Narcotics research, rehabilitation, and treatment. Hearings, Ninety ...
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Narcotics research, rehabilitation, and treatment. Hearings, Ninety ...

Narcotics research, rehabilitation, and treatment. Hearings, Ninety ... Narcotics research, rehabilitation, and treatment. Hearings, Ninety ...

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500Dr. ViLLARREAL. Well, the National Research Council has a longhistory of very strong leadershij) in this business.Mr. Winn. Does the National Research Council work closely withthe medical schools, particularly those who are receiving large grantsin the research field?Dr. ViLLARREAL. The National Research Council is not, primarily,a fund-granting agency. I believe that the only group in the whole ofthe National Research Council that has granted money for researchis the committee on drug dependence and their budget is really verylow. I think the budget has been of the order of $200,000 a year,something like that. Now it is about $300,000 or $350,000.Mr. Winn. Well, have not some of the medical schools, workingon drug dependence been given grants?Dr. ViLLARREAL. Oh, yes. By NIMH.Mr. Winn. What I am trying to figure out in my own mind is whoshould coordinate all of this. We are looking for the leadership now.Dr. ViLLARREAL. I think NIMH people; Dr. Martin, who has hada long interest in this.Mr. Winn. I am talking more from an agency standpoint ratherthan individuals.Dr. ViLLARREAL. NIMH probably would be the best place.Mr. Winn. All right. In a little different i^oint, now. In your studiesthat you showed us on the screen, and we appreciated your testimonyhere this morning, did you find any psychological indications in themonkeys? Do you have any way of testing that? You showed us thephysiological results. Do I make myself clear?Dr ViLLARREAL. Yes.Mr. Winn. Psychologically, did things show up in your studiesthat surprised you?Dr. ViLLARREAL. We believe that what we call psychological iswhat shows up as behavior in this particular case.Mr. Winn. It is more a behavioral study than psj^chological.Dr. ViLLARREAL. Yes, but the drug issue in my opinion, and manyothers, is a behavioral issue primarily, the core of the drug dependenceproblem, and this is what I think is the main lesson of the animalexperiments.Mr. Winn. But as I understood it, you contend that it is morephysiological than psychological.Dr. ViLLARREAL. It is pliysiological in the same way that eating isphysiological. Eating has psychological connotations to it, and sex,of course, has all kinds of connotations to it. But the sex drive isprimarily biological and I think the conclusions of these experimentsis that with the major drugs, the drug-seeking drive is primarilybiological. We like to call it ])sychological because there is no ph3^sicalde])endence.Mr. Winn. So, it is botli physiological and psychological whichcombines the behavioral i)attern, is that right?Dr. ViLLARREAL. Yes.Mr. Winn. Now, just for my own clarification. Where are thesebars that these monkeys press? Are they in front of them or are the}'hooked on to them, on their arms, or what?Dr. ViLLARREAL. No; the cubicle is about this big and the bar is alittle 1-inch thing that sticks out of one of the walls. The monkey

5qifinds it in normal exploration. People have used other devices, plungers,for instance. It does not really matter.Mr. Winn. Something built in that is not part of the ordinary wallsof the structure.Dr. ViLLARREAL. That is right.Mr. Winn. So, he can get hold of it, push it, pull it or whatever hedoes.Dr. ViLLARREAL. It does not have to be verj^ prominent.Ml. Winn. They find it pretty fast.Dr. ViLLARREAL. Soiiic moiikcys take longer than others, but theyfind it; yes.Mr. Winn. Thank you, Doctor.Chairman Pepper. Mr. Keating.Mr. Keating. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.Doctor, I wonder if you could bear with me and repeat the answerto one of the earlier questions and define antagonist and how it iscontrasted with blockage drugs.Dr. ViLLARREAL. Well, the antagonist is a drug which either preventsor reverses the efTect of the narcotic and it does it in a verycomplete and thorough way and the antagonist is also a drug that inits own right does not have an efTect.Mr. Keating. Not addictive orDr. ViLLARREAL. Or no effect of any kind. Naloxone is a pureantagonist, a drug that does not have any other properties. Cyclazocineis an antagonist with some side effects.Now, methadone is just like morphine, like heroin, except that ithas certain subtle differences that make it useful for the managementof addicts.Mr. Keating. How close are we to real usage of naloxone?Dr. ViLLARREAL. I do iiot think we are close to that but perhapsthe other witnesses will address themselves to that. There are problemsthat have to be solved with development research.Mr. Keating. I am just wondering how close we are to actually theuse in the i)ublic or public use. Your experiments, you saj, are prettyfar along in its usage?Dr. ViLLARREAL. Tlicrc are clinical trials that I believe Dr. Kurlandand Dr. Resnick can discuss more up-to-date than I.Mr. Keating. Is there any application to humans at this time?Dr. ViLLARREAL. Oh, yes. I understand naloxone was just releasedby FDA as an antidote for narcotic overdoses. So, the drug is in themarket already.Mr. Keating. On hov: limited a usage?Dr. ViLLARREAL. I liavc not read the specific list of approved usesbut it is an antidote for narcotic overdoses.Mr. Keating. Could you answer or could one of the other gentlemenanswer, if everything goes according to the way you expect it togo apparently, how long it could be before general use?Dr. ViLLARREAL. If pcoplc really worked hard on it, I suppose acouple of years, 3 years at the most.Mr. Keating. Two or 3 years.Dr. ViLLARREAL. That is right.Mr. Keating. And this is the closest thing we have now as anantagonist.

5qifinds it in normal exploration. People have used other devices, plungers,for instance. It does not really matter.Mr. Winn. Something built in that is not part of the ordinary wallsof the structure.Dr. ViLLARREAL. That is right.Mr. Winn. So, he can get hold of it, push it, pull it or whatever hedoes.Dr. ViLLARREAL. It does not have to be verj^ prominent.Ml. Winn. They find it pretty fast.Dr. ViLLARREAL. Soiiic moiikcys take longer than others, but theyfind it; yes.Mr. Winn. Thank you, Doctor.Chairman Pepper. Mr. Keating.Mr. Keating. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.Doctor, I wonder if you could bear with me <strong>and</strong> repeat the answerto one of the earlier questions <strong>and</strong> define antagonist <strong>and</strong> how it iscontrasted with blockage drugs.Dr. ViLLARREAL. Well, the antagonist is a drug which either preventsor reverses the efTect of the narcotic <strong>and</strong> it does it in a verycomplete <strong>and</strong> thorough way <strong>and</strong> the antagonist is also a drug that inits own right does not have an efTect.Mr. Keating. Not addictive orDr. ViLLARREAL. Or no effect of any kind. Naloxone is a pureantagonist, a drug that does not have any other properties. Cyclazocineis an antagonist with some side effects.Now, methadone is just like morphine, like heroin, except that ithas certain subtle differences that make it useful for the managementof addicts.Mr. Keating. How close are we to real usage of naloxone?Dr. ViLLARREAL. I do iiot think we are close to that but perhapsthe other witnesses will address themselves to that. There are problemsthat have to be solved with development <strong>research</strong>.Mr. Keating. I am just wondering how close we are to actually theuse in the i)ublic or public use. Your experiments, you saj, are prettyfar along in its usage?Dr. ViLLARREAL. Tlicrc are clinical trials that I believe Dr. Kurl<strong>and</strong><strong>and</strong> Dr. Resnick can discuss more up-to-date than I.Mr. Keating. Is there any application to humans at this time?Dr. ViLLARREAL. Oh, yes. I underst<strong>and</strong> naloxone was just releasedby FDA as an antidote for narcotic overdoses. So, the drug is in themarket already.Mr. Keating. On hov: limited a usage?Dr. ViLLARREAL. I liavc not read the specific list of approved usesbut it is an antidote for narcotic overdoses.Mr. Keating. Could you answer or could one of the other gentlemenanswer, if everything goes according to the way you expect it togo apparently, how long it could be before general use?Dr. ViLLARREAL. If pcoplc really worked hard on it, I suppose acouple of years, 3 years at the most.Mr. Keating. Two or 3 years.Dr. ViLLARREAL. That is right.Mr. Keating. And this is the closest thing we have now as anantagonist.

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