Narcotics research, rehabilitation, and treatment. Hearings, Ninety ...
Narcotics research, rehabilitation, and treatment. Hearings, Ninety ... Narcotics research, rehabilitation, and treatment. Hearings, Ninety ...
:90;:tional situations has handicaps. These devices require preconcentrationof the sample material, are too heavy to be portable, or may react tooslowly for expedient analysis.However, mass spectrometers have been made with reduced size andweight, and trade-offs are possible in design requirements. The recentintensive effort in developing air pollution monitoring equipment hasresulted in promising devices and technology which might be appliedto the near real-time detection of gas or particulate contaminants associatedwith the production of controlled drugs. ^lerging the fieldsof qualitative instrumental analysis with particulate detection, thepossibility arises of highly special and sensitive mechanical sensors.Dr. Lou Rabben of the MITRE Corp. suggested a scheme developedfor another purpose. He proposes to use an infrared spectrometer witha sample chamber constructed in such a manner that the infrared beampasses through the gas sample many more times than is usually thecase for this type of analysis. Hopefully, this would result in greatlyenhanced sensitivity. I must emphasize that the applicability of thisor other techniques to drug detection is unknown. I merely wish tosuggest examples of how the application of sensor technology mightbe pursued in the solution of these problems. Similar developmentsmay be possible with other techniques. Adaptation of existing technologywould seem to be a sensible approach to the initial acquisitionof suitable equipment.Data handlingI spoke isarlier of the need for a comprehensive data bank coveringall facets of the drug enterprise. A data bank will serve both the researchcommunity in its efforts to analyze the system and find its weaknesses,and the enforcement agencies in their operational activities. Idoubt the need to elaborate on this item except to mention that a modeststart has been made in this direction.Network modelingThe established technique of network modeling could be applied todescribe the entire procedure whereby narcotic and dangerous drugsproceed from source to user. Such a model would include(1) Location of illicit poppy fields; (2) growing seasons of illicitpoppyfields; (3) economic analysis of poppy cultivation ; (4) packagingand transport of raw opium; (5) ports of exit and entry, plusprocedures followed to avoid detection; (6) chemical processing:(a) plant locations,(h ) methods of shipment to and from,(c) possible signatures of processing effluents, and[d) chemical and supplies used ; where obtained(7) finished product handling and shipping; (8) distributionsystems{a) economic analysis,(6) organizational structure; and(9) covert intelligence ; its cost versus its value.At each point of the network, alternative routings, sources or proceduresshould be identified to reveal how the network Avould be disruptedby elimination or modification of that point.The economic as well as physical networks should be simulated andthese models should be operated to determine alternative control meas-
—91ures; to assess likelihoods of success of those control measures; toevaluate sensitivities of the systems to variations of the elements; andto identify the links and modes which may be most susceptible to attack.A corollary use of the models should be the training of supervisorylevel personnel in the Federal and local enforcement agencies.APPROACHA few words on how to proceed with a research and developmentprogram.The various aspects of applicable technology-—surveillance, tracers,sensors, a data bank, and network modeling—must be structuredinto an integrated and focused research and development program.In a systems approach of this kind, the benefits are not only those resultingfrom each specialized technique or procedure, but also fromthe coordinated use of all methods available.As mentioned earlier, there is some work underway in the areascited, so any program should begin by assessing the scope and directionof those efforts, I have made a limited survey which indicated thatcurrent efforts are minimal.In addition to a status survey, an intensive feasibility analysisshould be undertaken to reveal what may be technologically, economically,and operationally possible both in the short term and thefar term. This feasibility study would, using a complete systems approach,show just which of the areas I have mentioned are most fruitfulto pursue at the present time. The efforts in this area which areunderway at BNDI) and the Bureau of Customs, and through them byother agencies, need to be enlarged and unified by this coordinatedacross-the-board attack on the drug problem. Important considerationshould be the operational needs—the real-life situations faced by enforcementagents—and potential countermeasures.The feasibility analysis should be followed by a detailed researchand development plan providing for the elements of the program suggestedabove and including cost estimates and multiyear projections.The plan must be produced from the point of view of an attack on theentire drug problem ; from the producers to the chemical processorsto the street level distributors and users. The drug problem is notstatic; the planning and implementation of its control cannot be staticeither. Every plan must be part of a logical long-term effort, but theplan will change as the problem changes. The plan should includeprovision for evaluation of results achieved and for readjustments inscope and direction.SUMMARYI have tried to indicate some of the problems faced by drug controlagencies, to show what benefits could be derived from increasedemployment of technology, and to indicate an approach to increasedinvolvement by the research and development community.Programs of the kind suggested are not inexpensive and often requiremore time than one would like. But in the context of the overalldrug problem and its direct and indirect social and economic drainon our society, the costs of an intense research and development programwould be small indeed in view of the potential benefits, suchas
- Page 52 and 53: :40get away with it as Dr. Keats su
- Page 54 and 55: :—:42public health hazard was jud
- Page 56 and 57: :44Bibliography(1 Nathan B. Eddy. "
- Page 58 and 59: 46(52) Nathan B. Eddy. "Dilaudid."
- Page 60 and 61: 48(98) "The New Narcotics, Post-gra
- Page 62 and 63: ^.50
- Page 64 and 65: 52entails the consideration of addi
- Page 66 and 67: 54Chairman Pepper. Have you found t
- Page 68 and 69: 56^.I wonder would you care to comm
- Page 70 and 71: 58Chairman Pepper. Without objectio
- Page 72 and 73: —1958-681959-«419691962-64196219
- Page 74 and 75: —62abuse and has brought about th
- Page 76 and 77: 64bank robbery or an assault. You d
- Page 78 and 79: 66Mr. Wiggins. Would the stopping o
- Page 80 and 81: 68—Chairman Pepper. Can you give
- Page 82 and 83: :70The problem then would be the wi
- Page 84 and 85: ;72taking exceptional measures in t
- Page 86 and 87: )—74pay serious attention to this
- Page 88 and 89: ;76From 1958 to 1961, he served as
- Page 90 and 91: 78deine in painkilling drugs. So if
- Page 92 and 93: ;80ning capabilities, responsibilit
- Page 94 and 95: ;:;82terials. If they could introdu
- Page 96 and 97: 84Figure 1infrared Ektachrome film
- Page 98 and 99: ;86Figure 3.—Tones of wheat (W) a
- Page 100 and 101: 88ers at the poppyfields or at any
- Page 104 and 105: ;;92Locating illicit opium cropsDet
- Page 106 and 107: 94Jaffe. Well, there would be some
- Page 108 and 109: 96Mr. Jaffe. Primarily on the fact
- Page 110 and 111: 98in the same ball park about what
- Page 112 and 113: 100Chairman Pepper. Mr, Waldie, do
- Page 114 and 115: ::102agencies and input data would
- Page 116 and 117: 104most facilities are barely able
- Page 118 and 119: ;106We have also studied a ^roup of
- Page 120 and 121: 108Dr. Gearing. Yes, sir; I would n
- Page 122 and 123: 110somethino: in the nei
- Page 124 and 125: 112program is put into the machiner
- Page 126 and 127: I114you have some data there that s
- Page 128 and 129: 116Dr. Gearing. It depends on what
- Page 130 and 131: 118Chairman Pepper. Would you have
- Page 132 and 133: 120it not be so that we could proje
- Page 134 and 135: .122admission rate was approximatel
- Page 136 and 137: 124BESULTS(1) Although many of the
- Page 138 and 139: 1262. All the members of the methad
- Page 140 and 141: 128HETHADOHE MAINTENANCE TREATMENT
- Page 142 and 143: 11 1 1 1 1 11130Methadone Halnten?n
- Page 144 and 145: 132TABLE 2.-METHAD0NE MAINTENANCE T
- Page 146 and 147: 134Figure 9 Methadone tlaintenance
- Page 148 and 149: 136Methadone Ka'ntanance Treatmf:nt
- Page 150 and 151: :::.::.138Appendix A^—Methadone M
—91ures; to assess likelihoods of success of those control measures; toevaluate sensitivities of the systems to variations of the elements; <strong>and</strong>to identify the links <strong>and</strong> modes which may be most susceptible to attack.A corollary use of the models should be the training of supervisorylevel personnel in the Federal <strong>and</strong> local enforcement agencies.APPROACHA few words on how to proceed with a <strong>research</strong> <strong>and</strong> developmentprogram.The various aspects of applicable technology-—surveillance, tracers,sensors, a data bank, <strong>and</strong> network modeling—must be structuredinto an integrated <strong>and</strong> focused <strong>research</strong> <strong>and</strong> development program.In a systems approach of this kind, the benefits are not only those resultingfrom each specialized technique or procedure, but also fromthe coordinated use of all methods available.As mentioned earlier, there is some work underway in the areascited, so any program should begin by assessing the scope <strong>and</strong> directionof those efforts, I have made a limited survey which indicated thatcurrent efforts are minimal.In addition to a status survey, an intensive feasibility analysisshould be undertaken to reveal what may be technologically, economically,<strong>and</strong> operationally possible both in the short term <strong>and</strong> thefar term. This feasibility study would, using a complete systems approach,show just which of the areas I have mentioned are most fruitfulto pursue at the present time. The efforts in this area which areunderway at BNDI) <strong>and</strong> the Bureau of Customs, <strong>and</strong> through them byother agencies, need to be enlarged <strong>and</strong> unified by this coordinatedacross-the-board attack on the drug problem. Important considerationshould be the operational needs—the real-life situations faced by enforcementagents—<strong>and</strong> potential countermeasures.The feasibility analysis should be followed by a detailed <strong>research</strong><strong>and</strong> development plan providing for the elements of the program suggestedabove <strong>and</strong> including cost estimates <strong>and</strong> multiyear projections.The plan must be produced from the point of view of an attack on theentire drug problem ; from the producers to the chemical processorsto the street level distributors <strong>and</strong> users. The drug problem is notstatic; the planning <strong>and</strong> implementation of its control cannot be staticeither. Every plan must be part of a logical long-term effort, but theplan will change as the problem changes. The plan should includeprovision for evaluation of results achieved <strong>and</strong> for readjustments inscope <strong>and</strong> direction.SUMMARYI have tried to indicate some of the problems faced by drug controlagencies, to show what benefits could be derived from increasedemployment of technology, <strong>and</strong> to indicate an approach to increasedinvolvement by the <strong>research</strong> <strong>and</strong> development community.Programs of the kind suggested are not inexpensive <strong>and</strong> often requiremore time than one would like. But in the context of the overalldrug problem <strong>and</strong> its direct <strong>and</strong> indirect social <strong>and</strong> economic drainon our society, the costs of an intense <strong>research</strong> <strong>and</strong> development programwould be small indeed in view of the potential benefits, suchas
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