violence against children WORLD REPORT ON - CRIN

3not inevitable; for example, where parent andsibling relationships are good, this will providechildren with protection and foster resilienceagainst external shocks.Violence is likely to result from a combination ofpersonal, familial, social, economic and culturalfactors, and the interrelationship amongst thesefactors can be difficult to disentangle. Moreover,some children are exposed to several types ofviolence from multiple sources over many years.Child-related factorsAge: At a very early age, the physical frailtyof the infant and state of dependence on themother or immediate carer is the key to vulnerability.Apart from the risks of injury or deathfrom physical violence, infants are vulnerableto as a result of omission and neglect. Infantsare most vulnerable in the time immediatelyafter birth; they remain extremely vulnerable,but become decreasingly so, throughout theirfirst year and early childhood (0 to 4 years).FIGURE 3.3Women’s experience of intimate partner violence after the age of 16 and its associationwith childhood victimisationPercentage6040202743 4333213913No physical violence in childhoodOne or both parents physically violent2815 159 867Violence against children in the home and family0Costa Rica(N=820)Czech Republic(N=1860)Australia(N=6378)Poland(N=2177)Philippines(N=1917)Switzerland(N=1975)Source: Johnson H et al. (forthcoming). Violence Against Women: An International Perspective. New York, Springer.