Narcotics research, rehabilitation, and treatment. Hearings, Ninety ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

10The question currently before your committee, the substitution ofsynthetic narcotic analgesics for narcotic analgesics or their semisyntheticderivatives derived from opium is not a new one. Nor has it remainedunanswered by competent authorities in the past. In 1951, theCommittee on Drug Addiction and Narcotics—now the Committee onProblems of Drug Dependence—National Academy of Sciences-NationalResearch Council, was confronted by the following questionsby the Munitions Board (Minutes of the seventh meeting, January 15,1951, "Bulletin of the Committee on Drug Addiction and Narcotics") :1. What percentage of national requirements for opium derivatives couldsafely be replaced by synthetics ?2. If at some stage during a national emergency our stocks of opium shouldbecome exhausted and irreplenishable, how serious would be the consequenceson
::11quota production from unrecognized countries? The second aspect,would it be possible to control illicit production or snuiggling of syntheticswhen it is currently impossible to control heroin ?The answer to these two questions is clearly in thenegative withoutinternational cooperation, a most uncertain probability in view of thestrong economic factors involved. May I remind you that the 10th:session of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations in1956 came within one vote of adopting a resolution which would haveprohibited the production of synthetic narcotics. This action was ofsuch great concern to Commissioner Anslinger that he asked me towrite a paper on the subject. This paper was entitled "Medical Perspectiveson International Control of Synthetic Narcotics." This articleraised the ire of representatives of the producing and manufacturingnations, especially France, Turkey, Yugoslavia, and India. Theyobjected to many of the statements made in this article and for manyreasons but especially the followingOn the contrary, the scientific and medical advances in the synthetic and narcoticfield have been so rapid that even today very few natural products are indispensableto the public health. The evidence in favor of the "synthetics" is soimpressive when subjected to comparative analysis that the author is temptedto predict that the day is not far distant when the Commission will be confrontedwith resolutions which would propose to abolish forever the cultivation andproduction of all "horticulturally derived" narcotics.Probably you have heard the following statistics but to refresh yourminds: 163 tons of morphine were manufactured legally in 1969. Approximately90 percent of this was converted into codeine. Codeine,although present naturally in opium, is present in such small amountsthat it is not commercially practical to obtain codeine without convertingit from morphine.This quantity of morphine was produced from 1,219 tons of opiumproduction and 28.274 tons of poppy straw. This was the licit productionof opium. It is controlled by the International Control Boardof the United Nations. Almost three-fourths of the total, 864 tons, wasproduced by India. The second largest producer was the U.S.S.R., 217tons ; the third largest, Turkey, with a production of 117 tons, less thanone-tenth of the total. The combined production of Iran, Pakistan,Japan, and Yugoslavia was only 16.7 tons. If the assumption is correct,that most of the smuggled heroin which comes into the United Statesis derived from licit opium production, then it is clear that licit productiongreatly exceeds legitimate medical needs.The 1970 report of the International Narcotics Control Board of theUnited Nations which furnished the above figures also contained thefollowing statementYet if leakages from licit production could be virtually extinguished, smugglerswould still be able to have recourse to opium which is produced illegally or beyondGovernment control. There are now extensive areas of such productionand it is essential that, side by side with reinforcing monopoly controls overlicit production, major efforts should be made to eliminate poppy cultivation inthese areas. The regions chiefly involved are situated in Afghanistan, Burma,Laos, and Thailand ; and there is also some production in parts of LatinAmerica.Other questions must be dealt with. In my opinion, placing restrictionson natural narcotic analgesics would inspire massive resistanceby organized medicine and the allied professions. Having served on
Page 5: NARCOTICS RESEARCH, REHABILITATION,
Page 9 and 10: ::VEXHIBIT NO. 4 (a) AND (b)Eddy, D
Page 13: NARCOTICS RESEARCH, REHABILITATION,
Page 17 and 18: urden that such addiction imposes u
Page 19 and 20: 1 (lata; (->) the sliariiis" oF iii
Page 21: 9Chairman Pepper. The committee is
Page 25 and 26: 13in this country. This raises the
Page 27 and 28: 15from other clinical projects of w
Page 29 and 30: :17practice, experience has indicat
Page 31 and 32: ;19.I think a quota would be better
Page 33 and 34: 21When methadone was first introduc
Page 35 and 36: :::::.—23American Society of Phar
Page 37: _'—25.I'BOCUREMENT AND ISSUE DATA
Page 40 and 41: '.28Fiscal years-1967 1968 1969 197
Page 42 and 43: 30rally in opium. By indirect, the
Page 44 and 45: 32We can, I think, most helpfully g
Page 46 and 47: 34so intense that we haven't done v
Page 48 and 49: Dr. Eddy. Well, physicians, usually
Page 50 and 51: 38Dr. Eddy. No.Chairman Pepper. Now
Page 52 and 53: :40get away with it as Dr. Keats su
Page 54 and 55: :—:42public health hazard was jud
Page 56 and 57: :44Bibliography(1 Nathan B. Eddy. "
Page 58 and 59: 46(52) Nathan B. Eddy. "Dilaudid."
Page 60 and 61: 48(98) "The New Narcotics, Post-gra
Page 62 and 63: ^.50
Page 64 and 65: 52entails the consideration of addi
Page 66 and 67: 54Chairman Pepper. Have you found t
Page 68 and 69: 56^.I wonder would you care to comm
Page 70 and 71: 58Chairman Pepper. Without objectio
Page 72 and 73:
—1958-681959-«419691962-64196219
Page 74 and 75:
—62abuse and has brought about th
Page 76 and 77:
64bank robbery or an assault. You d
Page 78 and 79:
66Mr. Wiggins. Would the stopping o
Page 80 and 81:
68—Chairman Pepper. Can you give
Page 82 and 83:
:70The problem then would be the wi
Page 84 and 85:
;72taking exceptional measures in t
Page 86 and 87:
)—74pay serious attention to this
Page 88 and 89:
;76From 1958 to 1961, he served as
Page 90 and 91:
78deine in painkilling drugs. So if
Page 92 and 93:
;80ning capabilities, responsibilit
Page 94 and 95:
;:;82terials. If they could introdu
Page 96 and 97:
84Figure 1infrared Ektachrome film
Page 98 and 99:
;86Figure 3.—Tones of wheat (W) a
Page 100 and 101:
88ers at the poppyfields or at any
Page 102 and 103:
:90;:tional situations has handicap
Page 104 and 105:
;;92Locating illicit opium cropsDet
Page 106 and 107:
94Jaffe. Well, there would be some
Page 108 and 109:
96Mr. Jaffe. Primarily on the fact
Page 110 and 111:
98in the same ball park about what
Page 112 and 113:
100Chairman Pepper. Mr, Waldie, do
Page 114 and 115:
::102agencies and input data would
Page 116 and 117:
104most facilities are barely able
Page 118 and 119:
;106We have also studied a ^roup of
Page 120 and 121:
108Dr. Gearing. Yes, sir; I would n
Page 122 and 123:
110somethino: in the nei
Page 124 and 125:
112program is put into the machiner
Page 126 and 127:
I114you have some data there that s
Page 128 and 129:
116Dr. Gearing. It depends on what
Page 130 and 131:
118Chairman Pepper. Would you have
Page 132 and 133:
120it not be so that we could proje
Page 134 and 135:
.122admission rate was approximatel
Page 136 and 137:
124BESULTS(1) Although many of the
Page 138 and 139:
1262. All the members of the methad
Page 140 and 141:
128HETHADOHE MAINTENANCE TREATMENT
Page 142 and 143:
11 1 1 1 1 11130Methadone Halnten?n
Page 144 and 145:
132TABLE 2.-METHAD0NE MAINTENANCE T
Page 146 and 147:
134Figure 9 Methadone tlaintenance
Page 148 and 149:
136Methadone Ka'ntanance Treatmf:nt
Page 150 and 151:
:::.::.138Appendix A^—Methadone M
Page 152 and 153:
140nance treatment patients showing
Page 154 and 155:
142Figure 3 •lethadone Kaintenanc
Page 156 and 157:
144Dr. DuPoNT. 1,760 on methadone m
Page 158 and 159:
:146there are dramatic reductions i
Page 160 and 161:
148Health insurance coverage for me
Page 162 and 163:
150Dr. DtjPont. Well, there are no
Page 164 and 165:
152Mr. Blommer. You would agree the
Page 166 and 167:
154done. Where is the evidence ? No
Page 168 and 169:
156There are several reasons a pers
Page 170 and 171:
158It would seem to me a very busy
Page 172 and 173:
160we had before. I don't think it
Page 174 and 175:
162heroin addiction and support all
Page 176 and 177:
164Dr. DuPoNT. I am reluctant to ge
Page 178 and 179:
166Using this figure as rule of thu
Page 180 and 181:
)168ment facilities for heroin addi
Page 182 and 183:
.170parole departments. None were c
Page 184 and 185:
::172Table 2.— Selected character
Page 186 and 187:
174TABLE 3.—HEROIN ADDICTION RATE
Page 188 and 189:
176W.a^^cc-V.c Cffv..AdF-ro ftcoKjL
Page 190 and 191:
178.^06V f\QrK-'SEt G^ouP/AJ6SIS're
Page 192 and 193:
I180*i coo)u->CM>—'CMUJCOO O COa>
Page 194 and 195:
I(/I182esiMmin0)^> oo.00 =E|c O.2 o
Page 196 and 197:
184encouraged to return to methadon
Page 198 and 199:
186or other side effects. This incr
Page 200 and 201:
:188number as that on the bottle. W
Page 202 and 203:
190Attachment ThreeTo all medical s
Page 204 and 205:
-jI IALLI192ATTACHMENT- FIVE,J: IPA
Page 206 and 207:
194ATTACHMENT NINEGOVERNMENT OF THE
Page 208 and 209:
......—196half of the addicts sta
Page 210 and 211:
198CONCLUSIONSCertain patterns emer
Page 212 and 213:
200TABLE 5.— PROFILE OF BARBITUAR
Page 214 and 215:
202TABLE ll.-SUPPORT OF HEROIN HABI
Page 216 and 217:
204TABLE 17.-AGE OF ADDICTS AND NON
Page 218 and 219:
206TABLE 23.—PRESENT MARITAL STAT
Page 220 and 221:
208TABLE 28.-MILITARY SERVICEAddict
Page 222 and 223:
:210The committee is pleased to cal
Page 224 and 225:
212sists of a network of 21 geograp
Page 226 and 227:
214(6) Basic studies on the nature
Page 228 and 229:
216in fact, constitute autonomous o
Page 230 and 231:
Chairman Pepper. Mr. Perito?218;; M
Page 232 and 233:
^'220is not a very forgiving drug.
Page 234 and 235:
'222Furthermore, in our present con
Page 236 and 237:
—224the Federal Government decide
Page 238 and 239:
-—I have presented one generic ki
Page 240 and 241:
,clinic;?,>•
Page 242 and 243:
230I realize we are running late.Do
Page 244 and 245:
''232'']Vir. Winn. Tiien you mentio
Page 246 and 247:
234So having put it in the area, ha
Page 248 and 249:
,Memberships'—i236privilege of co
Page 250 and 251:
;238A central hypothermic response
Page 252 and 253:
;240South Bronx, Bedford-Stuyvesant
Page 254 and 255:
242€are of patient addicts. We ha
Page 256 and 257:
244hospitals in the city, came into
Page 258 and 259:
246that came into my office, and I
Page 260 and 261:
'Mr.;>•/nmo'.i,,;248deputy commis
Page 262 and 263:
:250two Rockefeller Institute physi
Page 264 and 265:
:252during pliase II that serious e
Page 266 and 267:
254well-structured methadone mainte
Page 268 and 269:
;:256nonsense and serves only to ad
Page 270 and 271:
:258you best complete your statemen
Page 272 and 273:
260Mr. Pertto. Based upon your expe
Page 274 and 275:
262A a'reat case in point was a con
Page 276 and 277:
«264Mr. Steiger. Did you discuss w
Page 278 and 279:
—:266Mr. HoRAN. We don't support
Page 280 and 281:
268Mr. Horan, let's back up a littl
Page 282 and 283:
270It is not up to heroin or morphi
Page 284 and 285:
272nesses yesterday who brought out
Page 286 and 287:
274;Mr. Perito. It is my understand
Page 288 and 289:
276So that at the end of the week t
Page 290 and 291:
278steroid he lias in him we might
Page 292 and 293:
280Mr. Perito. You are referriii"'
Page 294 and 295:
282not drug free. I can say approxi
Page 296 and 297:
28 A$2-a-day habit these individual
Page 298 and 299:
•As286I got to the point once in
Page 300 and 301:
288Mr. Steiger. You mentioned anoxi
Page 302 and 303:
290Mr. Eangel. I could see then tha
Page 304 and 305:
292Dr. Casriel. Mr. Keating, I have
Page 306 and 307:
j294What period of time are ^ve tal
Page 308 and 309:
296was March of 1970—he was admit
Page 310 and 311:
298"The paper by Dole and Nyswander
Page 312 and 313:
:300vent them from coming to New Yo
Page 314 and 315:
302[Exhibit No.14(b)]Casriel Instit
Page 316 and 317:
304to result from the insuflScient
Page 318 and 319:
306It is this role of the intervent
Page 320 and 321:
308EESULTSStudies concerning tlie p
Page 322 and 323:
310The method derives from a specia
Page 324 and 325:
312Why is this happening? What need
Page 326 and 327:
m)effective with uncured alcoholics
Page 328 and 329:
I316Casriel, who is medical-psychia
Page 330 and 331:
318resort to heroin. One must not f
Page 332 and 333:
.320in Permanent Cure of Narcotic A
Page 334 and 335:
322!(4) '-Modification of Adaptatio
Page 336 and 337:
324sections of the country, all sor
Page 338 and 339:
;Mr.Pertto.niuch,I?,Mr. Peritq. Tha
Page 340 and 341:
328Chairman Pepper. Mr. Steiger.Mr.
Page 342 and 343:
, Mr., In''wMr, WiNx.nltiiink tlie
Page 344 and 345:
:332"Stomach cramps" were found to
Page 346 and 347:
'i.We334'""^li'anTOanl^ETPPEiL That
Page 348 and 349:
:))))336would be deprived of any cl
Page 350 and 351:
338less abuse liability than agents
Page 353 and 354:
NARCOTICS RESEARCH, REHABILITATION,
Page 355 and 356:
CONTENTSApril 26 1April 27 77April
Page 357 and 358:
:•vEXHIBIT NO. 4 (a) AND (b)Eddy,
Page 359:
:lovernor,vnEXHIBIT NO. 21 (a) and
Page 362 and 363:
342have no desire to preempt the au
Page 364 and 365:
344We hope these hearings will prov
Page 366 and 367:
346tons in 1962 and to 155 tons in
Page 368 and 369:
348SOUTHEAST ASIAAs you know also,
Page 370 and 371:
350I would also point out as I did
Page 372 and 373:
352their farmers who have been grow
Page 374 and 375:
354told that much of the insurgency
Page 376 and 377:
356Mr. IxGERSOLL. Well, again, Mr.
Page 378 and 379:
358jority of the heroin problem in
Page 380 and 381:
360years, but I have been frustrate
Page 382 and 383:
362Mr, Steiger. If you were goin^ t
Page 384 and 385:
364report marihuana among junior gr
Page 386 and 387:
366And it seems to me tliat we Avou
Page 388 and 389:
?368effectively, then maybe we will
Page 390 and 391:
370improvement as far as the abilit
Page 392 and 393:
372was there. Your visits probably
Page 394 and 395:
374the purchase of Avitnesses—I s
Page 396 and 397:
:376administrations to publicly say
Page 398 and 399:
378Chairman Pepper. We will take a
Page 400 and 401:
380Mr. Ingersoll. No. I don't recal
Page 402 and 403:
:382can fulfill the vow made by the
Page 404 and 405:
384have to give you the same answer
Page 406 and 407:
386Mr. Brasco. But that is another
Page 408 and 409:
388Mr. Ingeksoll. Well, that is the
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
-39,3,Dr. Edwards held a surgical f
Page 415 and 416:
395of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs
Page 417 and 418:
397Naloxone, recently approved for
Page 419 and 420:
399for example, who might be abusin
Page 421 and 422:
401Now, because of our attention ha
Page 423 and 424:
403and this is only for the investi
Page 425 and 426:
405effects this drug will produce i
Page 427 and 428:
407Now, if it is not used intravene
Page 429 and 430:
409Mr. Wiggins. Dr. Jennings, does
Page 431 and 432:
411Penicillin is good for pneumonia
Page 433 and 434:
413Mr. R ANGEL. But from the studie
Page 435 and 436:
415Dr. Gardner. Again, we don't hav
Page 437 and 438:
417Dr. Edwards. I suspect it at lea
Page 439 and 440:
419On the other hand, if serious si
Page 441 and 442:
421of the best known programs. Alth
Page 443 and 444:
423Medical Association, American Ps
Page 445 and 446:
425of the United States Pharmacopei
Page 447 and 448:
4275. Repeated examinations. Physic
Page 449 and 450:
429agement and rehabilitation of se
Page 451 and 452:
—431As the agenc.v within HEW whi
Page 453 and 454:
433and complex acts such as driving
Page 455 and 456:
435(Inig induces physical and psych
Page 457 and 458:
437Chiiirmtin Pepper. Doctor, I thi
Page 459 and 460:
439A large proportion of youngsters
Page 461 and 462:
441Dr. Brown, what would you say is
Page 463 and 464:
443Chairmiui Pepper. Wliat is tlie
Page 465 and 466:
446The state of the art is promisin
Page 467 and 468:
447Lot nie ask you first, is tlic d
Page 469 and 470:
449Chairman Pepper. Do you happen t
Page 471 and 472:
451want you to take a look at. We w
Page 473 and 474:
453In addition to that, there seems
Page 475 and 476:
455the Mfldict is having a program
Page 477 and 478:
457—on drugs? By that I mean, vei
Page 479 and 480:
459\\ e are basically saying, in or
Page 481 and 482:
—;461that this is the extent to w
Page 483 and 484:
463We could go into the drug area a
Page 485 and 486:
.465program that was i)ut into Jack
Page 487 and 488:
467Mr. Brasco. Possibly. However, w
Page 489 and 490:
469him, arrange to get somebody els
Page 491 and 492:
471ainpheta.mines, or barbiturates.
Page 493 and 494:
473In the meantime, the Institute d
Page 495 and 496:
475treated in the community centers
Page 497 and 498:
477research on narcotics in the sam
Page 499 and 500:
479c 53 03E
Page 501 and 502:
Page 503 and 504:
483spending for research through NI
Page 505 and 506:
485There has been no concerted seri
Page 507 and 508:
487it is left in one of their veins
Page 509 and 510:
489I do not think I should explain
Page 511 and 512:
491Dr. ViLLARREAL. Until the reflex
Page 513 and 514:
493evidence strongly shows is that
Page 515 and 516:
495Chairman Pepper. One other quest
Page 517 and 518:
497Dr. ViLLARREAL. So, it is a biol
Page 519 and 520:
'.499could result in a laboratory s
Page 521 and 522:
5qifinds it in normal exploration.
Page 523 and 524:
503synthesized a large number of na
Page 525 and 526:
505STATEMENT OE DR. ALBERT KURLAND,
Page 527 and 528:
507discovered if we iiad taken the
Page 529 and 530:
509Mr. Perito. Dr. Kurland, do you
Page 531 and 532:
511Chairman Pepper. Has the Food an
Page 533 and 534:
513]Mr. Steiger. Do you feel from y
Page 535 and 536:
515In this second study there was a
Page 537 and 538:
517were any significant differences
Page 539:
519The Deceptive Communication and
Page 542 and 543:
.522than a State psychiatric hospit
Page 544 and 545:
524Department of Mental Hygiene), R
Page 546 and 547:
TABLE 3—COMPARISON OF THE 1ST POS
Page 548 and 549:
528TABLE 10—RELATIONSHIP OF AGE T
Page 550 and 551:
530tution and his involvement in th
Page 552 and 553:
Attachment No. 5;r\ N-CH,-CH=CHo ,
Page 554 and 555:
'-534Chart No. U (case No. 672)Disp
Page 556 and 557:
536Chart No. 4 (case No. 694)Illust
Page 558 and 559:
538Chart No. 35 {case No. 697)Excep
Page 560 and 561:
540This amount of heroin is roughly
Page 562 and 563:
5msuccessful or not in that short a
Page 564 and 565:
544Chairman Pepper. Would you repea
Page 566 and 567:
54^creased amount of licit as well
Page 568 and 569:
—54Sand the bureaucracy and the a
Page 570 and 571:
,,Mr.550you have used some of the s
Page 572 and 573:
552so many areas is also a pitiful
Page 574 and 575:
55,4nitiide of heroin addiction in
Page 576 and 577:
556reached $976.5 billion, we can w
Page 578 and 579:
558Mr. Jones was appointed to the c
Page 580 and 581:
560cant when you consider that Out
Page 582 and 583:
562criminal act in his lifetime. Ye
Page 584 and 585:
—564Mr. Perito. Would it be fair
Page 586 and 587:
566Now, Dr. Cliambers, can yon resp
Page 588 and 589:
—568Mr. Raxgel. Our distinguished
Page 590 and 591:
;-570Mr. Jones. That is correct. Ou
Page 592 and 593:
572the commissioner, $186 million i
Page 594 and 595:
574there should be something in the
Page 596 and 597:
576and the way in which the funds a
Page 598 and 599:
57SDr. Chambers. I think wliat you
Page 600 and 601:
580Education is the best way of pre
Page 602 and 603:
58-2Certain essential facts must re
Page 604 and 605:
584done through determined action,
Page 606 and 607:
586druffs, has the Nation's largest
Page 608 and 609:
:588To repeat, methadone maintenanc
Page 610 and 611:
:590I believe the Federal Governmen
Page 612 and 613:
:take no such satisfaction. We have
Page 614 and 615:
594of value in the testimony you ha
Page 616 and 617:
596gone ahead with several. We have
Page 618 and 619:
598force within our State Police De
Page 620 and 621:
60PRased on the proposed goal of 2.
Page 622 and 623:
602STATEMENT OF HON. MILTON SIIAPP,
Page 624 and 625:
(51)4and apprehend the wholesalers
Page 626 and 627:
J'606[Exhibit No. 23Prepared Statem
Page 628 and 629:
608Under our 1071-72 budget proposa
Page 630 and 631:
GIOcenters for the treatment of her
Page 632 and 633:
. Dr.612Bourne informs me that we h
Page 634 and 635:
614Governors in Atlanta to which re
Page 636 and 637:
616pretty bad news, because it indi
Page 638 and 639:
618Scientific statistical ioformati
Page 640 and 641:
620((')) Finally, I believe that al
Page 642 and 643:
622Governor Carter. I certainly rec
Page 644 and 645:
624programs that are now available,
Page 646 and 647:
626all of the top officials in the
Page 648 and 649:
628perhaps greater than some of the
Page 650 and 651:
)630tion and many others attempting
Page 652 and 653:
632(3) Long term residential self-h
Page 654 and 655:
634for the support of drug service
Page 656 and 657:
:636D. NARCO, Inc.Narcotics Addicti
Page 658 and 659:
638crimes to obtain the necessary m
Page 660 and 661:
640million to $25 milliou per year.
Page 662 and 663:
642Mr. Perito. Thank yoii. Mr. Chai
Page 664 and 665:
644narcotic antagonist, and the oth
Page 666 and 667:
646. Dr. Kramer. From what I have s
Page 668 and 669:
—(348your money on, but methadone
Page 670 and 671:
—650I know of no techinque in pri
Page 672 and 673:
652Dr. Kramer. Yes, sir. As a matte
Page 674 and 675:
:'654prison and who liave no—wlio
Page 676 and 677:
65GDr. KT?A:\rEij. 1 suspect tliat
Page 678 and 679:
658support some of the inethadone p
Page 680 and 681:
'6660Dr. IvKAisrKK. 1 believe that
Page 682 and 683:
662jrest that the Veterans' Adminis
Page 684 and 685:
664opiates may be ingested in sever
Page 686 and 687:
666(5) It suppresses the desire for
Page 688 and 689:
668Many people have benefited from
Page 690 and 691:
—G70Other researches which may di
Page 692 and 693:
672synthetic painkillers, our commi
Page 694 and 695:
074IV. A universal ban on legitimat
Page 696 and 697:
..676iTlius we must look to educati
Page 698 and 699:
678states, from Arnold Becker, publ
Page 700 and 701:
680However, we must look at rehabil
Page 702 and 703:
:682(a) The natural history of narc
Page 704 and 705:
684was a heavy user. The decrease i
Page 706 and 707:
686(13) Wallace. R. K. : Physiologi
Page 708 and 709:
688TABLE 9.-USE OF "HARD LIQUOR" BE
Page 710:
UFRAL BOOKBINDING CO. Q /-^ /-» .1
show all

Narcotics research, rehabilitation, and treatment. Hearings, Ninety ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?