency escape lightingPeople in your premises must be able to find their way to a place <strong>of</strong> total safety if thereis a fire by using escape routes that have enough lighting. Where any escape routes areinternal <strong>and</strong> without windows, or your premises are used during periods <strong>of</strong> darkness,including early darkness on winter days, then some form <strong>of</strong> back-up to the normal escaperoute lighting (emergency escape lighting) is likely to be required.31
In simple premises, where the escape routes are straightforward, borrowed lighting, e.g.from street lamps where they illuminate escape routes, may be acceptable. Where borrowedlighting is not available, suitably placed torches may be acceptable for the use <strong>of</strong> staff only.In complex premises it is likely that a more comprehensive system <strong>of</strong> electrical automaticemergency escape lighting will be needed to illuminate all the escape routes.Where people have difficulty seeing conventional signs, a ‘way-guidance’ system may needto be considered.Further guidance on emergency escape lighting is given in Part 2, Section 5.Checklist• Are your premises used during periods <strong>of</strong> darkness?• Will there always be sufficient lighting to safely use escape routes?• Do you have back-up power supplies for your emergency lighting?3.4.5 Signs <strong>and</strong> noticesSignsSigns must be used, where necessary to help people identify escape routes, find firefightingequipment <strong>and</strong> emergency fire telephones. These signs are required under the Health <strong>and</strong><strong>Safety</strong> (<strong>Safety</strong> Signs <strong>and</strong> Signals) Regulations (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) 1996 9, 10 <strong>and</strong> must complywith the provisions <strong>of</strong> these Regulations.A fire risk assessment that determines that no escape signs are required (because, forexample, trained staff will always be available to help persons to escape routes), is unlikelyto be acceptable to an enforcing authority other than in the smallest <strong>and</strong> simplest <strong>of</strong>premises where the exits are in regular use <strong>and</strong> familiar to staff <strong>and</strong> guests (e.g. in a smallvillage hall).For a sign to comply with these Regulations it must be in pictogram form (see Figure 10).The pictogram can be supplemented by text if this is considered necessary to make the signmore easily understood, but you must not have a safety sign that uses only text.Where the locations <strong>of</strong> firefighting equipment are readily apparent <strong>and</strong> the firefightingequipment is visible at all times e.g. in a foyer, then signs may not be necessary. In all othersituations it is likely that the fire risk assessment will indicate that signs will be necessary.32
Figure 10: Typical fire exit signnoticesNotices must be used, where necessary, toprovide the following:• instructions on how to use any fire safetyequipment;• the actions to be taken in the event <strong>of</strong> fire;<strong>and</strong>• help for the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Service (e.g.location <strong>of</strong> sprinkler valves or electrical cut<strong>of</strong>fswitches).All signs <strong>and</strong> notices should be positioned sothat they can be easily seen <strong>and</strong> understood.Further guidance on signs <strong>and</strong> notices is givenin Part 2, Section 6.Figure 11: Simple fire action noticeChecklist• Where necessary, are escape routes <strong>and</strong> exits, the locations <strong>of</strong> firefightingequipment <strong>and</strong> emergency telephones indicated by appropriate signs?• Have you provided notices such as those giving information on how to operatesecurity devices on exit doors, those indicating doors enclosing fire hazards thatmust be kept shut <strong>and</strong> fire action notices for staff <strong>and</strong> other people?• Are you maintaining all the necessary signs <strong>and</strong> notices so that they continue tobe correct, legible <strong>and</strong> understood?• Are you maintaining signs that you have provided for the information <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Fire</strong><strong>and</strong> Rescue Service, such as those indicating the location <strong>of</strong> water suppressionstop valves <strong>and</strong> the storage <strong>of</strong> hazardous substances?33
3.4.6 Installation, testing <strong>and</strong> maintenanceNew fire precautions should be installed by a competent person.You must keep any existing equipment, devices or facilities that are provided in yourpremises for the safety <strong>of</strong> people, such as fire alarms, fire extinguishers, lighting, signs, fireexits <strong>and</strong> fire doors, in effective working order <strong>and</strong> maintain separating elements designedto prevent fire <strong>and</strong> smoke entering escape routes.You must ensure regular checks, periodic servicing <strong>and</strong> maintenance are carried outwhatever the size <strong>of</strong> your premises <strong>and</strong> any defects are put right as quicklyas possible.You, or a person you have nominated, can carry out certain checks <strong>and</strong> routinemaintenance work. Further maintenance may need to be carried out by a competentservice engineer. Where contractors are used, third party certification is one methodwhere a reasonable assurance <strong>of</strong> quality <strong>of</strong> work <strong>and</strong> competence can be achieved (seePart 2, Section 8).If you allow your premises to be hired (e.g. a village hall) you retain overall responsibility.However, some <strong>of</strong> the checking responsibilities should be passed to the hirer under theirhiring agreement to carry out these checks on the day they use the premises.The following are examples <strong>of</strong> checks <strong>and</strong> tests that should be considered. You shoulddetermine the appropriate period for these checks from your risk assessment. Theexamples <strong>of</strong> testing <strong>and</strong> maintenance given are not intended to be prescriptive <strong>and</strong> otherregimes may be appropriate.Daily checks (<strong>and</strong>/or checks before an event)Remove bolts, padlocks <strong>and</strong> security devices from fire exits, ensure that doors on escaperoutes swing freely <strong>and</strong> close fully <strong>and</strong> check escape routes to ensure they are clear fromobstructions <strong>and</strong> combustible materials <strong>and</strong> in a good state <strong>of</strong> repair. Check the fire alarmpanel to ensure the system is active <strong>and</strong> fully operational. Where practicable, visually checkthat emergency lighting units are in good repair <strong>and</strong> apparently working. Check that allsafety signs <strong>and</strong> notices are legible. (See Appendix B3 for more details on bolts, padlocks<strong>and</strong> security devices.)Weekly tests <strong>and</strong> checksTest fire detection <strong>and</strong> warning systems <strong>and</strong> manually-operated warning devices weeklyfollowing the manufacturer’s or installer’s instructions. Check the batteries <strong>of</strong> safety torches<strong>and</strong> that fire extinguishers <strong>and</strong> hose reels are correctly located <strong>and</strong> in apparent workingorder.34
Monthly tests <strong>and</strong> checksTest all emergency lighting systems <strong>and</strong> safety torches to make sure they have enoughcharge <strong>and</strong> illumination according to the manufacturer’s or supplier’s instructions. Thisshould be at an appropriate time when, following the test, they will not be immediatelyrequired.Check that fire doors are in good working order <strong>and</strong> closing correctly <strong>and</strong> that the frames<strong>and</strong> seals are intact.Six-monthly tests <strong>and</strong> checksA competent person should test <strong>and</strong> maintain the fire-detection <strong>and</strong> warning system.Annual tests <strong>and</strong> checksThe emergency lighting <strong>and</strong> all firefighting equipment, fire alarms <strong>and</strong> other installedsystems should be tested <strong>and</strong> maintained by a competent person.All structural fire protection <strong>and</strong> elements <strong>of</strong> fire compartmentation should be inspected<strong>and</strong> any remedial action carried out. Specific guidance on the maintenance <strong>of</strong> timber fireresistingdoors is given in Appendix B2.Appendix A.1 provides an example <strong>of</strong> a fire safety maintenance checklist. You will find ituseful to keep a log book <strong>of</strong> all maintenance <strong>and</strong> testing.Further guidance on maintenance <strong>and</strong> testing <strong>of</strong> individual types <strong>of</strong> equipment <strong>and</strong> facilitiescan be found in the relevant section in Part 2.Checklist• Do you regularly check all fire doors <strong>and</strong> escape routes <strong>and</strong> associated lighting<strong>and</strong> signs?• Do you regularly check all your firefighting equipment?• Do you regularly check your fire detection <strong>and</strong> alarm equipment?• Are those who test <strong>and</strong> maintain the equipment competent to do so?• Do you keep a log book to record tests <strong>and</strong> maintenance?35
Step 3 Checklistevaluate, remove, reduce <strong>and</strong> protect from risks by:• Evaluating the risk to people in your building if a fire starts.• Removing or reducing the hazards that might cause a fire.Have you:– Removed or reduced sources <strong>of</strong> ignition?– Removed or reduced sources <strong>of</strong> fuel?– Removed or reduced sources <strong>of</strong> air or oxygen?Have you removed or reduced the risks to people if a fire occurs by:– Considering the need for fire detection <strong>and</strong> for warning?– Considering the need for firefighting equipment?– Determining whether your escape routes are adequate?– Determining whether your lighting <strong>and</strong> emergency lighting are adequate?– Checking that you have adequate signs <strong>and</strong> notices?– Regularly testing <strong>and</strong> maintaining safety equipment?– Considering whether you need any other equipment or facilities?SteP 4 ReCoRD, PlAn, InFoRM, InStRuCt AnD tRAInIn Step 4 there are four further elements <strong>of</strong> the risk assessment you should focus on toaddress the management <strong>of</strong> fire safety in your premises. In some premises with simplelayouts this could be done as part <strong>of</strong> the day-to-day management; however, as the premisesor the organisation get larger it may be necessary for a formal structure <strong>and</strong> written policy tobe developed. Further guidance on managing fire safety is given in Part 2 on page 45.4.1 Record the significant findings <strong>and</strong> action takenIf you or your organisation employ five or more people, your premises are licensed, or analterations notice requiring you to do so is in force, you must record the significant findings<strong>of</strong> your fire risk assessment <strong>and</strong> the actions you have taken.Significant findings should include details <strong>of</strong>:• the fire hazards you have identified (you don’t need to include trivial things like a smalltin <strong>of</strong> solvent-based glue);36
• the actions you have taken or will take to remove or reduce the chance <strong>of</strong> a fireoccurring (preventive measures);• persons who may be at risk, particularly those especially at risk;• the actions you have taken or will take to reduce the risk to people from the spread<strong>of</strong> fire <strong>and</strong> smoke (protective measures);• the actions people need to take in case <strong>of</strong> fire including details <strong>of</strong> any personsnominated to carry out a particular function (your emergency plan); <strong>and</strong>• the information, instruction <strong>and</strong> training you have identified that people need <strong>and</strong> how itwill be given.Further information can be found in Part 2.You may also wish to record discussions you have had with staff or staff representatives(including trade unions).Even where you are not required to record the significant findings, it is good practice to do so.In some premises record keeping may be no more than a few sheets <strong>of</strong> paper (possiblyforming part <strong>of</strong> a health <strong>and</strong> safety folder), containing details <strong>of</strong> significant findings, anyaction taken <strong>and</strong> a copy <strong>of</strong> the emergency plan.<strong>Assembly</strong>pointWCWCKitchenKEY<strong>Fire</strong> warden to checkStaffroomLobbyBreak glass call pointEmergency lighting<strong>Fire</strong> extinguisherOffice<strong>Fire</strong> exit signStoreroomHallSelf-closing 30-minutefire door30-minute fire-resistingconstructionFigure 12: Example <strong>of</strong> a line drawing general fire safety precautions37
The record could take the form <strong>of</strong> a simple list which may be supported by a simple plan <strong>of</strong>the premises (see Figure 12). More complex premises may need a more detailed record;however, there is no one ‘correct’ format specified for this.You must be able to satisfy the enforcing authority, if called upon to do so, that you havecarried out a suitable <strong>and</strong> sufficient fire risk assessment. Keeping records will help you dothis <strong>and</strong> will also form the basis <strong>of</strong> your subsequent reviews. If you keep records, you do notneed to record all the details, only those that are significant <strong>and</strong> the action you have taken.It might be helpful to include a simple line drawing. This can also help you check your fireprecautions as part <strong>of</strong> your ongoing review.The findings <strong>of</strong> your fire risk assessment will help you to develop your emergency plan, theinstruction, information <strong>and</strong> training you need to provide, the co-operation <strong>and</strong> co-ordinationarrangements you may need to have with other appropriate people <strong>and</strong> the arrangementsfor maintenance <strong>and</strong> testing <strong>of</strong> the fire precautions. If you are required to record thesignificant findings <strong>of</strong> your fire risk assessment then these arrangements must also berecorded.Further guidance about fire safety records with an example is given in Part 2, Section 7.1.Checklist• Have you recorded the significant findings <strong>of</strong> your assessment?• Have you recorded what you have done to remove or reduce the risk?• Are your records available for inspection by the enforcing authority?4.2 emergency plansYou need to have an emergency plan for dealing with a fire situation.The purpose <strong>of</strong> an emergency plan is to ensure that the people in your premises know whatto do if there is a fire <strong>and</strong> that the premises can be safely evacuated.If you or your organisation employ five or more people, or your premises are licensedor an alterations notice requiring it is in force, then details <strong>of</strong> your emergency plan must berecorded. Even if it is not required, it is good practice to keep a record.38
Your emergency plan should be based on the outcome <strong>of</strong> your fire risk assessment <strong>and</strong> beavailable for your employees, their representatives (where appointed) <strong>and</strong> the enforcingauthority.In premises with simple layouts the emergency plan may be no more than a fire actionnotice. In multi-occupied <strong>and</strong> more complex premises the emergency plan will need to bemore detailed <strong>and</strong> compiled after consultation with other occupiers <strong>and</strong> other appropriatepeople, e.g. owners, who have control over the building. In most cases this means that anemergency plan covering the whole building will be necessary. It will help if you can agreeone person to co-ordinate this task.Further guidance on emergency plans is given in Part 2, Section 7.2.Checklist• Do you have an emergency plan <strong>and</strong>, where necessary, have you recordedthe details?• Does your plan take account <strong>of</strong> other emergency plans applicable to the samebuilding?• Is the plan readily available for staff to read?• Is the emergency plan available to the enforcing authority?4.3 Inform, instruct, co-operate <strong>and</strong> co-ordinateYou must give clear <strong>and</strong> relevant information <strong>and</strong> appropriate instructions to your staff <strong>and</strong>the employers <strong>of</strong> other people working in your premises, such as contractors, about how toprevent fires <strong>and</strong> what they should do if there is a fire.If you intend to employ a child, you must inform the parents <strong>of</strong> the significant risks you haveidentified <strong>and</strong> the precautions you have taken. You must also co-operate <strong>and</strong> co-ordinatewith other appropriate people who use any part <strong>of</strong> the premises. It is unlikely that youremergency plan will work without this.Information <strong>and</strong> instructionAll staff should be given information <strong>and</strong> instruction as soon as possible after they areappointed <strong>and</strong> regularly after that. Make sure you include staff who work outsidenormal working hours, such as contract cleaners or maintenance staff.39
All other relevant persons should be given information about the fire safety arrangementsas soon as possible. Information should be available for the public, e.g. fire action notices.The information <strong>and</strong> instructions you give must be in a form that can be used <strong>and</strong>understood. They should take account <strong>of</strong> those with disabilities such as hearing or sightimpairment, those with learning difficulties <strong>and</strong> those who do not use English as their firstlanguage.The information <strong>and</strong> instruction you give should be based on your emergency plan <strong>and</strong> mustinclude:• the significant findings from your fire risk assessment;• the measures that you have put in place to reduce the risk;• what staff should do if there is a fire;• the identity <strong>of</strong> people you have nominated with responsibilities for fire safety; <strong>and</strong>• any special arrangements for serious <strong>and</strong> imminent danger to persons from fire.Information <strong>and</strong> instruction may simply involve an explanation <strong>of</strong> the fire procedures<strong>and</strong> how they are to be applied. This should include showing staff the fire-protectionarrangements, including the designated escape routes, the location <strong>and</strong> operation <strong>of</strong> thefire-warning system <strong>and</strong> any other fire-safety equipment provided, such as fire extinguishers.<strong>Fire</strong> action notices can complement this information <strong>and</strong>, where used, should be posted inprominent locations.Further guidance on information <strong>and</strong> instruction to staff, <strong>and</strong> on working with dangeroussubstances, is given in Part 2, Section 7.3.Co-operation <strong>and</strong> co-ordinationIn premises that are not multi-occupied you are likely to be solely responsible. However,in buildings owned by someone else, or where there is more than one occupier, <strong>and</strong> othersare responsible for different parts <strong>of</strong> the building, it is important that you liaise with them<strong>and</strong> inform them <strong>of</strong> any significant risks that you have identified. By liaising you can coordinateyour resources to ensure that your actions <strong>and</strong> working practices do not placeothers at risk if there is a fire, <strong>and</strong> a co-ordinated emergency plan operates effectively.Where two or more appropriate persons share premises in which an explosive atmospheremay occur, the appropriate person with overall responsibility for the premises mustco-ordinate any measures necessary to protect everyone from any risk that may arise.Employees also have a responsibility to co-operate with their employer so far as it isnecessary to help the employer comply with any legal duty.40
Further guidance on co-operation <strong>and</strong> co-ordination is given in Part 2, Section 7.3.Checklist• Have you told your staff about the emergency plan?• Do you know the location <strong>and</strong> identity <strong>of</strong> people you have nominated to do aparticular task?• Have you given staff information about any dangerous substances?• Do you have arrangements for informing temporary or agency staff?• Do you have arrangements for informing other employers whose staff are guestworkers in your premises, such as maintenance contractors <strong>and</strong> cleaners?• Have you informed guests <strong>and</strong> visitors about what to do in an emergency?• Have you co-ordinated your fire safety arrangements with other appropriatepeople <strong>and</strong> with any contractors in the building?• Have you recorded details <strong>of</strong> any information or instructions you have given <strong>and</strong>the details <strong>of</strong> any arrangements for co-operation <strong>and</strong> co-ordination with others?4.4 <strong>Fire</strong> safety trainingYou must provide adequate fire safety training for your staff. The type <strong>of</strong> training should bebased on the particular features <strong>of</strong> your premises <strong>and</strong> should:• take account <strong>of</strong> the findings <strong>of</strong> the fire risk assessment;• explain your emergency procedures;• take account <strong>of</strong> the work activity <strong>and</strong> explain the duties <strong>and</strong> responsibilities <strong>of</strong> staff;• take place during normal working hours <strong>and</strong> be repeated periodically whereappropriate;• be easily underst<strong>and</strong>able by your staff <strong>and</strong> other people who may be present; <strong>and</strong>• be tested by fire drills.41
In simple premises this may be no more than showing new staff the fire exits <strong>and</strong> givingbasic training on what to do if there is a fire. In most premises, in particular where there is ahigh staff turnover <strong>and</strong> many shift patterns, the organisation <strong>of</strong> fire safety training will needto be more formal, e.g. by an induction course. Some <strong>of</strong> your staff may have received somefire safety training as part <strong>of</strong> a national accreditation scheme (e.g. door staff <strong>and</strong> stewards).Your training should include the following:• what to do on discovering a fire;• how to raise the alarm <strong>and</strong> what happens then;• what to do upon hearing the fire alarm;• the procedures for alerting members <strong>of</strong> the public <strong>and</strong> visitors including, whereappropriate, directing them to exits;• the arrangements for calling Northern Irel<strong>and</strong> <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Service;• the evacuation procedures for everyone (including the public <strong>and</strong> contractors) in yourpremises to reach an assembly point at a place <strong>of</strong> total safety;• the location <strong>and</strong>, when appropriate, the use <strong>of</strong> firefighting equipment;• the location <strong>of</strong> escape routes, especially those not in regular use;• how to open all emergency exit doors;• the importance <strong>of</strong> keeping fire doors closed to prevent the spread <strong>of</strong> fire, heat <strong>and</strong>smoke;• where appropriate, how to stop machines <strong>and</strong> processes <strong>and</strong> isolate power suppliesin the event <strong>of</strong> a fire;• the reason for not using lifts (except those specifically installed or nominated,following a suitable fire risk assessment);• the safe use <strong>of</strong> <strong>and</strong> risks from storing or working with highly flammable <strong>and</strong>explosive substances; <strong>and</strong>• the importance <strong>of</strong> general fire safety, which includes good housekeeping.All the staff identified in your emergency plan that have a supervisory role if there is a fire(e.g. fire marshals or wardens), should be given details <strong>of</strong> your fire risk assessment <strong>and</strong>receive additional training.42
Further guidance on training <strong>and</strong> how to carry out a fire drill is given in Part 2, Section 7.4.Checklist• Have your staff received any fire safety training?• Have you carried out a fire drill recently?• Are employees aware <strong>of</strong> specific tasks if there is a fire?• Are you maintaining a record <strong>of</strong> training sessions?• Do you carry out joint training <strong>and</strong> fire drills in multi-occupied buildings?• If you use or store hazardous or explosive substances have your staff receivedappropriate training?SteP 5 RevIeWYou should constantly monitor what you are doing to implement the fire risk assessment, toassess how effectively the risk is being controlled.If you have any reason to suspect that your fire risk assessment is no longer valid or therehas been a significant change in your premises that has affected your fire precautions, youwill need to review your assessment <strong>and</strong> if necessary revise it. Reasons for review couldinclude:• changes to work activities or the way that you organise them, including theintroduction <strong>of</strong> new equipment;• alterations to the building, including the internal layout;• substantial changes to furniture <strong>and</strong> fixings;• the introduction, change <strong>of</strong> use or increase in the storage <strong>of</strong> hazardous substances;• the failure <strong>of</strong> fire precautions, e.g. fire-detection systems <strong>and</strong> alarm systems, life safetysprinklers or ventilation systems;43
• significant changes to displays or quantities <strong>of</strong> stock;• a significant increase in the number <strong>of</strong> people present; <strong>and</strong>• the presence <strong>of</strong> people with some form <strong>of</strong> disability.You should consider the potential risk <strong>of</strong> any significant change before it is introduced.It is usually more effective to minimise a risk by, for example, ensuring adequate,appropriate storage space for an item before introducing it to your premises.Do not amend your assessment for every trivial change, but if a change introduces newhazards you should consider them <strong>and</strong>, if significant, do whatever you need to do to keepthe risks under control. In any case you should keep your assessment under review tomake sure that the precautions are still working effectively. You may want to re-examinethe fire prevention <strong>and</strong> protection measures at the same time as your health <strong>and</strong> safetyassessment.If a fire or ‘near miss’ occurs, this could indicate that your existing assessment may beinadequate <strong>and</strong> you should carry out a re-assessment. It is good practice to identify thecause <strong>of</strong> any incident <strong>and</strong> then review <strong>and</strong>, if necessary, revise your fire risk assessment inthe light <strong>of</strong> this.Records <strong>of</strong> testing, maintenance <strong>and</strong> training, etc. are useful aids in a review process. SeeAppendix A1 for an example.Alterations noticesIf you have been served with an ‘alterations notice’ check it to see whether you need tonotify the enforcing authority about any changes you propose to make as a result <strong>of</strong> yourreview. If these changes include building work, you should also consult a building controlbody.enD oF PARt 1You should now have completed the five-step fire risk assessment process, using theadditional information in Part 2 where necessary. In any review you may need to revisitSteps 1 to 4.44
Part 2 Further guidance on fire riskassessment <strong>and</strong> fire precautionsManaging fire safetyGood management <strong>of</strong> fire safety in yourpremises is essential to ensure that anyfire safety matters that arise are alwayseffectively addressed. In simple premisesthis can be achieved by the manager orowner maintaining <strong>and</strong> planning fire safetyin conjunction with general health <strong>and</strong>safety.In larger premises it is good practicefor a senior manager to have overallresponsibility for fire safety. It may beappropriate for this responsibility to beplaced with the manager designated withoverall responsibility for health <strong>and</strong> safety.If your premises are owned or managedby a corporate organisation, e.g. anational company with multiple outlets,the organisation’s fire safety policy shouldbe flexible enough to allow modification.This is particularly important when localmanagers have to function daily with otherbusinesses in the same building. It shouldbe recognised that fire safety operates at alllevels within an organisation <strong>and</strong> thereforelocal managers should be able to develop,where necessary, a local action plan fortheir premises.The company policy should be set out inwriting <strong>and</strong> may cover such things as:• who will hold the responsibility for firesafety at board level;• who will be the appropriate person foreach <strong>of</strong> their premises (this will be theperson who has overall control, usuallythe manager, but may be part-time orshift managers);• the arrangement whereby thoseresponsible for fire safety will, wherenecessary, nominate in writing specificpeople to carry out particular tasks ifthere is a fire; <strong>and</strong>• the arrangement whereby regional orarea managers should monitor <strong>and</strong>check that individual managers aremeeting the requirements <strong>of</strong> the firesafety law.You should have a plan <strong>of</strong> action to bringtogether all the features you have evaluated<strong>and</strong> noted from your fire risk assessmentso that you can logically plan what needs tobe done. It should not be confused with theemergency plan, which is a statement <strong>of</strong>what you will do if there is a fire.The plan <strong>of</strong> action should include what youintend to do to reduce the hazards <strong>and</strong>risks you have identified <strong>and</strong> to implementthe necessary protection measures.You will need to prioritise these actionsto ensure that any findings which identifypeople in immediate danger are dealtwith straight away, e.g. unlocking fireexits. In other cases where people arenot in immediate danger but action is stillnecessary, it may be acceptable to plan thisover a period <strong>of</strong> time.You need to be aware that certain functionse.g. discos, can present additional dangersfor the audience, largely from the effects <strong>of</strong>over excitement <strong>and</strong> irrational behaviour;together with the higher noise level <strong>and</strong>flashing lights. In such circumstances, <strong>and</strong>particularly where there is a mainly youngeraudience, you should ensure that thereare a sufficient number <strong>of</strong> competent <strong>and</strong>adequately trained attendants to cover45
an emergency situation; <strong>and</strong> a publicaddress system which can over-ride theperformance <strong>and</strong> be heard clearly in allparts <strong>of</strong> the premises will be required.Before admitting the public to yourpremises you need to ensure that all <strong>of</strong>your fire safety provisions are in place <strong>and</strong>in working order, or, if not, that alternativearrangements are in place. Constantchecks are needed while the public arepresent, <strong>and</strong> again after they have left.Detailed recommendations are given inBS 9999 11 .The guidance in Part 2 provides additionalinformation to:• ensure good fire safety management byhelping you establish your fire preventionmeasures, fire precautions <strong>and</strong> firesafety procedures (systems, equipment<strong>and</strong> plans); <strong>and</strong>• assist you to carry out your fire safetyrisk assessment <strong>and</strong> identify any issuesthat need attention.It is important that the manager ensuresthat where, for operational reasons, staffare transferred to another part <strong>of</strong> thepremises, they are made aware <strong>of</strong> themeans <strong>of</strong> escape <strong>and</strong> fire procedures <strong>of</strong>the new work area (including any additionalresponsibilities) if this differs from theirpermanent duty station.Where your premises or parts <strong>of</strong> yourpremises are either hired or leased thenthe management responsibilities <strong>of</strong> thehirer should be defined.For a place <strong>of</strong> assembly, Northern Irel<strong>and</strong><strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Service should be called toevery outbreak <strong>of</strong> fire.46
Section 1 Further guidance on firerisks <strong>and</strong> preventative measuresThis section provides further informationon evaluating the risk <strong>of</strong> a fire <strong>and</strong> itsprevention in your premises. You shouldspend time developing long-term workable<strong>and</strong> effective strategies to reduce hazards<strong>and</strong> the risk <strong>of</strong> a fire starting. At its simplestthis means separating flammable materialsfrom ignition sources.You should consider:• housekeeping;• storage;• dangerous substances: storage <strong>and</strong> use;• equipment <strong>and</strong> machinery;• electrical safety;• smoking;• managing building work <strong>and</strong> alterations;• existing layout <strong>and</strong> construction;• particular hazards in corridors <strong>and</strong>stairways used as escape routes;• insulated core panels;• restricting the spread <strong>of</strong> fire <strong>and</strong> smoke;be monitored carefully. Good housekeepingis essential to reduce the chances <strong>of</strong>escape routes <strong>and</strong> fire doors being blockedor obstructed.RefuseThe accumulation <strong>of</strong> waste <strong>and</strong> litter(such as programmes <strong>and</strong> food <strong>and</strong> drinkpackaging) should be avoided. All parts <strong>of</strong>the premises should therefore be inspectedbefore, during (as far as is practicable)<strong>and</strong> after each event or period open to thepublic. Any accumulation <strong>of</strong> waste or littershould be removed without delay or kept ina fire-resisting container or room, pendingremoval.Sufficient waste <strong>and</strong> litter bins should beprovided <strong>and</strong> arrangements made for theirfrequent emptying, especially during anevent or function <strong>of</strong> extended duration.Waste material should be kept in suitablecontainers prior to removal from thepremises. If bins, particularly wheeled bins,are used outside, they should be securedin a compound to prevent them beingmoved to a position next to the building <strong>and</strong>set on fire. Skips should never be placedagainst a building <strong>and</strong> should normally be aminimum <strong>of</strong> 6m away from any part <strong>of</strong> thepremises (see Figure 13).• deliberate fire setting; <strong>and</strong>• help for people with special needs.1.1 HousekeepingGood housekeeping will lower the chances<strong>of</strong> a fire starting, so the accumulation <strong>of</strong>combustible materials in premises shouldFigure 13: Bins under a stairway47
If you generate a considerable quantity <strong>of</strong>combustible waste material then you mayneed to develop a formal plan to managethis effectively.In high risk areas you need to make surearrangements are in place for safe closedown, e.g. checking all appliances areturned <strong>of</strong>f <strong>and</strong> combustible waste has beenremoved.1.2 StorageMany <strong>of</strong> the materials found in yourpremises will be combustible. If yourpremises have inadequate or poorlymanaged storage areas then the risk <strong>of</strong> fireis likely to be increased (see Figure 14). Themore combustible materials you store thegreater the source <strong>of</strong> fuel for a fire. Poorlyaranged storage could prevent equipmentsuch as sprinklers working effectively.Combustible materials are not just thosegenerally regarded as highly combustible,such as polystyrene, but all materialsthat will readily catch fire. However, bycarefully considering the type <strong>of</strong> material,the quantities kept <strong>and</strong> the storagearrangements, the risks can be significantlyreduced.Stacks <strong>of</strong> combustible materials (e.g.seating or, in <strong>of</strong>fices, the retention <strong>of</strong> largequantities <strong>of</strong> paper records) can increasethe fire hazard. Such readily availablecombustible material makes the potentialeffect <strong>of</strong> deliberate fire setting moreserious.Case StudyA church owned a petrol-drivenlawnmower. When not in use, thelawnmower was stored under the stairsinside the church, <strong>and</strong> exposed to thepublic. The lawnmower presented asignificant risk, <strong>and</strong> could be a target fordeliberate fire setting.The lawnmower should have been storedin a property ventilated fire-resistingstoreroom away from the church.Many premises will take great care topresent an efficient <strong>and</strong> attractive image inthe public areas, while storage areas areneglected <strong>and</strong> allowed to become dumpingareas for unused material.Figure 14: An example <strong>of</strong> poor storage48
Do not pile combustible material againstelectrical equipment or heaters, even ifturned <strong>of</strong>f for the summer, <strong>and</strong> do notallow smoking in areas where combustiblematerials are stored.To reduce the risk, store excess materialsin a dedicated storage area, storeroom orcupboard. Do not store excess materials inareas where the public would normally haveaccess.Consider how materials are stored <strong>and</strong>evaluate any additional risk <strong>of</strong> fire thatit generates. For example, to reduce thepotential rate <strong>of</strong> fire growth, when not inuse foam gym mats should be laid flat<strong>and</strong> stacked on top <strong>of</strong> one another in adedicated storeroom. Stacked side by sideor vertically against a wall, the potentialspeed with which the fire may grow issignificantly increased.Your fire risk assessment should alsoconsider any additional risk generated byseasonal products such as fireworks <strong>and</strong>Christmas decorations.Consider the following to reduce theserisks:• ensure storage <strong>and</strong> display areas areadequately controlled <strong>and</strong> monitored;• use fire-retardant display materialswherever possible (suppliers should beable to provide evidence <strong>of</strong> this); <strong>and</strong>• ensure electrical lighting used as part <strong>of</strong>the display does not become a potentialsource <strong>of</strong> ignition.Furnishings, upholstered seating <strong>and</strong>cushionsWhen stored in bulk, certain types <strong>of</strong>cushioning (e.g. which is distributed orhired for event use), foam mats <strong>and</strong> ballpit play areas pose a risk <strong>of</strong> a rapid firegrowth <strong>and</strong> should therefore be stored in afire-resisting container or room. (See alsoSection 1.11.)Cellars <strong>and</strong> basementsCellars <strong>and</strong> basements are <strong>of</strong>ten usedfor storage, <strong>of</strong> items such as stock <strong>and</strong>promotional materials, fuel used foroutdoor barbeques <strong>and</strong> patio heaters.Care may be needed if the cellar connectsdirectly to the rest <strong>of</strong> the building,especially if the cellar is accessible to thepublic. Cellar areas may also <strong>of</strong>fer a targetfor deliberate fire setters <strong>and</strong> should besecured against unauthorised access.Scenery store, storage enclosures, openstage storageBecause scenery <strong>of</strong>ten comprisescombustible materials, you need to takeparticular care with its storage <strong>and</strong>, inparticular, storage on an open stage.Only materials which you know are notcombustible should be stored on an openstage; otherwise such materials should bestored in a 30-minute fire-resisting storageenclosure when they are not in current use.If in doubt you should seek specialist advice.49
1.3 Dangerous substances:storage, display <strong>and</strong> useSpecific precautions are required whenh<strong>and</strong>ling <strong>and</strong> storing dangerous substancesto minimise the possibility <strong>of</strong> an incident.Your supplier should be able to providedetailed advice on safe storage <strong>and</strong>h<strong>and</strong>ling; however, the following principleswill help you reduce the risk from fire:• substitute highly flammable substances<strong>and</strong> materials with less flammable ones;• reduce the quantity <strong>of</strong> dangeroussubstances to the smallest reasonableamount necessary for running thebusiness or organisation;• correctly store dangerous substances,e.g. in a fire-resisting enclosure. Allflammable liquids <strong>and</strong> gases shouldideally be locked away, especially whenthe premises are unoccupied, to reducethe chance <strong>of</strong> them being used in adeliberate fire setting attack; <strong>and</strong>• ensure that you <strong>and</strong> your employeesare aware <strong>of</strong> the fire risk the dangeroussubstances present <strong>and</strong> the precautionsnecessary to avoid danger.Additional general fire precautions may beneeded to take account <strong>of</strong> the additionalrisks that may be posed by the storage <strong>and</strong>use <strong>of</strong> these substances.see the HSE’s Approved code <strong>of</strong> practice<strong>and</strong> guidance 13 ).Flammable liquidsHighly flammable liquids present aparticularly high fire risk. For example,a leak from a container <strong>of</strong> flammablesolvents, such as acetone, may producelarge quantities <strong>of</strong> heavier-than-airflammable vapours. These can travel largedistances, increasing the likelihood <strong>of</strong> themreaching a source <strong>of</strong> ignition well awayfrom the original leak, such as a basementcontaining heating plant <strong>and</strong>/or electricalequipment on automatic timers.Flammable liquids stored in plasticcontainers can be a particular problem ifinvolved in fire because they readily melt,spilling their contents <strong>and</strong> fuelling rapid firegrowth.The risk is reduced by ensuring thestorage <strong>and</strong> use <strong>of</strong> highly flammableliquids is carefully managed, thatmaterials contaminated with solvent areproperly disposed <strong>of</strong> (see Figure 15) <strong>and</strong>when not in use, they are safely stored. Upto 50 litres may be stored in a fire-resistingcabinet or bin that will contain any leaks(see Figure 16).Certain substances <strong>and</strong> materials are bytheir nature, highly flammable, oxidising orpotentially explosive. These substances arecontrolled by other legislation in addition t<strong>of</strong>ire safety law, in particular the DangerousSubstances <strong>and</strong> Explosive AtmospheresRegulations (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) 2003 12 (also50
lPg storage <strong>and</strong> useWhere LPG in cylinders or cartridges ispresent you need to take particular care tominimise the possibility <strong>of</strong> its involvementin a fire. The total amount <strong>of</strong> LPG shouldbe kept to the minimum necessary to meetyour needs.Half-hourHalf-hourfire-resistant fire-resistant exterior exteriorMaximum Maximum 50 litres 50 litres totalFigure 15: A fire-resisting pedal bin for ragsNon-combustible,Non-combustible,high melting melting point hinges pointhingesBonded/fireBonded/fire stopped junctionstopped junctionFigure 16: A 50 litre flammable storage binThere should be no potential ignitionsources in areas where flammableliquids are used or stored <strong>and</strong> flammableconcentrations <strong>of</strong> vapours may be present.Any electrical equipment used in theseareas, including fire alarm <strong>and</strong> emergencylighting systems, needs to be suitable foruse in flammable atmospheres. In suchsituations, it is recommended thatyou seek advice from a competent person.The two primary forms <strong>of</strong> LPG used forheating <strong>and</strong>/or cooking purposes arePropane <strong>and</strong> Butane. Propane cylindersmust be stored outside buildingson firm level ground <strong>and</strong> in a wellventilated location. The only exceptionfor using propane inside a building isfor maintenance purposes on a limited,temporary basis. For information on theuse <strong>and</strong> storage <strong>of</strong> butane cylinders refer tothe Liquefied Petroleum Gas Association’sCode <strong>of</strong> Practice 14 or contact the HSE<strong>NI</strong>.Locate the LPG cylinders <strong>and</strong> cartridgesin a safe, secure <strong>and</strong> well ventilated placewhere:• they cannot be interfered with;• they can be kept upright (with valveprotection fitted);• they are away from sources <strong>of</strong> ignition<strong>and</strong>/or ignitable materials; <strong>and</strong>• are away from any corrosive toxic oroxidant materials.51
Where there are retail premises within theplace <strong>of</strong> assembly holding LPG cylinders<strong>and</strong> cartridges, the maximum stock shouldnot exceed the recommended amount <strong>and</strong>should be kept in a safe place, where theycannot be interfered with, <strong>and</strong> away fromstairways, exit doors <strong>and</strong> places where theymight obstruct means <strong>of</strong> escape.Stock in excess <strong>of</strong> the recommendedamount should be kept in a properlydesigned <strong>and</strong> located storage area awayfrom the premises or in a building that isdedicated for LPG. Advice on the use <strong>of</strong>LPG for heating is given in Section 1.4.Bulk storage tanks for LPG shouldbe designed, installed <strong>and</strong> located inaccordance with industry guidance.LPG must not be kept/stored below groundlevel within a building i.e. in a basement.Before using or storing LPG in yourpremises a Risk Assessment should becarried out. If you are in any doubt aboutthe safety <strong>of</strong> your premises you shouldconsult a competent person.Further guidance on the safe storage <strong>of</strong>LPG is available from your supplier, theLiquefied Petroleum Gas Association’sCode <strong>of</strong> Practice 14 or the HSE<strong>NI</strong>.PipingPiping conveying gas or flammable liquidshould be, as far as practicable, <strong>of</strong> rigidmetal. Any necessary flexible piping shouldconsist <strong>of</strong> material suitable for the gasor liquid being conveyed; it should beadequately reinforced to resist crushing<strong>and</strong> withst<strong>and</strong> the maximum internalpressure to which it may be subjected. Anyconnections to the flexible piping shouldbe <strong>of</strong> an approved pattern (i.e. screwed orotherwise secured with a patent designdevice to prevent accidental disconnection).If in doubt you should seek advice from acompetent person.Storage <strong>and</strong> use <strong>of</strong> cylindersOnly those compressed gas cylinders or gasvessels containing flammable liquids or gasunder pressure required for immediate useshould be kept within the premises. Anyspare cylinders should be stored in a safe<strong>and</strong> secure location outside the building.Hazardous materialsWhere it is necessary to utilise hazardousmaterials, such as fuels (whether incontainers or within fuel tanks <strong>and</strong>machinery), fertilisers, weed killers, paints,they should be stored in a secure <strong>and</strong> safelocation, for example a properly ventilatedfire-resistant storeroom. Care should alsobe taken to ensure that incompatiblematerials are not stored together. If in anydoubt you should seek the advice <strong>of</strong> yoursupplier.explosives <strong>and</strong> flammable substancesYou should adopt <strong>and</strong> enforce a clear policyprohibiting people from bringing flares orfireworks into the premises.Explosive or highly flammable substancesshould only be brought onto the premisesunder specified <strong>and</strong> monitored conditions.All pyrotechnics <strong>and</strong> similar substancesmust be operated safely <strong>and</strong> in accordancewith manufacturer’s instructions.‘Homemade’ pyrotechnics or those with adoubtful origin should not be used.52
Pyrotechnics intended for use in theopen air should not be used inside yourpremises.Pyrotechnics should only be used by aperson(s) who is trained <strong>and</strong> competent toh<strong>and</strong>le them.Issues that need to be considered include:• siting <strong>of</strong> the pyrotechnic devices;• type <strong>of</strong> firing device to be employed;• use <strong>of</strong> bomb tanks;• storage, storage receptacles <strong>and</strong>enclosures; <strong>and</strong>• general safety <strong>and</strong> security.Detailed recommendations on the use<strong>and</strong> storage <strong>of</strong> explosives <strong>and</strong> flammablesubstances are given by the Association<strong>of</strong> British Theatre Technicians 15 <strong>and</strong> theHealth <strong>and</strong> <strong>Safety</strong> Executive 16 .Real flameReal flame (including c<strong>and</strong>les) should notbe used in an entertainment unless yourrisk assessment shows that it can be donesafely. Where real flame is used, a trainedmember <strong>of</strong> your staff should monitorthe activity <strong>and</strong> have an appropriate fireextinguisher readily available.Smoke <strong>and</strong> vapour effects, lasers <strong>and</strong>strobes <strong>and</strong> firearmsSuch equipment should be operated safely<strong>and</strong> in accordance with manufacturer’sinstructions. The recommendationsregarding the use <strong>of</strong> pyrotechnics (seeabove), equipment <strong>and</strong> machinery <strong>and</strong>electrical safety should be applied asappropriate. However, such devices cancreate an illusion <strong>of</strong> the presence <strong>of</strong> fire(<strong>and</strong>/or smoke) <strong>and</strong> consequently someadditional measures may need to be takento avoid unnecessary alarm <strong>and</strong> also toensure that the use <strong>of</strong> such devices doesnot disguise the presence <strong>of</strong> a real fire.Detailed recommendations on the use<strong>of</strong> smoke <strong>and</strong> vapour effects, lasers <strong>and</strong>strobes <strong>and</strong> firearms are given by the HSE 17 .Premises licensed under the Licensing(Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) Order 1996 6 or the LocalGovernment (Miscellaneous Provisions)(Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) Order 1985 7 may haveconditions prohibiting or restricting the use<strong>of</strong> explosives, flammable substances, realflame, smoke <strong>and</strong> vapour effects, lasers<strong>and</strong> strobes or firearms. You may need toconsult the local licensing authority on thismatter.1.4 equipment <strong>and</strong> machineryCommon causes <strong>of</strong> fire in equipment <strong>and</strong>machinery are:• allowing ventilation points to becomeclogged or blocked, causing overheating;• allowing extraction equipment incatering environments to build upexcessive grease deposits;• loose drive belts or lack <strong>of</strong> lubricationleading to increased friction;• disabling or interfering with automaticor manual safety features <strong>and</strong> cut-outs;<strong>and</strong>53
• leaking valves, gl<strong>and</strong>s or joints allowingoils <strong>and</strong> other flammable liquids tocontaminate adjacent floors or goods.All machinery, equipment <strong>and</strong> plant,including cooking <strong>and</strong> heating equipment,<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>fice equipment such as photocopiers,should be properly maintained by acompetent person. Appropriate signs <strong>and</strong>instructions on safe use may be necessary.HeatingIndividual heating appliances requireparticular care if they are to be usedsafely, particularly those which are keptfor emergency use during a power cut oras supplementary heating during severeweather. The greatest risks arise from lack<strong>of</strong> maintenance <strong>and</strong> staff unfamiliaritywith them. Heaters should be secured inposition when in use <strong>and</strong> fitted with a fireguard if appropriate.As a general rule, convector or fan heatersshould be preferred to radiant heatersbecause they present a lower risk <strong>of</strong> fire<strong>and</strong> injury.The following rules should be observed:• All heaters should be kept well clear <strong>of</strong>combustible materials <strong>and</strong> where theydo not cause an obstruction.• Heaters which burn a fuel should besited away from draughts.• Portable fuel burning heaters (includingbottled gas (LPG)) should only beused in public areas in exceptionalcircumstances <strong>and</strong> if shown to beacceptable in your risk assessment.All gas heating appliances should be usedonly in accordance with manufacturer’sinstructions <strong>and</strong> should be servicedannually by a competent person.1.5 electrical safetyElectrical equipment is a significant cause<strong>of</strong> accidental fires in premises. The maincauses are:• overheating cables <strong>and</strong> equipment, e.g.due to overloading circuits, bunched orcoiled cables or impaired cooling fans;• incorrect installation or use <strong>of</strong>equipment;• damaged or inadequate insulation oncables or wiring;• combustible materials being placedtoo close to electrical equipment whichmay give <strong>of</strong>f heat even when operatingnormally or may become hot due to afault;• arcing or sparking by electricalequipment; <strong>and</strong>• lack <strong>of</strong> maintenance or testing.All electrical equipment should be installed<strong>and</strong> maintained in a safe manner by acompetent person. If portable electricalequipment is used, including items broughtinto a workplace by staff, then your firerisk assessment should ensure that it isvisually inspected <strong>and</strong> undergoes portableappliance testing (‘PAT’) at intervalssuitable for the type <strong>of</strong> equipment <strong>and</strong> itsfrequency <strong>of</strong> use (refer to HSE guidance 18 ).If you have any doubt about the safety <strong>of</strong>54
your electrical installation then you shouldconsult a competent electrician.Issues to consider include:• overloading <strong>of</strong> equipment;• correct fuse ratings;• PAT testing <strong>and</strong> testing <strong>of</strong> the fixedinstallation;• protection against overloading <strong>of</strong>installation;• protection against short circuit;• insulation, earthing <strong>and</strong> electricalisolation requirements;• frequency <strong>of</strong> electrical inspection <strong>and</strong>test;• annual electrical inspection <strong>and</strong> test;• temperature rating <strong>and</strong> mechanicalstrength <strong>of</strong> flexible cables;• portable electrical equipment, includinglanterns;• physical environment in which theequipment is used (e.g. wet or dustyatmospheres); <strong>and</strong>• suitable use <strong>and</strong> maintenance <strong>of</strong>personal protective equipment.All electrical installations should beregularly maintained by a competentelectrical engineer, appointed by you, oron your behalf, in accordance with theElectricity at Work Regulations (NorthernIrel<strong>and</strong>) 1991 19 , as amended in 1998 20 <strong>and</strong>1999 21 . The use <strong>of</strong> low voltage equipmentshould conform to the requirements <strong>of</strong> theElectrical Equipment (<strong>Safety</strong>) Regulations1994 22 , including the requirement to be CEmarked.1.6 SmokingThe Smoking (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) Order2006 23 makes it against the law to smokein enclosed or substantially enclosedworkplaces, public places <strong>and</strong> certainvehicles. Premises covered includerestaurants, bars, cafes, hotels, theatres,bingo halls, leisure centres, shoppingcentres, schools, hospitals <strong>and</strong> all clubs. Ifhowever you choose to provide designatedsmoking areas within your premises thenyou should consider the following guidance.Carelessly discarded cigarettes <strong>and</strong> othersmoking materials are a major cause <strong>of</strong> fire.A cigarette can smoulder for several hours,especially when surrounded by combustiblematerial. Many fires are started severalhours after the smoking materials havebeen emptied into waste bags <strong>and</strong> left forfuture disposal.Operate a safe smoking policy in thedesignated smoking areas <strong>and</strong> prohibitsmoking elsewhere. Display suitable signsthroughout the premises informing people<strong>of</strong> the smoking policy <strong>and</strong> the locationswhere smoking is permitted. Smokingshould be prohibited in those parts <strong>of</strong> thepremises which are constructed <strong>of</strong>, orcontain, combustible or flammable items ormaterials.In those areas where smoking is permitted,provide deep <strong>and</strong> substantial metalashtrays to help prevent unsuitable55
containers being used. Empty all ashtraysdaily into a metal waste bin <strong>and</strong> take itoutside. It is dangerous to empty ashtraysinto plastic waste sacks which are then leftinside for disposal later.1.7 Managing building work <strong>and</strong>alterations<strong>Fire</strong>s are more frequent when buildings areundergoing refurbishment or alteration.You should ensure that, before anybuilding work starts, you have reviewedthe fire risk assessment <strong>and</strong> consideredwhat additional dangers are likely to beintroduced. You will need to evaluate theadditional risks to people, particularlyin those buildings that continue to beoccupied. Lack <strong>of</strong> pre-planning can leadto haphazard co-ordination <strong>of</strong> fire safetymeasures.You should liaise <strong>and</strong> exchange informationwith contractors who will also have aduty under the Construction (Design <strong>and</strong>Management) Regulations (NorthernIrel<strong>and</strong>) 2007 24, 25 to carry out a riskassessment <strong>and</strong> inform you <strong>of</strong> theirsignificant findings <strong>and</strong> the preventivemeasures they may employ. This may besupported by the contractors’ agreed workmethod statement. The designer shouldalso have considered fire safety as part <strong>of</strong>the Construction (Design <strong>and</strong> Management)Regulations (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) 2007 24, 25 .You should continuously monitor the impact<strong>of</strong> the building work on the general firesafety precautions, such as the increasedrisk from quantities <strong>of</strong> combustiblematerials <strong>and</strong> accumulated waste <strong>and</strong>maintaining adequate means <strong>of</strong> escape.You should only allow the minimummaterials necessary for the work in h<strong>and</strong>within or adjacent to your building.Activities involving hot work such aswelding, flame cutting, use <strong>of</strong> blow lampsor portable grinding equipment can pose aserious fire hazard <strong>and</strong> need to be strictlycontrolled when carried out in areas nearflammable materials. This can be doneby having a written permit to work for thepeople involved (whether they are youremployees or those <strong>of</strong> contractor).A permit to work is appropriate in situations<strong>of</strong> high hazard/risk <strong>and</strong>, for example, wherethere is a need to:• ensure that there is a formal checkconfirming that a safe system <strong>of</strong> work isbeing followed;• co-ordinate with other people oractivities;• provide time limits when it is safe tocarry out the work; <strong>and</strong>• provide specialised personal protectiveequipment (such as breathing appratus)or methods <strong>of</strong> communication.Additional risks that can occur duringbuilding work include:• hot work such as flame cutting, weldingor, soldering, paint stripping;• temporary electrical equipment;• blocking <strong>of</strong> escape routes, includingexternal escape routes;• introduction <strong>of</strong> combustibles into anescape route;56
• loss <strong>of</strong> normal storage facilities;• fire safety equipment, such as automaticfire-detection systems becomingaffected;• fire-resisting partitions being breachedor fire doors being wedged open (seeAppendix B1 for information on fireresistingseparation); <strong>and</strong>• additional personnel who may beunfamiliar with the premises.You must notify the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Serviceabout alterations in your premises if analterations notice is in force.Further guidance on fire safety duringconstruction work is available from the <strong>Fire</strong>Protection Association 26 .1.8 existing layout <strong>and</strong>constructionIn many premises, the design is for openplanareas allowing members <strong>of</strong> the public<strong>and</strong> staff to move freely throughout the floor.Traditionally, occupants are advised to shutdoors when escaping from a fire but inopen-plan areas this may not be possible.In these areas the fire, <strong>and</strong> especially thesmoke, may spread faster than expected.To assess the risk in your premises youneed to evaluate the construction <strong>and</strong> layout<strong>of</strong> your premises. This does not mean astructural survey, unless you suspect thatthe structure is damaged or any structuralfire protection is missing or damaged, butrather an informed look around to see ifthere are any easy paths through whichsmoke <strong>and</strong> fire may spread <strong>and</strong> whatyou can do to stop that. In general, olderbuildings will have more void areas, possiblyhidden from view, which will allow smoke<strong>and</strong> fire to spread away from its source.Whatever your type <strong>of</strong> building, you mayneed to consider typical situations that mayassist the spread <strong>of</strong> fire <strong>and</strong> smoke such as:• vertical shafts, e.g. lifts, open stairways,dumb waiters or holes for moving stockaround;• false ceilings, especially if they are notfire-stopped above walls;• voids behind wall panelling;• unsealed holes in walls <strong>and</strong> ceilingswhere pipe work, cables or otherservices have been installed; <strong>and</strong>• doors, particularly to stairways, whichare ill-fitting or routinely left open.Marquees, tents <strong>and</strong> temporary structuresMarquees, tents <strong>and</strong> temporary structuresshould be <strong>of</strong> proven fire performance. Anyflexible membrane covering a structure(other than an air supported structure)should comply with the recommendationsgiven in Appendix A <strong>of</strong> BS 7157 27 .Emergency lighting should be provided onescape routes.Ensure that all long grass around amarquee is cut before the marquee iserected <strong>and</strong> remove the cuttings to preventthe risk <strong>of</strong> fire.57
1.9 Particular hazards in escaperoutesItems that are a source <strong>of</strong> fuel, pose anignition risk, or are combustible <strong>and</strong> likelyto increase the fire loading or spread <strong>of</strong>fire, should not be located on any corridoror stairway or circulation space that willbe used as an escape route. Such itemsinclude:• portable heaters, e.g. bottled gas (LPG)or electric radiant heaters <strong>and</strong> electricconvectors or boilers;• gas cylinders for supplying heaters;• cooking appliances; <strong>and</strong>• unenclosed gas pipes, meters, <strong>and</strong> otherfittings.1.10 Insulated core panelsMany buildings have insulated corepanels as exterior cladding or for internalstructures <strong>and</strong> partitions. They are <strong>of</strong>tenused because they are easily constructed,which enables alterations <strong>and</strong> additionalinternal partitions to be erected withminimum disruption to business.They normally consist <strong>of</strong> a centralinsulated core, s<strong>and</strong>wiched between aninner <strong>and</strong> outer metal skin (see Figure17). The central core can be made <strong>of</strong>various insulating materials, ranging fromvirtually non-combustible through to highlycombustible. <strong>Fire</strong> can grow unnoticed in thecore <strong>and</strong> only become apparent when it iswell developed.However, depending on the findings <strong>of</strong> yourrisk assessment <strong>and</strong> where more thanone escape route is available, the itemsbelow may be acceptable if the minimumexit widths are maintained <strong>and</strong> the itempresents a relatively low fire risk:• coat racks;• non-combustible lockers;• vending machines;• small items <strong>of</strong> electrical equipment (e.g.photocopiers); <strong>and</strong>• small quantities <strong>of</strong> upholsteredfurniture which meets BS 7176 28 or theFurniture <strong>and</strong> Furnishing (<strong>Fire</strong>) (<strong>Safety</strong>)Regulations 1988 29 (as amended1993) 30 .Figure 17: Insulated core panels - internal panelIt is difficult to identifty the type <strong>of</strong> core thepanels have, therefore best practice canhelp you reduce any additional risk.• Do not store highly combustiblematerials, or install heating appliances,such as baking ovens, against thepanels.• Control ignition sources that areadjacent to, or penetrating the panels.58
• Have damaged panels or sealed jointsrepaired immediately <strong>and</strong> make surethat jointing compounds or gasketsused around the edges <strong>of</strong> the panels arein good order.• Check where openings have been madefor doors, windows, cables <strong>and</strong> ducts toensure that these have been effectivelysealed <strong>and</strong> the inner core has not beenexposed.• Check that there has been nomechanical damage, e.g. caused bymobile equipment.• Ensure that any loads, such as storage<strong>and</strong> equipment, are only supported bypanels that have been designed <strong>and</strong>installed to perform this function.• Check that inner <strong>and</strong> outer skins areadhering tightly to the core.The use <strong>of</strong> combustible panels in areas <strong>of</strong>buildings with a high life risk, e.g. wherelarge numbers <strong>of</strong> people are present,should be carefully considered. Your firerisk assessment may need to be revisedto ensure that any increased risk resultingfrom this type <strong>of</strong> construction is considered.The panels should be installed by acompetent person in accordance withindustry guidance.Guidance on the design, construction,specification <strong>and</strong> fire management <strong>of</strong>insulated core panels has been publishedby the International Association for ColdStorage Construction 31 .1.11 Restricting the spread <strong>of</strong> fire<strong>and</strong> smokeTo reduce the risk to people if there is afire, you need to consider how to controlor restrict the spread <strong>of</strong> fire <strong>and</strong> smoke.The majority <strong>of</strong> people who die in fires areovercome by the smoke <strong>and</strong> gases.It is important to ensure that, in the event<strong>of</strong> fire, the rate <strong>of</strong> fire growth is restricted inits early stages. It should also be noted thatmost measures which restrict the rate <strong>of</strong>fire growth in its early stages will also serveto restrict the fire spread in its later stages.Catering facilitiesWherever possible, any extensive cateringfacility, particularly those with deep fatfryers, should be located in separatebuildings. If located within other buildingsthey should be separated from the rest <strong>of</strong>the building by fire-resisting construction<strong>and</strong> provided with adequate ventilation.Where flues pass through any part <strong>of</strong>the structure, the structure should beprotected by fire-resisting construction <strong>and</strong>the flue should terminate at a point whereemissions can disperse in the open air.Where fire shutters are used these shouldbe capable <strong>of</strong> operating both manually<strong>and</strong> by fusible link. Where a fire detection<strong>and</strong> warning system is installed the fireshutter should also be designed to closeon activation <strong>of</strong> the system via a controlledgeared mechanism.Combustible contentsYour premises will contain a range <strong>of</strong>combustible contents. These are likely toinclude:59
• furnishings, upholstered seating,furniture <strong>and</strong> cushions;• curtains, drapes <strong>and</strong> other textilehangings;• artificial <strong>and</strong> dried foliage;• decorative textile fabrics (e.g. withinst<strong>and</strong>s);• sports <strong>and</strong> play area furnishings, suchas cellular foam gym mats; <strong>and</strong>• scenery or properties used for stagepresentations.The use <strong>of</strong> furnishings <strong>and</strong> other materialswhich are easily ignited or have rapidspread <strong>of</strong> flame characteristics shouldbe avoided. You should seek to usematerials that are either non combustibleor inherently flame-retardant. Any fabricsused in escape routes, other than foyers,entertainment areas or function roomsshould be non combustible. Drapes <strong>and</strong>curtains should not be provided acrossescape routes or exits.You should note that materials treated withflame-retardant treatments may have alimited ‘wash life’ before the effectiveness<strong>of</strong> the flame-retardant is diminshed. Tomaintain the protection you should followthe manufacturers/suppliers instructions.Similarly, scenery <strong>and</strong> properties usedfor stage presentations <strong>of</strong>ten comprisecombustible materials, so you need totake particular care with their use <strong>and</strong>, inparticular, when they are on an open stageyou should seek to only use materialswhich you know are not combustible.Upholstered seating, carpets <strong>and</strong> othertextile floor coverings <strong>and</strong> underlays shouldbe resistant to ignition.Gymnastic mats <strong>and</strong> similar equipmentshould ideally contain only combustionmodified high resilience foam.Specifications for the fire performance <strong>and</strong>testing <strong>of</strong> furniture <strong>and</strong> furnishings can befound in the following st<strong>and</strong>ards:• ignitability <strong>of</strong> upholstered furniture(including composites <strong>of</strong> cover material<strong>and</strong> infill) <strong>and</strong> loose covers: BS 5852 32 ;• resistance to ignition <strong>of</strong> upholsteredfurniture for non-domestic use:BS 7176 28 ;• flammability <strong>of</strong> fabrics for curtains <strong>and</strong>drapes (including nets <strong>and</strong> linings):BS 5867-2 33 ;• burning behaviour (ignitability <strong>and</strong> flamespread) <strong>of</strong> curtains <strong>and</strong> drapes:BS EN 1101 34 (ignitability) <strong>and</strong>BS EN 1102 35 (flame spread);• assessment <strong>and</strong> labelling <strong>of</strong> textile floorcoverings: BS 5287 36 ; <strong>and</strong>• gymnasium eqiupment: BS 1892 37 .Equivalent European classificationst<strong>and</strong>ards may also be used.If in doubt you should seek specialistadvice with regards to the treatments <strong>and</strong>tests for these materials which can reducetheir flammability <strong>and</strong>/or combustibility.60
Display materials <strong>and</strong> decorationsYou should evaluate what material couldignite first <strong>and</strong> what would cause the fireto develop <strong>and</strong> spread, <strong>and</strong> assess howmaterials used in temporary or permanentdisplays would interact with surface linings<strong>and</strong> position them accordingly. In particular,displays such as paper, textiles, Christmasdecorations <strong>and</strong> trees or other flimsymaterials should not be located in stairwaysor corridors. However, such materials maybe acceptable in other locations if treatedwith an appropriate fire-retardant product.Staff information should be confined toappropriately located display boards inareas away from escape routes. Displayboards may be used on escape routes aslong as they are no bigger than 1m 2 or havebeen enclosed in a sealed display case.Ad-hoc flame testsAd-hoc flame tests can be used to screenout some materials. Simple match tests,or using a cigarette lighter, can be used toassess ease <strong>of</strong> ignition, but any such testsmust be carried out in the open air, awayfrom combustible materials, <strong>and</strong> with a fireextinguisher to h<strong>and</strong>.<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting structuresMany buildings are divided into differentareas by fire doors <strong>and</strong> fire-resisting walls<strong>and</strong> floors. These are partly designed tokeep a fire within one area, giving peoplemore time to escape. You will need toidentify which doors, walls <strong>and</strong> floors in yourbuilding are fire-resisting. There may beinformation available from when the buildingwas built, if alterations have been made, orfrom a previously held fire certificate.High-risk areas (e.g. extensive cateringfacilities) should be separated from the rest<strong>of</strong> the premises by 30-minute fire-resistingconstruction.Normally if there are fire doors in a wall,then the wall itself will also need to befire-resisting (see Appendix B for technicalinformation about fire-resisting walls <strong>and</strong>doors). If a wall or floor is required to befire-resisting then you should not make anyholes in it, e.g. for extra doors or pipe ducts,without consulting a competent person.ventilation systemsWhere ventilation systems might assist thespread <strong>of</strong> flames, smoke <strong>and</strong> hot gasesfrom a fire it will be necessary to take stepsto safeguard the means <strong>of</strong> escape againstthis hazard.1.12 Deliberate fire settingAll premises can be targeted deliberately orjust because they <strong>of</strong>fer easy access.Of the hundreds <strong>of</strong> fires that occur innon-domestic premises across NorthernIrel<strong>and</strong> each year, a large percentageare determined to have been starteddeliberately.Be aware <strong>of</strong> other small, deliberately setfires in the locality, which can indicatean increased risk to your premises. Besuspicious <strong>of</strong> any small ‘accidental’ fires onthe premises <strong>and</strong> investigate them fully <strong>and</strong>record your findings.61
<strong>Fire</strong>s started deliberately can be particularlydangerous because they generally developmuch faster <strong>and</strong> may be intentionallystarted in escape routes. Of all the riskreductionmeasures, the most benefit maycome from efforts to reduce the threat fromdeliberate fire setting.Measures to reduce deliberate fire settingmay include the following:• ensure the outside <strong>of</strong> the premisesis well lit <strong>and</strong>, if practical, secure theperimeter <strong>of</strong> the premises;• thoroughly secure all entry points to thepremises, including windows <strong>and</strong> thero<strong>of</strong>, but make sure that this does notcompromise people’s ability to use theescape routes;• make sure you regularly remove allcombustible rubbish;• do not place rubbish skips adjacent tothe building <strong>and</strong> secure waste bins in acompound separated from the building;• do not place vehicles, caravans or otherportable structures adjacent to thebuilding;• encourage staff to report people actingsuspiciously;• remove automatic entry rights from staffwho have been dismissed;• ensure that your security alarm/firedetectionsystem is monitored <strong>and</strong> actedon;• secure flammable liquids so thatintruders cannot use them;• secure all storage areas <strong>and</strong> unusedareas <strong>of</strong> the building that do notform part <strong>of</strong> an escape route againstunauthorised access, ensure access tokeys to those areas is restricted; <strong>and</strong>• fit secure metal letterboxes on the inside<strong>of</strong> letter flaps to contain any burningmaterials that may be pushed through<strong>and</strong> ensure regular inspection forcombustible material or sources <strong>of</strong>ignition.Further guidance on reducing the risk <strong>of</strong>deliberate fire setting has been publishedby the Arson Prevention Bureau.*1.13 Help for people with specialneedsOf all the people who may be especially atrisk you will need to pay particular attentionto people who have special needs includingthose with a disability. Disability Actionestimates that 1 in 5 adults in NorthernIrel<strong>and</strong> have a disability which maymean that they find it more difficult toleave a building if there is a fire. Underthe Disability Discrimination Act 38 , asamended 2006 39 , if disabled peoplecould realistically expect to use premises,then you must anticipate any reasonableadjustments that would make it easier forthat right to be exercised.The Disability Discrimination Act 38 , asamended 2006 39 , includes the concept <strong>of</strong>‘reasonable adjustments’ <strong>and</strong> this can becarried over into fire safety law. It can me<strong>and</strong>ifferent things in different circumstances.* Visit www.arsonpreventionbureau.org.uk for more information62
For a small business it may be consideredreasonable to provide contrasting colourson a h<strong>and</strong>rail to help people with visionimpairment to follow an escape route moreeasily. However, it might be unreasonableto expect that same business to install anexpensive voice-alarm system.If disabled people are going to be in yourpremises then you must also provide a safemeans for them to leave if there is a fire.You <strong>and</strong> your staff should be aware thatdisabled people may not react, or can reactdifferently, to a fire warning or fire. Youshould give similar consideration to otherswith special needs such as parents withyoung children or the elderly.In premises with a simple layout, acommon-sense approach, such as <strong>of</strong>feringto help lead a blind person or helping anelderly person down steps may be enough.In more complex premises, more elaborateplans <strong>and</strong> procedures will be needed, withtrained staff assigned to specified duties.In complex premises, you may also wish tocontact a pr<strong>of</strong>essional consultant or takeadvice from disability organisations.Whilst the majority <strong>of</strong> people with specialneeds wish to <strong>and</strong> are able to make theirown escape, there may be a number whoare only able to move or react adequatelywith assistance from staff.Consider the needs <strong>of</strong> those with mentaldisabilities or spatial recognition problems.The range <strong>of</strong> disabilities encountered canbe considerable, extending from mildepilepsy to complete disorientation in anemergency situation. Many <strong>of</strong> these canbe addressed by properly trained staff,discreet <strong>and</strong> empathetic use <strong>of</strong> the ‘buddysystem’ or by careful planning <strong>of</strong> colour <strong>and</strong>texture to identify escape routes.Where people with special needs use orwork in the premises, their needs should,so far as is practicable, be discussed withthem. These will <strong>of</strong>ten be modest <strong>and</strong>may require only changes or modificationsto existing procedures. You may need todevelop individual ‘personal emergencyevacuation plans’ (PEEPs) for disabledpersons who frequently use a building. Theywill need to be confident <strong>of</strong> any plan/PEEPthat is put in place after consultation withthem. As part <strong>of</strong> your consultation exerciseyou will need to consider the matter <strong>of</strong>personal dignity.If members <strong>of</strong> the public use your buildingthen you may need to develop a range <strong>of</strong>st<strong>and</strong>ard PEEPs which can be provided onrequest to a disabled person or others withspecial needs.Guidance on removing barriers to theeveryday needs <strong>of</strong> disabled people is inBS 8300 40 . Much <strong>of</strong> this advice will alsohelp disabled people during an evacuation.You should also consider the particularneeds <strong>of</strong> children <strong>and</strong> the elderly who maybe using your premises. Similarly, specialconsideration may be needed if members<strong>of</strong> the public are likely to be intoxicated,or where the activity undertaken may limitthe ability, or readiness, to escape (e.g.swimming pools).Further advice can be obtained fromthe Northern Irel<strong>and</strong> Human RightsCommission <strong>and</strong> the Equality Commissionfor Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>.63
Section 2 Further guidance on firedetection <strong>and</strong> warning systemsWhere a simple shout <strong>of</strong> ‘fire’ or theoperation <strong>of</strong> a manual device such as agong, whistle or air horn is not adequateto warn everyone when operated from anysingle point within the building, it is likelythat an electrical fire warning system maybe required. This will typically include thefollowing:• manual call points (break-glass callpoints) at storey exit <strong>and</strong> final exit doors;• electronic sirens or bells; <strong>and</strong>• a simple control <strong>and</strong> indicator panel.Some premises (e.g. a community centre)may only require a few interconnectedmanual call points <strong>and</strong> sounders. Otherpremises (e.g. a multi-level pub) mayrequire a more complex warning systeminvolving staff action (see Section 2.3).If your building has areas where a firecould develop undetected or where peoplework alone <strong>and</strong> might not see a fire (e.g.storerooms in a community centre), thenit may be necessary to upgrade your firewarningsystem to incorporate some form<strong>of</strong> automatic fire detection (e.g. in somecircumstances, this could be a series <strong>of</strong>interconnected smoke alarms, if shown tobe acceptable in your risk assessment).If, for any reason, your system fails, youmust still ensure that people in yourpremises can be warned <strong>and</strong> escapesafely. A temporary arrangement, such asgongs, whistles or air horns, combined withsuitable training, may be acceptable for ashort period pending system repairs.The fire warning sound levels should beloud enough to alert everyone, taking intoaccount background noise, any soundsystems should be muted (automatically ormanually) when the fire alarm sounds. Inareas with uncontrollable high backgroundnoise, or where people may be wearinghearing protectors, the audible warningshould be supplemented, e.g. with visualalarms.People with hearing difficultiesWhere people have hearing difficulties,particularly those who are pr<strong>of</strong>oundlydeaf, then simply hearing the fire warningis likely to be the major difficulty. If thesepersons are never alone while on thepremises then this may not be a seriousproblem, as it would be reasonable forother occupants to let them know that thebuilding should be evacuated. If a personwith hearing difficulties is likely to be alone,then consider other means <strong>of</strong> raising thealarm. Among the most popular are visualbeacons <strong>and</strong> vibrating devices or pagersthat are linked to the existing fire alarm.2.1 Manual call pointsManual call points, <strong>of</strong>ten known as ‘breakglass’call points, enable a person whodiscovers a fire to immediately raisethe alarm <strong>and</strong> warn other people in thepremises <strong>of</strong> the danger.People leaving a building because <strong>of</strong> afire will normally leave by the way theyentered. Consequently, manual call pointsare normally positioned at exits <strong>and</strong>storey exits that people may reasonablybe expected to use in case <strong>of</strong> fire, not justthose designated as fire exits. However, it isnot necessary in every case to provide callpoints at every exit.64
Manual call points should normally bepositioned so that, after all fixtures <strong>and</strong>fittings are in place, no one should have totravel more than 45m to the nearest alarmpoint. This distance may need to be less ifyour premises cater for people <strong>of</strong> limitedmobility or there are particularly hazardousareas. They should be conspicuous (red),fitted at a height <strong>of</strong> about 1.4m (or lessfor premises with a significant number <strong>of</strong>wheelchair users), <strong>and</strong> not in an area likelyto be obstructed.Conventionally sited call points that operatean immediate general alarm may notbe desirable in some premises used forassembly.To reduce the risk <strong>of</strong> malicious oraccidental operation which may promotepanic in the event <strong>of</strong> an actuation by amember <strong>of</strong> the public (e.g. in a pub), aspart <strong>of</strong> your management plan you shouldconsider alternative arrangements such as:• locating the majority <strong>of</strong> manual callpoints in staff areas;• the guarding <strong>of</strong> manual call points; <strong>and</strong>• a delayed alarm for investigationpurposes before any general alarm isgiven.Areas that are regularly checked <strong>and</strong>patrolled may have less need for a manualcall point. For these approaches to beeffective, robust management proceduresshould be in place around a staff alarmsystem (see Section 2.3).2.2 Automatic fire detectionAutomatic fire detection may be needed fora number <strong>of</strong> reasons. These can include:• if you have areas where people areisolated or remote <strong>and</strong> could becometrapped by a fire because they areunaware <strong>of</strong> its development, such aslone workers;• if you have areas where a fire c<strong>and</strong>evelop unobserved (e.g. storerooms);• as a compensating feature, e.g. forinadequate structural fire protection, indead-ends or where there are extendedtravel distances; <strong>and</strong>• where smoke control <strong>and</strong> ventilationsystems are controlled by the automaticfire-detection system.If you have an automatic fire detectionsystem, the system should:• be designed to accommodate theemergency evacuation procedure;• give an automatic indication <strong>of</strong> the firewarning <strong>and</strong> its location;• be maintained <strong>and</strong> tested by acompetent person; <strong>and</strong>• communicate with a central controlroom (if you have one).New automatic fire detection systemsshould be designed <strong>and</strong> installed by acompetent person. Further guidance isgiven in BS 5839-1 41 or a more recentst<strong>and</strong>ard where applicable.65
2.3 Staff alarmsIn some premises the actuation <strong>of</strong> thefire warning system should trigger theimmediate <strong>and</strong> total evacuation <strong>of</strong> thebuilding. However, in some premisesthis may not be necessary as alternativearrangements may be in place.For example, the initial alert signal could begiven only to certain staff, who then carryout pre-arranged actions to help othersto evacuate more easily. This will requireable, fully-trained staff to be available at alltimes, particularly to alert disabled peopleto give them the maximum time to escape.This approach should form part <strong>of</strong> youremergency plan.Where the public address system is part<strong>of</strong> the fire warning system it should beconnected to an auxiliary power source toensure the continued use <strong>of</strong> the system inthe event <strong>of</strong> fire or other emergency.Whichever warning or detection systemsare in place, however, if a fire occurs the<strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Service should always becalled immediately.2.4 Reducing false alarmsFalse alarms from automatic fire detectionsystems are a major problem <strong>and</strong> resultin many unwanted calls to the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong>Rescue Service every year. Guidance onreducing false alarms is available on theNorthern Irel<strong>and</strong> <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Servicewebsite www.nifrs.org.If there are excessive false alarms in yourpremises, people may become complacent<strong>and</strong> not respond correctly to a warning <strong>of</strong>a real fire. In such circumstances, you maybe failing to comply with fire safety law.All false alarms should be investigatedto identify the cause <strong>of</strong> the problem <strong>and</strong>remedial action taken.Further detailed guidance on reducing falsealarms is available in BS 5839-1 41 .2.5 testing <strong>and</strong> maintenanceYour fire warning <strong>and</strong>/or detectionsystem should be supervised by a namedappropriate person, who has been givenenough authority <strong>and</strong> training to manage allaspects <strong>of</strong> the routine testing <strong>and</strong> scrutiny<strong>of</strong> the system.The control <strong>and</strong> indicating equipmentshould be checked at least every 24 hoursto ensure there are no specific faults.All types <strong>of</strong> fire warning systems shouldbe tested once a week. For electricalsystems a manual call point should beactivated (using a different call point foreach successive test), usually by insertinga dedicated test key (see Figure 18). Thiswill check that the control equipment iscapable <strong>of</strong> receiving a signal <strong>and</strong> in turn,activating the warning alarms. Manual callpoints may be numbered to ensure they aresequentially tested.It is good practice to test the alarm at thesame time each week, but additional testsmay be required to ensure that staff orpeople present outside normal workinghours are given the opportunity to hear thealarm.Where systems are connected to a centralmonitoring station arrangements shouldbe made prior to testing to avoid unwantedfalse alarms.66
2.6 guaranteed power supplyIf your fire risk assessment concludesthat an electrical fire-warning system isnecessary, then the Health <strong>and</strong> <strong>Safety</strong>(<strong>Safety</strong> Signs <strong>and</strong> Signals) Regulations(Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) 1996 9 requires it to havea back-up power supply.Whatever back-up system is used, it shouldnormally be capable <strong>of</strong> operating thefire-warning <strong>and</strong> detection system for aminimum period <strong>of</strong> 24 hours <strong>and</strong> soundingthe alarm signal in all areas for 30 minutes.Figure 18: Using a test keySix-monthly servicing <strong>and</strong> preventivemaintenance should be carried outby a competent person with specialistknowledge <strong>of</strong> fire warning <strong>and</strong> automaticdetection systems. This task is normallyfulfilled by entering into a service contractwith a specialist fire alarm company.2.7 new <strong>and</strong> altered systemsGuidance on the design <strong>and</strong> installation<strong>of</strong> new systems <strong>and</strong> those undergoingsubstantial alterations is given inBS 5839-1 41 . If you are unsure that yourexisting system is adequate you will need toconsult a competent person.It is good practice to record all tests, falsealarms <strong>and</strong> any maintenance carried out.Further guidance on testing <strong>and</strong>maintenance <strong>of</strong> fire warning systems canbe found in BS 5839-1 41 .67
Section 3 Further guidance onfirefighting equipment <strong>and</strong> facilitiesAll premises should be provided withappropriate firefighting eqipment. For themajority <strong>of</strong> premises, first aid firefightingequipment should be sufficient.You have responsibility for the provision<strong>of</strong> appropriate firefighting equipment. Itis also your responsibility to check thatall firefighting equipment is in the correctposition <strong>and</strong> in satisfactory order before thepremises are used.Appropriate staff should be trained in theuse <strong>of</strong> all such equipment.3.1 Portable firefightingequipmentAt events such as exhibitions you must takecare that temporary st<strong>and</strong>s or exhibits donot obscure extinguishers or manual callpoints.number <strong>and</strong> type <strong>of</strong> extinguishersTypically for the Class A fire risk, theprovision <strong>of</strong> one water-based extinguisherfor approximately every 200m 2 <strong>of</strong> floorspace, with a minimum <strong>of</strong> two extinguishersper floor, will normally be adequate.Where it is determined that there areadditionally other classes <strong>of</strong> fire risk, theappropriate type, number <strong>and</strong> size <strong>of</strong>extinguisher should be provided. Furtherinformation is available in BS 5306-8 42 .<strong>Fire</strong> extinguishers provided should beappropriate to the specific risks found inyour premises in accordance with Table 1.This table also shows the different classes<strong>of</strong> fire, according to what is burning.Table 1: Class <strong>of</strong> fireClass <strong>of</strong> fireClass AClass BClass CClass DClass FDescription<strong>Fire</strong>s involving solid materials such as wood, paper or textiles.<strong>Fire</strong>s involving flammable liquids such as petrol, diesel or oils.<strong>Fire</strong>s involving gases.<strong>Fire</strong>s involving metals.<strong>Fire</strong>s involving cooking oils such as in deep-fat fryers.note: If there is a possibility <strong>of</strong> a fire in your premises involving material in the shaded boxesthen you should seek advice from a competent person.68
Where the fire risk is not confined to aparticular location, e.g. Class A fires, thefire extinguishers should be positionedon escape routes, close to the exit fromthe room or floor, or the final exit from thebuilding. Similarly, where the particular firerisk is specifically located, e.g. flammableliquids, the appropriate fire extinguishershould be near to the hazard, located sothat they can be safely used. They shouldbe placed on a dedicated st<strong>and</strong> or hungon a wall at a convenient height so thatemployees can easily lift them <strong>of</strong>f (at about1m for larger extinguishers, 1.5m for smallerones, to the level <strong>of</strong> the h<strong>and</strong>le). Ideally noone should have to travel more than 30mto reach a fire extinguisher. If there is arisk <strong>of</strong> malicious use you may need to usealternative, <strong>and</strong> more secure, locations.Consider the implications <strong>of</strong> the ManualH<strong>and</strong>ling Operations Regulations (NorthernIrel<strong>and</strong>) 1992 43 when selecting <strong>and</strong> sitingfirefighting equipment.In self-contained small premises, multipurposeextinguishers which can covera range <strong>of</strong> risks may be appropriate.Depending on the outcome <strong>of</strong> your fire riskassessment, it may be possible to reducethis to one extinguisher in very smallpremises with a floor space <strong>of</strong> less than90m 2 .Extinguishers manufactured to currentst<strong>and</strong>ards (BS EN 3-7) 44 are predominatelyred but may have a colour-coded area, sitedabove or within the instructions, denotingthe type <strong>of</strong> extinguisher. Most olderextinguishers, manufactured to previousst<strong>and</strong>ards, have bodies painted entirelyin a single colour which denotes the type<strong>of</strong> extinguisher. These older extinguishersremain acceptable until they are no longerserviceable. However, it is good practice toensure that old <strong>and</strong> new style extinguishersare not mixed on the same floor <strong>of</strong> abuilding.The following paragraphs describe thedifferent types <strong>of</strong> extinguisher. The colourreferred to is the colour <strong>of</strong> the extinguisheror the colour-coded area.Water extinguishers (red)This type <strong>of</strong> extinguisher can only be usedon Class A fires. They allow the user todirect water onto a fire from a considerabledistance. A 9-litre water extinguisher can bequite heavy <strong>and</strong> some water extinguisherswith additives can achieve the samerating, although they are smaller <strong>and</strong>therefore considerably lighter. This type <strong>of</strong>extinguisher is not suitable for use on liveelectrical equipment.Water extinguishers with additives (red)This type <strong>of</strong> extinguisher is suitable forClass A fires. They can also be suitable foruse on Class B fires <strong>and</strong> where appropriate,this will be indicated on the extinguisher.They are generally more efficient thanconventional water extinguishers.Foam extinguishers (cream)This type <strong>of</strong> extinguisher can be used onClass A or B fires <strong>and</strong> is particularly suitedto extinguishing liquid fires such as petrol<strong>and</strong> diesel. They should not be used onfree-flowing liquid fires unless the operatorhas been specially trained, as these havethe potential to rapidly spread the fire toadjacent material. This type <strong>of</strong> extinguisheris not suitable for deep-fat fryers or chippans.69
Powder extinguishers (blue)This type <strong>of</strong> extinguisher can be used onmost classes <strong>of</strong> fire <strong>and</strong> achieve a good‘knock down’ <strong>of</strong> the fire. They can be usedon fires involving electrical equipment butwill almost certainly render that equipmentuseless. Because they do not cool thefire appreciably it can re-ignite. Powderextinguishers can create a loss <strong>of</strong> visibility<strong>and</strong> may affect people who have breathingproblems <strong>and</strong> are not generally suitable forconfined spaces.Carbon dioxide extinguishers (black)This type <strong>of</strong> extinguisher is particularlysuitable for fires involving electricalequipment as they will extinguish a firewithout causing any further damage (exceptin the case <strong>of</strong> some electronic equipment,e.g. computers). As with all fires involvingelectrical equipment, the power should bedisconnected if possible.Class ‘F’ extinguishersThis type <strong>of</strong> extinguisher is particularlysuitable for commercial cateringestablishments with deep-fat fryers.Selection, installation <strong>and</strong> maintenance<strong>of</strong> portable fire extinguishersAll portable fire extinguishers will requireperiodic inspection, maintenance <strong>and</strong>testing. Depending on local conditionssuch as the likelihood <strong>of</strong> v<strong>and</strong>alism orthe environment where extinguishers arelocated, carry out brief checks to ensurethat they remain serviceable. In normalconditions a monthly check should beenough. Maintenance by a competentperson should be carried out annually.New fire extinguishers should comply withBS EN 3-7 44 . Guidance on the selection <strong>and</strong>installation <strong>of</strong> fire extinguishers is given inBS 5306-8 42 , for maintenance inBS 5306-3 45 <strong>and</strong> for colour coding inBS 7863 46 .<strong>Fire</strong> blankets<strong>Fire</strong> blankets should be located in the vicinity<strong>of</strong> the fire hazard they are to be used on, butin a position that can be safely accessedin the event <strong>of</strong> a fire. They are classified aseither light duty or heavy duty. Light-duty fireblankets are suitable for dealing with smallfires in containers <strong>of</strong> cooking oils or fats<strong>and</strong> fires involving clothing. Heavy-duty fireblankets are for industrial use where there isa need for the blankets to resist penetrationby molten materials.3.2 Fixed firefighting installationsIf your premises forms part <strong>of</strong> a largerbuilding there may be fixed firefightingsystems <strong>and</strong> other facilities which areinstalled within the structure <strong>of</strong> thebuilding. These may include the following.Hose reelsPermanent hose reels installed inaccordance with the relevant BritishSt<strong>and</strong>ard (see BS EN 671-3 47 ) provide aneffective firefighting facility. They may <strong>of</strong>feran alternative, or be in addition to, portablefirefighting equipment. A concern is thatuntrained people will stay <strong>and</strong> fight a firewhen escape is the safest option. Wherehose reels are installed, <strong>and</strong> your fire riskassessment expects relevant staff to usethem in the initial stages <strong>of</strong> a fire, theyshould receive appropriate training.70
Sprinkler systemsSprinkler systems can be very effective incontrolling fires. They can be designed toprotect life <strong>and</strong>/or property <strong>and</strong> may beregarded as a cost-effective solution forreducing the risks created by fire. Whereinstalled, a sprinkler system is usuallypart <strong>of</strong> a package <strong>of</strong> fire precautions in abuilding.Sprinkler protection could give additionalbenefits, such as a reduction in insurancepremiums, a reduction in the amount <strong>of</strong>portable firefighting equipment necessary,<strong>and</strong> the relaxation <strong>of</strong> restrictions in thedesign <strong>of</strong> buildings.Guidance on the design <strong>and</strong> installation <strong>of</strong>new sprinkler systems <strong>and</strong> the maintenance<strong>of</strong> all systems is given in the Loss PreventionCouncil (LPC) rules 48 , BS EN 12845 49 <strong>and</strong>BS 5306-2 50 <strong>and</strong> should only be carriedout by a competent person. Routinemaintenance by on-site personnel mayinclude checking <strong>of</strong> pressure guages, alarmsystems, water supplies, any anti-freezingdevices <strong>and</strong> automatic booster pump(s).A competent maintenance contractorshould provide guidance on what recordsneed to be completed.other fixed installationsThere are a number <strong>of</strong> other fixedinstallations including water mist, gaseous,deluge <strong>and</strong> fixed powder systems. Ifyour premises have a fixed firefightingsystem that you are unfamiliar with, thenseek advice. Where a fixed firefightingsystems forms an integral part <strong>of</strong> yoursafety strategy, it should be maintained inaccordance with the relevant st<strong>and</strong>ard by acompetent person.3.3 other facilities (includingthose for firefighters)Building Regulations <strong>and</strong> other legislation,including local legislation, may haverequired firefighting equipment <strong>and</strong> otherfacilities to be provided for the safety<strong>of</strong> people in the building <strong>and</strong> to helpfirefighters. <strong>Fire</strong> safety law places a dutyon you to maintain such facilities in goodworking order at all times. These facilitiescould include the following.Access for fire engines <strong>and</strong> firefightersBuildings that have been constructedto modern building regulations or inaccordance with certain local legislationwill have been provided with facilitiesthat allow fire engines to approach <strong>and</strong>park within a reasonable distance so thatfirefighters can use their equipment withouttoo much difficulty.These facilities may consist <strong>of</strong> access roadsto the building, hard st<strong>and</strong>ing areas for fireengines <strong>and</strong> access into the building forfirefighters. It is essential that where suchfacilities are provided they are properlymaintained <strong>and</strong> available for use at allrelevant times.Where a building is used by a number <strong>of</strong>different occupants you will need to ensureco-operation between the various‘appropriate people’ to maintain <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong>Rescue Service access. In exceptionalcases, where access is persistentlyobstructed, you may need to makeadditional arrangements.See Technical Booklet E 8 to the BuildingRegulations for more information.71
<strong>Fire</strong>fighting shafts <strong>and</strong> lifts<strong>Fire</strong>fighting shafts are provided in largerbuildings to help firefighters reach floorsfarther away from the building’s accesspoint. They enable firefighting operationsto start quickly <strong>and</strong> in comparative safetyby providing a safe route from the point<strong>of</strong> entry to the floor where the fire hasoccurred.Where a firefighting shaft is provided itshould be maintained by a competentperson.Smoke control systemsThese are complex systems that areprovided for life safety <strong>of</strong> occupants,assistance to firefighters <strong>and</strong> propertyprotection by clearing hot smoke <strong>and</strong> gasesfrom the building. If you have one <strong>of</strong> thesesystems provided in your premises youshould ensure that you underst<strong>and</strong> how itoperates <strong>and</strong> that it is maintained in fullworking order. If your system is part <strong>of</strong> alarger system then you should liaise withother occupiers <strong>and</strong> building managers.Dry <strong>and</strong> wet rising fire mainsThe rising fire main is an important facilityfor the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Service in tallerbuildings. It consists <strong>of</strong> an inlet box wherefirefighters can connect their hoses, a piperunning up or through the building, outletvalves on each floor level <strong>and</strong> an air vent atthe top.<strong>Fire</strong>fighters’ switches<strong>Safety</strong> switches are normally provided toisolate high-voltage luminous signs or to cut<strong>of</strong>f electrical power. In the case <strong>of</strong> existinginstallations they should be <strong>of</strong> a suitablest<strong>and</strong>ard e.g. BS 7671 53 . If in doubt thenyou may need to consult the enforcingauthority regarding the suitability <strong>of</strong> itslocation <strong>and</strong> marking.You should consult with the buildingmanagement (e.g. a health <strong>and</strong> safetymanager <strong>of</strong> a complex) to establish if youhave any <strong>of</strong> these facilities <strong>and</strong>, if youhave, you will need to co-operate withmanagement to ensure that such facilitiesare maintained by a competent person.The smoke control system should bemaintained by a competent personwho is familiar with the fire engineeringperformance specifications <strong>of</strong> that specificsystem.Further information on smoke control canbe found from the Chartered Institution <strong>of</strong>Building Services Engineers <strong>Guide</strong> E 51 orfrom the Building Research Establishment(BRE) 52 .72
Section 4 Further guidance onescape routesIntroductionThis section provides further guidance onthe general principles that apply to escaperoutes <strong>and</strong> provides examples <strong>of</strong> typicalescape route solutions for a range <strong>of</strong>building layouts. The guidance is based onpremises <strong>of</strong> normal risk so if your premises(or part <strong>of</strong> your premises) are higher (orlower) risk you should adopt the solutionaccordingly.You are not obliged to adopt any particularsolution for escape routes in this section ifyou prefer to meet the relevant requirementin some other way. If you decide to adoptsome alternative arrangement it will needto achieve at least an equivalent level <strong>of</strong> firesafety.Refer to the glossary (Appendix D) for thedefinitions <strong>of</strong> any terms you may not befamiliar with.levels <strong>of</strong> riskIn order to apply the guidance in thissection, you need to underst<strong>and</strong> that in anyfire situation, the time that people have toescape before they could become affectedby the fire is limited. Providing them withsufficient time usually means that as wellas having an appropriate way <strong>of</strong> detecting<strong>and</strong> giving warning in case <strong>of</strong> fire, thedistance that people have to travel to maketheir escape to a place <strong>of</strong> reasonable ortotal safety must be restricted.The travel distances which are usuallyappropriate for this purpose (<strong>and</strong> aresuggested later in this section) varyaccording to the level <strong>of</strong> risk in thepremises (or part <strong>of</strong> them). To check yourescape routes you will need to form ajudgement about the level <strong>of</strong> risk thatpeople may be at after you have takenother risk reduction (preventative <strong>and</strong>protective) measures.In premises where there is a likelihood <strong>of</strong> afire starting <strong>and</strong> spreading quickly (or a firecould start <strong>and</strong> grow without being quicklydetected <strong>and</strong> a warning given) <strong>and</strong> affectthe escape routes before people are able touse them then the risk should normally beregarded as ‘higher’. Such premises couldinclude those where significant quantities<strong>of</strong> flammable materials are used or stored;ready sources <strong>of</strong> ignition are present, e.g.heat producing machinery <strong>and</strong> processes;premises where significant numbers <strong>of</strong> thepeople present are likely to move slowly orbe unable to move without assistance; <strong>and</strong>premises where the construction provideshidden voids or flues through which a firecould quickly spread.In premises where there is a low occupancylevel <strong>and</strong> all the occupants are able bodied<strong>and</strong> capable <strong>of</strong> using the means <strong>of</strong> escapewithout assistance; very little chance <strong>of</strong>a fire; few if any highly combustible orflammable materials or other fuels for afire; fire cannot spread quickly; <strong>and</strong> will bequickly detected so people will quickly knowthat a fire has occurred <strong>and</strong> can maketheir escape, then the risk can usually beregarded as ‘lower’.In most cases however, the risk will usuallybe ‘normal’.The travel distances suggested are not hard<strong>and</strong> fast rules <strong>and</strong> should be applied witha degree <strong>of</strong> flexibility according to thecircumstances. For example, in premiseswhere the risk might otherwise beconsidered ‘normal’ but where there are73
a significant number <strong>of</strong> people who moveslowly or may need assistance to evacuate,it would usually be appropriate to considerthis a ‘higher’ risk. However, where othermeasures are in place to mitigate this,such as the availability <strong>of</strong> extra assistance<strong>and</strong> this has been planned for in youremergency plan, it may be that the risklevel can be regarded as ‘normal to higher’.Equally, in premises where the risk categorywould otherwise be ‘lower’ but for the factthat a small number <strong>of</strong> occupants maymove slowly or need assistance, it maybe appropriate to categorise the risk as‘normal’ in these circumstances.If you are not sure about the level <strong>of</strong> riskthat remains in your premises, you shouldseek advice from a competent person.4.1 general principlesSuitability <strong>of</strong> escape routesYou should ensure that your escape routesare:• suitable;• easily, safely <strong>and</strong> immediately usable atall times;• adequate for the number <strong>of</strong> people likelyto use them;• free from any obstructions, slip or triphazards;• well lit by normal or emergency escapelighting; <strong>and</strong>• available for access by the emergencyservices.In-occupied premises, escape routesshould normally be independent <strong>of</strong> otheroccupiers, i.e. people should not have togo through another occupier’s premises asthe route may be secured or obstructed.Where this is not possible, then robust legalagreements should be in place to ensuretheir availability at all times.All doors on escape routes should openin the direction <strong>of</strong> escape, <strong>and</strong> ideallybe fitted with a safety vision panel. Thisis particularly important if more than 60people are expected to use them at any onetime or they provide an exit from an area <strong>of</strong>high fire risk.At least two exits should be provided ifa room/area is to be occupied by morethan 60 persons. This number <strong>of</strong> 60 canbe varied in proportion to the risk, for alower risk there can be a slight increase,for a higher risk, lower numbers <strong>of</strong> personsshould be allowed.Movement <strong>of</strong> persons up or down a group<strong>of</strong> not less than three steps will be soobvious to those following that they willbe prepared for the change in level, butmovement up or down one step is not soreadily observed <strong>and</strong> may easily lead to afall. Wherever practicable, differences <strong>of</strong>level in corridors, passages <strong>and</strong> lobbiesshould be overcome by the provision<strong>of</strong> inclines or ramps <strong>of</strong> gradients notexceeding 1 in 12 or steps not having lessthan three risers in any flight. Corridors <strong>and</strong>passages should be level for a distance<strong>of</strong> 1.5 metres in each direction from anysteps.74
Any mirrors situated in escape routesshould be sited so that persons escapingfrom a fire will not be thrown into confusionby any reflected image <strong>of</strong> the route they areusing, or be misled as to the direction theyshould take to reach fire exits.In historic buildings (e.g. churches)you may have difficulties achievingthese recommendations <strong>and</strong> yourrisk assessment should address anyimplications, for example through yourmanagement system. Further informationon listed <strong>and</strong> historic buildings is given inAppendix C.Seating <strong>and</strong> gangwaysThe type <strong>of</strong> seating arrangements adoptedwill vary with the use to which the premisesare put. Premises should only be usedfor closely-seated audiences if your riskassessment shows that it is safe to do so.Where premises are licensed, there maybe additional conditions in the licenceconcerning how seating may be set out.Audiences seated in rows will first haveto make their way to the end <strong>of</strong> the rowbefore being able to use the escape routesprovided. Seating <strong>and</strong> gangways in anauditorium should therefore be so arrangedas to allow free <strong>and</strong> ready access direct tothe exits.In fixed seats there should be a clear space<strong>of</strong> at least 300mm between the back <strong>of</strong>one seat to the front <strong>of</strong> the seat behind it(or the nearmost point <strong>of</strong> the seat behindit, for automatic tip-up seats, see Figure19). Gangways should be adequate for thenumber <strong>of</strong> seats served <strong>and</strong> at least 1.05mwide. There should be no projections whichdiminish these widths.In general, no seat should be more thanseven seats away from a gangway. Iftemporary seating is provided, these shouldbe secured in lengths <strong>of</strong> not fewer than fourseats (<strong>and</strong> not more than 12). Each lengthshould be fixed to the floor.Detailed information <strong>of</strong> seating layout isgiven in BS 9999 11 .Seating <strong>and</strong> gangways in a hall or assemblyspace should be so arranged to allow free<strong>and</strong> ready access direct to the exits.Clear seatwayClear seatwayFixed seatsTip-up seatsFigure 19: Clear space between seating75
St<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>and</strong> sitting in gangways, or in front<strong>of</strong> any exit, should not be permitted. Thisincludes adults st<strong>and</strong>ing by children.If booster seats are provided for smallchildren, then you need to consider theimplication on means <strong>of</strong> escape.<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting constructionThe type <strong>and</strong> age <strong>of</strong> construction are crucialfactors to consider when assessing theadequacy <strong>of</strong> the existing escape routes.To ensure the safety <strong>of</strong> people it may benecessary to protect escape routes fromthe effects <strong>of</strong> a fire. In older premises(see Appendix C for more information onhistorical properties) it is possible thatthe type <strong>of</strong> construction <strong>and</strong> materialsused may not perform to current firest<strong>and</strong>ards. Also changes <strong>of</strong> occupancy <strong>and</strong>refurbishment may have led to:• cavities <strong>and</strong> voids being created,allowing the potential for a fire to spreadunseen;• doors <strong>and</strong> hardware worn by age <strong>and</strong>movement being less likely to limit thespread <strong>of</strong> smoke;• damaged or lack <strong>of</strong> cavity barriers inmodular construction; <strong>and</strong>• breaches in fire compartment walls,floors <strong>and</strong> ceilings created by theinstallation <strong>of</strong> new services, e.g.computer cabling.Where an escape route needs to beseparated from the rest <strong>of</strong> the premises byfire-resisting construction, e.g. a dead-endcorridor or protected stairway (Figure 28),then you should ensure the following:• Doors (including access hatches tocupboards, ducts <strong>and</strong> vertical shaftslinking floors), walls, floors <strong>and</strong> ceilingsprotecting escape routes should becapable <strong>of</strong> resisting the passage <strong>of</strong>smoke <strong>and</strong> fire for long enough so thatpeople can escape from the building.• Where suspended or false ceilings areprovided, the fire resistance shouldextend up to the floor slab level above.For means <strong>of</strong> escape purposes a30-minute fire-resisting rating is usuallyenough.• Cavity barriers, fire stopping <strong>and</strong>dampers in ducts are appropriatelyinstalled.If there is any doubt about the nature <strong>of</strong>the construction <strong>of</strong> your premises, ask foradvice from a competent person.number <strong>of</strong> people using the premisesAs your escape routes need to be adequatefor the people likely to use them youwill need to consider how many people,including employees <strong>and</strong> the public, may bepresent at any one time. Where premiseshave been subject to building regulationsapproval, the number <strong>and</strong> width <strong>of</strong> escaperoutes <strong>and</strong> exits will normally be enough forthe anticipated number <strong>of</strong> people using thepremises. In such buildings where the riskhas changed or buildings were constructedbefore national building regulations, it willbe necessary to confirm the provision.For most premises, the maximum numbers<strong>of</strong> staff, visitors <strong>and</strong> contractors liable tobe in the building at the same time will beknown by the appropriate person. For somepremises (e.g. sports centres or churches)76
the appropriate person will normally beaware <strong>of</strong> the maximum number <strong>of</strong> peopleliable to be present from a personalknowledge <strong>of</strong> use patterns. There willalso be an appreciation <strong>of</strong> the use <strong>of</strong> thebuilding by those with special needs suchas disabled people.You also need to be aware <strong>of</strong> any licensingrequirements <strong>and</strong> capacity limits set byyour license, although these may not bedirectly related to fire safety.Where you have fixed seating then themaximum numbers <strong>of</strong> people in the hall orauditorium will be known from the number<strong>of</strong> seats provided. If you are providingtemporary seating then this may be limitedby the maximum numbers your escaperoutes can accommodate (see case studybelow). In un-seated areas, foyers or barsyou may estimate the maximum numbersbased on a value <strong>of</strong> 0.3 to 0.5m 2 perperson.If you propose to make changes to the useor layout <strong>of</strong> the building which may increasethe number <strong>of</strong> people, you should checkthe design capacity by referring to guidancegiven in BS 9999 11 or Technical Booklet E 8<strong>and</strong> consult the Building Control Body.If the numbers <strong>of</strong> people entering thepremises may be too great then proceduresmay be needed to control entry numbers,for example the use <strong>of</strong> tickets <strong>and</strong> clickers,or restrictions to members in private clubs.In some situations you may need tocontrol numbers within specific areas <strong>and</strong>/or prevent migration <strong>and</strong> overcrowding.Different events may require differentresponses, for example, ticketed events<strong>and</strong> events with free admission.Case studyDuring the Christmas period, a publichouse became severely overcrowdeddue to a large number <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>fice parties.The number <strong>of</strong> people became so largeit would have been unlikely, in the event<strong>of</strong> a fire, for all members <strong>of</strong> the public toevacuate the premises in an acceptabletime.The number <strong>of</strong> people entering thepremises should be controlled to avoidthis overcrowding.Mobility impairmentEffective management arrangements needto be put in place for those that need helpto escape.Consider the following points:• A refuge is a place <strong>of</strong> reasonablesafety in which disabled people canwait either for an evacuation lift orfor assistance up or down stairs (seeFigure 20). Disabled people should notbe left alone in a refuge area whilstwaiting for assistance to evacuate thebuilding. Depending on the design <strong>and</strong>fire resistance <strong>of</strong> other elements, arefuge could be a lobby, corridor, part<strong>of</strong> a public area or stairway, or an openspace such as a balcony or similar placewhich is sufficiently protected (orremote) from any fire risk <strong>and</strong> should beprovided with its own means <strong>of</strong> escape<strong>and</strong> a means <strong>of</strong> two-way communication.77
• Where refuges are provided, they shouldbe enclosed in a fire-resisting structurewhich creates a protected escaperoute which leads directly to a place <strong>of</strong>total safety <strong>and</strong> should only be used inconjunction with effective managementrescue arrangements. Your fire safetystrategy should not rely on the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong>Rescue Service rescuing people waitingin these refuges.• If firefighting lifts (provided in highbuildings as firefighting access) are tobe used for evacuation, this should beco-ordinated with the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> RescueService as part <strong>of</strong> the pre-plannedevacuation procedures.• Normal lifts may be considered suitablefor fire evacuation purposes, subject toan adequate fire risk assessment <strong>and</strong>development <strong>of</strong> a suitable fire safetystrategy by a competent person.• Since evacuation lifts can fail, a disabledperson, having reached a refuge, shouldalso be able to gain access to a stairway(should conditions in the refuge becomeuntenable). An evacuation lift with itsassociated refuge should therefore belocated adjacent to a protected stairway.• Enough escape routes should alwaysbe available for use by disabled people.This does not mean that every exit willneed to be adapted. Staff should beaware <strong>of</strong> routes suitable for disabledpeople so that they can direct <strong>and</strong> helppeople accordingly.• Stairways used for the emergencyevacuation <strong>of</strong> disabled peopleshould comply with the requirementsfor internal stairs in the buildingregulations. Specialist evacuation chairsor other equipment may be necessary tonegotiate stairs.• Plans should allow for the carefulcarrying <strong>of</strong> disabled people down stairswithout their wheelchairs, should thewheelchair be too large or heavy. Youwill need to take into account health <strong>and</strong>safety manual h<strong>and</strong>ling procedures inaddition to the dignity <strong>and</strong> confidence <strong>of</strong>the disabled person.• Stairlifts should not be used foremergency evacuation. Where installedin a stairway used for emergencyevacuation, no parts <strong>of</strong> the lift, suchas its carriage rail, should be allowedto reduce the effective width <strong>of</strong> thestairway or any other part <strong>of</strong> anemergency evacuation route.• Where ramps are necessary for theemergency evacuation <strong>of</strong> people inwheelchairs they should be as gentle aspossible. Ramps should be constructedin accordance with Technical Booklet R 54 .Further guidance is available in BS 9999 11 .78
SC<strong>Fire</strong> door<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting wallSelf-closingSCSCSCRefugeFigure 20: An example <strong>of</strong> a refugeWidths <strong>and</strong> capacity <strong>of</strong> escape routes <strong>and</strong>stairwaysOnce you have established the maximumnumber <strong>of</strong> people likely to be in any part <strong>of</strong>the premises, the next step is to establishthat the capacity <strong>of</strong> the escape routes isadequate for people to escape safely <strong>and</strong> insufficient time to ensure their safety in case<strong>of</strong> fire.The capacity <strong>of</strong> a route is determined by anumber <strong>of</strong> factors including the width <strong>of</strong> theroute, the time available for escape <strong>and</strong> theability <strong>of</strong> the persons using them.The effective usable width <strong>of</strong> an escaperoute is the narrowest point, normally adoor or other restriction such as narrowing<strong>of</strong> a corridor due to fixtures <strong>and</strong> fittings. Thecapacity <strong>of</strong> an escape route is measured bythe number <strong>of</strong> persons per minute that canpass through it so, to establish the capacity<strong>of</strong> the route, it is first necessary to measurethe width <strong>of</strong> the route at the narrowestpoint. The effective width <strong>of</strong> a doorway isthe clear unobstructed width through thedoorway when the door is open at rightangles to the frame. The effective widthat any other point is the narrowest clearunobstructed width through which peoplecan pass.The time available for escape dependson several factors including the distancethat has to be travelled to reach a place <strong>of</strong>safety <strong>and</strong> the risk rating <strong>of</strong> the premises.Established reasonable escape timesare 2 minutes for higher risk premises,2.5 minutes for normal risk premises<strong>and</strong> 3 minutes for lower risk premises.For calculation purposes these timesare allowed for in the travel distancessuggested in Table 2. Guidance onestablishing the risk rating <strong>of</strong> your premisesis given earlier in this section.79
The following guide can be used todetermine the general capacities <strong>of</strong> escaperoutes:A width <strong>of</strong> at least 750mm canaccommodate up to:• 80 people in higher risk premises;• 100 people in normal risk premises; or• 120 people in lower risk premises.A width <strong>of</strong> at least 1,050mm canaccommodate up to:• 160 people in higher risk premises;• 200 people in normal risk premises; or• 240 people in lower risk premises.An additional 75mm should be allowed foreach additional 15 persons (or part <strong>of</strong> 15).The minimum width <strong>of</strong> an escape routeshould ideally be 1,050mm but in anycase not less than 750mm (unless it is foruse by less than five people in part <strong>of</strong> yourpremises) <strong>and</strong>, where wheelchair users arelikely to use it, not less than 900mm.The aggregate width <strong>of</strong> all the escaperoutes should not be less than that requiredto accommodate the maximum numbers <strong>of</strong>people likely to use them.When calculating the overall availableescape route capacity for premisesthat have more than one way out, youshould normally assume that the widestis not available because it has beencompromised by fire. If doors or other exitsleading to escape routes are too close toone another you should consider whetherthe fire could affect both at the same time.If that is the case, it may be necessary todiscount them both from your calculation.As a general rule stairways should beat least 1,050mm wide <strong>and</strong> in any casenot less than the width <strong>of</strong> the escaperoutes that lead to them. In all cases theaggregate capacity <strong>of</strong> the stairways shouldbe sufficient for the number <strong>of</strong> people likelyto have to use them in case <strong>of</strong> fire.Stairways wider than 2,100mm shouldnormally be divided into sections, eachseparated from the adjacent section by ah<strong>and</strong>rail, so that each section measuredbetween the h<strong>and</strong>rails is not less than1,050mm wide.MirrorsAny mirrors situated on escape routesshould be so sited that persons escapingfrom fire will not be confused by anyreflected image <strong>of</strong> the route they are using,or be misled as to the direction they shouldtake to reach fire exits.travel distanceHaving established the number <strong>and</strong>location <strong>of</strong> people <strong>and</strong> the exit capacityrequired to evacuate them safely, younow need to confirm that the number <strong>and</strong>location <strong>of</strong> existing exits is adequate. Thisis normally determined by the distancepeople have to travel to reach them.Table 2 gives guidance on travel distances.It should be understood, however, thatthese distances are flexible <strong>and</strong> may beincreased or decreased depending uponthe level <strong>of</strong> risk after you have put in placethe appropriate fire-prevention measures(Part 1, Step 3.3).80
In new buildings which have been designed<strong>and</strong> constructed in accordance withmodern building st<strong>and</strong>ards the traveldistances will already have been calculated.Once you have completed your fire riskassessment you need to confirm that thosedistances are still relevant.When assessing travel distances you needto consider the distance to be travelled bypeople when escaping, allowing for walkingaround furniture or display st<strong>and</strong>s, etc. Thedistance should be measured from all parts<strong>of</strong> the premises to the nearest place <strong>of</strong>reasonable safety which is:• a protected stairway enclosure (a storeyexit);• a separate fire compartment from whichthere is a final exit to a place <strong>of</strong> totalsafety; or• the nearest available final exit.The travel distances given in Table 2 arebased on those recommended in TechnicalBooklet E 8 <strong>and</strong> are intended to complementthe other fire safety recommendations inTechnical Booklet E. Your current escaperoute travel distances may be differentfrom these since they may be based onrecommendations made in alternativeguidance.Where your route leads to more than onefinal exit, but only allows initial travel in asingle direction (e.g. from a room or deadend, see Figures 25 <strong>and</strong> 26), then this initialtravel distance should be limited to that fora ‘single escape route’ in Table 2. However,your total travel distance should not exceedthat for ‘more than one escape route’.For marquees, the travel distance from anypart <strong>of</strong> the structure having more than oneexit should be 24m, the initial 6.5m <strong>of</strong>which may be in a single direction <strong>of</strong> travel.Where there is only one exit, the traveldistance should not exceed 6.5m.Table 2: Suggested travel distances (not for marquees)Escape routesWhere more than oneroute is providedWhere only a single escaperoute is providedSuggested travel distance:areas with seating in rows32m15mSuggested travel distance:other areas45m18mThe dimensions given above assume that the building will be <strong>of</strong> normal fire risk. If the building is high risk, then lesser distances shall apply <strong>and</strong>you should consider consulting a competent person.81
Measuring travel distanceThe figures that follow are schematic only<strong>and</strong> are intended to represent part <strong>of</strong> alarger building.The route taken through a room or spacewill be determined by the layout <strong>of</strong> thecontents, e.g. seating (Figure 21). It is goodpractice to ensure routes to the exits arekept as direct <strong>and</strong> short as possible. In asmall room there may be only one exit butin a larger room or area there may be manyexits.In some cases, where the contents aremoved around or the space is liable t<strong>of</strong>requent change, e.g. in a storage areaor where racking is movable, you shouldensure that the exits, or the routes to them,do not become blocked or the length <strong>of</strong> theroute is not significantly extended.StoreroomExitFigure 21: Measuring travel distance82
Inner roomsWhere the only way out <strong>of</strong> a room is throughanother room (Figure 22), an unnoticed firein the outer room could trap people in theinner room. This layout should be avoidedwhere possible. If, however, this cannotbe achieved then adequate warning <strong>of</strong> afire should be provided by any one <strong>of</strong> thefollowing means:• a vision panel between the two roomsproviding adequate vision to give anindication <strong>of</strong> the conditions in the outerroom <strong>and</strong> the means <strong>of</strong> escape;• a large enough gap between the dividingwall <strong>and</strong> the ceiling, e.g. 500mm, so thatsmoke will be seen; or• an automatic smoke detector in theouter room that will sound a warning inthe inner room.In addition, the following points should alsobe considered:• Restrict the number <strong>of</strong> people using aninner room to 60.• Access rooms should be under thecontrol <strong>of</strong> the same person as the innerroom.• The travel distance from any point in theinner room to the exit from the accessroom should be restricted to escape inone direction only (see Table 2), unlessthere are alternative exits from theaccess room.• No one should have to pass throughmore than one access room whilemaking their escape.• The outer room should not be an area <strong>of</strong>high fire risk.Outer roomAutomatic firedetectionVision panelAt least 500mmgap between partitionwall <strong>and</strong> ceilingInner roomFigure 22: Inner rooms83
Alternative exitsWhere alternative exits from a space orroom are necessary they should whereverpossible be located at least 45° apart (seeFigure 23) unless the routes to them areseparated by fire-resisting construction (seeFigure 24). If in doubt consult a competentperson.45º+<strong>Final</strong> Exit<strong>Final</strong> Exit45º+Figure 23: Alternative exitsless than45º <strong>Final</strong> Exitless than 45°<strong>Final</strong> Exit<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting wallFigure 24: Alternative exits (separated by fire-resisting construction)84
Measuring travel distances for initialdead-end travelWhere the initial direction <strong>of</strong> travel inan open area (see Figure 25) is in onedirection only or within an inner room (seeFigure 26), the travel distance (A–B) shouldbe limited to that for a ‘single escape route’in Table 2.Any alternative exits should be positionedto ensure that a fire will not compromiseboth exits. The maximum total traveldistance recommended in Table 2 shouldapply to the nearest exit (Figure 26,distance A–C). However, since you havetwo exits, your total travel distance shouldnot exceed that for ‘more than one escaperoute’ in Table 2.C ExitC Exit45º+BAC Exit45º+BC ExitAA–BA–CTravel in single direction onlyTotal travel distance (to nearest exit)Figure 25: Measuring travel distance from initial dead end (open plan)85
C ExitC Exit45º+BAC Exit45º+C ExitBAA–B Travel in single direction onlyA–C Total travel distance (to nearest exit)Note: Additional measures are necessary to give warning <strong>of</strong> fire for inner rooms (see Figure 22).Figure 26: Measuring travel distance from initial dead end (inner room)escape routes with dead-end conditionsIf your premises has escape routes fromwhich escape can be made in one directiononly (a dead end), then an undetected firein that area could affect people trying toescape. To overcome this problem, limit thetravel distance (see Table 2) <strong>and</strong> use one <strong>of</strong>the following solutions:• Fit an automatic fire detection <strong>and</strong>warning system in those areas where afire could present a risk to the escaperoute (see Figure 27).• Protect the escape route with fireresistingconstruction to allow peopleto escape safely past a room in whichthere is a fire (see Figure 28).• Provide an alternative exit (see Figure29).Alternative approaches may be acceptable,although expert advice may be necessary.86
AC ExitBC ExitAC ExitA–BA–CTravel in single direction onlyTotal travel distanceAutomatic fire detectionBC ExitFigure 27: Dead-end condition with automatic fire detectionASCC ExitSCSCSCSCSCBSCSCC ExitAC ExitSCSC SC SCA–BTravel in single direction onlyBA–CSCTotal travel distanceSelf-closingSCSC SC SC<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting wall<strong>Fire</strong> doorC ExitFigure 28: Dead-end condition with fire-resisting construction87
C Alternative ExitC ExitBAC Alternative ExitC ExitC ExitA–BA–CTravel in single direction onlyTotal travel distanceBC ExitAFigure 29: Dead-end condition provided with an alternative exitBasements, escape <strong>and</strong> protectionIn all buildings with basements (other thanvery small basements), stairways servingupper floors should preferably not extendto the basement <strong>and</strong> in any case shouldnot do so where they are the only stairwayserving the upper floors. Any stairway thatextends from the basement to the upperfloors should be separated at basementlevel by a fire-resisting lobby or corridorbetween the basement <strong>and</strong> the stairway. Allbasements used by more than 60 people orwhere there are no exits directly to a place<strong>of</strong> total safety, should have at least twoprotected escape stairways.In high risk premises there should be analternative stairway from the basementto ground level, unless there is a suitablealternative route to the final exit.Wherever possible all stairways tobasements should be entered at groundlevel from the open air, <strong>and</strong> should bepositioned so that smoke from any fire inthe basement would not obstruct any exitserving the other floors <strong>of</strong> the building.Where any stairway links a basement withthe ground floor, the basement should beseparated from the ground floor, preferablyby two 30-minute fire doors one at basement<strong>and</strong> one at ground floor level (see Figure 30).As a minimum any floor over a basementshould provide 60 minutes fire resistance.For smaller premises 30 minutes may beacceptable. Where this is impractical, <strong>and</strong> aslong as no smoke can get through the floor,automatic smoke detection linked to a firealarmsystem which is audible throughoutthe premises could, as an alternative, beprovided in the basement area. If in doubt,contact a competent person for moredetailed advice.88
SCGround floorBasementSCSC<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting wall<strong>Fire</strong> doorSelf-closingFigure 30: Basement protectionSubdivision <strong>of</strong> corridorsIf your premises has corridors more than30m long, then generally these corridorsshould be subdivided near the centre <strong>of</strong>the corridor with fire doors <strong>and</strong>, wherenecessary, fire-resisting construction to limitthe spread <strong>of</strong> fire <strong>and</strong> smoke <strong>and</strong> to protectescape routes if there is a fire.Where a corridor serves two exits from afloor, generally these corridors should besubdivided with fire doors to separate thetwo exits (see Figure 31).Doors that are provided solely for thepurpose <strong>of</strong> restricting the travel <strong>of</strong>smoke need not be fire doors, but will besuitable as long as they are <strong>of</strong> substantialconstruction, are capable <strong>of</strong> resisting thepassage <strong>of</strong> smoke, <strong>and</strong> are self-closing.Smoke should not be able to bypass thesedoors, e.g. above a false ceiling, or viaalternative doors from a room, or adjoiningrooms, opening on either side <strong>of</strong> thesubdivision.Generally, false ceilings should be providedwith barriers or smoke stopping over anyfire doors. Where the false ceiling formspart <strong>of</strong> the fire-resisting construction thismay not be necessary.If you have doubts about subdivision <strong>of</strong>corridors, ask advice from a competentperson.89
SCSCSCSC<strong>Fire</strong> door<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting wallSelf-closingSCSCSCSCSCUpper storeyFigure 31: Subdivision <strong>of</strong> corridor between two stairways or exitsStairway enclosuresStairways, if unprotected from fire, canrapidly become affected by heat <strong>and</strong> smoke,cutting <strong>of</strong>f the escape route <strong>and</strong> allowing firespread to other floors. However, if adequatelyprotected, escape stairways can be regardedas places <strong>of</strong> reasonable safety to enablepeople to escape to a place <strong>of</strong> total safety.In most premises designed <strong>and</strong> built tobuilding regulations <strong>and</strong> served by morethan one stairway, it is probable that thesestairways will be protected by fire-resistingconstruction <strong>and</strong> will lead to final exit. If anyfloor has an occupancy <strong>of</strong> over 60, eachstorey should have at least two exits, i.e.protected routes. The figure <strong>of</strong> 60 can bevaried in proportion to the risk, lower riskslight increase, higher risk lower numbers <strong>of</strong>persons.It is possible that you may have somestairways which have no fire protection tothem. In this case they are not designedfor escape <strong>and</strong> are normally knownas accommodation stairways (seeaccommodation stairways on page 94).If you have a protected stairway(s) then it isessential that you maintain that level <strong>of</strong>fire protection.The benefit <strong>of</strong> protecting stairways from theeffects <strong>of</strong> fire allows you to measure yourtravel distance from the furthest point onthe relevant floor to the nearest storey exitrather than the final exit <strong>of</strong> the building.If you do not have a protected stairway,depending on the outcome <strong>of</strong> your firerisk assessment, it may be that you canachieve an equivalent level <strong>of</strong> safety byother means. However, before doing soyou should seek advice from a competentperson.90
If the building you occupy has floors whichare occupied by different organisations toyour own, you need to consider, as part <strong>of</strong>your fire risk assessment, the possibilitythat a fire may occur in another part <strong>of</strong>the building over which you may have nocontrol <strong>and</strong> which may affect the protectedstairway if allowed to develop unchecked.If your fire risk assessment shows that thismay be the case <strong>and</strong> people using any floorwould be unaware <strong>of</strong> a developing fire, thenadditional fire-protection measures may berequired, e.g. an automatic fire-detection<strong>and</strong> warning system. If this is required youwill need to consult <strong>and</strong> co-operate withother occupiers <strong>and</strong> building managers.You may find that stairways in your buildingare provided with protected lobbies orcorridors at each floor level (see Figure 32).Although these are not generally necessaryfor means <strong>of</strong> escape in multi-stairwaybuildings <strong>of</strong> less than 18m high, they mayhave been provided for other reasons(e.g. firefighting access). In all casesprotected corridors, lobbies <strong>and</strong> stairwaysmust be kept clear <strong>of</strong> combustibles <strong>and</strong>obstructions.SCSCSCSCSCSCSCSCSCSCProtected corridorSC<strong>Fire</strong> door<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting wallSelf-closingSCSCSCProtected lobbySCSC<strong>Fire</strong> door<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting wallSelf-closingFigure 32: Examples <strong>of</strong> a stairway with protected lobby/corridor approach91
SCSCIdeally stairway enclosures should leaddirectly to a final exit. If your premises has<strong>Final</strong> Exitonly one stairway from the upper floor(s)SCSC <strong>Final</strong> Exitwhich does not lead directly to a final exit,adopt one <strong>of</strong> the following arrangements:<strong>Fire</strong> door• provide a protected route from the foot<strong>of</strong> the stairway enclosure leading to afinal exit (see Figure 33); orSC<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting wallSelf-closing• provide two exits from the stairway,each giving access to a final exit viaroutes which are separated from eachother by fire-resisting construction (seeFigure 34).SCSCSCSCSCSCSC<strong>Fire</strong> door<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting wall<strong>Final</strong> ExitSCSelf-closingFigure 33: Example <strong>of</strong> a protected route from a stairway to a final exitSCSC<strong>Final</strong> ExitSCSC<strong>Final</strong> ExitSC<strong>Fire</strong> door<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting wallSelf-closingFigure 34: Example <strong>of</strong> two escape routes from a stairway to a final exits92
Separation <strong>of</strong> protected stairwaysWhere there are two or more protectedstairways,the routes to final exits should beseparated by fire-resisting construction sothat fire cannot affect more than one escaperoute at the same time (see Figure 35).SCSCSCSC<strong>Fire</strong> door<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting wallSelf-closingSCSC<strong>Final</strong>exitSCSCSC<strong>Final</strong>exitFigure 35: Separation <strong>of</strong> protected stairwaysCreating a stairway bypass routeNo one should have to pass througha protected stairway to reach anotherstairway. Options to avoid this include:• using intercommunicating doorsbetween rooms adjacent to the stairway;such doors must be available at alltimes when the building is occupied (seeFigure 36);• using balconies <strong>and</strong> other features tobypass the stairway; or• as long as there is enough space, createa bypass corridor around the stairwayenclosure.93
SCSCSCSCSC<strong>Fire</strong> door<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting wallSelf-closingFigure 36: A stairway bypass routeReception areasReception or enquiry areas should only belocated in protected stairways where thestairway is not the only one serving theupper floors, the reception area is small(less than 10m 2 ) <strong>and</strong> is <strong>of</strong> low fire risk.Accommodation stairwaysIf you have stairways that are used forgeneral communication <strong>and</strong> movement <strong>of</strong>people in the premises, <strong>and</strong> they are notdesignated as fire escape stairs then theseare called ‘accommodation stairways’.They may not require fire separation fromthe remainder <strong>of</strong> the floor as long as theydo not pass through a compartment floor,or people do not have to pass the head <strong>of</strong>such a stairway in order to access a means<strong>of</strong> escape stairway. However, experienceshows that many people will continue touse these as an escape route.Accommodation stairways should notnormally form an integral part <strong>of</strong> thecalculated escape route; however, whereyour fire risk assessment indicates that it issafe to do so, then you may consider themfor that purpose. In these cases it may benecessary to seek advice from a competentperson to verify this.94
external stairwaysTo be considered a viable escape route,an external stairway should normally beprotected from the effects <strong>of</strong> a fire alongits full length. This means that any door,window (other than toilet windows) <strong>and</strong> wallswithin 1.8m horizontally <strong>and</strong> 9m verticallybelow any part <strong>of</strong> the stairway should be fireresisting.Windows should be fixed shut <strong>and</strong>doors self-closing (see Figure 37).Consider protecting the external stairwayfrom the weather as the treads maybecome slippery, e.g. due to algae, moss orice. If this is not possible, you must ensurethat the stairway is regularly maintained.Consider fixing non-slip material to thetreads.External stairways should not normally beused for members <strong>of</strong> the public, particularlywhere large numbers are likely to use them.1.8 m1.8 mDefined zone for fire-resistingwalls, doors <strong>and</strong> windows on anexternal stairwayFigure 37: Protection to an external stairway95
Spiral <strong>and</strong> helical stairwaysSpiral <strong>and</strong> helical stairways are usuallyacceptable only in exceptional situations,e.g. for a maximum <strong>of</strong> 50 people who are notmembers <strong>of</strong> the public. The stairway shouldnot be more than 9m in total height <strong>and</strong> notless than 1.5m in diameter with adequateheadroom. A h<strong>and</strong>rail should be continuousthroughout the full length <strong>of</strong> the stairway.However, spiral <strong>and</strong> helical stairways maybe used as means <strong>of</strong> escape by more than50 staff <strong>and</strong> may be used by the public ifthe stairways have been designed for thatpurpose. Further guidance is given inBS 5395-2 55 , including type E (public)stairs.liftsDue to the danger <strong>of</strong> the power suppliesto a lift being affected by a fire, lifts notspecifically designed as ‘firefighting’or ‘evacuation’ lifts are not normallyconsidered acceptable as a means <strong>of</strong>escape. However, where a lift <strong>and</strong> stairwayfor a means <strong>of</strong> escape are incorporated ina fire-resisting shaft which has a final exitfrom it at the access level <strong>and</strong> the lift hasa separate electrical supply to that <strong>of</strong> theremainder <strong>of</strong> the building, then that lift,subject to an agreed fire risk assessment,may be acceptable as a means <strong>of</strong> escapein case <strong>of</strong> fire.Lifts are housed in vertical shafts thatinterconnect floors <strong>and</strong> compartments,therefore precautions have to be takento protect people from the risk <strong>of</strong> fire <strong>and</strong>smoke spreading from floor to floor via thelift shaft. Such precautions may include:• separating the lift from the remainder<strong>of</strong> the storey using fire-resistingconstruction <strong>and</strong> access via a fire door;• ensuring the lift shaft is situated in aprotected enclosure which may also be astairway enclosure; <strong>and</strong>• providing ventilation <strong>of</strong> at least 0.1m 2 atthe top <strong>of</strong> each lift-well to exhaust anysmoke.upward escapeOther than from a basement, people shouldnot normally have to ascend more than onelevel to escape (e.g. from the top floor touse a ro<strong>of</strong> exit). The upper level should notbe an area <strong>of</strong> high fire risk.escalators <strong>and</strong> travelatorsEscalators <strong>and</strong> travelators should not beused as part <strong>of</strong> the escape route unlessthey become stationary immediately onactuation <strong>of</strong> the alarm. They should thenonly be used as a means <strong>of</strong> escape if theysatisfy the recommendations given foraccommodation stairways.Escalators not within stairway enclosuresmay need to be separated from theremainder <strong>of</strong> the building by fire-resistingconstruction <strong>and</strong> by fire doors.To avoid a situation where persons arecarried towards a fire it is important thatarrangements should be made to stopescalators at the outset <strong>of</strong> an emergency.96
Portable ladders <strong>and</strong> throw-out laddersThrow-out ladders are not acceptable as ameans <strong>of</strong> escape in a place <strong>of</strong> assembly.Portable ladders are only acceptable inexceptional circumstances where it willbe reasonable for ladders <strong>of</strong> this kind toprovide escape for one or two able-bodiedpeople (e.g. from a high level plant room).Fixed vertical or raking laddersThese are normally only suitable for use bya limited number <strong>of</strong> able-bodied staff wherethey form the only means <strong>of</strong> access to plantspaces, provided they are suitably guarded<strong>and</strong> the total descent does not exceed 9mwithout an intermediate l<strong>and</strong>ing. Wherethey are external they should be protectedfrom the elements in the same way asexternal stairways.lowering lines <strong>and</strong> other self-rescuedevicesThese are not acceptable as a means <strong>of</strong>escape from a place <strong>of</strong> assembly.Ro<strong>of</strong> exitsIt may be reasonable for the escape routeto cross a ro<strong>of</strong>. Where this is the case,additional precautions will normally benecessary:• The ro<strong>of</strong> should be flat <strong>and</strong> the routeacross it should be adequately defined<strong>and</strong> well-illuminated where necessarywith normal electric <strong>and</strong> emergencyescape lighting. The route should benon-slip <strong>and</strong> guarded with a protectivebarrier.• The escape route across the ro<strong>of</strong> <strong>and</strong>its supporting structure should beconstructed as a fire-resisting floor.• Where there are no alternatives otherthan to use a ro<strong>of</strong> exit, any doors,windows, ro<strong>of</strong> lights <strong>and</strong> ducting within3m <strong>of</strong> the escape route should be fireresisting.• The exit from the ro<strong>of</strong> should be in, orlead to, a place <strong>of</strong> reasonable safetywhere people can quickly move to aplace <strong>of</strong> total safety.• Where an escape route passes throughor across another person’s property,you will need to have a robust legalagreement in place to allow its useat all times where people are on yourpremises.• These routes should not normally beused by members <strong>of</strong> the public.A typical escape route across a ro<strong>of</strong> isillustrated in Figure 38.External escape routes should receiveroutine inspection <strong>and</strong> maintenance toensure they remain fit for use.If your premises are part <strong>of</strong> a multioccupiedbuilding, you will need toliaise with the owner or other personsresponsible for the building. You will needto ensure that any legal agreements inplace cover access for maintenance <strong>of</strong> theescape route.97
3m3mFigure 38: An escape route across a ro<strong>of</strong>Revolving doors, wicket doors, slidingdoors <strong>and</strong> roller shutterRevolving doors should not normally beconsidered as escape doors unless theleaves fold outward to form a clear openingupon pressure from within, or st<strong>and</strong>arddoors <strong>of</strong> the required exit width areprovided next to the revolving door.Ideally wicket doors or gates (a small doorset within a larger door) should have aminimum opening height <strong>of</strong> 1.5m. Thebottom <strong>of</strong> the door should not be morethan 250mm above the floor <strong>and</strong> the widthshould be preferably more than 500mmbut not less than 450mm. Normally wicketdoors will only be suitable for up to 15members <strong>of</strong> staff; however, in areas <strong>of</strong> ahigher fire risk, this should be reduced to amaximum <strong>of</strong> three.Loading <strong>and</strong> goods delivery doors, shutters(roller, folding or sliding), up-<strong>and</strong>-over doors<strong>and</strong> similar openings are not normallysuitable for use as a final exit. However,they may be suitable for escape from areas<strong>of</strong> normal risk by small numbers <strong>of</strong> staff aslong as they are not likely to be obstructed<strong>and</strong> can be easily <strong>and</strong> immediately openedmanually, even if normally power-operated,<strong>and</strong> the staff are familiar with the escaperoutes.98
Sliding doors are not normally suitable onescape routes unless they are for the soleuse <strong>of</strong> members <strong>of</strong> staff. Where provided, anotice with the words ‘slide to open’, withan arrow pointing in the direction <strong>of</strong>opening, should be permanently displayedat about eye level on the face <strong>of</strong> doors.Fastenings on doorsYou should ensure that any exit door or gatewhich is required to be kept open whilstthe public are on the premises should beprovided with appropriate fastenings sothat the door or gate is kept open in sucha way that it will not cause an obstruction.Appropriate fastenings for the publicare push bars <strong>and</strong> push pads; h<strong>and</strong>lesrequiring a turning action, for example,should not be used on doors for the public(see BS EN 1125 56 <strong>and</strong> BS EN 179 57 ).Doors used for means <strong>of</strong> escape shouldbe kept unlocked at all times when peopleare in the premises <strong>and</strong> in no case shoulda door be so fastened that it cannot easily<strong>and</strong> immediately be opened from the insidewithout the use <strong>of</strong> a key. If the door has tobe kept fastened while persons are in thebuilding, the fastening should be by means<strong>of</strong> a panic latch or panic bar (or similar)so that the door can be readily opened bypressure applied by persons within.For structural reasons some doors maynot open in the direction <strong>of</strong> the exit. These,<strong>and</strong> all collapsible, sliding or roller gates,or shutters, should be locked (with aremovable key) in the fully open position,at all times when the public are present.During such times, you should remove thekey <strong>and</strong> keep it secure (e.g. in a manager’s<strong>of</strong>fice).If you have doors, gates, or shutters whichneed to be locked open, a notice or noticesclearly visible on both sides <strong>of</strong> the door,gate or shutter (whether open or closed)should be prominently displayed. The noticeshould bear the words ‘This door (gate,shutter, etc.) to be secured open when thepremises are occupied’.You should ensure that security fasteningssuch as chains, bars, padlocks, etc. areremoved from all doors, gates, shutters,etc. on exit routes at all times when thepublic are in the premises prior to thebuilding being put to use.No removable fastening should be replaceduntil the public have left the premises <strong>and</strong>sufficient exits should remain available forstaff who may be present.exit doors <strong>and</strong> gates for events involvingthe publicExit doors <strong>and</strong> gates should meet thefollowing recommendations:• All doors <strong>and</strong> gates should be capable<strong>of</strong> being immediately opened by thoseusing that route in an emergency.• All exit doors (except where there areless than 60 persons) <strong>and</strong> gates onan exit should open in the direction <strong>of</strong>escape so that people can escape safelyin an emergency without obstruction.• Sliding or roller-shutter gates <strong>and</strong>reversible turnstiles should not form anypart <strong>of</strong> the emergency exit system.• When open, no door should obstruct anygangway passage, stairway or l<strong>and</strong>ing.99
<strong>Final</strong> exit doors <strong>and</strong> escape away from thepremisesGood escape routes to a final exit will be <strong>of</strong>little benefit if the occupants are not able toget out <strong>of</strong> the building <strong>and</strong> quickly dispersefrom the area to a place <strong>of</strong> total safety. Itis also important to consider where peoplewill go once they have evacuated from thepremises.The matters that you should consider includethe following:• <strong>Final</strong> exit doors should be quickly <strong>and</strong>easily opened without a key or codein the event <strong>of</strong> a fire. Where possible,there should be only one fastening. SeeAppendix B3 for more information onsecurity fastenings.• <strong>Final</strong> exit doors should not lead peopleinto an enclosed area from which there isno further escape.• Where a final exit discharges into anenclosed area, further access to a place<strong>of</strong> total safety should be available bymeans <strong>of</strong> further doors or gates that canbe easily opened in a manner similar tothe final exit.Marquees, tents <strong>and</strong> temporary structuresMarquees, tents <strong>and</strong> temporary structuresshould in general be treated in the same wayas a permanent structure <strong>of</strong> the same size<strong>and</strong> layout. Some specific issues to considerinclude the following;• Exit routes from marquees, tents <strong>and</strong>temporary structures may be overuneven ground or temporary flooring,duckboards, ramps, etc. so you shouldensure that there are safe access <strong>and</strong>egress routes.• Escape routes should be sited away frommarquees to avoid trip hazards fromguy ropes <strong>and</strong> stakes. Where necessary,barriers should be provided.• Exits should be clearly indicated <strong>and</strong> ifthey consist <strong>of</strong> wall flaps they should be<strong>of</strong> a quick release design, clearly definedat the edges <strong>and</strong> so arranged as to beeasily <strong>and</strong> immediately opened from theinside.• There should be at least two exits froma marquee, <strong>and</strong> all exits should bedistributed evenly around the marqueeso that alternative routes are available.More detailed recommendations are givenin the Event <strong>Safety</strong> <strong>Guide</strong>: a guide to health,safety <strong>and</strong> welfare at music <strong>and</strong> similarevents 16 .Childcare facilities/crèchesThe location <strong>of</strong> childcare facilities/crèchesin your premises is important since parentsor guardians will <strong>of</strong>ten seek to return tothe facility when the alarm sounds. It istherefore important that the facility islocated so as to avoid parents travellingagainst the normal direction <strong>of</strong> escape.The childcare facility should be sited at thesame level as the parents or guardians oron the route to the final exit.100
4.2 escape route layoutThe examples listed in Table 3 show typicalescape route solutions for a range <strong>of</strong>common building layouts. In each case thesolution is for a normal risk building unlessotherwise illustrated.These are not intended to be prescriptiveor exhaustive but merely to help youunderst<strong>and</strong> how the principles <strong>of</strong> means <strong>of</strong>escape may be applied in practice.They are illustrative <strong>of</strong> the key features <strong>of</strong>escape route layouts <strong>and</strong> not intended tobe real building layouts or to scale.You do not need to read all <strong>of</strong> this section,you only need to consider those figures<strong>and</strong> the accompanying text which mostclosely resemble your premises. If yourpremises do not resemble these then youshould seek advice from a competentperson. these examples are intended torepresent your existing layout; they arenot to be used as design guidance.In all <strong>of</strong> these examples the following basicprinciples apply:• The farthest point on any floor to thefinal exit or storey exit to a protectedstairway is within the overall suggestedtravel distance (see Table 2).• The route to <strong>and</strong> the area near theexit is kept clear <strong>of</strong> combustibles <strong>and</strong>obstructions.• The fire-resisting stairway is kept clear <strong>of</strong>combustibles <strong>and</strong> obstructions.• The escape route leads to a final exit.• Where the stairway is not a protectedstairway, the final exit is visible <strong>and</strong>accessible from the discharge point <strong>of</strong>the stairway at ground floor level.• High-risk rooms do not generally opendirectly into a protected stairway.• If your fire risk assessment shows thatpeople using any floor would be unaware<strong>of</strong> a fire you may require additional fireprotectionmeasures, e.g. an automaticfire-detection <strong>and</strong> warning system.• There should be more than one escaperoute from all parts <strong>of</strong> the premises(rooms or storeys) except for areas orstoreys with an occupancy <strong>of</strong> less than60. The figure <strong>of</strong> 60 can be varied inproportion to the risk, for a lower riskthere can be a slight increase, for ahigher risk, lower numbers <strong>of</strong> personsshould be allowed.101
Table 3: Typical examples <strong>of</strong> escape route layoutsSingle-storey buildings or the ground floor <strong>of</strong> a larger buildingGround floor with a single exit (including a mezzanine) See Figure 39Ground floor with a single exit (escape via a lobby) See Figure 40Ground floor with more than one exit See Figure 41Multi-storey buildings with more than one stairwayTwo-storey, lower risk premises (e.g. church hall) See Figure 42Two-storey, higher risk premises (e.g. nightclub) See Figure 43Tall building with a firefighting shaft See Figure 44Multi-storey buildings with a single stairwayTwo-storey, ground <strong>and</strong> one upper floor See Figure 45Two-storey, basement <strong>and</strong> ground floor See Figure 46Three-storey, small basement, ground <strong>and</strong> one upper floor See Figure 47Three-storey, basement, ground <strong>and</strong> one upper floor See Figure 48Four-storey, ground <strong>and</strong> up to three upper floors– protected by lobbies/corridorsFour-storey, ground <strong>and</strong> up to three upper floors– protected with automatic fire detectionSee Figure 49See Figure 50102
If you do not have any <strong>of</strong> the stairwayconfigurations given, <strong>and</strong> depending onthe outcome <strong>of</strong> your fire risk assessment itmaybe that you can achieve an equivalentlevel <strong>of</strong> safety by other means.The green arrows on the Figures 39–50represent the travel distances given inTable 2 (page 81) which should be applied.If your building has more than ground <strong>and</strong>three upper storeys, ask advice from acompetent person.Single-storey building (or the ground floor<strong>of</strong> a larger building)ground floor with a single exit (includinga mezzanine)Part <strong>of</strong> your premises may have only asingle exit. The example shown in Figure 39will be generally acceptable provided thatthe part <strong>of</strong> the premises served only by asingle exit (i.e. ground floor <strong>and</strong> mezzanine)accommodates no more than 60 people intotal.If your fire risk assessment shows thatpeople using the mezzanine would beunaware <strong>of</strong> a fire, it may require additionalfire-protection measures, e.g. an automaticfire-detection <strong>and</strong> warning system.note: A mezzanine covering more than half<strong>of</strong> the floor area may need to be treated asa separate floor (see two-storey buildings).Ground floor<strong>Final</strong> ExitFigure 39: Ground floor with a single exit (including a mezzanine)103
ground floor with a single exit(escape via a lobby)Figure 40 shows an acceptable layout fora premises with one exit, with escape via alobby.Restrict the total capacity to 60 persons.Figure 40: Ground floor with a single exit (escape via a lobby)104
ground floor with more than one exitFigure 41 shows an acceptable example<strong>of</strong> a premises with more than one exit. Thefigure shows acceptable examples <strong>of</strong> bothcellular <strong>and</strong> open plan layouts.<strong>Final</strong> ExitCellular layout<strong>Final</strong> Exit45°+<strong>Final</strong> ExitOpen-plan layout45°+<strong>Final</strong> ExitFigure 41: Ground floor with more than one exit105
Multi-storey buildings with more than onestairwaytwo-storeyIf your premises has a ground floor <strong>and</strong>one upper floor <strong>and</strong> these are served bymore than one stairway, it is important tounderst<strong>and</strong> that you may not be able tomeet the suggested travel distance to afinal exit (see Table 2 on page 81). In thiscase, stairways may therefore need to beprotected by a fire-resisting enclosure asshown.The layout shown in Figures 42 <strong>and</strong> 43will be generally acceptable as long asthe furthest point on each <strong>of</strong> your floorsto the storey exit (or to a final exit usingan unprotected stair) is within the overallsuggesed travel distance (see Table 2 onpage 81).This principle applies to taller buildings (upto 18m). However, where your building hasmore than three upper storeys ask advicefrom a competent person.First floorSCSC+45º+45º<strong>Final</strong> ExitGround floor+45º<strong>Final</strong> Exit+45º<strong>Final</strong> Exit<strong>Final</strong> ExitSC<strong>Fire</strong> door<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting wallSelf-closingFigure 42: Two-storey, lower risk (e.g. church hall)106
First floorSCSCSC+45º+45ºSC<strong>Final</strong> ExitGround floor+45º<strong>Final</strong> Exit+45º<strong>Final</strong> Exit<strong>Final</strong> ExitSC<strong>Fire</strong> door<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting wallSelf-closingFigure 43: Two-storey, higher risk (e.g. nightclub)107
tall building with a firefighting shaftFigure 44 shows a multi-storey buildingmore than 18m high fitted with a firefightingshaft which is required for specific types <strong>of</strong>buildings. If the premises you occupy aresituated in a building like this, you shouldask the advice <strong>of</strong> a competent person.Further information may be found inBS 9999 11 <strong>and</strong> Technical Booklet E 8 .<strong>Fire</strong>fighting liftSCSCFloorshigherthan18mSCUpper floorSCMaximum distance 18mSCSC<strong>Fire</strong>fighting liftSC<strong>Fire</strong>fighting stairsSC<strong>Fire</strong> door<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting wallSelf-closingFigure 44: Tall building with a firefighting shaft108
Multi-storey buildings with a singlestairway<strong>Small</strong>er places <strong>of</strong> public assembly may beprovided with a single stairway. The singlestairway examples provided in this sectionmay be suitable provided that the qualifyingprovisions are met. If in doubt you shouldseek advice from a competent person.two-storey, ground <strong>and</strong> one upper floorIn premises with a ground floor <strong>and</strong>one upper storey with a single stairway<strong>and</strong> a simple layout, an open stairwayis acceptable as indicated in Figure 45provided that:• The upper floor should accommodate nomore than 60 people.• The furthest point on each <strong>of</strong> the floorsto the final exit is within the overallsuggested travel distance for escapein one direction only (see Table 2 onpage 81).First floorGround floor<strong>Final</strong> ExitFigure 45: Two-storey, ground <strong>and</strong> one upper floor with a single stairway109
two-storey, basement <strong>and</strong> ground floorIn premises with a basement <strong>and</strong> a simplelayout, an open stairway is acceptable asindicated in Figure 46 provided:• The basement should accommodate nomore than 60 people.• The furthest point on each floor to thefinal exit is within the overall suggestedtravel distance (see Table 2 on page 81).Ground floor<strong>Final</strong> ExitBasementFigure 46: Two-storey, basement <strong>and</strong> ground floor with a single stairway110
three-storey, small basement, ground <strong>and</strong>one upper floorIn premises with a ground floor <strong>and</strong> a smallbasement <strong>and</strong> first floor, each served bya single stairway, the layout in Figure 47will be generally acceptable as long as thefollowing apply:• The basement should accommodate nomore than 60 people.• The first floor should accommodate nomore than 60 people.• The farthest point in the basement tothe door to the nearest stairway is withinthe overall suggested travel distance(see Table 2 on page 81).• The stairways from the basement toground floor level is enclosed by fireresistingconstruction <strong>and</strong> leads to afinal exit.• The farthest point on the first floor to thefinal exit is within the overall suggestedtravel distance.First floorGround floorSCSC<strong>Final</strong> ExitSCBasementSCSC<strong>Fire</strong> door<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting wallSelf-closingFigure 47: Three-storey, small basement, ground <strong>and</strong> one upper floor111
three-storey, basement, ground <strong>and</strong> oneupper floorIn premises with a basement, ground <strong>and</strong>first floor, served by a single stairway, thelayout shown in Figure 48 will be generallyacceptable as long as the following apply:• The basement should accommodate nomore than 60 people.• The first floor should accommodate nomore than 60 people.• To overcome the restriction <strong>of</strong> traveldistance the stairway has beencompletely enclosed in 30-minute fireresistingconstruction <strong>and</strong> all doors ontothe stairway are self-closing fire doors.• The furthest point on each floor to thestorey exit is within the overall suggestedtravel distance (see Table 2 on page 81).• Where the building incorporates abasement, any stairway from thebasement is separated by a fire-resistinglobby or corridor between that basement<strong>and</strong> the protected stairway.First floorSCSCGround floorSC<strong>Final</strong> ExitSCBasementSCSCSCSCSC<strong>Fire</strong> door<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting wallSelf-closingFigure 48: Three-storey, basement, ground <strong>and</strong> one upper floor112
Four-storey, ground <strong>and</strong> up to three upperfloorsBecause <strong>of</strong> the higher risk posed bypremises used as a place <strong>of</strong> assemblywith a single stairway to parts <strong>of</strong> thepremises, <strong>and</strong> to protect the escape routeby preventing smoke from entering thestairway, a protected lobby or corridorapproach between the stairway <strong>and</strong> allfloors (other than the top floor) should beprovided as shown.Exceptionally for very low risk premises(where densities are low, occupantsare familiar with the premises, there isexcellent visual awareness <strong>and</strong> very limitedcombustibles) automatic fire detectionon all floors may be used instead <strong>of</strong>protected lobbies or corridors (see Figure50); however, the stairway must still beprotected.If your premises have a ground floor <strong>and</strong>up to three upper storeys <strong>and</strong> are servedby a single stairway, it is important tounderst<strong>and</strong> that you are unlikely to be ableto meet the suggested travel distance to afinal exit (see Table 2 on page 81). In thesecircumstances it is necessary to protectthe stairway by a fire-resisting enclosure asshown.The layout shown in Figure 49 will begenerally acceptable as long as thefollowing apply:• The upper floors should eachaccommodate no more than 60 people.• The furthest point on each floor to thestorey exit is within the overall suggestedtravel distance (see Table 2 on page 81).• When a protected lobby or corridorapproach to the stairway is employed,the travel distance is measured to thestorey exit <strong>and</strong> not to the door to thelobby or corridor.113
Top floorSCSCFirst <strong>and</strong>second floorsW.C.W.C.SCSCSCSCSCGround floorSCSCSC<strong>Final</strong> ExitSCSCSCSC<strong>Fire</strong> door<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting wallSelf-closingFigure 49: Four-storey, ground <strong>and</strong> up to three upper floors – protected by lobbies/corridors114
Top floorsSCSCFirst <strong>and</strong>second floorsW.C.W.C.SCSCSCSCGround floorSCSCSC<strong>Final</strong> ExitSCSCSCSC<strong>Fire</strong> door<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting wallSelf-closingAutomatic fire detectionFigure 50: Four-storey, ground <strong>and</strong> up to three upper floors – protected with automatic fire detection115
Section 5 Further guidance onemergency escape lightingThe primary purpose <strong>of</strong> emergency escapelighting is to illuminate escape routes, but italso illuminates safety equipment.The size <strong>and</strong> type <strong>of</strong> your premises <strong>and</strong>the risk to the occupants will determinethe complexity <strong>of</strong> the emergency escapelighting required. Borrowed lighting maybe suitable in simple premises (e.g. asmall single-storey open-plan hall) wherelight is from a dependable source (e.g.from street lamps) <strong>and</strong> it will adequatelyilluminate escape routes in areas not usedby the public. Where borrowed lighting isnot suitable (e.g. in a high-risk area suchas a kitchen), then a number <strong>of</strong> torches instrategic positions for the use <strong>of</strong> staff only,could be considered.In simple premises where borrowed lightingis not suitable in areas used by the public,single ‘st<strong>and</strong>-alone’ escape lighting unitsmay be sufficient <strong>and</strong> these can sometimesbe combined with exit or directional signs.The level <strong>of</strong> general illumination should notbe significantly reduced by the sign.In more complex premises, e.g. those thatare part <strong>of</strong> a multi-storey or multi-occupiedbuilding, a more comprehensive emergencyescape lighting system may be appropriate.You will have identified the escape routeswhen carrying out your fire risk assessment<strong>and</strong> need to ensure that they are alladequately lit. If there are escape routesthat are not permanently illuminated bynormal lighting, such as external stairs,then a switch, clearly marked ‘Escapelighting’, or some other means <strong>of</strong> switchingon the lighting should be provided at theentry to that area/stairs.An emergency escape lighting systemshould normally cover the following:• each exit door;• escape routes;• intersections <strong>of</strong> corridors;• outside each final exit <strong>and</strong> on externalescape routes;• emergency escape signs;• stairways so that each flight receivesadequate light;• changes in floor level;• windowless rooms <strong>and</strong> toiletaccommodation exceeding 8m 2 ;• firefighting equipment;• fire alarm call points;• equipment that would need to be shutdown in an emergency;• lifts; <strong>and</strong>• halls or other areas greater than 60m 2 .It is not necessary to provide individuallights (luminaires) for each item above, butthere should be a sufficient overall level <strong>of</strong>light to allow them to be visible <strong>and</strong> usable.Emergency escape lighting can be both‘maintained’, i.e. on all the time, or ‘nonmaintained’which only operates when thenormal lighting fails. Systems or individuallighting units (luminaires) are designed tooperate for durations <strong>of</strong> between one <strong>and</strong>three hours. In practice, the three-hour116
units are the most popular <strong>and</strong> can helpwith maintaining limited continued use <strong>of</strong>your premises during a power failure (otherthan in an emergency situation).If you decide that you need to installemergency escape lighting or to modify yourexisting system, any work should be carriedout by a competent person in accordancewith the appropriate st<strong>and</strong>ards.Further guidance is given in BS 5266-1 58<strong>and</strong> BS 5266-8 59 .Figure 51: LuminairesEmergency escape lighting (luminaires)can be st<strong>and</strong>-alone dedicated units orincorporated into normal light fittings. Thereare highly decorative versions <strong>of</strong> these forthose areas that dem<strong>and</strong> aestheticallypleasing fixtures. Power supplies can berechargeable batteries integral to each unit,a central battery bank or an automatic startgenerator.To complement emergency escape lighting,people, especially those unfamiliar withthe premises, can be helped to identifyexit routes by the use <strong>of</strong> way-guidanceequipment. Way-guidance systems usuallycomprise photo-luminescent material, lines<strong>of</strong> LEDs, or strips <strong>of</strong> miniature inc<strong>and</strong>escentlamps, forming a continuous markedescape route at lower level (Figure 52).These systems have proved particularlyeffective when people have had to escapethrough smoke, including for partiallysightedpeople. They can be particularlyuseful in premises where they can providemarked routes on floors <strong>and</strong> in multi-storeypremises they can direct people to escaperoutes which are seldom used.Figure 52: A 'way-guidance' systememergency escape lighting by gas orother means not using electricityIn premises where escape lighting by gas orother means not using electricity is alreadyinstalled, the escape lighting should beequivalent to that powered by electricity.Appropriate safety measures should beprovided, for example with regards t<strong>of</strong>ixing, location <strong>of</strong> combustible materials,protection from draughts <strong>and</strong> emergencyshut-<strong>of</strong>f.117
lighting for special effectsLasers, strobes or other forms <strong>of</strong> highintensity lighting are not suitable foremergency use.lighting conditions for stair treadsWhere lighting conditions render itdesirable the nosings <strong>of</strong> all stair treadsshould be made conspicuous by paintingor other effective means. Guidance isavailable in BS 8300 40 .Maintenance <strong>and</strong> testing <strong>of</strong> emergencyescape lightingAll emergency escape lighting systemsshould be regularly tested <strong>and</strong> properlymaintained to an appropriate st<strong>and</strong>ard.Most existing systems will need to bemanually tested. However, some modernsystems have self-testing facilities thatreduce routine checks to a minimum.Depending on your type <strong>of</strong> installation youshould be able to carry out most <strong>of</strong> theroutine tests yourself. The test methodwill vary. If you are not sure how to carryout these tests you should contact yoursupplier or other competent person.Test facilities <strong>of</strong>ten take the form <strong>of</strong> a‘fishtail’ key (see Figure 53) inserted in aspecial switch either near the main fuseboard or adjacent to relevant light switches.Typically, testing would include:Figure 53: A test key• a daily visual check <strong>of</strong> any centralcontrols;• a monthly function test by operatingthe test facility for a period sufficientto ensure that each emergency lampilluminates; <strong>and</strong>• an annual full discharge test.Particular care needs to be takenfollowing a full discharge test. Batteriestypically take 24 hours to re-charge <strong>and</strong>the premises should not be re-occupieduntil the emergency lighting systemis fully functioning unless alternativearrangements have been made.It is good practice to keep a record <strong>of</strong> tests.See BS 5266-8 59 for more information.118
Section 6 Further guidance on signs<strong>and</strong> noticesescape signsIn simple premises, a few signs indicatingthe alternative exit(s) might be all that isneeded. In larger multi-room premises, aseries <strong>of</strong> signs directing people along theescape routes towards the final exit mightbe needed.Many people with poor vision retain somesight <strong>and</strong> are able to recognise changingor contrasting colour to provide themwith visual clues when moving around abuilding.* It may be sufficient to paint anycolumns <strong>and</strong> walls in a contrasting colour<strong>and</strong> to highlight changes in level by, forexample, making the nosing to step <strong>and</strong>stair treads a contrasting colour (seeBS 8300 40 for further guidance).For people with no sight, a well-managed‘buddy system’, continuous h<strong>and</strong>rails, asound localisation system (which helpspeople to move towards an alert sound) orthe installation <strong>of</strong> more tactile aids may beappropriate.People will usually attempt to leavepremises by the same way that theyentered. As these entrances in places <strong>of</strong>assembly will then be the exits <strong>of</strong> choice itfollows that the other exit facilities providedfor the premises may not be fully utilised.For this reason all available exits shouldbe clearly indicated so that the public areaware that there are ways to leave thebuilding other than by the doors which theyused to gain admission. In addition, theprovision <strong>of</strong> well sign-posted exits in fullview <strong>of</strong> an audience can give a feeling <strong>of</strong>security in an emergency situation.Maintained internally illuminated exit signswill be required where the lighting maybe dimmed or extinguished (e.g. lecturerooms).Exit signs should be clearly visiblewhenever the public are present.Positioning <strong>of</strong> escape route signsThe presence <strong>of</strong> other signs in premises(such as advertising) can distract attentionfrom, or obscure the visibility <strong>of</strong>, escapesigns. This could affect people’s abilityto see <strong>and</strong> underst<strong>and</strong> escape signs,particularly if there is a fire evacuation.Always ensure that escape signs are notoverwhelmed.Escape signs should meet the followingcriteria:• They should provide clear, unambiguousinformation to enable people to safelyleave a building in an emergency.• Every escape route sign should,where necessary, incorporate, or beaccompanied by, a directional arrow.Arrows should not be used on their own.• If the escape route to the nearest exit isnot obvious then it should be indicatedby a sign(s).• Signs should be positioned so that aperson escaping will always have thenext escape route sign in sight.• Escape signs should be fixed above thedoor in the direction <strong>of</strong> escape <strong>and</strong> notbe fixed to doors, as they will not bevisible if the door is open.* The Royal National Institute <strong>of</strong> the Blind estimates that only about 4% <strong>of</strong> visually impaired people are totally blind.119
• Signs mounted above doors should beat a height <strong>of</strong> between 2.0m <strong>and</strong> 2.5mabove the floor.• Signs on walls should be mountedbetween 1.7m <strong>and</strong> 2.0m above the floor.• Mounting heights greater than 2.5mmay be used for hanging signs, e.g. inlarge open spaces or for operationalreasons, but care should be takento ensure that such signs are bothconspicuous <strong>and</strong> legible. In such caselarger signs may be necessary.• Signs should be sited at the same heightthroughout the escape route, so far as isreasonably practicable.In multi-occupied premises, co-operationbetween the respective appropriatepersons should be sought to ensure that,as far as possible, all signs in the buildingconform to a single pattern or scheme.Figure 54: BS-type signescape sign designFor a sign to comply with signs <strong>and</strong> signalsregulations it must be pictographic (seeFigures 54 <strong>and</strong> 55). The pictogram can besupplemented by text if this is considerednecessary to make the sign easilyunderstood (BS-type sign), but you must nothave a fire safety sign that uses only text.Either type <strong>of</strong> sign can be used but differenttypes should not be mixed. Appropriatesigns should take into account the needs <strong>of</strong>those who may need to use them.The legibility <strong>of</strong> escape signs is determinedby the size <strong>of</strong> the sign, its level <strong>of</strong>illumination <strong>and</strong> the distance over which itis viewed. The use <strong>of</strong> signs within the samepremises should follow a consistent designpattern or scheme. You should not rely ona few outsized signs which may encouragepeople to travel to a particular escape routewhen other more appropriate routes shouldbe used.other safety signs <strong>and</strong> noticesFigure 55: Euro signA number <strong>of</strong> other m<strong>and</strong>atory signs such as‘<strong>Fire</strong> action’ notices may also be necessary.<strong>Fire</strong> doors that have been fitted with selfclosingdevices should be labelled ‘<strong>Fire</strong>door – keep shut’ on both sides (see Figure56). <strong>Fire</strong>-resisting doors to cupboards,stores <strong>and</strong> service ducts that are not selfclosingbecause they are routinely keptlocked should be labelled ‘<strong>Fire</strong> door – keeplocked’ on the outside.120
Where there is a high turnover <strong>of</strong> staff, amore considered approach for staff notices<strong>and</strong> instructions will be necessary. As wellas positioning the fire instructions noticeon escape routes adjacent to fire breakglasscall points (see Figure 57), put themwhere staff frequently assemble in thepremises, e.g. the canteen <strong>and</strong> lockerrooms.Figure 56: <strong>Fire</strong> door 'keep shut' noticeIn some premises, such as nightclubs,consider whether it is suitable for fireinstruction notices to be available in publicareas or whether they should only be inareas to which staff have access.Signs should indicate non-automatic firesafety equipment if there is any doubtabout its location, e.g. fire extinguishersthat are kept in cabinets or in recesses.A notice with the words ‘Push bar toopen’ should be permanently displayedimmediately above the push-bar on alldoors fitted with a panic bolt or panic latch.A notice with the words ‘<strong>Fire</strong> escape – keepclear’ should be permanently displayed atabout eye level on the external face <strong>of</strong> alldoors which are provided as a means <strong>of</strong>escape in case <strong>of</strong> fire <strong>and</strong> which, becausethey are not normally used, may becomeobstructed.Staff noticesIn simple premises where there area limited number <strong>of</strong> escape routes, itmay be reasonable to provide staff withverbal reminders <strong>of</strong> what they need to doif there is a fire. In some premises, youcould consider providing a short writtenstatement that could, for example, bedelivered with staff pay slips every sixmonths.Figure 57: <strong>Fire</strong> action noticeIf your premises are routinely expected toaccommodate people whose first languageis not English you may need to considerproviding instruction in more than onelanguage. The interpretation should alwaysconvey an identical message.121
IlluminationAll signs <strong>and</strong> notices will need illuminationto ensure they are conspicuous <strong>and</strong> legible.There are a number <strong>of</strong> options available toachieve this, such as:• external illumination; <strong>and</strong>• internal illumination.The supplier or other competent personcan give you further advice.All exit <strong>and</strong> directional signs indicating theexits from any part <strong>of</strong> the premises to whichthe public are admitted should (unlessthey are self-luminous fire safety signs) beilluminated by means <strong>of</strong> the normal lighting<strong>and</strong> the emergency escape lighting at alltimes when the public are on the premises.Signs or notices <strong>of</strong> the photo-luminescenttype, i.e. where the active material makingup the luminous parts <strong>of</strong> such signs ornotices needs a period <strong>of</strong> exposure to lightbefore they become visible in darkness (butget fainter with time), are not a substitutefor appropriate emergency lighting <strong>and</strong>should only be used where other forms <strong>of</strong>illumination are present.Further guidanceFurther guidance on fire safety signs canbe found in BS 5499-5 60 <strong>and</strong> BS 5499-4 61 .Published guidance 9, 10 on compliance withhealth <strong>and</strong> safety legislation on signs isalso available. Guidance about the use <strong>of</strong>photo-luminescent fire safety signs <strong>and</strong>notices can be found in BS 5266-6 62 .122
Section 7 Further guidance onrecording, planning, informing,instructing <strong>and</strong> training7.1 <strong>Fire</strong> safety recordsKeeping up-to-date records <strong>of</strong> your firerisk assessment can help you effectivelymanage the fire strategy for your premises<strong>and</strong> demonstrate how you are complyingwith fire safety law.Even if you do not have to record the firerisk assessment, it can be helpful to keepa record <strong>of</strong> any co-operation <strong>and</strong> exchange<strong>of</strong> information made between employers<strong>and</strong> other appropriate people for futurereference.It is best to keep a dedicated record <strong>of</strong> allmaintenance <strong>of</strong> fire-protection equipment<strong>and</strong> training. There is no one ‘correct’format specified for this. Suitable recordbooks are available from trade associations<strong>and</strong> may also be available from your localenforcing authority.In all cases the quality <strong>of</strong> these records mayalso be regarded as a good indicator <strong>of</strong> theoverall quality <strong>of</strong> the safety managementstructure.Your records should be kept in a specifiedplace on the premises (for example, in themanagement’s <strong>of</strong>fice), <strong>and</strong> should include:• details <strong>of</strong> any significant findingsfrom the fire risk assessment <strong>and</strong> anyaction taken (see Part 1, Section 4.1);• testing <strong>and</strong> checking <strong>of</strong> escaperoutes, including final exit lockingmechanisms, such as panic devices,emergency exit devices <strong>and</strong> anyelectromagnetic devices;• testing <strong>of</strong> fire warning systems,including weekly alarm tests <strong>and</strong>periodic maintenance by a competentperson;• recording <strong>of</strong> false alarms;• testing <strong>and</strong> maintenance <strong>of</strong>emergency lighting systems;• testing <strong>and</strong> maintenance <strong>of</strong> fireextinguishers, hose reels <strong>and</strong> fireblankets, etc.;• if appropriate, testing <strong>and</strong>maintenance <strong>of</strong> other fire safetyequipment;• recording <strong>and</strong> training <strong>of</strong> relevantpeople <strong>and</strong> fire evacuation drills;• planning, organising, policy <strong>and</strong>implementation, monitoring, audit<strong>and</strong> review;• maintenance <strong>and</strong> audit <strong>of</strong> anysystems that are provided to help the<strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Service;• the arrangements in a large multioccupiedbuilding for a co-ordinatedemergency plan or overall control <strong>of</strong>the actions you or your staff shouldtake if there is a fire; <strong>and</strong>• all alterations, tests, repairs <strong>and</strong>maintenance <strong>of</strong> the fire safetysystems, including passive systemssuch as fire doors.123
Other issues that you may wish to recordinclude:• the competence, qualifications <strong>and</strong>status <strong>of</strong> the persons responsible forcarrying out inspections <strong>and</strong> tests;• the results <strong>of</strong> periodic safety audits,reviews, inspections <strong>and</strong> tests, <strong>and</strong> anyremedial action taken;In premises with ‘engineered fire safetystrategies’, a fire policy manual shouldbe provided in addition to any otherrecords. Guidance on the structure <strong>of</strong>fire engineering policy manuals is givenin BS 7974 Section 5: Reporting <strong>and</strong>presentation 63 .• all incidents <strong>and</strong> circumstances whichhad the potential to cause accidents<strong>and</strong> monitor subsequent remedialaction; <strong>and</strong>• a record <strong>of</strong> the building use, the fireprevention <strong>and</strong> protection measures inplace <strong>and</strong> high-risk areas.You should ensure that no othermanagement decisions or policiescompromise safety.Your documentation should be availablefor inspection by representatives <strong>of</strong> theenforcing authority.More detailed advice is given in BS 9999 11 .Figure 58 is an example <strong>of</strong> how to recordsome individual stages <strong>of</strong> the process inmore detail. A blank version <strong>of</strong> this form isprovided in Appendix A2.124
Risk Assessment - Record <strong>of</strong> significant findingsRisk assessment forAssessment undertaken byCompany Inspirations Date 02/02/2006AddressThe AvenueOld TownAB12 3CDCompleted bySignatureJ BrownJ BrownSheet number Floor/area UseOne First floor Art GalleryStep 1 - Identify fire hazardsSources <strong>of</strong> ignition Sources <strong>of</strong> fuel Sources <strong>of</strong> oxygenDisplay lightingElectrical heatersStaff tea making equipmentStep 2 - People at riskExhibitionsDisplay materialRecords etc. in <strong>of</strong>ficeNo additional sources3 Permanent saff2 Temporary staff50 members <strong>of</strong> the public(peak times)Step 3 - Evaluate, remove, reduce <strong>and</strong> protect from risk(3.1) Evaluate the risk <strong>of</strong> the fireoccuring(3.2) Evaluate the risk to peoplefrom a fire starting in thepremises(3.3) Remove <strong>and</strong> reduce thehazards that may cause a fire(3.4) Remove <strong>and</strong> reduce the risksto people from a fire• Display lighting in close proximity to exhibits• Floor mounted heaters – combustible materials in close proximity• Kettle <strong>and</strong> toaster in tea area in rear <strong>of</strong>fice adjacent to substantial quantities <strong>of</strong>records/unfiled papers• Gallery area predominantly open plan• <strong>Fire</strong> in rear <strong>of</strong>fice/tea area could go undetected <strong>and</strong> present a hazard to the gallery• <strong>Fire</strong> in ground floor gift shop could obstruct stairway to the gallery• Reposition display lighting• Wall mount electrical heaters• Remove toaster – replace kettle• Records etc. to be filed in metal filing cabinets in <strong>of</strong>fice.The current fire precautions (refer to floor plan) have been assessed with respectto the findings <strong>of</strong> the risk assessment <strong>and</strong> are considered adequate with thefollowing exceptions:• Replace <strong>of</strong>fice door with a fire door to separate <strong>of</strong>fice from gallery• Provide fire exit sign to the external escape staircase from <strong>of</strong>fice• Replace self closer to the door protecting front staircase from shop at groundfloor levelAssessment reviewAssessment review date Completed by SignatureReview outcome (where substantial changes have occurred a new record sheet should be used)Notes:(1) The risk assessment record <strong>of</strong> significant findings should refer to other plans, records or other documents as necessary.(2) The information in this record should assist you to develop an emergency plan; co-ordinate measures with other ‘appropriate persons’ in thebuilding; <strong>and</strong> to inform <strong>and</strong> train staff <strong>and</strong> inform other relevant persons.Figure 58: Example record <strong>of</strong> significant findings125
<strong>Fire</strong> safety auditA fire safety audit can be used alongsideyour fire risk assessment to identify whatfire safety provisions exist in your premises.When carrying out a review <strong>of</strong> your firesafety risk assessment, a pre-planned auditcan quickly identify if there have been anysignificant changes which may affect thefire safety systems <strong>and</strong> highlight whether afull fire risk assessment is necessary.Plans <strong>and</strong> specificationsPlans <strong>and</strong> specifications can be usedto assist underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> a fire riskassessment or emergency plan. Evenwhere not needed for this purpose theycan help you <strong>and</strong> your staff keep yourfire risk assessment <strong>and</strong> emergency planunder review <strong>and</strong> help the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> RescueService in the event <strong>of</strong> fire. Any symbolsused should be shown on a key. Plans <strong>and</strong>specifications could include the following:• essential structural features such as thelayout <strong>of</strong> function rooms, escape doors,wall partitions, corridors, stairways, etc.(including any fire-resisting structure <strong>and</strong>self-closing fire doors provided to protectthe escape routes);• location <strong>of</strong> manually-operated fire alarmcall points <strong>and</strong> control equipment forfire alarms;• location <strong>of</strong> any emergency lightingequipment <strong>and</strong> the exit route signs;• location <strong>of</strong> any high-risk areas,equipment or process that must beimmediately shut down by staff onhearing the fire alarm;• location <strong>of</strong> any automatic firefightingsystems, risers <strong>and</strong> sprinkler controlvalves;• location <strong>of</strong> the main electrical supplyswitch, the main water shut-<strong>of</strong>f valve<strong>and</strong>, where appropriate, the main gas oroil shut-<strong>of</strong>f valves; <strong>and</strong>• plans <strong>and</strong> specifications relating to allrecent constructions.This information should be passed on toany later users or owners <strong>of</strong> the premises.• location <strong>of</strong> refuges <strong>and</strong> lifts that havebeen designated suitable for use bydisabled people <strong>and</strong> others who mayneed assistance to escape in case <strong>of</strong> afire;• methods for fighting fire (details <strong>of</strong>the number, type <strong>and</strong> location <strong>of</strong> thefirefighting equipment);126
7.2 emergency plansemergency plan <strong>and</strong> contingency plansYour emergency plan should be appropriateto your premises <strong>and</strong> could include:• how people will be warned if there is afire;• what staff should do if they discover afire;• how the evacuation <strong>of</strong> the premisesshould be carried out;• identification <strong>of</strong> key escape routes;• arrangements for fighting fire;• arrangements for the safe evacuation <strong>of</strong>people identified as being especially atrisk, such as those with disabilities <strong>and</strong>children;• contingency plans, e.g. restrictions onthe use <strong>of</strong> the building, for when lifesafety systems are out <strong>of</strong> order, e.g.evacuation lifts, fire-detection <strong>and</strong>warning systems;• how the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Service <strong>and</strong>any other necessary services will becalled <strong>and</strong> who will be responsible fordoing this; <strong>and</strong>• what training employees need <strong>and</strong> thearrangements for ensuring that thistraining is given.As part <strong>of</strong> your emergency plan it is goodpractice to prepare post-incident plans fordealing with situations that might arisesuch as those involving:• unaccompanied children;• people with personal belongings(especially valuables) still in the building;• people in a state <strong>of</strong> undress (e.g. indoorsportswear);• people wishing to rejoin friends;• getting people away from the building(e.g. to transport); <strong>and</strong>• inclement weather.You should also assess the risk <strong>of</strong> anyincident occurring which might prejudicepublic safety or disrupt normal operations,for example, power cuts, bomb threatsor crowd disorder. Such incidents <strong>of</strong>tenarise with little or no warning <strong>and</strong> maynot be capable <strong>of</strong> being dealt with by themanagement operating under normalcircumstances.You should therefore prepare contingencyplans to determine specific actions <strong>and</strong>/orthe mobilisation <strong>of</strong> specialist resources.Guidance on developing health <strong>and</strong> safetymanagment policy has been published bythe HSE 64 .Responsibilities for short-term hiring orleasing <strong>and</strong> for shared useIt is crucial that the temporary appropriateperson underst<strong>and</strong>s their duties for theduration <strong>of</strong> the event or function. Figure59 gives an example <strong>of</strong> the sorts <strong>of</strong>recommendations that could be providedby the owner <strong>of</strong> the premises to thetemporary appropriate person, who mustbe made aware <strong>of</strong> their legal duties.127
As the appropriate person for the event/ function,etc. you have legal duties with regards to the safety<strong>of</strong> those persons assisting or attending the event.Before the event or function you should be aware <strong>of</strong>:• what fire protection systems are present;• how a fire will be detected;• how people will be warned if there is a fire;• what staff should do if they discover a fire;• how the evacuation <strong>of</strong> the premises should becarried out;• where people should assemble after they haveleft the premises <strong>and</strong> procedures for checkingwhether the premises have been evacuated;• identification <strong>of</strong> key escape routes <strong>and</strong> exits, howpeople can gain access to them <strong>and</strong> escape to aplace <strong>of</strong> safety;• arrangements for fighting fire;• specific arrangements, if necessary, for high-fireriskareas;• how the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Service <strong>and</strong> any othernecessary services will be called;• procedures for meeting the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> RescueService on their arrival <strong>and</strong> notifying them <strong>of</strong> anyspecial risks, e.g. the location <strong>of</strong> highly flammablematerials;• what instruction employees or helpers need <strong>and</strong>the arrangements for ensuring that this training isgiven;• limitation on numbers <strong>of</strong> people;• any chains <strong>and</strong> padlocks which need removingfrom fire exits, etc.;• exit doors which are required to be in the openposition are secure; <strong>and</strong>• checking that all escape routes are clear <strong>of</strong>obstructions <strong>and</strong> combustibles.Before the event or function you shoulddecide:• the arrangements for fighting fire;• the arrangements for means <strong>of</strong> escape fordisabled persons;• the arrangements for the safe evacuation <strong>of</strong>people identified as being especially at risk, suchas contractors, those with disabilities, children,members <strong>of</strong> the public <strong>and</strong> visitors;• how you will proceed if life safety systems are out<strong>of</strong> order, e.g. fire-detection <strong>and</strong> alarm systems,sprinklers or smoke control systems;• who will be responsible for calling the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong>Rescue Service <strong>and</strong> any other necessary services;• who will meet the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Service on theirarrival <strong>and</strong> notifying them <strong>of</strong> any special risks, e.g.the location <strong>of</strong> highly flammable materials; <strong>and</strong>• your plans to deal with people once they have leftthe premises, especially children.At the start <strong>of</strong> the event or function you should notifyall those present about:• the smoking policy;• the emergency warning signal;• who is supervising <strong>and</strong> how to identify them;• location <strong>of</strong> exits <strong>and</strong> escape routes;• taking only valuables immediately to h<strong>and</strong> but notto go to collect other belongings;• the location <strong>of</strong> muster points; <strong>and</strong>• what will happen after that (e.g. re-entry to thebuilding).During the event or function you should ensure that:• escape routes <strong>and</strong> exits do not become blocked;• your smoking policy is adhered to;• no naked flames are started (unless authorisede.g. c<strong>and</strong>les);• where naked flames are present that combustiblematerial is kept clear;• rooms do not become overcrowded;• noise levels cannot drown out the fire alarm; <strong>and</strong>• if necessary, the number <strong>of</strong> persons in yourpremises is limited or controlled.the above list is for example only <strong>and</strong> will need to bespecific to any particular venue or premises.• the duties <strong>and</strong> identity <strong>of</strong> staff who have specificresponsibilities if there is a fire;128Figure 59: Emergency plan for the temporary appropriate person
7.3 Information, instruction, cooperation<strong>and</strong> co-ordinationSupplying informationYou must provide easily underst<strong>and</strong>ableinformation to employees, the parents <strong>of</strong>children you may employ, <strong>and</strong> to employers<strong>of</strong> other persons working in your premisesabout the measures in place to ensure asafe escape from the building <strong>and</strong> how theywill operate, for example:• any significant risks to staff <strong>and</strong> otherrelevant persons that have beenidentified in your fire risk assessment orany similar assessment carried out byanother user <strong>and</strong> appropriate person inthe building;• the fire prevention <strong>and</strong> protectionmeasures <strong>and</strong> procedures in yourpremises <strong>and</strong> where they impact on staff<strong>and</strong> other persons in the building;• the procedures for fighting a fire in thepremises; <strong>and</strong>• the identity <strong>of</strong> people who have beennominated with specific responsibilitiesin the building.Even if you do not have to record the firerisk assessment, it would be helpful to keepa record <strong>of</strong> any co-operation <strong>and</strong> exchange<strong>of</strong> information made between employers<strong>and</strong> other appropriate people for futurereference.You need to ensure that all staff <strong>and</strong>, wherenecessary, other relevant persons in thebuilding, receive appropriate information ina way that can be easily understood. Thismight include any special instructions toparticular people who have been allocateda specific task, such as shutting downequipment or guiding people to the nearestexit.Duties <strong>of</strong> employees to give informationEmployees also have a duty to takereasonable care for their own safety <strong>and</strong>that <strong>of</strong> other people who may be affectedby their activities. This includes the needfor them to inform their employer <strong>of</strong> anyactivity that they consider would present aserious <strong>and</strong> immediate danger to their ownsafety <strong>and</strong> that <strong>of</strong> others.Dangerous substancesHSE publishes guidance 13 about specificsubstances where appropriate informationmay need to be provided. If any <strong>of</strong> these,or any other substance that is not includedbut nevertheless presents more than aslight risk, is present in your premises, thenyou must provide such information to staff<strong>and</strong> others, specifically you must:• name the substance <strong>and</strong> the risksassociated with it, e.g. how to safely useor store the product to avoid creatinghighly flammable vapours or explosiveatmospheres;• identify any legislative provisions thatmay be associated with the substance;• allow employees access to thehazardous substances safety datasheet; <strong>and</strong>• inform the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Servicewhere dangerous substances arepresent on the premises.129
Information to the emergency servicesIn addition to providing information to the<strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Service when dangeroussubstances are present in sufficientquantities to pose an enhanced risk, it willalso be helpful to inform them <strong>of</strong> any shortterm changes that might have an impact ontheir firefighting activities; e.g. in the event<strong>of</strong> temporary loss <strong>of</strong> a firefighting facility<strong>and</strong> temporary alterations.Procedures should also include meeting<strong>and</strong> briefing the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Servicewhen they arrive.InstructionYou will need to carefully considerthe type <strong>of</strong> instructions to staff <strong>and</strong>other people working in your premises.Written instructions must be concise,comprehensible <strong>and</strong> relevant<strong>and</strong> therefore must be reviewed <strong>and</strong>updated as new working practices <strong>and</strong>hazardous substances are introduced.Inclusive access <strong>and</strong> employment policiesmean that people with learning difficultiesmay now be present in a range <strong>of</strong> premises<strong>and</strong> your fire risk assessment shouldconsider whether further instruction orguidance is necessary to ensure that yourevacuation strategy is appropriate <strong>and</strong>understood by everyone.Instructions will need to be given to peopledelegated to carry out particular tasks, forexample:• removing additional security, bolts, barsor chains on final exit doors before thestart <strong>of</strong> business to ensure that escaperoutes are accessible;• daily, weekly, quarterly <strong>and</strong> yearly checkson the range <strong>of</strong> fire safety measures(in some premises some <strong>of</strong> the workmay be contracted out to a specialistcompany);• safety considerations when closing downthe premises at the end <strong>of</strong> the day, e.g.removing rubbish, ensuring enough exitsare available for people that remain <strong>and</strong>closing fire doors <strong>and</strong> shutters;• leaving hazardous substances in a safecondition when evacuating the building;<strong>and</strong>• the safe storage <strong>of</strong> hazardoussubstances at the end <strong>of</strong> the workingday.Specific instructions may be needed about:• how staff will help members <strong>of</strong> thepublic/visitors to leave the building;• ‘sweeping’ <strong>of</strong> the premises floors by staffto guide people to the nearest exit whenthe fire alarm sounds;• designating particular areas <strong>of</strong> yourpremises to check that no one remainsinside;• calling the emergency services;• carrying out evacuation roll calls;• taking charge at the assembly area;• meeting <strong>and</strong> directing fire engines; <strong>and</strong>• cover arrangements when nominatedpeople are on leave.130
Co-operation <strong>and</strong> co-ordinationWhere you share premises with others (thisincludes people who are self-employed or inpartnership), each appropriate person, i.e.each employer, owner or other person whohas control over any part <strong>of</strong> the premises,will need to co-operate <strong>and</strong> co-ordinatethe findings <strong>of</strong> their separate fire riskassessments to ensure the fire precautions<strong>and</strong> protection measures are effectivethroughout the building. This could include:• co-ordinating an emergency plan (seeSection 7.2 for features <strong>of</strong> an emergencyplan);• identifying the nature <strong>of</strong> any risks <strong>and</strong>how they may affect others in or aboutthe premises;• identifying any fire-prevention <strong>and</strong>protection measures;• identifying any measures to mitigate theeffects <strong>of</strong> a fire; <strong>and</strong>• arranging any contacts with externalemergency services, <strong>and</strong> calling the <strong>Fire</strong><strong>and</strong> Rescue Service.7.4 <strong>Fire</strong> safety trainingStaff trainingThe actions <strong>of</strong> staff if there is a fire arelikely to be crucial to their safety <strong>and</strong> that<strong>of</strong> other people in the premises. All staffshould receive basic fire safety inductiontraining <strong>and</strong> attend refresher sessions atpre-determined intervals.You should ensure that all staff <strong>and</strong>contractors are told about the emergencyplan <strong>and</strong> are shown the escape routes.The training should take account <strong>of</strong> thefindings <strong>of</strong> the fire risk assessment <strong>and</strong> beeasily understood by all those attending. Itshould include the role that those members<strong>of</strong> staff will be expected to carry out if a fireoccurs.In addition to the guidance given inPart 1, Step 4.4, as a minimum all staffshould receive training about:• the items listed in your emergency plan;• the importance <strong>of</strong> fire doors <strong>and</strong> otherbasic fire-prevention measures;• where relevant, the appropriate use <strong>of</strong>firefighting equipment;• the importance <strong>of</strong> reporting to theassembly area;• exit routes <strong>and</strong> the operation <strong>of</strong> exitdevices, including physically walkingthese routes;• general matters such as permittedsmoking areas or restrictions on cookingother than in designated areas; <strong>and</strong>• assisting disabled persons wherenecessary.Training is necessary:• when staff start employment or aretransferred into the premises;131
• when changes have been made to theemergency plan <strong>and</strong> the preventive <strong>and</strong>protective measures;• where working practices <strong>and</strong> processesor people’s responsibilities change;• to take account <strong>of</strong> any changed risksto the safety <strong>of</strong> staff or other relevantpersons;• to ensure that staff know what theyhave to do to safeguard themselves <strong>and</strong>others on the premises;• where staff are expected to assistdisabled persons; <strong>and</strong>• if a member <strong>of</strong> staff may take on therole <strong>of</strong> duty manager.Training should be repeated as <strong>of</strong>ten asnecessary <strong>and</strong> should take place duringworking hours.Whatever training you decide is necessaryto support your fire safety strategy <strong>and</strong>emergency plan, it should be verifiable.Enforcing authorities may want to examinerecords as evidence that adequate traininghas been given.<strong>Fire</strong> marshalsStaff expected to undertake the role <strong>of</strong> firemarshals (<strong>of</strong>ten called fire wardens) wouldrequire more comprehensive training. Theirrole may include:• helping those on the premises to leave;• checking the premises to ensureeveryone has left;• using firefighting equipment if safe to doso;• liaising with the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Serviceon arrival;• shutting down vital or dangerousequipment; <strong>and</strong>• performing a supervisory/managing rolein any fire situation.Training for this role may include:• detailed knowledge <strong>of</strong> the fire safetystrategy <strong>of</strong> the premises;• awareness <strong>of</strong> human behaviour in fires;• how to encourage others to use themost appropriate escape route;• how to search safely <strong>and</strong> recogniseareas that are unsafe to enter;• the difficulties that some people,particularly if disabled, may have inescaping <strong>and</strong> any special evacuationarrangements that have been preplanned;• additional training in the use <strong>of</strong>firefighting equipment;• an underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> the purpose <strong>of</strong> anyfixed firefighting equipment such assprinklers; <strong>and</strong>• reporting <strong>of</strong> faults, incidents <strong>and</strong> nearmisses.For licensed premises, door supervisorsmay have a fire safety function <strong>and</strong>appropriate training should be provided.132
<strong>Fire</strong> drillsOnce the emergency plan has beendeveloped <strong>and</strong> training given, you will needto evaluate its effectiveness. The best wayto do this is to perform a fire drill. Thisshould be carried out at least annually oras determined by your fire risk assessment.If you have a high staff turnover, you mayneed to carry them out more <strong>of</strong>ten.A well-planned <strong>and</strong> executed fire drill willconfirm underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> the training<strong>and</strong> provide helpful information for futuretraining. The appropriate person shoulddetermine the possible objectives <strong>of</strong> thedrill such as to:• identify any weaknesses in theevacuation strategy;• test the procedure following any recentalteration or changes to workingpractices;• familiarise new members <strong>of</strong> staff withprocedures; <strong>and</strong>• test the arrangements for disabledpeople.Who should take part?Within each building the evacuationshould be for all occupants except thosewho may need to ensure the security <strong>of</strong>the premises, or people who, on a riskassessedbasis, are required to remain withparticular equipment or processes thatcannot be closed down.Where appropriate, you may find it helpfulto include members <strong>of</strong> the public in yourfire drill – ensuring that all necessary health<strong>and</strong> safety issues are addressed before youdo so.Carrying out the drillFor premises that have more than oneescape route, the escape plan should bedesigned to evacuate all people on theassumption that one exit or stairway isunavailable because <strong>of</strong> the fire. This couldbe simulated by a designated person beinglocated at a suitable point on an exit route.Applying this scenario to different escaperoutes at each fire drill will encourageindividuals to use alternative escape routeswhich they may not normally use.When carrying out the drill you might find ithelpful to:• circulate details concerning the drill<strong>and</strong> inform all staff <strong>of</strong> their duty toparticipate. It may not be beneficial tohave ‘surprise drills’ as the health <strong>and</strong>safety risks introduced may outweighthe benefits;• ensure that equipment can be safelyleft;• nominate observers;• inform the alarm receiving centre if thefire-warning system is monitored (if the<strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Service is normallycalled directly from your premises,ensure that this does not happen);• inform visitors <strong>and</strong> members <strong>of</strong> thepublic if they are present; <strong>and</strong>133
• ask a member <strong>of</strong> staff at r<strong>and</strong>om to set<strong>of</strong>f the alarm by operating the nearestalarm call point using the test key. Thiswill indicate the level <strong>of</strong> knowledgeregarding the location <strong>of</strong> the nearest callpoint.More detailed information on fire drills <strong>and</strong>test evacuations are given in BS 9999 11 .the roll call/checking the premises havebeen evacuatedIn some cases it may be appropriate tocarry out a roll call as soon as possible atthe designated assembly point(s), <strong>and</strong>/orreceive reports from wardens designated to‘sweep’ the premises. You should note anypeople who are unaccounted for. In a realevacuation this information will need to bepassed to the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Service onarrival.• the roles <strong>of</strong> specified people, e.g. firewardens;• inappropriate actions, e.g. stopping tocollect personal items, attempting to uselifts, etc.; <strong>and</strong>• windows <strong>and</strong> doors not being closed aspeople leave.On-the-spot debriefs are useful to discussthe fire drill, encouraging feedback fromeverybody. Later, reports from fire wardens<strong>and</strong> observations from people should becollated <strong>and</strong> reviewed. Any conclusions <strong>and</strong>remedial actions should be recorded <strong>and</strong>implemented.Monitoring <strong>and</strong> debriefThroughout the drill the appropriate person<strong>and</strong> nominated observers should payparticular attention to:• communication difficulties with regardto the roll call <strong>and</strong> establishing thateveryone is accounted for;• the use <strong>of</strong> the nearest availableescape routes as opposed to commoncirculation routes;• difficulties with the opening <strong>of</strong> final exitdoors;• difficulties experienced by people withdisabilities;134
Section 8 Quality assurance <strong>of</strong> fireprotection equipment <strong>and</strong> installation<strong>Fire</strong> protection products <strong>and</strong> relatedservices should be fit for their purpose<strong>and</strong> properly installed <strong>and</strong> maintainedin accordance with the manufacturer’sinstructions or a relevant st<strong>and</strong>ard.Third party certification schemes for fireprotection products <strong>and</strong> related servicesare an effective means <strong>of</strong> providing thefullest possible assurances, <strong>of</strong>fering a level<strong>of</strong> quality, reliability <strong>and</strong> safety that noncertificatedproducts may lack. This doesnot mean goods <strong>and</strong> services that are notthird party approved are less reliable, butthere is no obvious way in which this can bedemonstrated.Third party quality assurance can <strong>of</strong>fercomfort, both as a means <strong>of</strong> satisfyingyou that goods <strong>and</strong> services you havepurchased are fit for purpose, <strong>and</strong> as ameans <strong>of</strong> demonstrating that you havecomplied with the law.However, to ensure the level <strong>of</strong> assurance<strong>of</strong>fered by third party schemes, you shouldalways check whether the company youemploy sub-contracts work to others. If theydo, you will want to check that the subcontractorsare subject to the same level <strong>of</strong>checks <strong>of</strong> quality <strong>and</strong> competence as thecompany you are employing.The <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Service, fire tradeassociations or your own trade associationmay be able to provide further detailsabout third party quality assuranceschemes <strong>and</strong> the various organisationsthat administer them.135
Appendix AA1 example fire safety maintenancechecklistA fire safety maintenance checklist can beused as a means <strong>of</strong> supporting your firesafety policy. This list is not intended to becomprehensive <strong>and</strong> should not be usedas a substitute for carrying out a fire riskassessment.Any ticks in the dark blue boxes shouldresult in further investigation <strong>and</strong>appropriate action as necessary. In larger<strong>and</strong> more complex premises you may needto seek the assistance <strong>of</strong> a competentperson to carry out some <strong>of</strong> the checks.You can modify the example, wherenecessary, to fit your premises <strong>and</strong> mayneed to incorporate the recommendations<strong>of</strong> manufacturers <strong>and</strong> installers <strong>of</strong> the firesafety equipment/systems that you mayhave installed in your premises.Yes No N/A CommentsDaily checks (not normally recorded)Escape routesCan all fire exits to be opened immediately <strong>and</strong>easily?Are fire doors clear <strong>of</strong> obstructions?Are escape routes clear?<strong>Fire</strong> warning systemsIs the indicator panel showing ‘normal’?Are whistles, gongs, or air horns in place?Escape lightingAre luminaires <strong>and</strong> exit signs in good condition<strong>and</strong> undamagedIs emergency lighting <strong>and</strong> sign lighting workingcorrectly?<strong>Fire</strong>fighting equipmentAre all fire extinguishers in place?Are fire extinguishers clearly visible?Are vehicles blocking fire hydrants or access tothem?136
Yes No N/A CommentsWeekly checksEscape routesDo all emergency fastening devices to fire exits(push bars <strong>and</strong> pads, etc.) work correctly?Are external routes clear <strong>and</strong> safe?<strong>Fire</strong> warning systemsDoes testing a manual call point send a signal tothe indicator panel? (Disconnect the link to thereceiving centre or tell them you are doing a test.)Did the alarm system work correctly when tested?Did staff <strong>and</strong> other people hear the fire alarm?Did any linked fire protection systems operatecorrectly? (e.g. magnetic door holder released,smoke curtains drop)Do all visual alarms <strong>and</strong>/or vibrating alarms <strong>and</strong>pagers (as applicable work)?Do voice alarm systems work correctly?Was the message understood?Escape lightingAre charging indicators (if fitted) visible?<strong>Fire</strong>fighting equipmentIs all equipment in good condition?Additional items from manufacturer’srecommendationsMonthly checksEscape routesDo all electronic release mechanisms on escapedoors work correctly? Do they ‘fail safe’ in theopen position?Do all automatic opening doors on escape routes‘fail safe’ in the open position?Are fire doors seals <strong>and</strong> self-closing devices ingood condition?137
Yes No N/A CommentsMonthly checks continuedDo all roller shutters provided for firecompartmentation work correctly?Are external escape stairs safe?Do all external self-closing fire doors workcorrectly?Escape lightingDo all luminaires <strong>and</strong> exit signs function correctlywhen tested?Have all emergency generators been tested?(Normally run for one hour.)<strong>Fire</strong>fighting equipmentIs the pressure in ‘stored pressure’ fireextinguishers correct?Additional items from manufacturer’srecommendationsThree monthly checksGeneralAre any emergency water tanks/ponds at theirnormal capacity?Are vehicles blocking fire hydrants or access tothem?Additional items from manufacturer’srecommendationsSix monthly checksGeneralHas any firefighting or emergency evacuation liftbeen tested by a competent person?Has any sprinkler system been tested by acompetent person?Have the release <strong>and</strong> closing mechanisms <strong>of</strong> anyfire-resisting compartment doors <strong>and</strong> shuttersbeen tested by a competent person?<strong>Fire</strong> warning systemHas the system been checked by a competentperson?138
Yes No N/A CommentsSix monthly checks continuedEscape lightingDo all luminaires operate on test for one third <strong>of</strong>their rated value?Additional items from manufacturer’srecommendationsAnnual checksEscape routesDo all self-closing fire doors fit correctly?Is escape route compartmentation in good repair?Escape lightingDo all luminaires operate on test for their full ratedduration?Has the system been checked by a competentperson?<strong>Fire</strong>fighting equipmentHas all firefighting equipment been checked by acompetent person?MiscellaneousHas any dry/wet rising fire main been tested by acompetent person?Has the smoke <strong>and</strong> heat ventilation system beentested by a competent person?Has external access for the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> RescueService been checked for ongoing availability?Have any firefighters’ switches been tested?Has the fire hydrant bypass flow valve control beentested by a competent person?Are any necessary fire engine direction signs inplace?139
A2 example form for recordingsignificant findingsRisk Assessment - Record <strong>of</strong> significant findingsRisk assessment forCompanyAddressAssessment undertaken byDateCompleted bySignatureSheet number Floor/area UseStep 1 - Identify fire hazardsSources <strong>of</strong> ignition Sources <strong>of</strong> fuel Sources <strong>of</strong> oxygenStep 2 - People at riskStep 3 - Evaluate, remove, reduce <strong>and</strong> protect from risk(3.1) Evaluate the risk <strong>of</strong> the fireoccuring(3.2) Evaluate the risk to peoplefrom a fire starting in thepremises(3.3) Remove <strong>and</strong> reduce thehazards that may cause afire(3.4) Remove <strong>and</strong> reduce therisks to people from a fireAssessment reviewAssessment review date Completed by SignatureReview outcome (where substantial changes have occurred a new record sheet should be used)Notes:(1) The risk assessment record <strong>of</strong> significant findings should refer to other plans, records or other documents as necessary.(2) The information in this record should assist you to develop an emergency plan; co-ordinate measures with other ‘appropriate persons’ inthe building; <strong>and</strong> to inform <strong>and</strong> train staff <strong>and</strong> inform other relevant persons.140
Appendix Btechnical information on fire-resistingseparation, fire doors <strong>and</strong> doorfasteningsB1 <strong>Fire</strong>-resisting separationgeneralThe materials from which your premisesare constructed may determine the speedwith which a fire may spread, affecting theescape routes that people will use. A firestarting in a building constructed mainlyfrom readily combustible material willspread faster than one where modern fireresistingconstruction materials have beenused. Where non-combustible materials areused <strong>and</strong> the internal partitions are madefrom fire-resisting materials, the fire willbe contained for a longer period, allowingmore time for the occupants to escape.Because <strong>of</strong> the requirements <strong>of</strong> theBuilding Regulations you will probablyalready have some walls <strong>and</strong> floors that arefire-resisting <strong>and</strong> limitations on the surfacefinishes to certain walls <strong>and</strong> ceilings.You will need to consider whetherthe st<strong>and</strong>ard <strong>of</strong> fire resistance <strong>and</strong>surface finishing in the escape routes issatisfactory, has been affected by wear<strong>and</strong> tear or alterations <strong>and</strong> whether anyimprovements are necessary.The following paragraphs give basicinformation on how fire-resistingconstruction can provide up to 30minutes protection to escape routes. Thisis the st<strong>and</strong>ard recommended for mostsituations. If you are still unsure <strong>of</strong> the level<strong>of</strong> fire resistance which is necessary afterreading this information, you should consulta fire safety expert.<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting constructionThe fire resistance <strong>of</strong> a wall or floor isdependent on the quality <strong>of</strong> construction<strong>and</strong> materials used. Common examples<strong>of</strong> types <strong>of</strong> construction that provide30-minute fire resistance to escape routesif constructed to the above st<strong>and</strong>ards are:• internal framed construction wall, nonloadbearing, consisting <strong>of</strong> 72mm x37mm timber studs at 600mm centres<strong>and</strong> faced with 12.5mm <strong>of</strong> plasterboardwith all joints taped <strong>and</strong> filled (seeFigure 60);• internal framed construction, non-loadbearing, consisting <strong>of</strong> channel sectionsteel studs at 600mm centres facedwith 12.5mm <strong>of</strong> plasterboard with alljoints taped <strong>and</strong> filled; <strong>and</strong>• masonry cavity wall consisting <strong>of</strong>solid bricks <strong>of</strong> clay, brick earth, shale,concrete or calcium silicate, with aminimum thickness <strong>of</strong> 90mm on eachleaf.There are other methods <strong>and</strong> productsavailable which will achieve the requiredst<strong>and</strong>ard <strong>of</strong> fire resistance <strong>and</strong> maybe more appropriate for the existingconstruction in your premises. If thereis any doubt about how your building isconstructed, then ask for further advicefrom a competent person.141
1st floor<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting floor construction to protect route aboveCavity fire barrierEfficient smoke sealFalse ceiling<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting partition constructedup to underside <strong>of</strong> floor overheadProtected route<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting floor constructionBasementFigure 60: <strong>Fire</strong>-resisting construction<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting floorsThe fire resistance <strong>of</strong> floors will depend onthe existing floor construction as well as thetype <strong>of</strong> ceiling finish beneath. If you need toupgrade the fire resistance <strong>of</strong> your floor itmay not be desirable to apply additional fireresistance to the underside <strong>of</strong> an existingornate ceiling. In older buildings there maybe a requirement to provide fire resistancebetween beams <strong>and</strong> joists.A typical example <strong>of</strong> a 30-minute fireresistingtimber floor is tongue <strong>and</strong> grooves<strong>of</strong>twood <strong>of</strong> not less than 15mm finishedthickness on 37mm timber joists, with aceiling below <strong>of</strong> one layer <strong>of</strong> plasterboardto a thickness <strong>of</strong> 12.5mm with joints taped<strong>and</strong> filled <strong>and</strong> backed by supporting timber.There are other, equally valid, methods <strong>and</strong>products available for upgrading floors.If you are in any doubt you should ask theadvice <strong>of</strong> a competent person <strong>and</strong> ensurethat the product is installed in accordancewith instructions from the manufacturer orsupplier.<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting glazingThe most common type <strong>of</strong> fire-resistingglazing is 6mm Georgian wired glazing,which is easily identifiable. Clear fireresistingglazing is available <strong>and</strong> canquickly be identified by a mark etchedinto the glass, usually in the corner <strong>of</strong> theglazed panel, to confirm its fire-resistingst<strong>and</strong>ard. Although this is not compulsory,the marking <strong>of</strong> glass is supported by theGlass <strong>and</strong> Glazing Federation; you shouldcheck whether the glazing will be markedaccordingly before purchase. The glazingshould have been installed in accordancewith the manufacturer’s instructions <strong>and</strong> tothe appropriate st<strong>and</strong>ard 65 , to ensure thatits fire-resisting properties are maintained.142
The performance <strong>of</strong> glazed systems interms <strong>of</strong> fire resistance <strong>and</strong> external fireexposure should, wherever possible, beconfirmed by test evidence. Alternatively,where there is a lack <strong>of</strong> test information,ask for an assessment <strong>of</strong> the proposedconstruction from suitably qualified people.<strong>Fire</strong> separation <strong>of</strong> voidsA common problem encountered with fireseparation is fire-resisting partitions whichdo not extend above false ceilings to trueceiling height. This may result in unseenfire spread <strong>and</strong> a loss <strong>of</strong> vital protection tothe escape routes. It is important thereforeto carefully check all such partitions havebeen installed correctly.Total or systematic methods <strong>of</strong> constructionwere developed to provide consistentbuilding quality, while reducing the needfor traditional skilled labour. They consist<strong>of</strong> a metal frame upon which structuralpanels are fixed. This results in hiddenvoids through which fire may spread.It is important that cavity barriers thatrestrict the spread <strong>of</strong> fire are installedappropriately, especially to walls <strong>and</strong> floorsthat need to be fire-resisting. If you are inany doubt as to whether any remedial workwill be required, then ask for advice from acompetent person.Breaching fire separationTo ensure effective protection against fire,walls <strong>and</strong> floors providing fire separationmust form a complete barrier, with anequivalent level <strong>of</strong> fire resistance providedto any openings such as doors, ventilationducts, pipe passages or refuse chutes.The passing <strong>of</strong> services such as heatingpipes or electrical cables through fireresistingpartitions leaves gaps throughwhich fire <strong>and</strong> smoke may spread.This should be rectified by suitable firestopping <strong>and</strong> there are many proprietaryproducts available to suit particular types<strong>of</strong> construction. Such products should beinstalled by competent contractors.Décor <strong>and</strong> surface finishes <strong>of</strong> walls,ceilings <strong>and</strong> escape routesThe materials used to line walls <strong>and</strong>ceilings can contribute significantly to thespread <strong>of</strong> flame across their surface. Mostmaterials that are used as surface liningswill fall into one <strong>of</strong> three classes <strong>of</strong> surfacespread <strong>of</strong> flame. The following are commonexamples <strong>of</strong> acceptable materials forvarious situations:Class 0: Materials suitable for circulationspaces <strong>and</strong> escape routes• Such materials include brickwork,blockwork, concrete, ceramic tiles,plaster finishes (including renderingon wood or metal lathes), wood-woolcement slabs <strong>and</strong> mineral fibre tiles orsheets with cement or resin binding.note: Additional finishes to these surfacesmay be detrimental to the fire performance<strong>of</strong> the surface <strong>and</strong> if there is any doubtabout this then consult the manufacturer <strong>of</strong>the finish.Class 1: Materials suitable for use in allrooms but not on escape routes• Such materials include all the Class 0materials referred to above. Additionally,timber, hardboard, blockboard, particle143
oard, heavy flock wallpapers <strong>and</strong>thermosetting plastics will be suitableif flame-retardant treated to achieve aClass 1 st<strong>and</strong>ard.Class 3: Materials suitable for use inrooms <strong>of</strong> less than 30m 2• Such materials include all those referredto in Class 1, including those that havenot been flame-retardant treated <strong>and</strong>certain dense timber or plywood <strong>and</strong>st<strong>and</strong>ard glass-reinforced polyesters.The equivalent European classificationst<strong>and</strong>ard will also be acceptable.Further details about internal linings <strong>and</strong>classifications are available in TechnicalBooklet E 8 . Appropriate testing proceduresare detailed in BS 476-7 66 <strong>and</strong> whereappropriate BS EN 13501-1 67 .Further guidance on types <strong>of</strong> fire-resistingconstruction has been published by theBuilding Research Establishment 68 .B2 <strong>Fire</strong>-resisting doorsRequirements <strong>of</strong> a fire-resisting doorEffective fire-resisting doors (see Figure61) are vital to ensure that the occupantscan evacuate to a place <strong>of</strong> safety. CorrectlyIdeally the frame should be to thesame st<strong>and</strong>ard as the door,purchased together as a door set.Door closer, should conform toBS EN 1154 70 or BS EN 1155. 71Securing device –lock, emergencyexit device or panicexit device. SeeBS EN 12209, 69BS EN 179 57or BS EN 1125 56respectively forfurther information.All hinges should comply withBS EN 1935 72 annex B. Tested aspart <strong>of</strong> door set to BS EN 1634-2. 73Vision panel should be fire-resisting glazing.Door h<strong>and</strong>les should comply withBS EN 1906 74 annex C <strong>and</strong> locksto BS EN 12209 69 annex A. Testedas part <strong>of</strong> door set to BS EN 1634-1. 75Intumescent strip<strong>and</strong> cold smoke seal toresist the passage <strong>of</strong> smoke <strong>and</strong> fire.144Figure 61: A fire-resisting <strong>and</strong> smoke stopping door
specified <strong>and</strong> well-fitted doors will hold backfire <strong>and</strong> smoke, preventing escape routesbecoming unusable, as well as preventingthe fire spreading from one area to another.<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting doors are necessary in anydoorway located in a fire-resisting structure.Most internal doors are constructed<strong>of</strong> timber. These will give some limitedprotection against fire spread, but only apurpose-built fire-resisting door that hasbeen tested to an approved st<strong>and</strong>ard willprovide the necessary protection. Metalfire-resisting doors are also available <strong>and</strong>specific guidance for these follows.All fire-resisting doors are rated by theirperformance when tested to an appropriatest<strong>and</strong>ard. The level <strong>of</strong> protection providedby the door is measured, primarily bydetermining the time taken for a fireto breach the integrity (E), <strong>of</strong> the doorassembly, together with its resistance tothe passage <strong>of</strong> hot gases <strong>and</strong> flame.It may be possible to upgrade the fireresistance <strong>of</strong> existing doors. Furtherinformation is available from the BuildingResearch Establishment 76 or TimberResearch <strong>and</strong> Development Association 77 .Timber fire-resisting doors require a gap<strong>of</strong> 2-4mm between the door leaf <strong>and</strong>the frame. However larger gaps may benecessary to ensure that the door closesflush into its frame when smoke seals arefitted. Further information is available inBS 4787-1 78 . For fire-resisting purposesthe gap is normally protected by installingan intumescent seal, in either the door or,preferably, the frame. The intumescent sealexp<strong>and</strong>s in the early stages <strong>of</strong> a fire <strong>and</strong>enhances the protection given by the door.Additional smoke seals will restrict thespread <strong>of</strong> smoke at ambient temperatures.Doors fitted with smoke seals, eitherincorporated in the intumescent seal orfitted separately, have their classificationcode suffixed with a ‘S’.The principal fire-resisting door categoriesare:• E20 fire-resisting door providing 20minutes fire resistance (or equivalentFD 20S). (Note: Many suppliers nolonger provide an E20 type fire-resistingdoor.)• E30 fire-resisting door providing 30minutes fire resistance (or equivalentFD 30S).• E60 fire-resisting door providing 60minutes fire resistance (or equivalentFD 60S).Timber fire-resisting doors are availablethat will provide up to 120 minutes fireresistance but their use is limited to morespecialised conditions that are beyond thescope <strong>of</strong> this guidance.Metal fire-resisting doorsAlthough the majority <strong>of</strong> fire-resistingdoors are made from timber, metal fireresistingdoors, which meet the appropriatest<strong>and</strong>ard, can <strong>of</strong>ten be used for the samepurpose. However, there are situationswhere they are more appropriate. Themajority <strong>of</strong> metal fire-resisting doormanufacturers will require the use <strong>of</strong>bespoke frames <strong>and</strong> hardware for theirdoor sets.145
See BS EN 1634-1 75 <strong>and</strong> BS 476-22 79 formore information.For detailed guidance refer to TechnicalBooklet E 8 .glazing in fire-resisting doorsAlthough glazing provides additional safetyin everyday use <strong>and</strong> can enhance theappearance <strong>of</strong> fire-resisting doors, it shouldnever reduce the fire resistance <strong>of</strong> the door.The opening provided in the door for thefire-resisting glazing unit(s) <strong>and</strong> the fitting <strong>of</strong>the beading are critical, <strong>and</strong> should only beentrusted to a competent person. In nearlyall cases the door <strong>and</strong> glazing should bepurchased from a reputable supplier whocan provide documentary evidence thatthe door continues to achieve the requiredrating.<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting door furnitureHingesTo ensure compliance with their rated fireperformance, fire-resisting doors need tobe hung with the correct number, size <strong>and</strong>quality <strong>of</strong> hinges. Normally a minimum <strong>of</strong>three hinges are needed, however themanufacturer’s instructions should beclosely followed. BS EN 1935 72 includingAnnex B, is the appropriate st<strong>and</strong>ard.Alternative door mountingsAlthough the most common method <strong>of</strong>hanging a door is to use single axis hinges,alternative methods are employed wherethe door is required to be double swing ormounted on pivots for other reasons.Floor mounted controlled door closingdevices are the most common methodregularly found with timber, glass <strong>and</strong> steeldoors while transom mounted devices arecommonly used with aluminium sections. Ineach case reference should be made to thefire test report for details as to compliancewith the composition <strong>of</strong> the door assemblyincluding the door mounting conditions.Self-closing devicesAll fire-resisting doors, other than those tolocked cupboards <strong>and</strong> service ducts, shouldbe fitted with an appropriately controlledself-closing device that will effectivelyclose the door from any angle. In certaincircumstances, concealed, jamb-mountedclosing devices may be specified <strong>and</strong> inthese cases should be capable <strong>of</strong> closingthe door from any angle <strong>and</strong> against anylatch fitted to the door; spring hinges areunlikely to be suitable. Further informationis available in BS EN 1154 70 .Rising butt hinges are not suitable for useas a self-closing device due to their inabilityto close <strong>and</strong> latch the door from any angle.Automatic door hold-open/releasedevices for self-closing fire doorsThese devices are designed to hold openself-closing fire doors or allow them toswing free during normal use. In the event<strong>of</strong> a fire alarm the device will then releasethe door automatically, allowing the selfclosingmechanism to close the door.Such devices are particularly useful insituations where self-closing doors onescape routes are used regularly bysignificant numbers <strong>of</strong> people, or by peoplewith impaired mobility who may havedifficulty in opening the doors.146
Typical examples <strong>of</strong> such devices include:• electro-magnetic devices fitted to thefire-resisting door which release whenthe fire detection <strong>and</strong> warning systemoperates, allowing a separate self closerto close the door;• electro-magnetic devices within thecontrolled door closing device whichfunction on the operation <strong>of</strong> the firedetection <strong>and</strong> warning system; <strong>and</strong>• ‘free swing’ controlled door closingdevices, which operate by allowing thedoor leaf to work independently <strong>of</strong> theclosing device in normal conditions.An electro-magnetic device within thespring mechanism linked to the firedetection <strong>and</strong> warning system ensuresthat the door closes on the operation <strong>of</strong>the system.note: Free swing devices may not besuitable in some situations, such ascorridors, where draughts are a problem<strong>and</strong> the doors are likely to swinguncontrolled, causing possible difficultyor injury to certain people e.g. those withcertain disabilities, the elderly <strong>and</strong> frail, oryoung children.Automatic door hold open/release devicesfitted to doors protecting escape routesshould only be installed in conjunction withan automatic fire detection <strong>and</strong> warningsystem incorporating smoke detectors, thatis designed to protect the escape routes inthe building (see Part 2, Section 2).• the detection <strong>of</strong> smoke by an automaticdetector;• the actuation <strong>of</strong> the fire detection <strong>and</strong>alarm system by manual means, e.g.operation <strong>of</strong> break glass call point;• any failure <strong>of</strong> the fire detection <strong>and</strong>alarm system; or• any electrical power failure.Other devices, including self-containeddevices which perform a similar function,that are not connected directly to a firealarm system <strong>and</strong> are not therefore able tomeet the above criteria are available <strong>and</strong>may be acceptable where a site-specificrisk assessment can show that they areappropriate. Such devices are unlikely to besuitable for use on doors protecting singlestairways or other critical means <strong>of</strong> escape.In all cases where a door hold open deviceis used it should be possible to close thedoor manually.A site specific risk assessment should beundertaken before any type <strong>of</strong> automaticdoor hold open/release device is installed.If you are unsure about the suitability <strong>of</strong>such devices in your premises, you shouldseek the advice <strong>of</strong> a competent person.Further guidance about automatic doorhold open/release devices is given inBS EN 1155 71 or BS 5839-3 80 <strong>and</strong>BS 7273-4 81 .In all cases the automatic device shouldrelease the fire-resisting door allowing it toclose effectively within its frame when any<strong>of</strong> the following conditions occur:147
Door co-ordinatorsWhere pairs <strong>of</strong> doors with rebated meetingstiles are installed it is critical that thecorrect closing order is maintained. Doorco-ordinators to BS EN 1158 82 should befitted <strong>and</strong> fully operational in all caseswhere the doors are self-closing.Installation <strong>and</strong> workmanshipThe reliability <strong>and</strong> performance <strong>of</strong> correctlyspecified fire-resisting doors can beundermined by inadequate installation. It isimportant that installers with the necessarylevel <strong>of</strong> skill <strong>and</strong> knowledge are used.Accreditation schemes for installers <strong>of</strong> fireresistingdoors are available.<strong>Fire</strong>-resisting doors <strong>and</strong> shutters willrequire routine maintenance, particularlyto power operation <strong>and</strong> release <strong>and</strong> closingmechanisms.Further information is available on fireresistingdoors in BS 8214 83 . If you areunsure about the quality, the effectivenessor the fitting <strong>of</strong> your fire-resisting doorsconsult a fire safety expert.For further guidance on the selection <strong>and</strong>maintenance <strong>of</strong> door furniture suitable foruse on timber fire resisting <strong>and</strong> escapedoors refer to the Door <strong>and</strong> HardwareFederation / Guild <strong>of</strong> ArchitecturalIronmongers Code <strong>of</strong> Practice - Hardwarefor <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Escape Doors 84 .B3 Door-fastening devicesThe relationship between the securing<strong>of</strong> doors against unwanted entry <strong>and</strong> theability to escape through them easily in anemergency has <strong>of</strong>ten proved problematic.Careful planning <strong>and</strong> the use <strong>of</strong> qualitymaterials remain the most effective means<strong>of</strong> satisfying both <strong>of</strong> these objectives.Any device that impedes people makinggood their escape, either by beingunnecessarily complicated to manipulateor not being readily openable, will not beacceptable.Guidance on fire exits starts from theposition that doors on escape routesshould not be fitted with any lockingdevices (electrically operated or otherwise).However, it is accepted that in many casesthe need for security will require some form<strong>of</strong> device that prevents unlimited access,but still enables the occupants <strong>of</strong> a buildingor area to open the door easily if there isa fire. These devices can take many formsbut, in the majority <strong>of</strong> cases, premiseswhere there are members <strong>of</strong> the publicpresent or others who are not familiarwith the building should use panic exit bardevices (i.e. push bars or touch bars). SeeBS EN 1125 56 for further information.Premises that have limited numbers <strong>of</strong>staff or others who are familiar with thebuilding <strong>and</strong> where panic is not likely mayuse alternative devices (i.e. push pads orlever h<strong>and</strong>les). See BS EN 179 57 for furtherinformation.In some larger premises, when only certainstaff are on the premises <strong>and</strong> there is asecurity issue, it may be acceptable torestrict the number <strong>of</strong> emergency exitsimmediately available, e.g. when onlysecurity staff are present at night, or priorto opening the premises in the morning.Staff should be made fully aware <strong>of</strong> anyrestrictions <strong>and</strong> the number <strong>of</strong> exits notimmediately available should be limited.148
electrical locking devicesElectrically operated entry control deviceshave been developed for use as lockingdevices on fire exits. They fall into twomain categories, electromechanical <strong>and</strong>electromagnetic.• Electromechanical devicesElectromechanical devices compriseelectromechanical lock keeps <strong>and</strong>draw bolts, which can be controlled bypeople inside the premises by enteringa code or by using ‘smart cards’, whichhave been adapted to control the exitfrom certain areas. These devices havebeen fitted in many premises <strong>and</strong> maybe linked to the fire-detection <strong>and</strong>/orwarning system. Experience has shownthat these devices can fail to open in anumber <strong>of</strong> ways. They are dependenton a spring mechanism to return thelock keep or draw bolt(s) <strong>and</strong> are liableto jam when pressure is applied to thedoor. It is also relatively easy to fit themincorrectly. Electromechanical lockingdevices are normally unacceptable onescape doors, unless they are fittedwith a manual means <strong>of</strong> overriding thelocking mechanism, such as a pushbar, push pad or lever h<strong>and</strong>le or theydo not rely on a spring mechanism,fail-safe open <strong>and</strong> are not affected bypressure, in which case the criteriafor electromagnetic devices should beapplied.• Electromagnetic devicesThese devices comprise a magnet <strong>and</strong>a simple fixed retaining plate with nomoving parts <strong>and</strong> are therefore generallyconsidered to be more reliable dueto their inherent ‘fail-safe unlocked’operation. Electromagnetic lockingdevices go some way to addressingthe particular concerns surroundingelectromechanical locking systems.The release <strong>of</strong> this type <strong>of</strong> deviceis controlled by the interruption <strong>of</strong>electrical current to an electromagneteither manually via a switch or othermeans, break-glass point (typicallycoloured green), or by linking to the firewarning<strong>and</strong>/or detection system <strong>of</strong> thepremises.time-delay devices on escape routesA further development is the fitting <strong>of</strong> a timedelaysystem to the electronic door-lockingdevice. This delays the actual opening <strong>of</strong>an exit door for a variable period followingoperation <strong>of</strong> the panic bar or other exitdevice. Periods <strong>of</strong> between five <strong>and</strong> 60seconds can be pre-set at the manufacturingstage or can be adjusted when fitted.These are not usually acceptable for useby members <strong>of</strong> the public. However, theymay be acceptable for use by staff who arefamiliar with their operation <strong>and</strong> are suitablytrained in their use.Management <strong>of</strong> electronic door-controldevices including time delaysThe use <strong>of</strong> such devices may be acceptedby enforcing authorities if the appropriateperson can demonstrate, through asuitable risk assessment for eachindividual door, both the need <strong>and</strong> theadequate management controls to ensurethat people can escape safely from thepremises. In particular:• Access control should not be confusedwith exit control. Many devices are149
available which control the access tothe premises but retain the immediateescape facility from the premises.• In public areas, when push bars areoperated on escape doors, they shouldrelease the electromagnetic locksimmediately <strong>and</strong> allow the exit doors toopen.• The requirement for exit control shouldbe carefully assessed <strong>and</strong> shouldnot be seen as a substitute for goodmanagement <strong>of</strong> the employees <strong>and</strong>occupants.• All other alternatives should have beenexplored/evaluated prior to using thesedevices to ensure they do not affect thesafety <strong>of</strong> occupants.• The device should be connected to thefire warning <strong>and</strong>/or detection system.• The device should incorporate abypass circuit for immediate releaseon activation <strong>of</strong> the fire warning <strong>and</strong>/ordetection system.• Each door should be fitted with a singlesecuring device.• The emergency exit doors should beclearly labelled about how to operatethem.• Adequate control measures should beput in place to ensure the safety <strong>of</strong> theoccupants.The use <strong>of</strong> electronic door-locking devicesshould be considered with particular carein premises with a number <strong>of</strong> differentoccupancies. The management <strong>of</strong> acomplicated system <strong>of</strong> evacuation formany different groups is unlikely to bepracticable.The technical st<strong>and</strong>ards in respect <strong>of</strong>sourcing, maintaining <strong>and</strong> testing must beextremely high.When part <strong>of</strong> the management controlsystem involves trained personnel helpingothers at these doors, it is vital to ensurethese people are available.The use <strong>of</strong> exit control devices should notbe considered where the number <strong>of</strong> trainedstaff is low or where members <strong>of</strong> the publicwould be expected to operate the deviceswithout help.In premises where there may be largenumbers <strong>of</strong> people, the devices shouldonly be considered when linked to acomprehensive automatic fire-detection<strong>and</strong> warning system in accordance withBS 5839-1 41 . There should be an additionalmeans <strong>of</strong> manually overriding the lockingdevice at each such exit (typically a greenbreak-glass point).The use <strong>of</strong> time-delay systems that preventthe opening <strong>of</strong> emergency exits for a pre-settime are primarily used to improve security.These add a further layer <strong>of</strong> complexityto the fire strategy <strong>and</strong> should not beconsidered in public areas. They shouldonly be used in non-public areas when allother options such as relocating valuablestock or exterior boundary managementhave been addressed. Their value inpreventing theft is likely to be transient asthe use <strong>of</strong> the manual override becomesmore widely known.150
BS 8220 85 gives further advice on securityin buildings <strong>and</strong> while this st<strong>and</strong>ard doesrefer to electronic locking devices, it alsoacknowledges that the balance mustremain on the side <strong>of</strong> emergency escaperather than security.151
Appendix CHistoric buildingsgeneral considerationsThis appendix <strong>of</strong>fers additional informationabout listed <strong>and</strong> historical buildings.<strong>Fire</strong> risk assessments conducted for aplace <strong>of</strong> assembly which is within a listedor historic building will need to endeavourto strike a balance between ensuringsufficient fire safety measures are in placefor the safety <strong>of</strong> people, yet avoid extensivealterations <strong>and</strong> helping to maintain thecharacter <strong>of</strong> the building.As well as the fire risk assessment it isrecommended that a general fire policystatement <strong>and</strong> manual is compiled.A person must be nominated to takeresponsibility for all aspects <strong>of</strong> fire safety.Usually the person charged with themanagement <strong>and</strong> control <strong>of</strong> the premiseswill be the ‘appropriate person’ under theOrder 1 .The advice <strong>and</strong>/or consent <strong>of</strong> a buildingcontrol body or any other relevant bodies(e.g. Northern Irel<strong>and</strong> Environment Agency)should form part <strong>of</strong> any fire risk assessmentthat impacts on the character <strong>of</strong> thebuilding (e.g. replacement <strong>of</strong> doors, fittings,wooden panelling <strong>and</strong> decor) or materialchanges to existing escape routes. An idealsolution is one that is reversible, enablingthe historic elements to be reinstated.A fire safety adviser will be able tosuggest alternatives to conventional fireprecautions, such as:• a fire engineering solution;• upgrading existing doors <strong>and</strong> partitionsin a sympathetic manner to improvetheir fire resistance; <strong>and</strong>• considering the installation <strong>of</strong> specialistfire-detection or suppression systems.Should the design <strong>and</strong> nature <strong>of</strong> thehistoric building preclude the introduction<strong>of</strong> conventional fire safety features, it will benecessary to manage the building in sucha way that:• limits the number <strong>of</strong> occupants, eitherstaff or members <strong>of</strong> the public, insidethe building;• limits activities in the building; <strong>and</strong>• provides adequate supervision withinthe building.liaison with the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue ServiceThe appropriate person will need toensure effective liaison with the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong>Rescue Service to enable them to carry outfirefighting operations. These may includeinformation on:• the provision <strong>of</strong> water supplies, seasonalponds, lakes <strong>and</strong> underground tanks,<strong>and</strong> any associated pumps;• difficult access for fire engines;• particular hazards in the constructionfeatures <strong>of</strong> the building (includingasbestos);• the use <strong>of</strong> combustible under floorinsulation;• underground vaults ducts <strong>and</strong> voidswhere fire may spread unchecked;• worn stone slabs in stairwayconstruction; <strong>and</strong>152
• the presence <strong>of</strong> cast iron columns <strong>and</strong>wrought iron beams.emergency planningAn important consideration for the owners<strong>and</strong> trustees is the protection <strong>of</strong> valuableartefacts <strong>and</strong> paintings from the effects <strong>of</strong>fire. However, the efficient evacuation <strong>of</strong>all occupants must take precedence overprocedures for limiting damage to property<strong>and</strong> contents. Salvage work should belimited to those parts <strong>of</strong> the building notdirectly affected by the fire.<strong>Fire</strong> wardens <strong>and</strong> others tasked withcarrying out salvage work should havereceived formal training, adequateprotection <strong>and</strong> be fully briefed about thehealth <strong>and</strong> safety risk assessment carriedout to identify the dangers associated withthis activity. Further detailed advice on firesafety in historic buildings can be found inthe following publications:• <strong>Fire</strong> Protection Measures in ScottishHistoric Buildings: Advice on MeasuresRequired to Minimise the Likelihood<strong>of</strong> <strong>Fire</strong> Starting <strong>and</strong> to Alleviate theDestructive Consequences <strong>of</strong> <strong>Fire</strong> inHistoric Buildings (Historic Scotl<strong>and</strong>Technical Advice Note 11), TCREDivision/Scottish Conservation Bureau,Hist. 1997 ISBN 1 900168 41 3.• <strong>Fire</strong> Risk Management in HeritageBuildings (Historic Scotl<strong>and</strong> TechnicalAdvice Note 22), TCRE Division/ ScottishConservation Bureau, Hist. 2001, ISBN1 900168 71 5.• Timber panelled doors <strong>and</strong> fire.Published by the English Heritage 1997.• <strong>Fire</strong> safety in historic town centres,English Heritage <strong>and</strong> Cheshire <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong>Rescue Service.• BS 7913: <strong>Guide</strong> to the principles <strong>of</strong> theconservation <strong>of</strong> historic buildings, BritishSt<strong>and</strong>ards Institution• Heritage under fire: A guide to theprotection <strong>of</strong> historic buildings, <strong>Fire</strong>Protection Association (for the UKWorking Party on <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>Safety</strong> in HistoricBuildings) 1995, ISBN 0 902167 901• The Installation <strong>of</strong> Sprinkler Systemsin Historic Buildings (Historic Scotl<strong>and</strong>Technical Advice Note 14), <strong>Fire</strong>Protection Association (TCRE Division/Scottish Conservation Bureau, Hist.)1998, ISBN 1 900168 63 4.153
Appendix DglossaryThese definitions are provided to assist theappropriate person in underst<strong>and</strong>ing some<strong>of</strong> the technical terms used in this guide.They are not exhaustive <strong>and</strong> more precisedefinitions may be available in otherguidance.termAccess roomAccommodation stairwayAlterations noticeAlternative escape routeDefinitionA room through which the only escape route from an innerroom passes.A stairway, additional to that required for means <strong>of</strong> escapepurposes provided for the convenience <strong>of</strong> occupants.If your premises are considered by the enforcing authorityto be high risk, they may issue an alterations notice thatrequires you to inform them before making any materialalterations to your premises.Escape routes sufficiently separated by either direction<strong>and</strong> space, or by fire-resisting construction to ensure thatone is still available irrespective <strong>of</strong> the location <strong>of</strong> a fire.Appropriate person The person with duties as defined in Articles 25 & 26<strong>of</strong> the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Services (Nothern Irel<strong>and</strong>) Order2006 1 .As low as reasonablypracticableAutomatic fire detectionsystemBasementIs a concept where risks should continue to be reduceduntil you reach a point where the cost <strong>and</strong> effort to reducethe risk further would be grossly disproportionate to thebenefit achieved.A means <strong>of</strong> automatically detecting the products <strong>of</strong> a fire<strong>and</strong> sending a signal to a fire warning system. See ‘<strong>Fire</strong>warning’.A storey with a floor which at some point is more than1,200mm below the highest level <strong>of</strong> ground adjacent tothe outside walls, unless, <strong>and</strong> for escape purposes only,such area has adequate, independent <strong>and</strong> separatemeans <strong>of</strong> escape.Child A person who has not attained the age <strong>of</strong> 16.Class 0, 1 or 3 surfacespreadCombustible materialClasses <strong>of</strong> surface spread <strong>of</strong> flame for materials needed toline the walls <strong>and</strong> ceilings <strong>of</strong> escape routes. See AppendixB for further information.A substance that can be burned.154
termCompartment wall <strong>and</strong>/orfloorCompetent personDangerous substanceDead endDirect distanceDomestic premisesEmergency escape lightingEnforcing authorityEscape routeEvacuation liftExternal escape stairFail-safeFalse alarm<strong>Final</strong> exitDefinitionA fire-resisting wall or floor that separates one firecompartment from another.A person with enough training <strong>and</strong> experience orknowledge <strong>and</strong> other qualities to enable them properlyto assist in undertaking the preventive <strong>and</strong> protectivemeasures.1. A substance which because <strong>of</strong> its physico-chemical orchemical properties <strong>and</strong> the way it is used or is present atthe workplace creates a risk.2. A substance subject to the Dangerous Substances<strong>and</strong> Explosive Atmosphere Regulations (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>)2003 12 .Area from which escape is possible in one direction only.The shortest distance from any point within the floor areato the nearest storey exit, or fire-resisting route, ignoringwalls, partitions <strong>and</strong> fixings.Premises occupied as a private dwelling, excluding thoseareas used in common by the occupants <strong>of</strong> more than onesuch dwelling.Lighting provided to illuminate escape routes that willfunction if the normal lighting fails.Northern Irel<strong>and</strong> <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Service or any otherauthority specified in the <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Services(Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) Order 2006 1 .Route forming that part <strong>of</strong> the means <strong>of</strong> escape from anypoint in the premises to a final exit.A lift that may be used for the evacuation <strong>of</strong> people withdisabilities, or others, in a fire.Stair providing an escape route, external to the building.Locking an output device with the application <strong>of</strong> power<strong>and</strong> having the device unlock when the power is removed.Also known as fail unlock, reverse action or power locked.A fire signal, usually from a fire warning system, resultingfrom a cause other than fire.An exit from a building where people can continue todisperse in safety <strong>and</strong> where they are no longer at dangerfrom fire <strong>and</strong>/or smoke.155
term<strong>Fire</strong> compartment<strong>Fire</strong> door<strong>Fire</strong> resistance<strong>Fire</strong> safety manager<strong>Fire</strong> safety strategy<strong>Fire</strong> stopping<strong>Fire</strong>fighting lift<strong>Fire</strong>fighting shaft<strong>Fire</strong>fighting stairway<strong>Fire</strong>-warning systemFlammable materialHazardous substanceDefinitionA building, or part <strong>of</strong> a building, constructed to prevent thespread <strong>of</strong> fire to or from another part <strong>of</strong> the same buildingor an adjoining building.A door or shutter, together with its frame <strong>and</strong>furniture, provided for the passage <strong>of</strong> people, air or goodswhich, when closed is intended to restrict the passage <strong>of</strong>fire <strong>and</strong>/or smoke to a predictable level <strong>of</strong> performance.The ability <strong>of</strong> a component or construction <strong>of</strong> a buildingto satisfy, for a stated period <strong>of</strong> time, some or all <strong>of</strong> theappropriate criteria <strong>of</strong> relevant st<strong>and</strong>ards. (Generallydescribed as 30 minutes fire-resisting or 60 minutes fireresisting.)See BS EN 1363-1 86 , BS 476-7 66 <strong>and</strong> associatedst<strong>and</strong>ards for further information.A nominated person with responsibility for carrying outday-to-day management <strong>of</strong> fire safety. (This may or may notbe the same as the ‘appropriate person’.)A number <strong>of</strong> planned <strong>and</strong> co-ordinated arrangementsdesigned to reduce the risk <strong>of</strong> fire <strong>and</strong> to ensure the safety<strong>of</strong> people if there is a fire.A seal provided to close an imperfection <strong>of</strong> fit or designtolerance between elements or components, to restrict thepassage <strong>of</strong> fire <strong>and</strong> smoke.A lift, designed to have additional protection, with controlsthat enable it to be used under the direct control <strong>of</strong> the<strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Service when fighting a fire.A fire-resisting enclosure containing a firefighting stair, firemains, firefighting lobbies <strong>and</strong> if provided, a firefighting lift.See firefighting shaft.A means <strong>of</strong> alerting people to the existence <strong>of</strong> a fire. (Seeautomatic fire detection system.)Easily ignited <strong>and</strong> capable <strong>of</strong> burning rapidly.1. See Dangerous substance.2. A substance subject to the Control <strong>of</strong> SubstancesHazardous to Health Regulations (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>)2003 87 , as amended 2005 88 .156
termHighly flammableDefinitionGenerally liquids with a flashpoint <strong>of</strong> below 21°C.The Chemicals (Hazard Information <strong>and</strong> Packaging forSupply) Regulations (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) 2009 89 give moredetailed guidance.Inner roomLicensed premisesMaterial changeMeans <strong>of</strong> escapePhased evacuationPlace <strong>of</strong> reasonable safetyPlace <strong>of</strong> total safetyPremisesProtected lobbyProtected routeProtected stairwayA room from which escape is possible only by passingthrough another room (the access room).Any premises that require a licence under any statute toundertake trade or conduct business activities.An alteration to the premises, process or service whichsignificantly affects the level <strong>of</strong> risk to people from fire inthose premises.Route(s) provided to ensure safe egress from the premisesor other locations to a place <strong>of</strong> total safety.A system <strong>of</strong> evacuation in which different parts <strong>of</strong> thepremises are evacuated in a controlled sequence <strong>of</strong>phases, those parts <strong>of</strong> the premises expected to be atgreatest risk being evacuated first.A place within a building or structure where, for a limitedperiod <strong>of</strong> time, people will have some protection from theeffects <strong>of</strong> fire <strong>and</strong> smoke. This place, usually a corridor orstairway, will normally have a minimum <strong>of</strong> 30 minutes fireresistance <strong>and</strong> allow people to continue their escape to aplace <strong>of</strong> total safety.A place, away from the premises, in which people are atno immediate danger from the effects <strong>of</strong> a fire.Any place, such as a building <strong>and</strong> the immediate l<strong>and</strong>bounded by any enclosure <strong>of</strong> it, any tent, moveable ortemporary structure or any installation or workplace.A fire-resisting enclosure providing access to an escapestairway via two sets <strong>of</strong> fire doors <strong>and</strong> into which no roomopens other than toilets <strong>and</strong> lifts.An escape route which is adequately protected from therest <strong>of</strong> the building by fire-resisting construction.A stairway which is adequately protected from the rest <strong>of</strong>the building by fire-resisting construction.157
termRefugeRelevant personsSelf-closing deviceSignificant findingDefinitionA place <strong>of</strong> reasonable safety in which a disabled person<strong>and</strong> others who may need assistance may rest or waitfor assistance before reaching a place <strong>of</strong> total safety. Itshould lead directly to a fire-resisting escape route.Any person lawfully on the premises <strong>and</strong> any person inthe immediate vicinity, but does not include firefighterscarrying out firefighting duties.A device that is capable <strong>of</strong> closing the door from any angle<strong>and</strong> against any latch fitted to the door.A feature <strong>of</strong> the premises, from which the fire hazards <strong>and</strong>persons at risk are identified.The actions you have taken or will take to remove orreduce the chance <strong>of</strong> a fire occuring or the spread <strong>of</strong> fire<strong>and</strong> smoke.The actions people need to take in case <strong>of</strong> fire.The necessary information, instruction <strong>and</strong> trainingneeded <strong>and</strong> how it will be given.Smoke alarmStaged fire alarmsStorey exitTechnical Booklet E 8Travel distanceVision panelDevice containing within one housing all the components,except possibly the energy source, for detecting smoke<strong>and</strong> giving an audible alarm.A fire warning which can be given in two or more stages fordifferent purposes within a given area (i.e. notifying staff,st<strong>and</strong> by to evacuate, full evacuation).A final exit or a doorway giving direct access into aprotected stairway, firefighting lobby, or external escaperoute.Guidance issued by Government in support <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Fire</strong><strong>Safety</strong> aspects <strong>of</strong> the building regulations.The actual distance to be travelled by a person from anypoint within the floor area to the nearest storey exit or finalexit, having regard to the layout <strong>of</strong> walls, partitions <strong>and</strong>fixings.A transparent panel in a wall or door <strong>of</strong> an inner roomenabling the occupant to become aware <strong>of</strong> a fire in theaccess area during the early stages.158
termWay guidanceWhere necessaryDefinitionLow mounted luminous tracks positioned on escaperoutes in combination with exit indicators, exit marking<strong>and</strong> intermediate direction indicators along the route,provided for use when the supply to the normal lightingfails, which do not rely on an electrical supply for theirluminous output.The Order 1 <strong>and</strong> regulations 2 require that fire precautions(such as firefighting equipment, fire detection <strong>and</strong> warning,<strong>and</strong> emergency routes <strong>and</strong> exits) should be provided (<strong>and</strong>maintained) ‘where necessary’.What this means is that the fire precautions you mustprovide (<strong>and</strong> maintain) are those which are needed toreasonably protect relevant persons from risks to themin case <strong>of</strong> fire. This will be determined by the findings <strong>of</strong>your risk assessment including the preventative measuresyou have or will have taken. In practice, it is very unlikely,that a properly conducted fire risk assessment, whichtakes into account all the matters relevant for the safety<strong>of</strong> persons in case <strong>of</strong> fire, will conclude that no fireprecautions (including maintenance) are necessary.Young person Any person who has not attained the age <strong>of</strong> 18.159
ReferencesThe following documents are referenced in this guide.1 The <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Rescue Services (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) Order 2006, SI 2006 No 1254 (N.I. 9).The Stationery Office. ISBN 0110800370.2 The <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>Safety</strong> Regulations (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) 2010, SR 2010 No 325. The StationeryOffice. ISBN 9780337982187.3 <strong>Fire</strong> Services (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) Order 1984, No 1821 (N.I. 11). The Stationery Office.ISBN 9780110478210.4 <strong>Fire</strong> Precautions (Workplace) Regulations (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) 2001, SR 2001 No 348.The Stationery Office. ISBN 9780337940491.5 Management <strong>of</strong> Health <strong>and</strong> <strong>Safety</strong> at Work <strong>and</strong> <strong>Fire</strong> Precautions (Workplace)(Amendment) Regulations (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) 2003, SR 2003 No 454. The StationeryOffice. ISBN 9780337952609.6 The Licensing (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) Order 1996, SI 1996 No 3158 (N.I. 22). TheStationery Office. ISBN 9780110634760.7 The Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) Order 1985,No 1208 (N.I. 15).8 The Building Regulation (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) 2000: Technical Booklet E – <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>Safety</strong>2005. www.dfpni.gov.uk.9 Health <strong>and</strong> <strong>Safety</strong> (<strong>Safety</strong> Signs <strong>and</strong> Signals) Regulations (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) 1996, SR1996 No 119. The Stationery Office, 1996. ISBN 9780337920790.10 <strong>Safety</strong> signs <strong>and</strong> signals. The Health <strong>and</strong> <strong>Safety</strong> (<strong>Safety</strong> Signs <strong>and</strong> Signals) Guidance onregulations, L64 (second edition) 2009. HSE Books. ISBN 978071766359.11 BS 9999: Code <strong>of</strong> practice for fire safety in the design management <strong>and</strong> use <strong>of</strong>buildings. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution. ISBN 9780580579202.12 Dangerous Substances <strong>and</strong> Explosive Atmospheres Regulations (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>)2003, SR 2003 No 152. www.opsi.gov.uk13 Dangerous substances <strong>and</strong> explosive atmospheres. Dangerous Substances <strong>and</strong>Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002. Approved code <strong>of</strong> practice <strong>and</strong> guidance,L138. HSE Books, 2003. ISBN 0 7176 2203 7.14 Storage <strong>of</strong> full <strong>and</strong> empty LPG cylinders <strong>and</strong> cartridges. Code <strong>of</strong> Practice 7, UKLPG,2004. Available from www.uklpg.org.15 Code <strong>of</strong> practice for pyrotechnics <strong>and</strong> smoke effects. Association <strong>of</strong> British TheatreTechnicians.16 The Event <strong>Safety</strong> <strong>Guide</strong>: A guide to health, safety <strong>and</strong> welfare at music <strong>and</strong>similar events, HSG195, Health <strong>and</strong> <strong>Safety</strong> Executive. The Stationery Office. ISBN0717624536.17 Smoke <strong>and</strong> vapour effects used in entertainment, Entertainment Sheet No. 3. Health<strong>and</strong> <strong>Safety</strong> Executive.18 Maintaining portable electrical equipment in <strong>of</strong>fices <strong>and</strong> other low-risk environmentsINDG236. HSE Books, 1996. ISBN 0 7176 1272 4.19 The Electricity at Work Regulations (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) 1991, SR 1991 No 13.20 The Offshore Noise <strong>and</strong> Electricity Regulations (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) 1998, SR 1998No 47.160
21 The Health <strong>and</strong> <strong>Safety</strong> (Modifications) Regulations (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) 1999, SR 1999No 150.22 The Electrical Equipment (<strong>Safety</strong>) Regulations 1994, SI 1994 No 3260.23 The Smoking (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) Order 2006, SI 2006 No 2957 (<strong>NI</strong> 20).24 The Construction (Design <strong>and</strong> Management) Regulations (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) 2007,SR 2007 No 291. The Stationery Office. ISBN 9780337970474.25 Managing Health & <strong>Safety</strong> in Construction – Approved Code <strong>of</strong> Practice – TheConstruction (Design & Management) Regulations (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) 2007 ISBN978071766223426 <strong>Fire</strong> prevention on construction sites: The joint code <strong>of</strong> practice on the protection fromfire <strong>of</strong> construction sites <strong>and</strong> buildings undergoing renovation (seventh edition). <strong>Fire</strong>Protection Association 2009.27 BS 7157: Method <strong>of</strong> test for ignitability <strong>of</strong> fabrics used in the construction <strong>of</strong> largetented structures. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.28 BS 7176: Specification for resistance to ignition <strong>of</strong> upholstered furniture for nondomesticseating by testing composites. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Insitution.29 The Furniture <strong>and</strong> Furnishings (<strong>Fire</strong>) (<strong>Safety</strong>) Regulations 1988. SI 1988 No 132430 The Furniture <strong>and</strong> Furnishings (<strong>Fire</strong>) (<strong>Safety</strong>) (Amendment) Regulations 1993, SI 1993No 207.31 Design, construction, specification <strong>and</strong> fire management <strong>of</strong> insulated envelopes fortemperature controlled environments. International Association for Cold StorageContractors.32 BS 5852: Methods <strong>of</strong> test for assessment <strong>of</strong> the ignitability <strong>of</strong> upholstered seating bysmouldering <strong>and</strong> flaming ignition sources. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.33 BS 5867-2: Fabrics for curtains, drapes <strong>and</strong> window blinds. Flammability requirements.Specification. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.34 BS EN 1101: Textiles <strong>and</strong> textile products. Burning behaviour. Curtains <strong>and</strong> drapes.Detailed procedure to determine the ignitability <strong>of</strong> vertically orientated specimens(small flame). British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.35 BS EN 1102: Textiles <strong>and</strong> textile products. Burning behaviour. Curtains <strong>and</strong> drapes.Detailed procedure to determine the flame spread <strong>of</strong> vertically orientated specimens.British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.36 BS 5287: Specification for assessment <strong>and</strong> labelling <strong>of</strong> textile floor coverings tested toBS 4790. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.37 BS 1892-2: Gymnasium equipment. Particular requirements. Specification for boxingrings. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution. ISBN 0 580 15277 4.38 Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (c 50), The Stationery Office, 1995. ISBN9780105450955.39 Disability Discrimination (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) Order 2006, SI 2006 No 312 (<strong>NI</strong> 1), TheStationery Office, ISBN 9780110800202.40 BS 8300: Design <strong>of</strong> buildings <strong>and</strong> their approaches to meet the needs <strong>of</strong> disabledpeople. Code <strong>of</strong> practice. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution. ISBN 0 580 57419 1.41 BS 5839-1: <strong>Fire</strong> detection <strong>and</strong> fire alarm systems for buildings. Code <strong>of</strong> practice forsystem design, installation, commissioning <strong>and</strong> maintenance. British St<strong>and</strong>ardsInstitution. ISBN 9780580604386.161
42 BS 5306-8: <strong>Fire</strong> extinguishing installations <strong>and</strong> equipment on premises. Selection<strong>and</strong> installation <strong>of</strong> portable fire extinguishers. Code <strong>of</strong> practice. British St<strong>and</strong>ardsInstitution. ISBN 0 580 33203 9.43 Manual H<strong>and</strong>ling Operations Regulations (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) 1992, SR 1992 No 535.The Stationery Office. ISBN 9780337904356.44 BS EN 3-7: Portable fire extinguishers. Characteristics, performance requirements <strong>and</strong>test methods. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.45 BS 5306-3: <strong>Fire</strong> extinguishing installations <strong>and</strong> equipment on premises.Commissioning <strong>and</strong> maintenance <strong>of</strong> portable fire extinguishers. Code <strong>of</strong> Practice.British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution. ISBN 0580572616.46 BS 7863: Recommendations for colour coding to indicate the extinguishingmedia contained in portable fire extinguishers. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution. ISBN9780580634796.47 BS EN 671-3: Fixed firefighting systems. Hose systems. Maintenance <strong>of</strong> hose reels withsemi-rigid hose <strong>and</strong> hose systems with lay-flat hose. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution. ISBN9780580564185.48 LPC rules for automatic sprinkler installations 2009, incorporating BS EN 12845. The<strong>Fire</strong> Protection Association.49 BS EN 12845: Fixed firefighting systems. Automatic sprinkler systems. Design,installation <strong>and</strong> maintenance. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution. ISBN 9780580687334.50 BS 5306-2: <strong>Fire</strong> extinguishing installations <strong>and</strong> equipment on premises. Specificationfor sprinkler systems. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.51 <strong>Guide</strong> E: <strong>Fire</strong> engineering. Chartered Institution <strong>of</strong> Building Services Engineers, 2003.52 Design methodologies for smoke <strong>and</strong> heat exhaust ventilation, Report 368. BuildingResearch Establishment, 1999.53 BS 7671: Requirements for electrical installations. IEE Wiring Regulations. SeventeenthEdition. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.54 The Building Regulations (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) 2000: Technical Booklet R – Access to <strong>and</strong>use <strong>of</strong> buildings, 2006. www.dfpni.gov.uk55 BS 5395-2: Stairs, ladders <strong>and</strong> walkways. Code <strong>of</strong> practice for the design <strong>of</strong> helical <strong>and</strong>spiral stairs. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution. ISBN 9780580675607.56 BS EN 1125: Building hardware. Panic exit devices operated by a horizontal bar for useon escape routes. Requirements <strong>and</strong> test methods. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.57 BS EN 179: Building hardware. Emergency exit devices operated by a lever h<strong>and</strong>le orpush pad for use on escape routes. Requirements <strong>and</strong> test methods. British St<strong>and</strong>ardsInstitution. ISBN 9780580624513.58 BS 5266-1: Emergency lighting. Code <strong>of</strong> practice for the emergency lighting <strong>of</strong>premises. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.59 BS 5266-8: Emergency escape lighting systems. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.60 BS 5499-5: Graphical symbols <strong>and</strong> signs. <strong>Safety</strong> signs, including fire safety signs. Signswith specific meanings. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.61 BS 5499-4: <strong>Safety</strong> signs, including fire safety signs. Code <strong>of</strong> practice for escape routesigning. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.162
62 BS 5266-6: Emergency lighting. Code <strong>of</strong> practice for non-electrical low mounted wayguidance systems for emergency use. Photoluminescent systems. British St<strong>and</strong>ardsInstitution.63 BS 7974: Application <strong>of</strong> fire safety engineering principles to the design <strong>of</strong> buildings.Code <strong>of</strong> practice. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution. ISBN 0 580 38447 0.64 Successful health <strong>and</strong> safety management, HSG65 (second edition). HSE Books, 1997.ISBN 0 7176 1276 7.65 A guide to best practice in the specification <strong>and</strong> use <strong>of</strong> fire-resistant glazed systems.Glass <strong>and</strong> Glazing Federation, 2009.66 BS 476-7: <strong>Fire</strong> tests on building materials <strong>and</strong> structures. Method <strong>of</strong> test to determinethe classification <strong>of</strong> the surface spread <strong>of</strong> flame <strong>of</strong> products. British St<strong>and</strong>ardsInstitution.67 BS EN 13501-1: <strong>Fire</strong> classification <strong>of</strong> construction products <strong>and</strong> building elements.Classification using test data from reaction to fire tests. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.68 <strong>Guide</strong>lines for the construction <strong>of</strong> fire resisting structural elements, BR128. BuildingResearch Establishment, 1988.69 BS EN 12209: Building hardware. Locks <strong>and</strong> latches. Mechanically operated locks,latches <strong>and</strong> locking plates. Requirements <strong>and</strong> test methods. British St<strong>and</strong>ardsInstitution.70 BS EN 1154: Building hardware. Controlled door closing devices. Requirements <strong>and</strong>test methods. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution. ISBN 0 580 27476 4.71 BS EN 1155: Building hardware. Electrically powered hold-open devices for swingdoors. Requirements <strong>and</strong> test methods. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.ISBN 0 580 28341 0.72 BS EN 1935: Building hardware. Single-axis hinges. Requirements <strong>and</strong> test methods.British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution. ISBN 0 580 39272 4.73 BS EN 1634-2: <strong>Fire</strong> resistance <strong>and</strong> smoke control tests for doors, shutters <strong>and</strong>openable window assemblies <strong>and</strong> elements <strong>of</strong> building hardware. <strong>Fire</strong> resistancecharacterisation test for elements <strong>of</strong> building hardware. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.74 BS EN 1906: Building hardware. Lever h<strong>and</strong>les <strong>and</strong> knob furniture. Requirements <strong>and</strong>test methods. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.75 BS EN 1634-1: <strong>Fire</strong> resistance <strong>and</strong> smoke control tests for door, shutter <strong>and</strong> openablewindow assemblies <strong>and</strong> elements <strong>of</strong> building hardware. <strong>Fire</strong> resistance tests for doors,shutters <strong>and</strong> openable windows. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution. ISBN 9780580606113.76 Increasing the fire resistance <strong>of</strong> existing timber doors, Information Paper 8/82.Building Research Establishment.77 <strong>Fire</strong> resisting doorsets by upgrading, Wood Information Sheet 1-32. Timber Research<strong>and</strong> Development Association.78 BS 4787-1: Internal <strong>and</strong> external wood doorsets, door leaves <strong>and</strong> frames. Specificationfor dimensional requirements. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.79 BS 476-22: <strong>Fire</strong> tests on building materials <strong>and</strong> structures. Methods for determination<strong>of</strong> the fire resistance <strong>of</strong> non-loadbearing elements <strong>of</strong> construction. British St<strong>and</strong>ardsInstitution. ISBN 0 580 15872 1.163
80 BS 5839-3: <strong>Fire</strong> detection <strong>and</strong> alarm systems for buildings. Specification for automaticrelease mechanisms for certain fire protection equipment. British St<strong>and</strong>ardsInstitution. ISBN 9780580598852.81 BS 7273-4: Code <strong>of</strong> practice for the operation <strong>of</strong> fire protection measures. Actuation <strong>of</strong>release mechanisms for doors. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution. ISBN 9780580503030.82 BS EN 1158: Building hardware. Door coordinator devices. Requirements <strong>and</strong> testmethods. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution. ISBN 0 580 27919 7.83 BS 8214: Code <strong>of</strong> practice for fire door assemblies. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.ISBN 0 580 530326.84 Code <strong>of</strong> Practice. Hardware for <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>and</strong> Escape Doors. Door <strong>and</strong> Hardware Federation/Guild <strong>of</strong> Architectural Ironmongers, 2009.85 BS 8220-1: <strong>Guide</strong> for security <strong>of</strong> buildings against crime. Dwellings. British St<strong>and</strong>ardsInstitution. ISBN 0 580 33145 8.BS 8220-2: <strong>Guide</strong> for security <strong>of</strong> buildings against crime. Offices <strong>and</strong> shops. BritishSt<strong>and</strong>ards Institution. ISBN 0 580 23692 7.BS 8220-3: <strong>Guide</strong> for security <strong>of</strong> buildings against crime. Storage, industrial <strong>and</strong>distribution premises. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution. ISBN 0 580 43509 1.86 BS EN 1363-1: <strong>Fire</strong> resistance tests. General requirements. British St<strong>and</strong>ardsInstitution. ISBN 0 580 32419 2.87 Control <strong>of</strong> Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) 2003,SR 2003 No 34.88 The Control <strong>of</strong> Substances Hazardous to Health (Amendment) Regulations (NorthernIrel<strong>and</strong>) 2005, SR 2005 No 165.89 Chemicals (Hazard Information <strong>and</strong> Packaging for Supply) Regulations (NorthernIrel<strong>and</strong>) 2009, SR 2009 No 238.164
Further readingThe latest versions <strong>of</strong> all documents listedin this section should be used, includingany amendments.Any views expressed in these documentsare not necessarily those <strong>of</strong> the DHSSPS.Document numberBS 4422BS PD 6512-3BS EN 81BS EN 81-70BS 5041-1BS 5041-2BS 5041-3BS 5041-4BS 5041-5BS 9990BS 7944BS EN 1869title<strong>Fire</strong>. Vocabulary. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.Use <strong>of</strong> elements <strong>of</strong> structural fire protection with particularreference to the recommendations given in BS 5588 <strong>Fire</strong>precautions in the design <strong>and</strong> construction <strong>of</strong> buildings.<strong>Guide</strong> to the fire performance <strong>of</strong> glass. British St<strong>and</strong>ardsInstitution.<strong>Safety</strong> rules for the construction <strong>and</strong> installation <strong>of</strong> lifts.British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.<strong>Safety</strong> rules for the construction <strong>and</strong> installation <strong>of</strong>lifts. Particular applications for passenger <strong>and</strong> goodspassenger lifts. Accessibility to lifts for persons includingpersons with disability. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.<strong>Fire</strong> hydrant systems equipment. Specification for l<strong>and</strong>ingvalves for wet risers. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.<strong>Fire</strong> hydrant systems equipment. Specification for l<strong>and</strong>ingvalves for dry risers. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.<strong>Fire</strong> hydrant systems equipment. Specification forinlet breechings for dry riser inlets. British St<strong>and</strong>ardsInstitution.<strong>Fire</strong> hydrant systems equipment. Specification forboxes for l<strong>and</strong>ing valves for dry risers. British St<strong>and</strong>ardsInstitution.<strong>Fire</strong> hydrant systems equipment. Specification for boxesfor foam inlets <strong>and</strong> dry riser inlets. British St<strong>and</strong>ardsInstitution.Code <strong>of</strong> practice for non-automatic firefighting systems inbuildings. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.Type 1 heavy duty fire blankets <strong>and</strong> type 2 heavy duty heatprotective blankets. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.<strong>Fire</strong> blankets. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.165
BS EN 15004-1BS 5266-2BS EN 60598-1BS 5499-1BS EN 1634-3BS EN 14637BS EN 45020BS EN 1995-1-2BS 9999Fixed firefighting systems. Gas extinguishing systems.Design, installation <strong>and</strong> maintenance. British St<strong>and</strong>ardsInstitution.Emergency lighting. Code <strong>of</strong> practice for electrical lowmounted way guidance systems for emergency use. BritishSt<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.Luminaires. General requirements <strong>and</strong> tests. BritishSt<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.Graphical symbols <strong>and</strong> signs. <strong>Safety</strong> signs, including firesafety signs. Specification for geometric shapes, colours<strong>and</strong> layout. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.<strong>Fire</strong> resistance <strong>and</strong> smoke control tests for door <strong>and</strong>shutter assemblies, openable windows <strong>and</strong> elements <strong>of</strong>building hardware. Smoke control test for door <strong>and</strong> shutterassemblies. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.Building hardware. Electrically controlled hold-opensystems for fire/smoke door assemblies. Requirements,test methods, application <strong>and</strong> maintenance. BritishSt<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.St<strong>and</strong>ardisation <strong>and</strong> related activities. General vocabulary.British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.Eurocode 5. Design <strong>of</strong> timber structures. Generalstructural fire design. British St<strong>and</strong>ards Institution.Code <strong>of</strong> practice for fire safety in the design, management<strong>and</strong> use <strong>of</strong> buildings.Technical st<strong>and</strong>ards for places <strong>of</strong> entertainment. District Surveyors Association/ Association<strong>of</strong> British Theatre Technicians.Chemicals (Hazard Information <strong>and</strong> Packaging for Supply) Regulations (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>)2009, SR 2009 No 238. The Stationery Office. ISBN 9780337978081.Supporting guides: The idiot’s guide to CHIP 3: Chemicals (Hazard Information <strong>and</strong>Packaging for Supply) Regulations, 2002, INDG350. HSE Books, 2002. ISBN 0 7176 2333 5CHIP for everyone, HSG228. HSE Books, 2002. ISBN 0 7176 2370 X.Ensuring best practice for passive fire protection in buildings. Associaton for Specialist <strong>Fire</strong>Protection, 2004. ISBN 1 870409 19 1.166
Smoke shafts protecting fire shafts: their performance <strong>and</strong> design, BRE Project Report79204. Building Research Establishment, 2002.<strong>Fire</strong> safety <strong>of</strong> PTFE-based material used in building, BRE Report 274. Building ResearchEstablishment, 1994. ISBN 0 851256 53 8.Management <strong>of</strong> Health <strong>and</strong> <strong>Safety</strong> at Work Regulations (Northern Irel<strong>and</strong>) 2000, SR 2000No 388 (amended 2006, SR 2006 No 255)Management <strong>of</strong> health <strong>and</strong> safety at work. Management <strong>of</strong> Health <strong>and</strong> <strong>Safety</strong> at WorkRegulations 1999. Approved code <strong>of</strong> practice <strong>and</strong> guidance, L21 (second edition). HSEBooks, 2000. ISBN 0 7176 2488 9.167
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This guide is for employers, managers, occupiers <strong>and</strong> owners <strong>of</strong> small <strong>and</strong> medium places <strong>of</strong> assembly. It tellsyou what you have to do to comply with fire safety law, helps you to carry out a fire risk assessment <strong>and</strong> identifythe general fire precautions you need to have in place.Other guides in the series:<strong>Guide</strong>Main useOffices <strong>and</strong> shopsISBN: 978 0 33709 718 8Offices <strong>and</strong> retail premises (including individual units within larger premises, e.g. shopping centres).Factories <strong>and</strong> warehousesISBN: 978 0 33709 723 2Factories <strong>and</strong> warehouse storage premises.Sleeping accommodationISBN: 978 0 33709 717 1Residential care premisesISBN: 978 0 33709 724 9Educational premisesISBN: 978 0 33709 725 6All premises where the main use is to provide sleeping accommodation, e.g. hotels, guest houses, B&Bs,hostels, residential training centres, holiday accommodation <strong>and</strong> the common areas <strong>of</strong> flats, maisonettes,HMOs <strong>and</strong> sheltered housing (other than those providing care – see Residential care premises), but excludinghospitals, residential care premises, places <strong>of</strong> custody <strong>and</strong> single private dwellings.Residential care <strong>and</strong> nursing homes, common areas <strong>of</strong> sheltered housing (where care is provided) <strong>and</strong> similarpremises, which are permanently staffed <strong>and</strong> where the primary use is the provision <strong>of</strong> care rather thanhealthcare (see Healthcare premises).Teaching establishments ranging from pre-school through to universities, except the residential parts (seeSleeping accommodation).<strong>Small</strong> <strong>and</strong> medium places <strong>of</strong> assemblyISBN: 978 0 33709 722 5<strong>Small</strong>er public houses, clubs, restaurants <strong>and</strong> cafés, village halls, community centres, libraries, marquees,churches <strong>and</strong> other places <strong>of</strong> worship or study accommodating up to 300 people.Large places <strong>of</strong> assemblyISBN: 978 0 33709 726 3Theatres, cinemas <strong>and</strong> similar premisesISBN: 978 0 33709 720 1Larger premises where more than 300 people could gather, e.g. shopping centres (not the individual shops),large nightclubs <strong>and</strong> pubs, exhibition <strong>and</strong> conference centres, sports stadia, marquees, museums, libraries,churches, cathedrals <strong>and</strong> other places <strong>of</strong> worship or study.Theatres, cinemas, concert halls <strong>and</strong> similar premises used primarily for this purpose.Open air events <strong>and</strong> venuesISBN: 978 0 33709 721 8Open air events, e.g. theme parks, zoos, music concerts, sporting events (not stadia – see Large places <strong>of</strong>assembly), fairgrounds <strong>and</strong> county fairs.Healthcare premisesISBN: 978 0 33709 719 5Premises where the primary use is the provision <strong>of</strong> healthcare (including private), e.g. hospitals, doctors’surgeries, dentists <strong>and</strong> other similar healthcare premises.Transport premises <strong>and</strong> facilitiesISBN: 978 0 33709 727 0Animal premises <strong>and</strong> stablesISBN: 978 0 33709 728 7Transportation terminals <strong>and</strong> interchanges, e.g. airports, railway stations, transport tunnels, ports, bus <strong>and</strong>coach stations <strong>and</strong> similar premises but excluding the means <strong>of</strong> transport (e.g. trains, buses, planes <strong>and</strong>ships).Agricutural premises, stables, livery yards <strong>and</strong> stables within zoos, large animal sanctuaries or farm parks.Supplementary <strong>Guide</strong>s<strong>Fire</strong> <strong>Safety</strong> Law – The evacuation <strong>of</strong>disabled people from buildingsISBN: 978 0 33709 716 4<strong>Fire</strong> <strong>Safety</strong> Law – Are you aware <strong>of</strong> yourresponsibilities?This guide is a supplement to be read alongside other guides in this series. It provides additional informationon accessibility <strong>and</strong> means <strong>of</strong> escape.This guide provides an overview to the changes to fire safety law.ISBN: 978 0 33709 715 7Published by TSO (The Stationery Office) <strong>and</strong> available from:Onlinewww.tsoshop.co.uk£12Mail, Telephone, Fax & E-mailTSOPO Box 29, Norwich, NR3 1GNTelephone orders/General enquiries: 0870 600 5522Fax orders: 0870 600 5533E-mail: customer.services@tso.co.ukTextphone 0870 240 3701TSO@Blackwell <strong>and</strong> other Accredited Agents