Falco 27 - International Wildlife Consultants Ltd.
Falco 27 - International Wildlife Consultants Ltd. Falco 27 - International Wildlife Consultants Ltd.
• Inclusion of some Saker Falcon breeding sites intoa network of protected areas such as Nature Parks,Nature Reserves, Important Bird Areas (IBA’s) andthe Natura 2000 network of sites.• Activities undertaken by BPPS, BSPB, the policeand Ministry of Environment and Water (MoEW)targeted at preventing nest robbery and trapping.• The current Hunting Law in Bulgaria forbidshunting with Saker Falcons and other birds of prey.Despite of the presence of these national laws and theimplementation of the specific actions detailed above,the population decline has not been reversed and thecurrently the population is close to extinction in thecountry.Ecology of the Saker Falcon in BulgariaThe ecology of the species in Bulgaria is not studiedwell and to date no specific ecological study has beenundertaken in the country. Data on the species hasobtained incidentally through other projects and fieldactivities; consequently the available data is scarce andnon-systematic.Figure 2. Saker Falcon distribution range in Bulgaria(reproduced from Stoyanov & Kouzmanov 1998). Thebreeding sites are shown in 25x25 km squares. Large dots= Proven breeding, medium dots = Probable breeding andsmall dots = Possible breeding.Breeding distributionIn the past the Saker Falcon was regarded as awidespread and very common species over the entireBulgarian territory (especially the northern regionsand the plains around Danube River). In more recenttimes (15-20 years ago) it was still widespread but withdiminished numbers. Nowadays it has a fragmenteddistribution range and has already disappeared frommost of its traditional breeding sites (Domuschiev et al.2005). Stoyanov and Kouzmanov (1998) have preparedthe most recent and complete map of the Saker Falcondistribution range in Bulgaria (reproduced in Figure 2).It must be noted that this map presents the historicaldistribution of the Saker Falcon since the early 20 thCentury and has been compiled from published datasince 1918, and not simply from the recent publisheddata of Bulgarian ornithologists and the personal dataof the authors. Consequently, some of the breedingareas shown on this map were no longer extant whenit was compiled in 1998. The breeding distributionof the Saker Falcon in Bulgaria is thought by manyresearchers to be closely related to the distribution ofits main prey, the European Souslik.Altitudinal distributionIn the past the species was more numerous in the lowerpart of the country (within the altitudinal range 0 to 500m). Unfortunately this also is the region with greatesthuman presence and anthropogenic pressure. SakerFalcons have largely disappeared from these regionsand most of the recent breeding records relate to highmountains or inaccessible rocky places with low levelsof human disturbance (Figures 3 and 4).Habitat selectionSaker Falcons nest in trees or on rocks close to twomain types habitat in Bulgaria: (i) wetlands such asrivers, bogs, marshes, swamps, fens, peat lands and(ii) open areas such as grasslands or agricultural fields.Michev and Petrov (1985) found 13 Saker nests, nine(69%) of which were on rocks and four (31%) were intrees. Stoyanov and Kouzmanov (1998) found 15 nests,11 (73%) of which were on rocks and four (27%) werein trees. According to them nesting on electric pylons ispossible recently. Outside the breeding season, all typesof habitats are used during migration and wintering.DietThe European Souslik is the main prey species takenby Saker Falcons during the nestling period of thebreeding cycle. Nevertheless, Saker Falcons alsofeed on other small mammals (rodents) and small tomedium sized birds such as pigeons, crows and smallpasserines. However, a detailed study on the diet of theSaker Falcon has never been conducted in Bulgaria.Breeding biologyThe Saker Falcon occupies its breeding territory at theend of February and beginning of March (Domuschievet al. 2005). For regions lower than 1000 m abovesea level it lays eggs in the middle of March and thechicks fledge from the nest at the end of June. Ataltitudes above 1000 m, Saker Falcons lay their eggsat end of March and the chicks fledge in late Juneor early July (Stoyanov & Kouzmanov, 1998). Thetypical incubation period is ca. 30 days, with clutchsizes ranging from 2-6 eggs (normally 3-5). The chicksleave the nest after ca. 40-45 days (Domuschiev etal., 2005). The breeding success of Bulgarian pairsis very low; usually eggs are laid and incubation isobserved but later the nest is abandoned although theadult birds remain in the area. In majority of the casesthe failure is caused by human intervention (Stoyanov
Figure 3. Typicalupland breeding siteof the Saker Falconin the Stara Planinarange in centralBulgaria& Kouzmanov, 1998). The last recorded breedingsuccesses were in 1997 when a pair fledged two chicks(Stoyanov, 2001), in 2003 when a juvenile was seenon the 12 th June and in 2005 when a pair with fledgeda single chick (Domuschiev et al., 2005). Breedingfailure can also result from natural causes such as thedestruction of nests by intensive rains and rock falls inspring, or from sudden low temperatures and snowfallsin period March-May. Adverse weather conditions canaffect Souslik populations as well, resulting in reducedfood availability and subsequent nest failure (Stoyanov& Kouzmanov 1998).Figure 4. Vertical distribution of Saker Falcon nest sitesin Bulgaria: data from Michev & Petrov (1985; bluecolumns, N = 32 nests) and Stoyanov & Kouzmanov(1998; purple columns, N = 15 nests)MigrationSaker Falcons are regular visitors to Bulgaria during thepost-breeding migration period (August to October),and can be encountered across the entire country butespecially along the Black Sea coast and its largewetlands with concentrations of waterbirds. Probablymost of the Sakers observed in Bulgaria during the latesummer and autumn period are juveniles from Ukraine,Moldova and Hungary. It is not known for certain ifBulgarian birds (adults and/or juveniles) migrate in theautumn and, if they do, where they go. Certainly, SakerFalcons are very rare in Bulgaria in the winter periodfrom January to February. According to Stoyanov& Kouzmanov (1998), depending on the prevailingweather conditions many pairs stay in the area oftheir breeding sites (even at altitudes up to 1500 m)during the winter period from November to February.At high altitudes above 1500 m pairs tend to leavetheir breeding ranges, possibly moving to lower lyingplains or visiting places with concentrations of birdson a regular basis. What this most likely signifies isthat some of the Bulgarian breeding birds are residentand others are migratory, though the extent of thesemigratory movements is not known.Relationship between Saker Falcons and other birdsIn Bulgaria Saker Falcons preferentially nest in theexisting nests of other bird species, though in very rareinstances the clutch is laid on a bare rock ledge. Hostspecies for nests located in trees are: Hooded Crow(Corvus cornix), Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo),Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) and herons. Host speciesfor nests located on rocks are Raven (Corvus corax)
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Figure 3. Typicalupland breeding siteof the Saker <strong>Falco</strong>nin the Stara Planinarange in centralBulgaria& Kouzmanov, 1998). The last recorded breedingsuccesses were in 1997 when a pair fledged two chicks(Stoyanov, 2001), in 2003 when a juvenile was seenon the 12 th June and in 2005 when a pair with fledgeda single chick (Domuschiev et al., 2005). Breedingfailure can also result from natural causes such as thedestruction of nests by intensive rains and rock falls inspring, or from sudden low temperatures and snowfallsin period March-May. Adverse weather conditions canaffect Souslik populations as well, resulting in reducedfood availability and subsequent nest failure (Stoyanov& Kouzmanov 1998).Figure 4. Vertical distribution of Saker <strong>Falco</strong>n nest sitesin Bulgaria: data from Michev & Petrov (1985; bluecolumns, N = 32 nests) and Stoyanov & Kouzmanov(1998; purple columns, N = 15 nests)MigrationSaker <strong>Falco</strong>ns are regular visitors to Bulgaria during thepost-breeding migration period (August to October),and can be encountered across the entire country butespecially along the Black Sea coast and its largewetlands with concentrations of waterbirds. Probablymost of the Sakers observed in Bulgaria during the latesummer and autumn period are juveniles from Ukraine,Moldova and Hungary. It is not known for certain ifBulgarian birds (adults and/or juveniles) migrate in theautumn and, if they do, where they go. Certainly, Saker<strong>Falco</strong>ns are very rare in Bulgaria in the winter periodfrom January to February. According to Stoyanov& Kouzmanov (1998), depending on the prevailingweather conditions many pairs stay in the area oftheir breeding sites (even at altitudes up to 1500 m)during the winter period from November to February.At high altitudes above 1500 m pairs tend to leavetheir breeding ranges, possibly moving to lower lyingplains or visiting places with concentrations of birdson a regular basis. What this most likely signifies isthat some of the Bulgarian breeding birds are residentand others are migratory, though the extent of thesemigratory movements is not known.Relationship between Saker <strong>Falco</strong>ns and other birdsIn Bulgaria Saker <strong>Falco</strong>ns preferentially nest in theexisting nests of other bird species, though in very rareinstances the clutch is laid on a bare rock ledge. Hostspecies for nests located in trees are: Hooded Crow(Corvus cornix), Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo),Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) and herons. Host speciesfor nests located on rocks are Raven (Corvus corax)
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