Narcotics research, rehabilitation, and treatment. Hearings, Ninety ...

486Dr. ViLLARREAL. Well, it may be one of the factors that leads peopleto experiment with drugs of dependence. However, I must point outthat there are many mind-altering drugs that do not produce dependence.There is a large class of tranquilizers that are used for treatmentof psj^chotic individuals. Physicians have a very hard time keepingpeople taking those pills. The evidence is overwhelming that there areonly a few drug classes that generate this overwhelming impulse torepeat the drug experience: Heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, barbiturates,and to a lesser extent, alcohol.Mr. Brasco. Well, they just seem to me to be setting up an atmospherefor people to take pills and this begins as you indicated andagreed with a moment ago, the atmosphere for wanting to start toexperiment with drugs further. I tliink they are off on a completelywrong track in the grab for profit.Dr. ViLLARREAL. I would sa}^ some of the major drug houses havealready started programs for screening their new compounds to screenout those that have psj^chological dependence potential.Mr. Brasco. For instance, they have even resisted moves toproperly label those drugs which are harmful in terms of the fact thatthey come up with the fact that it is too expensive or the}" have colorcodes of their own. They are producing harmful drugs in man}- casesthat are look-alike drugs. One maj" be a barbiturate and looks likeaspirin and they refuse to mark them clearly, so that unless one hasthem in the proper prescription vial, no one even knows what thetrue ingredients are and it seems to me their whole attitude is callousand indifferent.Thank you. I do not Mant to take any more time.Mr. Perito. Dr. Villarreal, would j'OU explain briefly for thecommittee, the type of activity, the type of reaction, you observe inyour monke^^s once you give them opiate drugs, heroin, morphine?Dr. ViLLARREAL. Perhaps I should get into my slides and go quicklythrough them to give you an idea.Mr. Perito. Please.Dr. ViLLARREAL. If I may show some of them.[Slide]Dr. ViLLARREAL. All this work has been done at the laboratoryfounded by Dr. Maurice Seavers, who was a ^^^tness before thiscommittee a few weeks ago. It has been established that the monkevresponds to narcotics and to stimulants of the cocaine-type verymuch like man does. The monkeys shown in this slide are monkeysthat were given a low dose of morphine. They had typical responsesthat are also observed in the human.These are monkeys that were given a small dose of morphine. Theyrespond very much like man. The}' are totally unconcerned abouthuman experimenters coming around. These animals are wild. Theydo not ever let people get close to them. This is just to show that theresponse of the monkey is very close to the response of man to thesetypes of drugs.[Shde]Dr. ViLLARREAL. The main experiments that I want to describe toyou today are the experiments in which monkeys are made or allowedto become psychologically dependent on narcotics. These monkeysare surgically prepared with an interavenous polyethylene tube and