violence against children WORLD REPORT ON - CRIN

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“My grandmother arrived. She told me I was to be circumcised but I did not understand.She said: “Now you will be like everybody else, you will not be left behind.” Then they got ready.They held me at my shoulders and at the knees, and I started crying and trying to close my legs.It was very terrible. I can never forget that.”Mother, who will still submit her daughters to the FGM due to pressurefrom her mother-in-law, Eastern and Southern Africa, 2005 VII3by DHS and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys(MICS). However, the practice variesconsiderably in degree of severity of mutilation,and some of the countries in which it ismost frequently practised and in its severestforms have not been subject to DHS or MICS,notably Somalia and Djibouti (see Figure 3.2).Estimates from UNICEF published in 2005suggest that in sub-Saharan Africa, Egypt andthe Sudan, 3 million girls and women are subjectedto FGM every year. 86The highest prevalence is in the countries in theHorn of Africa (Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea andDjibouti), followed by neighbouring Egypt andSudan, East and West Africa, with some casesalso occurring in other parts of the Middle Eastand in Asia. In many of the countries where itoccurs, it is practised by certain peoples; forexample in Nigeria, according to DHS data,the prevalence reaches almost 60% of girls inthe southern provinces, but only 2% in thenorth. In a country such as Kenya, it is practisedalmost universally among Kenyan Somali,Masai, and some other groups, but reaches 32%in the country as a whole. 87 In Guinea, Maliand Mauritania, recent DHS have shown thatrates of FGM are as high as 71–99%, and thatsome girls are nowadays ‘cut’ before the age offour. 88 There are also cases in the industrialisedworld among diaspora groups.Psychological violenceAll physical and sexual violence involves somepsychological harm; but psychological violencecan also take the form of insults, name-calling,ignoring, isolation, rejection, threats, emotionalindifference and belittlement – that can be detrimentalto a child’s psychological developmentand well-being. Standard definitions are lacking,and little is known about the global extentof this form of violence against children exceptthat it frequently accompanies other forms: astrong coexistence between psychological andphysical violence against children in violenthouseholds has been established. 89 In the violentfamily setting, there is constant fear and anxietycaused by the anticipation of violence; pain,humiliation and fear during its enactment; and,in older age groups, the loneliness of parentalrejection, distrust, and at times self-disgust.Psychological violence may be the product ofuncontrolled frustration, or it may have a similarpurpose to that of corporal punishment: to cowa child into obedience and ‘retrain’ his or herunruly behaviour. Although children may knowthe saying “words can never hurt me,” the truthis that many children find the pain and anxietyof rejection, and the humiliation of an attack ontheir self-esteem, is also difficult to bear. 90Psychological forms of punishment occur inevery region. A study across five countriesconducted by the World Studies of Abuse inthe Family Environment (WorldSAFE) projectindicated that shouting or screaming atchildren was a punishment practised by parentsin all five countries (Chile, Egypt, India,the Philippines, and the USA). The incidenceof cursing children or threatening them wasmore varied; for example, in the Philippinesno mother was reported as cursing her child,but 48% threatened abandonment; in Egypt51% cursed the child, but only 10% threatenedabandonment. 9161Violence against children in the home and family
FIGURE 3.2The prevalence of FGM among women and their daughters100999792Women (aged 15-49) undergone FGM/CWomen (aged 15-49) with at least onedaughter who has undergone FGM/C90 89Countries where FGM is practicedFGM/C practiced, DHS orMICS data available62Violence against children in the home and familyPercentage806040200Guinea54Egypt47Mali73Sudan (North)58Eritrea6380Ethiopia4877Burkina Faso327166Mauritania45 45Cote d'IvoireData are from latest available years, 1996–2004. Adapted from UNICEF (2005). Changing a Harmful SocialConvention: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting. Innocenti Digest, No. 12. Florence, UNICEF Innocenti ResearchCentre; UNICEF (2005). Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Statistical Exploration. New York, UNICEF.24The most reliable and extensive data on prevalence and nature of FGM are provided byDHS and MICS. However, the surveys do not capture the degree of severity of mutilation,which varies considerably between and within countries. In addition, some of thecountries in which FGM is known to be most frequently practised in its severest forms,such as Somalia and Djibouti, have not been subject to DHS or MICS.Chad36Central AfricanRepublic322321 20 19 18 17KenyaYemenNigeria10United Republicof Tanzania7 6FGM/C practiced,no DHS or MICS dataFGM/C not practicedBenin5 53NigerGhana1Cameroon
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WORLD REPORT ONviolence against chi
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The designations employed and the p
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IVNature and extent of the problem
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I would like to thank the generous
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the University of Alberta, Canada;
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XII
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primary obligation to prevent viole
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sultations that were facilitated by
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UNICEF/HQ 05-1826. Giacomo PirozziU
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An end to violence against children
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“Children are not mini-human bein
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“There is a large gap between wha
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“Throughout history some children
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Page 49 and 50: UNICEF/HQ05-1931. Roger LemoyneHAIT
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Page 61 and 62: Regional treaties relevant to viole
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Page 65 and 66: UNICEF/HQ01-0432. Claudio VersianiB
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Page 97 and 98: The Swedish experience with prohibi
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Page 107 and 108: A multisectoral approach to compreh
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Page 113 and 114: Improving the knowledge base in Ind
Page 129 and 130: UNICEF/HQ06-0881. Mariella FurrerSu
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112Violence against children in sch
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“I have seen the harsh behaviour
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“The teacher slapped the students
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FIGURE 4.1The percentage of childre
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“Two kids were fighting and one o
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“I didn’t go back to school for
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“If they [kids] are beaten at hom
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Simon’s story: A case study on a
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“As my father could not go to pic
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well as early intervention when pro
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In Croatia, a campaign for ‘Safe
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“Curriculum is far more than what
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“When children grow up they keep
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dents are considered along with tho
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UNICEF/HQ99-0638. Giacomo PirozziIR
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172Violence against Children in car
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Human rights instrumentsThe Interna
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“There were teachers [at the ‘o
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“Ninety percent of the kids that
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“It was like being crucified on a
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“When I went to prison, I was aro
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“I was tortured in prison and mal
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“We are beaten by security forces
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Case study: diversion pilot project
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“We feel our juvenile justice sys
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Case study: de-institutionalisation
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UNICEF/HQ06-0343. Giacomo PirozziPA
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232Violence against children in pla
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“Raids are conducted on our work
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“Preventive action against violen
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‘We all come from the same villag
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“Bihari ustads (masters) punish t
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“If I broke something or did some
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“In the seven years I was working
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“No child should have to fight a
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The long struggle to end the use of
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“We have reduced the heavy work t
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“The protection of children invol
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KEYSTONE/AP- Photo/Dolores OchoaECU
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284Violence against children in the
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“A paradigm shift is needed. We h
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same age group. Preliminary data fr
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“In all countries children with d
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“They treat you badly. You don’
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When tradition meets superstitionVi
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“When I come out of my house the
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Repressive anti-gang policies in La
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Violence against children in situat
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Cyber-space and cyber-threats - the
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Cyber-space and cyber-threats - the
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Table 7.3 - Current worldwide Inter
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“I used to think that being a gir
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“Children are caught between the
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‘The way to decrease violence is
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South Africa’s Thuthuzela Care Ce
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Firearms, alcohol, and the preventi
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“If you want to know how to paint
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“We believe that governments and
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Sueraya Shaheen- Cité du TempsEL S
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“Too often, we see that legislati
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AnnexEstimated homicide rates by re
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Notes..............................
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Notes..............................
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Notes..............................
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