Customizing the Body (PDF file) - Print My Tattoo
Customizing the Body (PDF file) - Print My Tattoo Customizing the Body (PDF file) - Print My Tattoo
207 Notes to Chapter 2 Tattooists and other knowledgeable observers estimate that approximately 10 percent of Americans wear tattoos (see Post, 1968: 519; Webb, 1979: 38), whereas between 3 and 5 percent of institutionalized mental patients are tattooed (see Pollack and McKenna, 1945; Edgerton and Dingman, 1963) 2. See Scutt and Gotch (1974: 15–88) for an extensive discussion of the sexual symbolism of tattoos. 3. On the other hand, Mosher et al. (1967) found that tattooed prisoners had a more positive body image than their unmarked fellows. Tattooed prisoners also scored high on measures designed to indicate “integrated, adaptive, and socially acceptable patterns of behavior.” 4. In some cases tattoos are used as a badge commemorating prison experience. Hispanic males in Los Angeles, for example, have developed a convention in which a small tear is tattooed at the corner of the eye for each year spent in prison (cf. Agris, 1977: 28). Tattooing has also been used by those in power to symbolize negative social status. For example, by the early seventeenth century Japanese authorities had developed an elaborate tattoo system that indicated the nature and geographic location of the criminal’s violation (Richie and Buruma, 1980: 12–13; see also Brain, 1979: 160–162). 5. The central importance of personal recommendation as the source of tattoo clients is well known to tattooists. All tattooists have business cards that they hand out quite freely (one maintained that he had dispensed over 50,000 cards in the past two years). Listing one’s services in the Yellow Pages is the other major means employed to draw customers since it provides location information to those who, for a variety of reasons, do not have interpersonal sources. A tattooist whose shop was located near a large naval base stated: I’m dropping most of my Yellow Page ads. It’s just a waste of money. I’d rather have that thousand bucks a year and do something else with it. I’m in every phone book in the state, I’m dropping it in all but [naval base]. That’s the only one I’ve found that is worthwhile because it is a transient population that does use the Yellow Pages for a reference. Most people come here by word of mouth. They see the work and they come. Or they hear about it. A lot of people come because it is close and there aren’t a lot of studios around. Cards are your best investment. 6. Questionnaire respondents were given an open-ended question that asked them to speculate as to why people get tattooed. Of the 163 respondents, 135 provided some sort of reply to this item. Fourty-four percent of those responding emphasized that becoming tattooed was motivated by a desire for self-expression (for example, “vanity,” “it’s a personal preference,” “a statement of who you are”), 21 percent emphasized tattooing as a mechanism for asserting uniqueness and individuality (for
208 Notes to Chapter 2 example, “people like to be different,” “personal originality,” “it makes you special”), and 28 percent made some form of aesthetic statement (for example, “because it is beautiful,” “a form of art that lasts forever,” “body jewelry”). On their part, tattooists tend to recognize the aesthetic importance of their work as seen by their clients. One tattooist, for example, observed: If you ask most people why they got (a particular tattoo) they aren’t going to have any deep Freudian answer for you. The most obvious reason that someone gets a tattoo is because they like it for some reason and just want it. I mean, why do people wear rings on their fingers or any sort of nonfunctional decorative stuff—put on makeup or dye their hair? People have the motivation to decorate themselves and be different and unique. ...Tattooing is really the most intimate art form. You carry it on your body. The people that come in here are really mostly just “working bumpkins.” They just want to have some art they can understand. This stuff in museums is bullshit. Nobody ever really sees it. It doesn’t get to the people like tattoo art. 7. Of the thirty-five tattoos worn by the sixteen interviewees, 14 percent (five) represented a bird, 6 percent (two) represented a mammal, 14 percent (five) represented a mythical animal, 9 percent (three) represented an insect, 3 percent (one) represented a human female, 17 percent (six) represented a human male, 14 percent (five) were noncommercial symbols (hearts, crosses, military insignia, and so on), 14 percent (five) were floral, 3 percent (one) were names or vow tattoos, and 6 percent (two) were some other image. Questionnaire respondents were asked to indicate the design of their first tattoo. They were: 14 percent (twenty-three) bird, 11 percent (eighteen) mammal, 12 percent (nineteen) mythical animal, 10 percent (seventeen) insect, 1 percent (two) human female, 6 percent (ten) human male, 4 percent (six) commercial symbols, 8 percent (thirteen) noncommercial symbols, 21 percent (thirty-four) floral/arboreal, 4 percent (seven) name/vow, and 9 percent (fourteen) other. 8. The painfulness of the tattoo process is the most unpleasant element of the tattoo event. Only 33 percent (fifty-four) of the questionnaire respondents maintained that there was something about the tattoo experience that they disliked. One third of these (eighteen) said that the pain was what they found most unpleasant. Fourteen of the sixteen interviewees mentioned pain as a troublesome factor. Numerous observations of groups of young men discussing pain or expressing stoic disregard for the pain as they received tattoos demonstrated the importance of the tattoo event as a form of initiation ritual. In some cases the tattoo process provides a situation in which the male tattooed can demonstrate his manliness to his peers. Here, for example, is a description of an incident in
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208 Notes to Chapter 2<br />
example, “people like to be different,” “personal originality,” “it makes you<br />
special”), and 28 percent made some form of aes<strong>the</strong>tic statement (for<br />
example, “because it is beautiful,” “a form of art that lasts forever,” “body<br />
jewelry”). On <strong>the</strong>ir part, tattooists tend to recognize <strong>the</strong> aes<strong>the</strong>tic importance<br />
of <strong>the</strong>ir work as seen by <strong>the</strong>ir clients. One tattooist, for example,<br />
observed:<br />
If you ask most people why <strong>the</strong>y got (a particular tattoo) <strong>the</strong>y aren’t<br />
going to have any deep Freudian answer for you. The most obvious<br />
reason that someone gets a tattoo is because <strong>the</strong>y like it for some<br />
reason and just want it. I mean, why do people wear rings on <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
fingers or any sort of nonfunctional decorative stuff—put on makeup<br />
or dye <strong>the</strong>ir hair? People have <strong>the</strong> motivation to decorate <strong>the</strong>mselves<br />
and be different and unique. ...<strong>Tattoo</strong>ing is really <strong>the</strong> most<br />
intimate art form. You carry it on your body. The people that come<br />
in here are really mostly just “working bumpkins.” They just want<br />
to have some art <strong>the</strong>y can understand. This stuff in museums is<br />
bullshit. Nobody ever really sees it. It doesn’t get to <strong>the</strong> people like<br />
tattoo art.<br />
7. Of <strong>the</strong> thirty-five tattoos worn by <strong>the</strong> sixteen interviewees, 14 percent<br />
(five) represented a bird, 6 percent (two) represented a mammal, 14 percent<br />
(five) represented a mythical animal, 9 percent (three) represented an<br />
insect, 3 percent (one) represented a human female, 17 percent (six) represented<br />
a human male, 14 percent (five) were noncommercial symbols<br />
(hearts, crosses, military insignia, and so on), 14 percent (five) were floral,<br />
3 percent (one) were names or vow tattoos, and 6 percent (two) were some<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r image.<br />
Questionnaire respondents were asked to indicate <strong>the</strong> design of <strong>the</strong>ir first<br />
tattoo. They were: 14 percent (twenty-three) bird, 11 percent (eighteen)<br />
mammal, 12 percent (nineteen) mythical animal, 10 percent (seventeen)<br />
insect, 1 percent (two) human female, 6 percent (ten) human male, 4 percent<br />
(six) commercial symbols, 8 percent (thirteen) noncommercial symbols,<br />
21 percent (thirty-four) floral/arboreal, 4 percent (seven) name/vow,<br />
and 9 percent (fourteen) o<strong>the</strong>r.<br />
8. The painfulness of <strong>the</strong> tattoo process is <strong>the</strong> most unpleasant element<br />
of <strong>the</strong> tattoo event. Only 33 percent (fifty-four) of <strong>the</strong> questionnaire<br />
respondents maintained that <strong>the</strong>re was something about <strong>the</strong> tattoo experience<br />
that <strong>the</strong>y disliked. One third of <strong>the</strong>se (eighteen) said that <strong>the</strong> pain<br />
was what <strong>the</strong>y found most unpleasant. Fourteen of <strong>the</strong> sixteen interviewees<br />
mentioned pain as a troublesome factor. Numerous observations<br />
of groups of young men discussing pain or expressing stoic disregard for<br />
<strong>the</strong> pain as <strong>the</strong>y received tattoos demonstrated <strong>the</strong> importance of <strong>the</strong> tattoo<br />
event as a form of initiation ritual. In some cases <strong>the</strong> tattoo process<br />
provides a situation in which <strong>the</strong> male tattooed can demonstrate his manliness<br />
to his peers. Here, for example, is a description of an incident in