Magazine of Zoo Outreach Organization - zoo's print

Magazine of Zoo Outreach OrganizationVol. XXVIII No. 5 May 2013ISSN 0971-6378 (Print); 0973-2543 (Online)Aziz Gul Saqib, Director, Kabul Zoo, inspects the strategically placed cameras from the CCTV monitoring room. A public addresssystem has been linked to them which warns visitors when then are seen misbehaving at the animal enclosures.Date of Publication: 24 May 2013

Magazine of Zoo Outreach OrganizationVol. XXVIII No. 5, May 2013ISSN 0971-6378 (Print); 0973-2543 (Online)ContentsFeature articlesKabul Zoo, Afghanistan ... an Update,James Hogan, Md. Jalil and SallyWalker, Pp. 1-3WAZA conducts Animal WelfareStrategy workshop in IUCN HQ, Gland,Sally Walker, Pp. 4-8WAZA! ... glue binding organised, wellintentionedand ethical zoos of theworld, Sally Walker, Pp. 9-10ZOOLex: West Midland Safari ParkAfrican Village, Pp. 11-15Technical articlesKaryological studies on chromosomesof Barking Deer (Muntiacus muntjak)N. Murali, P. Devendran,K.Senthilkumar andM.G.Jayathangaraj, Pp. 16-17Vernonia amygdalina Delile(Asteraceae) – An African medicinalplant introduced in India, BandanaBhattacharjee, P. Lakshminarasimhan,Avishek Bhattacharjee, D.K. Agrawalaand M.K. Pathak, Pp. 18-20Notes on a polyspecific association ofRhesus Macaque and Pig-tailedMacaque in the Banshkahli Ecopark ofBangladesh, Md. Abdul Aziz, Pp. 21-23Amphibian Fauna of Dudhwa NationalPark, Uttar Pradesh, India, V.D. Hegde,Pp. 24-29WAZA conducts Animal Welfare Strategy workshop in IUCN HQ, Gland, See Pp. 4-8West Midland Safari Park African Village from ZooLex, See Pp. 11-15HECx Education workshop Follow-upReports: Krishnagiri participant’sprogrammes, P. 30Education Reports, P. 31-34Announcements:Institute of Wood Science &Technology, 18 th Cross, MalleswaramP.O., Bangalore 560 003, P. 23Pollinator Training Workshop, 35ZOO CAMP and PHVA Reports list forpurchase, P. 36KVASU Centre for Wildlife Studies,Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, Back CoverVernonia amygdalina Delile (Asteraceae) – An African medicinal plant introduced inIndia, See Pp. 18-20

Kabul Zoo, Afghanistan ... an UpdateJames Hogan 1 , Md. Jalil 2 and Sally Walker 3The animals of Kabul ZooThe animals of Kabul Zoo had aproblem for years with visitorstormenting them by poking sticksthrough the bars or even chuckingstones or other items at theanimals. This has been a perennialproblem in virtually all the SouthAsian countries. Due to the highilliteracy levels in Afghanistan,signs erected to combat the badhabits of the public didn’t work.Instead, the zoo staff discussedand decided to bring out the bigguns, and tackle the problemelectronically with CCTV (See AzizGul in the monitoring room). Avisitor has to be pretty brazen toignore the loudspeaker chiding himpolightly for messing with theanimals.This is just one example of thework - much of it innovative andexpensive - that the Kabul Zoo andits Mayor, officers and friends haveachieved since war effectivelyflattened the zoo, injured andkilled many animals. When theplight of the zoo and particularlythe male lion, Marjan, who wasblinded by enemy fire was broughtto public attention, the wholeworld was touched and broughtout help.part to what they learnt during thetrips to IndiaAziz Gul Saqib, Director, Kabul Zoo, in the CCTV monitoring room.Strategically placed CCTV cameras have been installed around the zoo.A public address system is linked to it and any misbehavior picked upis dealt with a publicly delivered warning. Embarrassment is effective!Many zoos in Asia have this problem (notwithstanding zoos in the restof the world) but few will take such an expensive and time-consumingstep. It is an unusual case of animal welfare at work !!!Food storage areaSelected Kabul Zoo personnel havevisited India several time in orderto learn new methods of animalmanagement, public education,and other zoo basics. Those visitshave been very helpful to the zoo.The Kabul zoo now provides over40 different diets for the animalsand the development of arelatively sophisticated system.A newly refurbished education and meeting room. It is sometimes usedby councillors from the Kabul City Government for their officialmeetings, also. Last year the zoo had its highest visitor levels ever,with over 650,000 people passing through the zoo. In addition, as partof its education programme, some 40,000 school children visited thezoo on free study visits. This education / meeting room wasexceptionally busy and appreciated.1&2 The Mayhew Animal Home, UK. Email: 1 jameshogan398@gmail.com3 Founder/Director, Zoo Outreach Organization, India. Email:sallyrwalker@zooreach.orgZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 1

The zoo only has one lioness now after her companion died three years ago.Editors’ note: it would be nice if some zoo would contribute one or two of sterilelions as companions for this lovely and lonely lady. She is successor to the lateMarjan, the one-eyed lion who captured the heart of the international press whenthey covered the start of the battle to oust the Taliban.The peacocks are in good numbers inthe zoo and have spacious and wellvegetatedenclosures which look liketheir natural habitat.The zoo's three camels relax in theafternoon sunshine.Two vultures that form part of the zoo's captive breeding programme. Last yearthe zoo released into the wild 60 birds that had come through the programme.The brown bear waspart of a consignmentof animals originallydonated to Kabul zoonine years ago by theChinese government.Tail end of a group of school kidsbrought to the zoo by their teachers; itis a very popular learning activity!ZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 2

Although Kabul Zoo has literally risen out of ashes and has much to be proud of, it also has a way to go beforetaking its place as a modern zoo. This is important because it is the ONLY zoo in a country, e.g. Afghanistan.These two pictures symbolize a problem ... they are very old fashioned ... small cages in the 21st Century?Concrete islands with no trees for primates, no shade, etc. Both exhibits have been recently constructed.On the other hand, the two exhibits below also have been constructed relatively recently and while they are notthe same level as western landscape exhibits, they have retained their trees, bushes, grass, open space, someeven have ponds. It would be very nice if the Kabul Zoo stopped with the 1950’ exhibits and got into the 21stCentury. In earlier days when they were struggling on every level it is understandable they couldn’t study moderndesign but now ...? The municiple government is enthusiastic to improve ... a good sign for future.Left to right : Dr. Jamshid, the Zoo’s young veterinarian,Dr. Jalil, Mayhew Foundation’s “go to” guy for Kabul Zoobase; visiting American veterinarian, Dr. Susan Chadima;and the zoo’s manager, AzizGul Saqib.Dr. Jalil is a member of the Mayhew's veterinary team inLondon, with additional responsibility for developing theMayhew's animal welfare work in Afghanistan. He visitsthe country twice a year and is in regular touch withKabul. He is a graduate of Kabul University's veterinaryscience faculty and has been with the Mayhew since2001.ZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 3

WAZA conducts Animal Welfare Strategy workshop in IUCN HQ, GlandSally WalkerThe WAZA Animal Welfare StrategyWorkshop was conducted on Tuesday,16 April, 2013 at the IUCNConservation Centre, Gland,Switzerland. It was facilitated byDr. Laura Penn, Ph.D. The workshopwas intended to bring together some ofthe interested persons on WAZA’snewly created Animal WelfareCommittee chaired by Dr. Susan Hunt,Perth Zoo, Australia. Recently some ofthe WAZA Committees were changedincluding the “Welfare and Ethics”Committee which became simply theWAZA Animal Welfare Committee.Reasons for the change were notsimple ... the need for specific focus onall aspects of zoo animal welfarerelevant to zoos and for a document toguide zoo personnel and others as wellin the discipline of animal welfare.Thus the WAZA Animal WelfareStrategy outline was created by SusanHunt and circulated to WAZA Counciland also the participants of the WAZAWelfare Workshop. The participantsincluded zoo personnel from WAZACouncil and WAZA zoos, zoo designersand other experienced animal welfareadvocates from Europe, USA, Africaand Australia.The WAZA Animal Welfare documentwas intended for participants of theGland AWS workshop and othersinterested in zoo animal welfare.Susan formulated the major issues tobe considered at the workshop asquestions and persons receiving thedocument were encouraged tocomment on aspects of these issuesand the document as such.Many animal scientists, custodians, andjust plain caring people have beenconcerned that their wards did notsuffer needless discomfort or torment,and have written articles and booksabout the meaning of welfare and theindices of animal well-being. Asrelated in the workshop documentthere are countless publishedapproaches and stratagems for rightaction towards animals. The WAZAdocument on animal welfare will beone more, but it will be very wellintegrated with the zoo community andits much valued document of 8 yearsago, Building a Future for Wildlife: TheWorld Zoo Conservation Strategy.WAZA President, Jorg Junhold, opens the WAZA Animal Welfare Workshop & E.O.Gerald Dick commented. View from the workshop window.ALL fabulous Photos by Gisela HegelIn Susan Hunt’s overview document ofFebruary 2013 she relates earlierdiscussions in working groups at bothConservation Breeding Specialist Groupand WAZA working groups anddiscussion, where it was determinedZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 4

Susan has confirmed that the “contextof the ‘discipline’ of animal welfare beoutlined including a brief synopsis of itsphilosophical basis. Changing welfarestandards and zoo experience will forma part of the document. Zoos over thedecades have learned a lot aboutanimal welfare and will be making anenormous contribution to animalwelfare knowledge. In addition, thegrowth of animal science and researchin the last 6 decades have enabled zoopersonnel a better awareness of how tohandle wild animals. Additionalsections will cover some successfulpractices developed by differentorganisation and individuals over theyears, e.g. the Five Freedoms (1979),5 Domains (1994) and more recentlyQuality of Life concepts (2009; 2011).WAZA President, Dr. Jorg Junhold,Executive Director, Dr. Gerald Dick, andConservation Officer Marcus Gussetwere present at all times but actedsimply as one of the many concernedattendees.The WAZA Office had engaged anattractive and dynamic Facilitator,Dr. Laura Penn. She utilized a range ofmethods and activities to helpparticipants relax, to know one another,to keep their focus on the topics, tokeep track of the workshop progress,to bond with one another and to workin a relaxed and happy frame of mind.Dr. Susan Hunt is Chair of the WAZA Animal Welfare Committee and author of thefirst working version of the Strategythat the maintenance and welfare ofWAZA members’ zoo animals was their“core business” underpinned by their“core purpose in conservation”. Thus itis intended that the WAZA Welfaretreatise would achieve these goals tobe ...1. a benchmark for zoo animal welfare2. globally applicable3. set out key first principles forexcellent animal welfare in zoos4. an aspirational document for allorganisations which have animals in theircare5. provide WAZA members a referencedocument which allows them to beconfident as leaders in animal welfare,affirming excellence and continualimprovement6. not as accreditation or detailingspecific standards – this is thepurview of regional zoo associationsand governments.One of the innovative activities Lauraimplemented was to use the metaphorof climbing a mountain in order toachieve the mission. Laura used alarge sheet of paper to draw amountain with the various “summits”that we would encounter throughoutthe workship indicated. This cleverDr. Laura Penn did amagnificent job asWorkshop Facilitator.ZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 5

activity kept the participants on trackand knowing where they were andwhat was being achieved.Some of the questions posed to startand to answer the essential question(“what are we doing”):• Why an Animal Welfare Strategy isImportant in 2013 and beyond• The WAZA Animal Welfare Strategy –Where are we now and where do wewant to go?AboveA couple of other stars ... Dave Morgan, Director of the new NGO “Wild Welfare”and Kim Smith, Oregon Zoo, USA.BelowOne of the Facilitator’s tricks was to construct the highest structure with spaghettisticks, tape and engineering & architectural expertise. Although there werededicated engs and archs, they got greedy and their structures collapsed. JennyGrey, Rick Barongi & unseen soul.After replying these essentialquestions, participants moved to “TheLaunch” or (Summit # 1) using theseinitial questions.1.) “Are there other purposes orfurther points of clarification on theintent of the WAZA document?”2.) “Are there other key backgroundissues which set the context for thisexercise and for the WAZA Welfaredocument?”(Summit # 2) was devoted todefinitions.Small group work using the carouselmethod. 3 groups of 8 people (selfselected)discuss different questions inparallel, each at a table with a flipchartcontaining pertinent questions.(Summit # 3) Feedback andquestions.Participants chose which question theyparticipate in discussing. Parallelgroups then discuss the questions for20 minutes at tables.(Summit # 4) Proposed chapterheadings. A wall was decorated withpaper that has a large drawing of abook opened to the “Chapters” section.Participants using Post-it notes areasked to move freely around the roomwriting their suggestions for the open“book” on the wall.(Summit # 5) focus on Chaptercontent.Small group work -- 3 groups of 8people (self-selected) discuss differentchaptersAt the peak!After the completion of these worksparticipants reached the “top of themountain”. They review what they haddone and then what they will do,planning, deadlines, next actions. Thissession on top of the mount wasfollowed by evaluation, closing, anddrinks, dinner and more talk atLes Brasseurs Pub!The purpose of the Glandworkshop was to bring togetheranimal welfare providers ofextreme variety, experience andZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 6

knowledge, and byhearing from some ofthem and interacting ingroups in a range ofdifferent ways, come toan understanding ofwhere we are and wherewe want to go with thestrategy. All participantsseemed to agree that itwas a successful venture.ParticipantsKatrin Baumgartner, ZooNuremberg, GermanyRick Barongi, Houston Zoo,USAKevin Bell, Lincoln Park Zoo,USABryan Carroll, Bristol Zoo,UKGerald Dick, WAZA,SwitzerlandLesley Dickie, EAZA, EuropeLee Ehmke, Minnesota Zoo,USADavid Field, ZSL, UKJenny Gray, Royal MelbourneZoological Gardens,AustraliaMarkus Gusset, WAZA,SwitzerlandBecca Hanson, StudioHanson/Roberts, USAJulia Hanuliakova, ZooDesign Inc.Gisela Hegel, KSusan Hunt, Perth Zoo,AustraliaJörg Junhold, Zoo Leipzig,GermanyJoanne Lalumière, Zoo deGranby, CanadaLena Lindén, Nordens Ark,SwedenJörg Luy, Inst. for AnimalWelfare & Animal Behaviour,BerlinDave Morgan, Wild Welfare,USAOlivier Pagan, ZoologischerGarten, SwitzerlandLaura Penn, CommunicatingEnvironment, SwitzerlandKim Smith, Oregon Zoo,USAStephen van der Spuy,PAAZAB, South AfricaKris Vehrs, American ZooAssociation, USASally Walker, Zoo OutreachOrganisation & SAZARC,IndiaJason Watters, BrookfieldZoo, USAAboveBeginning to wind up theworkshop with everyone“wound-up” themselves,vastly stimulated by thediscussion and activitiesof the Facilitators andother participants input.Easily seen: BeccaHanson, Studio Hanson;Gerald Dick WAZA, JorgJunhold WAZA andStephen van der Spuy,PAAZAB.AboveKris Vehrs and Lena Linden workinghard taking notes ... Kris is fromAmerican Zoo Association and Lenais from Norden’s Ark, Sweden.LeftLee Ehmke, Director, Minnesota Zoo,USA and President Elect, WAZAtakes the group through a processof clarifying some of the issuesraised in working groups.ZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 7

Above and LeftHappy Participants calm down with beer and heavy German food. Sally, sick offancy Swiss food, finally got a hamburger. Jorg, Gerald, Kris and other in the“A” crowd were out of range.BelowGroup photograph of straggler welfare workshop participants and WAZA Councilmembers and observers as well as some locals who had been most helpful.ZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 8

WAZA! ... glue binding organised, well-intentioned and ethical zoos of the worldSally WalkerThe World Association of Zoos andAquariums began as a mixed meetingof zoo directors and animal dealers,some decades ago. The organizationdropped the animal dealers and movedtoward a more dignified and academicprofile, taking on the title ofInternational Union of Directors ofZoological Gardens and rubbing coatsleeves with the prestigious IUCN orInternational Union for Conservation ofNature and Natural Resources, nowcasually known as IUCN.The Union was, if you will, somewhatpompous and insulated for many years(bisected by World War) but ultimatelybegan to change, albeit slowly and withsome angst between members withdifferent views. The real and accuratestory appears in a book about theHistory and Evolution of WAZApublished in 2012 in recognition ofWAZA’s 77th Anniversary. This bookgives much perspective and every zooshould have at least one copy in theirLibrary and one in their Director’soffice. It is particularly useful forcountries in which the zoo directors donot serve a lifetime, but merely atransfer post lasting from 6 months toa very few years. Almost nothingholds a zoo back like the transfersystem practiced in several regions orspecific countries. Persons coming tothe job initially would do a better jobafter reading this book, as well as HeiniHediger’s books, the first for adminand the second for animal care.The Central Zoo Authority of India is aMember of WAZA and has beenselected to host the Annual Conferenceof WAZA in 2014. The WAZA AnnualConference is where zoo directors, zooassociation chairs, and other zoo orscience personnel who have becomeWAZA members.Zoo Outreach Organization is amember and so is the South Asian ZooAssociation for Regional Cooperationare Members of WAZA, and althoughthe Central Zoo Authority has atradition of ignoring theseorganisations, we feel we shouldsupport their conference by feedinginformation about WAZA andencouragement to zoo personnel to tryand attend. Many zoo people findWAZA unfathomable or, because it is sofar removed from their experience,irrelevant to what they do. Speakingas Founder and Director of both ZOOand SAZARC I would like to makeAboveTwo similar photos ofWAZA Councilmeeting in IUCN HQmeeting rooms. Canyou guess which onewas taken morningand which oneafternoon (late).LeftSusan Hunt, AnimalWelfare Comm. Chairand Jenny Grey(newly co-optedmember) is Chair ofthe CPM, Committeefor PopulationManagementfollowing thediscussion carefully.ZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 9

French alps from Gland. Photo by Rick Barongi.WAZA more of a “household word”, ormore accurately a “zoohold word”.Because, everything you do, or want todo, or should NOT do has relevance toWAZA. And WAZA, like a kindly fatherwith too many children, would like tobe helpful to every zoo ... even (maybeespecially) the +/- 9000 dysfunctionalzoos as well as the effective zoos, be it500 or 1000.WAZA Council is a relatively smallgroup of both elected and selectedWAZA members who meet officially 2times a year to discuss issues ofimportance. Some of the issues arefinance, the annual conferences,committee events like Marketing,misbehavior of WAZA member zoos,zoo animal welfare, public complaints,publications, climate change, all thingspertaining to conservation of wildlifeand wildlands and many others.Mont Blanc by Rick Barongi.Recently (17-18 April) WAZA CouncilMidyear meeting was conducted atGland, Switzerland at the august venueof the IUCN Offices, from where WAZAoperates. Dr. Gerald Dick is largelyresponsible for this impressive location.Traditionally, just before WAZA Councilmeets, the Conservation BreedingSpecialist Group CBSG SSC IUCN has aone or two day meeting to discuss theirissues and often those intersect withthose of WAZA.This year, as often happens, an extraday for WAZA was added which isreported here, e.g. the WAZA ZooAnimal Welfare Strategy.There is a democratic procedure ofMember voting for WAZA officers andCommittee Chairs are selected inCouncil. Every year for theConference bids are made for thehonour of serving as Host at differentvenues giving each regional group anopportunity to host. For the mid-yearmeeting WAZA Council itself selects thevenue, choosing for different reasons.Gland was selected this year becauseof the welfare conference. Othercountries are selected because Councilis interested to see their zoo.Specific discussions in Council are notpublic so the photos of the meetingand the relaxation event will have todo.Above: Rick Barongi, Houston Zoo; Lesley Dickie,Director, EAZA & David Field, Director, ZSL, UK. Ourgroup migrated to this charming spot after a long dayof discussions.Anybody can learn more about WAZAby accessing its excellent website ...www.waza.org. Do it ... you won’tregret itRight : Joanne Lumiere, Calgary Zoo, Gerald Dick, EO,WAZA, Kris Vehrs, AZA Director & Lee Ehmke,Director, Minnesota Zoo & President Elect WAZA.Photos by Sally Walker.ZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 10

West Midland Safari ParkAfrican Villagehttp://www.zoolex.org/zoolexcgi/view.py?id=1453Dave Powner & Angela Potter, authors for WestMidland Safari ParkMonika Fiby, editor for ZooLexLOCATIONSpring Grove, Bewdley, Worcestershire, EnglandPhone: DY12 1LF--01299 402114Fax: 01299404519URL: http://www.wmsp.co.ukKEY WORDSthemingANIMALSFamily Species Common Name CapacityBovidae Capra hircus pygmy West AfricanPygmy goats14Bovidae Ovis aries aries cameroon Cameroon sheep 6Bovidae Ovis aries dom Somali sheep 10Ring-tailed lemurs. © West Midland Safari Park, 2011Herpestidae Suricata suricatta Meerkat 21Lemuridae Eulemur albifrons White frontedbrown lemurs3Lemuridae Eulemur rubriventer Red bellied lemurs 3Lemuridae Lemur catta Ring tailed lemurs 20African Village entrance with replicated African carvings.© West Midland Safari Park, 2011African village hut replica. © West Midland Safari Park, 2011DESCRIPTIONThe brief was to design an exhibit for all age groups.Meerkat Mayhem offers a series of glass viewing intomeerkat exhibits. Village Goats is a walk-through goatfeeding area, allowing visitors to experience an Africanvillage atmosphere. Lemur Woods was developed in an areaencompassing a large lakeside paddock and an area ofmature woodland. The aim was to keep the woodland asnatural as possible, for three species of lemur to wanderfree among the general public. The village was conceivedfrom a variety of African influences based around a villagecentre with huts. Tortoises and mongoose may be addedlater.The West Midland Safari Park in-house creative teamworked closely with the animal team and formulated initialdesign concepts. Environment and husbandry requirementswere paramount for the project. Other facilities were visitedto look at best practice. Mixtures of African cultures wereexplored before the final look was agreed on. Great carewas taken in designing buildings, which would lookauthentic but be durable and resistant to British weather.Once husbandry requirements were agreed, footfall and flowof visitors through the site were discussed with a localarchitect. A blueprint was then drawn up and submitted forplanning. Exterior details, such as materials, thatch andrenering, as well as internal operational aspects wereintegrated into the plan. Areas visible to visitors weredesigned with their perspective in mind, including an electricpower substation that was themed into the exhibit since itcould not be moved.ZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 11

An environmental impact assessmentwas completed before the developmentbegan. The creative team used manyof the skills that African tribes wouldapply to their own dwellings. Theycoloured and aged the buildings to addan authentic atmosphere. The villagewas themed with curiosities importedfrom Africa.Visitors first reach Meerkat Mayhemwith a hut that shelters the meerkatsand their adjacent outdoor exhibits.The meerkats cross the visitor path inbetween through underground tunnelsthat are set into themed termitemounds in their exhibits, indoors andoutdoors. Next, visitor pass aninterpretation hut and get to the lemurhouse. This building consists of fouranimal enclosures, a kitchen/keeperarea and a quarantine. The quarantineis separated from the main house bythe visitor entrance into Lemur Woods.Visitors access the woods through adouble gate system. The path windsthrough Lemur Woods in a shorter anda longer optional route. The pathwaysare fenced with a low rail so thatguests stay on the designated routes.The lemurs are often seen sitting onthe paths or fence conveying visitorsan immersive experience. Seatingareas were carved into some of thetrees that needed to be felled forsafety reasons. All the trunks andbrash were left piled in the woods foradding structure and enrichment. Anatural lake borders the woods andbuilds a barrier for the lemurs. Theremaining perimeter is chain-linkfencing with electric wires to keep thelemurs off the fence.The African village garden is planted with wild flowers and vegetables. © WestMidland Safari Park, 2011The exit through another double gatesystem leads from Lemur Woods intoVillage Goats, a walk-through goat andsheep area. The stables for theseanimals are designed to look likeAfrican village huts. The paddock isenclosed with a fence from woodensticks. A nursery paddock for younganimals is fenced in the same style.The nursery paddock is not accessibleon foot for visitors but visitors cantouch the goats through the woodenrails and over the top of the fence.SIZEThe site consisted of 2,200 squaremetres of open goat paddock with anadditional woodland of 5,600 squaremetres.Meerkat sentries. © West MidlandSafari Park, 2011COSTS£ 1,000,000OPENING DATEMarch 2011DESIGNBeginning: February 2009Concepts and Design: David Powner,West Midland Safari ParkThemed termite mounds link underground tunnels with the meerkat indoorand outdoor exhibits. © West Midland Safari Park, 2011CONSTRUCTIONBeginning: November 2010Main site construction: Lee WillsonConstruction, Bewdley WorcestershireExhibit Theming: Art and maintenanceteam, West Midland Safari ParkZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 12

example, desiccated wood offerscavities for insect foraging, fauxtermite mounds offer viewpoints forsentries and a mixed sand base allowsthe meerkats to burrow.Lemur Woods is a natural woodlandwhere the lemurs live free-range andcan utilise the trees, the grassland andthe woodpiles. The wood has clearingsfor sunbathing. The natural landscapeof the woodland provides adequateenrichment for the three lemur speciesand themed shelters provide heat andcover during inclement weather. Thethree lemur species are mixed in thewood but tend to keep to their groups.In the house they return into speciesspecific separation enclosures for thenight.An individual look was created for the village signage and several forms ofvisual and non visual interpretation used to deliver information relating tothe area. These particular signs were all digital drawings produced by the inhouseteam. © West Midland Safari Park, 2011The heating of the meerkat and lemurholding buildings is thermostaticallycontrolled. Lemurs, meerkats and thehoof stock have heat stations with heatlamps in the outdoor exhibits for useduring the colder months.FEATURES DEDICATED TO KEEPERSThe purpose-built kitchen is a selfcontained unit, incorporated into themain lemur building. It is simple andprovides everything required forhusbandry for all species in the village.The building is insulated and heating isthermostatically controlled. Theventilation can be through the windowsand extractor fans in the ceiling.FEATURES DEDICATED TOVISITORSGlass panels in the meerkat holdingbuilding offer views from the publicView looking down onto Meerkat Mayhem. © West Midland Safari Park, 2011PLANTSThe lemur area was an establishedwood, consisting of beech, oak, limeand predominantly Spanish chestnutwith an understory of elder. Saplings ofthe main species were planted toreplace fallen mature trees. The villagewas planted with a range of plantsincluding wild cherry, rowan and falseacacia which will provide shade foranimals and the visiting public, oncemature. A seed mixture of woodlandand wildflower species was scattered inall areas to enhance insect diversity.In the village garden, the keepers haveplanted sunflowers, courgettes, beans,pumpkins, marrows and tomatoes andother crops and harvested them for thelemurs and meerkats to eat.FEATURES DEDICATED TOANIMALSThe meerkat exhibits consist of fourseparate enclosures that are allconnected to indoor enclosures in adivided house. Three meerkat groupsare on display - a male, a female and abreeding group. An off-show enclosuregives flexibility when an animals needto be off display for a period of time.The off-show enclosure looks the sameas the exhibit, but is slightly smaller. Awide variety of enrichment has beenthemed to give an impression of theanimal’s natural environments. ForHeat lamps are themed into thetimber work. © West Midland SafariPark, 2012ZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 13

footpaths that wind through semi-aridsavannah-style exhibits. All paths arewheelchair accessible. Theinterpretation hut is themed toillustrate a village home. Visitors cansee it from outside.A wash station is positioned at the exitto the village, providing hot water andsoap for guests to wash hand aftertouching the goats and sheep.The village garden is left to grow wild,in order to attract insects andbutterflies.INTERPRETATIONInterpretation for the village wasjointly devised by the wildlife team, thelearning team and the creativedepartment. It was agreed that thearea should have its own identity andthat information should be conveyedby various media.Sun bathing ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). © West Midland Safari Park, 2011statues were carved into tree trunksand placed around the woodland.Notice boards were designed to provideseveral pieces of information in smallsnippets. They describe the habitatsthat the species would roam in thewild. Information fact boards for thewoodland walk were designed to sitcomfortably in the forest environment.Lemur facts were sketched out andthen graphically interpreted to fit lowlevel wooden boards. Artwork wasconverted to digital paths and sent to alocal CNC cutter for final routing intooak boards. All signage fact boards anddirection signs in the Lemur wood areaare CNC'd into oak panels. Animalinterpretation boards were digitallysketched and illustrated by an artist onstaff and printed locally. Rusticframeworks were developed for thesigns that match the exhibits. LemurKeeper talks take place several times aday. They are a good opportunity tosee the lemurs, as they usually comedown to the paths at these times. Talksare also delivered at the meerkats andat the village interpretation hut toeducate visitors about African villagelife.MANAGEMENTThree keepers are in-charge of animalcare and visitor interaction at theAfrican Village. Lemur Woods ismanned throughout opening hours tosupervise visitors in the lemur walkthrough.Keepers interact with guests,pointing out where the lemurs are,imparting information and ensuring therules are abided. Guests are notRed-bellied lemur (Eulemurrubriventer). © West Midland SafariPark, 2011The pathway through the Lemur Woods is suitable for wheelchairs. © WestMidland Safari Park, 2011White-fronted brown lemur (Eulemuralbifrons). © West Midland Safari Park,2011ZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 14

several stages. The largest feature ofthe area is Lemur Woods. This is alsothe section where visitors spend mosttime, sharing the space with theanimals. Therefore it was decided thatthe resources should be focused onthis area. An undergraduate workedwith the West Midland Safari Parkresearch officer and conducted a pilotstudy with the objectives to investigateA number of wooden sculpturesalong the woodland trail were carvedby a local artist. © West midland SafariPark, 2011.Facts and directions within thewoodland were CNC'd into oakboards. © West Midland Safari Park,2011.(i) whether the hypothesis of thedesign team – that the naturalsurroundings of the woods provide anenvironment which promotes goodanimal welfare and(ii) the extent to which the element ofvisitors in the environment influencesbehaviour and welfare of the lemurs.The outcome of this project waspresented in a poster at the BIAZAResearch Symposium 2012. The workidentified by the pilot study will becarried out by a summer volunteerresearcher under supervision of theWest Midland Safari Park ResearchOfficer. This study combines visitorsurveys and animal behaviouralobservation to (a) gauge visitorenjoyment of the lemur wood and (b)better understand the influence oflemur activity levels on visitorenjoyment.CONSERVATIONThe lemur groups are establishedbreeding groups.Several themed notice boards are situated in the village area. These are veryflexible, allowing easy up-date and improving information for the guests.© West midland Safari Park, 2012.allowed to feed or touch the lemurs.Rails in the wood are disinfected dailyby spraying SAFE4 disinfectant with agarden plant sprayer and wiping spots.Paths are kept free of faeces. Keeperswear disposable gloves for this task.Lemurs and meerkats are lured andlocked indoors at night. The animalsare released at 8.30 daily and insummer have access to the woods upuntil 9pm during August. By beingbrought into the house each night, theanimals can be easily health checkedon a daily basis and trained to beweighed and have their micro chipsread weekly. The staff are able to knowthe lemurs individually and develop agood working relation with them. Ifthere was a fence fault the lemurs caneasily be called into the house at anytime.A separate quarantine unit is used forthe introduction of new individuals andnew species.RESEARCHThe research department at WestMidland Safari Park had the task ofdesigning a method of assessing thesuccess of the exhibit from an animalpoint of view. It was decided that thisrequired a long-term project withSignage will be expanded to cover theplight of flora and fauna in Madagascar- i.e. a conservation education goal.Lemur Woods is also designed as ahabitat that can provide high standardsof welfare and therefore aid successfulbreeding and rearing of young. Gainingexpertise in breeding ring-tailed lemurswill help with breeding moreconservationally important species inthe future and thereby assisting thecaptive breeding programmes ofMadagascan primates.LOCAL RESOURCESWest Midland Safari Park staffcontrolled and directed theconstruction of the exhibit. Internaldepartmental expertise were integralwith design and construction. Localbuilders and staff were recruited tocarry out the bulk of the constructionwork.ZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 15

Karyological studies on chromosomes of Barking Deer (Muntiacus muntjak)N. Murali 1 , P. Devendran 2 , K. Senthilkumar 3 and M.G. Jayathangaraj 4AbstractKaryological studies on chromosomesof the Indian muntjac (Muntiacusmuntjak) commonly referred to asbarking deer were carried out. Thediploid (2n) chromosome number inMuntiacus muntjak was 7 in males and6 in females. There were one pair ofmetacentric chromosomes and one pairof acrocentric chromosomes. The Xchromosome was submetacentric. Thetwo Y chromosomes exhibitedacrocentric morphology. The relativelength of chromosomes rangedbetween 21.57 ± 0.77 for chromosome1 and 2.97 ± 0.41 for chromosome Y2,the true Y chromosome. The G-bandingrevealed distinct bands on thehomologous chromosome pairs with atotal of 28 bands.IntroductionIndian muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak)commonly known as barking deer orKatar is a small deer with brightchestnut coat color belonging to thefamily Cervidae. The adult buck isaround 45 cm tall and weighs around14 to 16 kg. The rudimentary antlersare 6 to 8 cm long and these deerhave long upper canine teeth (2.5 cm).They are also called as rib faced deer.In both sexes, skull has deepdepression between the frontal bonesfor sub orbital glands (Prater, 1971).Like the Chinese muntjac, Indianmuntjac were introduced into Europe(Christopher, 1985), but have failed toestablish themselves unlike theChinese muntjac. Karyological studiesin this species are scanty and nostandardized nomenclature for thechromosomes of Indian muntjac hasbeen reported. However, Pathak et al.(1977) have reported the diploidnumber (2n) 7 in males. Stephen et al.(2006) have compared the karyotypeof North Indian muntjac (2n = 7) withthat of the Chinese muntjac (2n = 46).However, very few cytogeneticanalyses have been published aboutthe Indian muntjac, a species withdiffering diploid chromosome numberbetween sexes. This article presentsthe metaphase spreads and karyotypeof the G-banded chromosomes of theIndian muntjac.Materials and MethodsAmong the herd of barking deermaintained at the Anna ZoologicalPark, Vandalur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu,Fig 1. Metaphase spread displaying the diploid chromosomes (2n = 7) ofIndian male muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) deer (x 1000).Fig 2. Karyotype of G-banded chromosomes of Indian male muntjac deer.India; few animals, intended to betransferred, were subjected for thekaryotyping of chromosome.Blood samples from jugular vein werecollected from 6 males and 6 femalesin heparinised vacutainer systems.Leucocyte cultures were set up in RPMI1640 culture medium (8ml) withphytohaemmagglutinin (0.1 ml) asmitogen. Autologous plasma (1.5 ml)and buffy coat (0.2 ml) were added tocultures from the centrifuged bloodsamples. The cultures were incubatedat 37°C for three cell cycles (72 h).One and a half hours prior to harvest,0.01% colchicine was added to thecultures and incubation was continued.The cultures were subjected tohypotonic treatment (0.075 M KCl) andfixed in Cornoy’s fixative. The slideswere prepared by air-drying andstained with 4% Giemsa. Over fiftymetaphase spreads were examined fornumerical chromosome abnormality(Halnan, 1977). Metaphase spreadswith clear and complete chromosomecomplement were photographed andkaryotypes were prepared. The airdried,aged, unstained slides wereutilized for G-banding and slides weresubjected to trypsin digestion followedby staining with 4 % Giemsa(Seabright, 1971).Results and DiscussionThe diploid (2n) chromosome numberwas observed to be 7 including sexchromosomes (X, Y1, Y2) in males and6 in females. The metaphase spreaddisplaying the diploid chromosomes isshown in Fig 1 and the Table 1 displaysthe relative length of chromosomes.The karyotypes with G-bandingpatterns are shown in Fig 2.1Prof. & Head, Mecheri Sheep Research Station, Pottaneri 636453.2Associate Prof. & Head, Instructional Livestock Farm Complex (ILFC),Veterinary College & Research Institute, Thanjavur 614625. 3 Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Wildlife Science, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai 7. 4 Prof. &Head, Dept. of Wildlife Science, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai 600 007.1Corresponding author email: murali.vete@gmail.comZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 16

In Muntiacus muntjak, an acrocentricautosome was translocated onto theoriginal X chromosome but itshomologue remained free, therebygiving rise to two Y chromosomes (Y1,Y2), the longer of which was actually anautosome (Macgregor, 1993). As perthe karyotypes prepared in this study,the first pair was two long metacentricchromosomes and the second pair wasacrocentric chromosomes. Thetranslocated X chromosome (from anautosome) was a submetacentricchromosome. The longer acrocentricwas the Y1 and the shortest of all thechromosomes (an acrocentric) wasdesignated as Y2, the true Ychromosome.The peculiarity of differing diploidchromosome number in males andfemales of this species drew attentionto their survival with perfect pairingmechanism during gametogenesis.There are other few species likeGazelle and bats with similar differingchromosome numbers in males andfemales (Stephen et al., 2006).However, Muntiacus muntjak (Indianmuntjac) was the comparatively largermammal that had different diploidchromosome numbers in males andfemales.The relative length of thechromosomes ranged between21.57±0.77 for the first pair ofchromosome and 2.97 ± 0.41 for thechromosome Y2 (Table 1).Table: 1. Relative length ofChromosomesChromosomes Mean ± SE1 21.50±0.7521.57±0.772 13.70± 0.2613.63±0.24X 14.83±0.43Y1 11.79±0.55Y2 2.97 ± 0.41G BandingThe G-banding revealed distinct bandson all the homologous chromosomepairs except Y2 with a total of 28bands. However, more cytogeneticinvestigations on different bandingmethods are needed for conclusivestatements about the banding patternsof the individual chromosome pairs.Chromosome 1 Metacentricp: two proximal and two distal darkbands.q: One dark band near the centromerefollowed by two light bands.Chromosome 2 AcrocentricDark band adjacent to centromerefollowed by a dark and lighter band.X Chromosome Submetacentricp: One dark band near the tipq: Light band near centromere followedby two dark bands with anintervening light bandChromosome Y1 AcrocentricOne dark band near the middleChromosome Y2 Short acrocentricNo detectable dark and light bandsseen.ConclusionKaryological studies on chromosomesof the Indian muntjac (Muntiacusmuntjak) commonly referred to asbarking deer revealed diploid (2n)chromosome number as 7 in males and6 in females. There were one pair ofmetacentric chromosomes, one pair ofacrocentric chromosomes and the Xchromosome was submetacentric. Thetwo Y chromosomes exhibitedacrocentric morphology. The relativelength of chromosomes rangedbetween 21.57 ± 0.77 for chromosome1 and 2.97 ± 0.41 for chromosome Y2,the true Y chromosome. The G-bandingrevealed distinct bands on thehomologous chromosome pairs with atotal of 28 bands. As per the literaturethis is the first record of relative lengthand banding in Indian muntjac.AcknowledgementThe authors are thankful to theConservator of forests and Director,Arignar Anna Zoological Park, Vandalur,Chennai for permitting them toundertake the work.ReferencesChristopher, L. (1985). NaturalizedMammals of The World. Longman,London. P.147.Halnan, C. R. E. (1977). An improvedtechnique for the preparation ofchromosomes from cattle whole blood.Research in Veterinary Science 22:40-43.Macgregor, H. C. (1993). AnIntroduction to Animal Cytogenetics.Chapman and Hall, London. P.27.Pathak, S., G. O. Ward & T. C. Hsu(1977). Rate of SCEs in mammaliancells differing in diploid numbers.Experentia, 33:875-876.Prater, S. H. (1971). The Book ofIndian Animals. Bombay NaturalHistory Society. Oxford UniversityPress. P.224.Seabright, M. (1971). A rapidtechnique for human chromosomes.Lancet ii: 971-972.Stephen, J. O., C. M. Joan & G. N.William, (2006). Atlas of MammalianChromosomes. Wiley-Liss, London, P.579.ZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 17

Vernonia amygdalina Delile (Asteraceae) – An African medicinal plantintroduced in IndiaBandana Bhattacharjee 1 , P. Lakshminarasimhan 2 , Avishek Bhattacharjee *3 , D.K. Agrawala 4 andM.K. Pathak 5AbstractThe present paper deals with Vernoniaamygdalina Delile, an African medicinalplant belonging to the familyAsteraceae which has been found incultivation in different places of Centraland Eastern India as well as an escapefrom cultivation. The aim of this paperis to report its availability in India,facilitate identity of the species withdetailed description and photo-plateand to explore the scope ofcommercialization of V. amygdalina inthe country as health supplement andmedicinal plant.The genus Vernonia Schreb.(Asteraceae) is represented by ca.1,000 species distributed in tropicalAsia, Africa, North and South Americas.In India, the genus is represented byca. 56 species and 15 varieties(Karthikeyan et al. 2009). Robinson(1999, 2007) has proposed thesegregation of genus Vernonia intomany smaller genera [e.g. Acilepis D.Don, Baccharoides Moench,Cyanthillium Blume, Decaneuropsis H.Rob. & Skvarla, Distephanus Cass.,Gymnanthemum Cass., Khasianthus H.Rob. & Skvarla, Monosis DC.,Strobocalyx (Blume ex DC.) Spach,Tarlmounia H. Rob.] with Vernonia s.s.(ca. 17 species) restricted to NorthAmerica. However, most of thesesegregates are rather difficult todelimit. Therefore, we prefer to followChen & Gilbert (2011), keepingGymnanthemum under the synonymyof Vernonia.Vernonia amygdalina Delile [=Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile)Sch. Bip. ex Walp.], commonly knownas ‘African bitter leaf’ is a shrub tosmall tree of the tribe Vernonieae(Asteraceae) native to tropical Africa.The species is widely cultivated inYemen and Ethiopia, South Uganda,Kenya and Tanzania, Brazil (Robinson1999, 2007). However, it is wronglytreated as ‘Endemic’ to Brazil in ‘GlobalCompositae Checklist’ (Flann 2012).Interestingly, Sharma and Sharma(2010) revealed the occurrence ofantimicrobial compounds (alkaloids,flavonoids, tannins, saponins etc.) inthe leaves of V. amygdalina collectedfrom Sagar, Deveri District of MadhyaPradesh. But V. amygdalina is notImage 1: Vernonia amygdalina Delile – A. Habit; B. Flowering twig; C.Inflorescence; D. Floret; E. Cypsela with portion of pappusreported from India as evident by theworks of Clarke (1876), Hooker(1881), Rao et al. (1988), Uniyal(1995), Karthikeyan et al. (2009).Sharma and Sharma (2010) neithermade any comment on taxonomy ofthis alien species mentioning its firstoccurrence in India, nor did they citeany voucher specimen in theirtreatment. During the revisionarystudy of the tribe Vernonieae for ‘Floraof India’ by one of us (BB) and on thebasis of different collections from Bihar(Bhagalpur), Odisha (Jokhipali), WestBengal (Howrah) it has been found that‘African bitter leaf’ is now beingcultivated as well as found to grow asan escape from cultivation in differentparts of Central and Eastern India, atleast for more than a decade, wheresome local people are consuming itsleaves as herbal remedy for diabetes.The present occurrence of V.amygdalina in India is probably as aresult of its introduction to someexperimental gardens for research1,2,*3&5Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, P.O. – BotanicGarden, Howrah 711103, West Bengal. 4 Botanical Survey of India, SikkimHimalayan Regional Centre, P.O. - Rajbhawan, Gangtok – 737103, Sikkim.Emails: 1 bandanabsi@rediffmail.com, 2 lakshminarasimhanp@yahoo.co.in.3* Email: avibsi@rediffmail.com (correspondence author).4 dk_bsi@rediffmail.com and 5 mithileshkp@gmail.com.ZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 18

purpose due to its several medicinalproperties, from where it has beenspread.Vernonia amygdalina Delile, Cent.Pl. Afr. Voy. Meroe: 41. 1826.Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile)Sch. Bip. ex Walp. in Repert. Bot.Syst. (Walpers) 2: 948. 1843. Type:Sudan, Sennar, Fazogl, Cailliaud s.n.(holotype MPU, not found) Image 1.Shrubs or small trees, 1.5 – 3 m high.Stem moderately to densely branched,terete with solid pith, somewhatangular above, striate, almost glabrousbelow, puberulous above. Leavesalternate, highly variable in shape andsize, lanceolate-oblanceolate, someovate-elliptic, 3 - 17 × 1.3 - 7 cm,membranous, acute at apex, veryfinely toothed at margins, glabrous onupper surface, somewhat glossy withfine, soft pale hairs below and onmidrib, subsessile or petiolate; petioles1-4 cm long. Inflorescence terminal,densely corymbiform with smallbracteoles of 0.1 cm 0.2 cm long,sweetly scented, with short peduncle.Capitula 11 – 35 flowered,campanulate 0.2 – 0.5 cm wide, onpedicles 0.2 – 0.5 cm long, smallcreamy white. Involucre with 25 – 30phyllaries in 4 – 5 gradate series,ovate-elliptic or oblong-obtuse orsubacute, 0.4 – 0.6 cm long,coriaceous to subcoriaceous,appressed, pale green with darker spotnear tip, outer surface with medianshield, scarcely glabrous or ciliolate,inner bracts deciduous. Corollagradually narrowed below, throat verydeeply cut, lobes with glands orspicules on outer surface, white.Androecium 4.5 – 5 mm long, with 5epipetalous stamens, syngenecious,anther linear to linear-lanceolate, 3 – 4mm long, base broadly tailed.Gynoecium 11 – 14.5 mm long; ovaryoblong-elliptic, 2 – 2.5 × 0.5 – 0.9mm; style 8 – 9.5 mm long, with 2coiled or decurved style branches atapex and a small basal node (knob likestructure) at base, with stout pointedsweeping hairs on branches. Cypselaeoblong-elliptic, 3 – 4 × 0.5 – 1 mm,with minute glands and bristly hairs,10 costate. Pappus of many ratherpersistent capillary bristles withbroadened tips, sub-uniseriate.Flowering & Fruiting: December –MarchDistribution: INDIA (Bihar, MadhyaPradesh, Odisha, West Bengal);Tropical Africa.Specimens examined: 17.iii.2010,Nawab Colony, Bhagalpur, Bihar, India,S.K. Varma s.n. (CAL); 21.iii.2011,Jokhipali (cultivated), Bargarh, Odisha,D.K. Agrawala 23235 (CAL); 03.iii.2011, Near Udayachal Sporting Clubplayground, Daneshseikh Lane,Howrah, West Bengal, India, B.Bhattacharjee 52404 (CAL); 05.ii.2012, Near Bakultala, Howrah, WestBengal, India, B. Bhattacharjee 52457(CAL); 1837, Ethiopia, Kotschy 479 (K,photo); Fernando Po, Nigeria, Vogel257 (K, photo).V. amygdalina is traditionally used inthe management of diabetes in Africa(Akah & Okafor 1992; Atangwho et al.2010). Traditional medical practitionersin tropical Africa use this plant also asan anti-helminth, anti-malarial,laxative, digestive tonic, appetizer,febrifuge and for the topical treatmentof wounds (Ijeh & Ejike 2011). In someparts of Nigeria, stems are used aschew sticks for oral hygiene and for themanagement of some dental problems(Ijeh & Ejike 2011). In Malawi andUganda, it is used by traditional birthattendants in the expulsion of placentaafter birth, aid post-partum uterinecontraction, induce lactation andcontrol post-partum hemorrhage(Kamatenesi-Mugisha 2004). Researchon this highly medicinal plant alsoclaim that it has also many otherphytotherapeutic properties likeanticancer activity (Izevbigie 2003;Khalafalla et al. 2009), antibacterialactivity (Ibrahim et al. 2009),antihepatotoxic activity (Arhoghro etal. 2009), antioxidant property(Adaramoye et al. 2008), serum lipidmodulation properties (Ugwu et al.2010), fungitoxic as well as phytotoxiceffects (Alabi et al. 2005). V.amygdalina contains significantquantities of lipids (Eleyinmi et al.2008), proteins with high essentialamino acid score (Eleyinmi et al.2008), carbohydrates (Ejoh et al.2007) and fiber (Eleyinmi et al. 2008).It also possesses appreciable quantitiesof ascorbic acid and caroteinoids (Ejohet al. 2007). Calcium, iron, potassium,phosphorous, manganese, copper andcobalt have also been found insignificant quantities in this species(Eleyinmi et al. 2008).A wide array of phytochemicalsoxalates, phytates and tannins hasbeen reported (Udensi et al. 2002;Ejoh et al. 2007; Eleyinmi et al. 2008)from leaves of V. amygdalina.Stigmastane-type saponins such asvernoniosides A1, A2, A3 (Jisaka et al.1992); A4, B2, B3 (Jisaka et al. 1993);C, D and E (Ohigashi 1994) are presentin the leaves. The A-series saponinsare responsible for the bitter taste ofV. amygdalina. Other steroidalsaponins have been identified in theplant (Igile et al. 1995). Sesquiterpenelactones are another class ofphytochemicals found abundantly inleaves of the species. Some of theidentified sesquiterpene lactones arevernolide, vernodalol (Erasto et al.2006), vernolepin, vernodalin andhydroxyvernolide (Koshimizu et al.1994). Igile et al. (1995) reportedpresence of the flavonoids luteolin,luteolin 7-О-β-glucoroniside andluteolin 7-О-β-glucoside, in the leavesof V. amygdalina. Other researchershave confirmed presence of flavonoidsin the plant (Tona et al. 2004). Otherphytochemicals present in theleaves of V. amygdalina are terpenes,coumarins, phenolic acids, lignans,xanthones and anthraquinones (Tonaet al. 2004). Izevbigie (2003) reportedthe presence of bio-active peptidescalled edotides in the leaves of V.amygdalina.V. amygdalina is an importantvegetable in Cameroon, where out of93,600 tons of leafy vegetablesharvested in 1998, 23% (21,549 tons)was bitter leaf (Smith & Eyzaguirre2007). There is a very good scope tocommercialize this species in India ashealth supplement for its healthpromoting effect and also as medicinalplant. We expect further research onbioactive properties, cultivation,micropropagation, molecular studies ofV. amygdalina in Indian context.AcknowledgementsThe authors are thankful to theDirector, Botanical Survey of India,Kolkata and Dr. P. Venu, Head,Central National Herbarium, BSI,Howrah for facilities andDr. S.K. Varma, Ex.-Head of P.G.Department of Botany, T.M. BhagalpurUniversity, Bhagalpur, Bihar for hisvaluable comment on identity andproviding some materials from Biharfor our study. We would like to expressour gratitude to Dr. Nicholas Hind,Head of Compositae Research, RoyalBotanic Garden, Kew for confirmingidentity of the species.ZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 19

REFERENCES:Adaramoye, O.A., O. Akintayo, J.Achem and M.A. Fafunso (2008).Lipid-lowering effects of methanolicextracts of Vernonia amygdalina leavesin rats fed on high cholesterol diet.Vascular Health and Risk Management 4:236 – 241.Akah, P.A. and C.L. Okafor (1992).Blood sugar lowering effect ofVernonia amygdalina Del. in anexperimental rabbit model. PhytotherapyResearch 6: 171-173.Alabi, D.A., L.A. Oyero, Jimoh andN.A. Amusa (2005). Fungitoxic andphytotoxic effect of Vernonia amygdalinaDel., Bryophyllum pinnantus Kurz,Ocimum gratissimum (Closium) L andEucalypta globules (Caliptos) Labill waterextracts on cowpea and cowpea seedlingpathogens in Ago-Iwoye, South WesternNigeria. World Journal of AgriculturalSciences 1: 70 – 75.Arhoghro, E.M., K.E. Ekpo, E.O.Anosike and G.O. Ibeh (2009). Effectof aqueous extract of bitter leaf(Vernonia amygdalina Del.) oncarbontetrachloride induced liverdamage in albino wistar rats.European Journal of Scientific Research26: 122 – 130.Atangwho, I.J., P.E. Ebong, E.U.Eyong and M.U. Eteng (2010).Combined administration of extracts ofVernonia amygdalina (Del) andAzadirachta indica (A. Juss) mimic insulinin time-course body weight and glucoseregulation in diabetic and non-diabeticrats. Nigerian Journal of Biochemistry andMolecular Biology 25(1): 44 – 49.Clarke, C.B. (1876). CompositaeIndicae. Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta.Ejoh, R.A., D.V. Nkonga, G. Inocentand M.C. Moses (2007). Nutritionalcomponents of some non-conventionalleafy vegetables consumed in Cameroon.Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 6: 712 –717.Eleyinmi, A.F., P. Sporns and D.C.Bressler (2008). Nutritional compositionof Gongronema latifolium and Vernoniaamygdalina. Nutrition and Food Science38: 99 – 109.Erasto, P., D.S. Grierson and A.J.Afolayan (2006). Bioactivesesquiterpene lactones from the leaves ofVernonia amygdalina. Journal ofEthnopharmacology 106: 117 – 120.Flann, C.(ed) (2012).GlobalCompositae Checklist.. Onlineversion dated 2 September 2012.Hooker, J.D. (1881). Vernonieae, pp.226-242. In: Hooker,J.D. (ed.), Flora ofBritish India. vol.3. .L. Reeve & Co.,London .Ibrahim, T.A., A. Lola, F.O. Adetuyiand B. Jude-Ojei (2009). Assessmentof the Antibacterial activity of Vernoniaamygdalina and Occimum gratissimumleaves on selected food borne pathogens.Journal of Environmental, Agricultural andFood Chemistry 8(11): 1212 – 1218.Igile, G.O., W. Pleszek, M. Jurzysta,R. Aquino, N. De Tommasi, and C.Pizza (1995). Vernoniosides D and E,two novel saponins from Vernoniaamygdalina. Journal of Natural Products58: 1438 – 1443.Ijeh, I.I. and C.E.C.C. Ejike (2011).Current perspectives on the medicinalpotentials of Vernonia amygdalina Del.Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5(7):1051 – 1061.Izevbigie, E.B. (2003). Discovery ofwater-soluble anticancer agents(edotides) from a vegetable found inBenin City, Nigeria. ExperimentalBiology and Medicine 228: 293–298.Jisaka, M., H. Ohigashi, T. Takagaki,H. Nozaki, T. Tada, M. Hiroto, R. Irie,M.A. Huffman, T. Nishida, M. Kagi andK. Koshimizu (1992). Bitter steroidglucosides, vernoniosides A1, A2, A3 andrelated B1 from a possible medicinalplant - Vernonia amygdalina used bywild chimpanzees. Tetrahedron 48: 625– 632.Jisaka, M., H. Ohigashi, K. Takegawa,M. Hirota, R. Irie, M.A. Huffman andK. Koshmizu (1993). Steroidgluccosides from Vernonia amygdalina, apossible chimpanzee medicinal plant.Phytochemistry 34: 409 – 413.Kamatenesi-Mugisha, M. (2004).Medicinal plants used in reproductivehealth care in Western Uganda:Documentation, phytochemical andbioactivity evaluation, MakerereUniversity (Ph.D. Thesis in Botany),Kampala.Karthikeyan, S., M. Sanjappa and S.Moorthy (2009). Asteraceae. pp.184-299. In: Flowering plants of India,Dicotyledons (Acanthaceae –Avicenniaceae)- vol.1 . Botanical Surveyof India, Kolkata.Khalafalla, M.M., E. Abdellatef, H.D.Daffalla, A.A. Nassrallah, K.M. Aboul-Enein, D.A. Lightfoot, A. Cocchettoand H.A. El-Shemy (2009).Antileukemia activity from root culturesof Vernonia amygdalina. The Journal ofInternational Medical Research 3: 556 –562.Koshimizu, K., H. Ohigashi and M.A.Huffman (1994). Use of Vernoniaamygdalina by wild chimpanzee: Possibleroles of its bitter and related constituents.Physiology and Behavior 56: 1209 –1216.Ohigashi, H. (1994). Toward thechemical ecology of medicinal plant use inchimpanzees: The case of Vernoniaamygdalina Del., a plant used by wildchimpanzees, possibly for parasite-relateddiseases. Journal of Chemical Ecology 20:541 – 553.Rao, R.R., H.J. Chowdhery, P.K. Hajra,S. Kumar, P.C. Pant, B.D. Naithani,B.P. Uniyal, R. Mathur, and S.K.Mamgain (1988). Florae IndicaeEnumeratio – Asteraceae. BotanicalSurvey of India, Calcutta. 119 p.Robinson, H. (1999). Revisions inpaleotropical Vernonieae (Asteraceae).Proceedings of the Biological Society ofWashington 112: 220–247.Robinson, H. (2007). Vernonieae, pp.149 – 174. In: Kadereit,J.W. & C.Jeffrey(eds.). Flowering plants. EudicotsAsterales III. In: Kubitzki K. (ser. ed) Thefamilies and genera of Vascular Plants.Springer, Germany.Sharma, M.C. and S. Sharma (2010).Pharmacognostic and Phytochemicalscreening of Vernonia amygdalina Linnagainst selected bacterial strains. MiddleEast Journal of Scientific Research 6(5):440 – 444.Smith, I.F. and P. Eyzaguirre (2007).African leafy vegetables: Their role in theworld health organization’s global fruitand vegetables initiative. African Journalof Food, Agriculture, Nutrition andDevelopment 7: 1 – 17.Tona, L., R.K. Cimanga, K. Mesia, C.T.Musuamba, T. De Bruyne, S. Apers,N. Hermans, S. Van Miret, L. Pieters,J. Totte, and A.J. Vlietink (2004). Invitro antiplasmodial activity of extractsand fractions of seven medicinal plantsused in the Democratic Republic ofCongo. Journal of Ethnopharmacology93: 27 – 32.Udensi, E.A., I.I. Ijeh and U. Ogbonna(2002). Effect of traditional processingon the phytochemical and nutrientcomposition of some local Nigerian leafyvegetables. Journal of Science andTechnology 8: 37 – 40.Ugwu, C.E., C.E.C.C. Ejike, E.O.Alumana and L.U.S. Ezeanyika(2010). Effect of Dietary Incorporation ofGongronema Latifolium, VernoniaAmygdalina and Telfairia OccidentalisLeaves at Various Levels on the LipidProfile of Rats. Indian Journal of AnimalNutrition 27(3): 303–308.Uniyal, B.P. (1995). Vernonieae, pp.330-395. In: Hajra, P.K., R.R. Rao, D.K.Singh & B.P. Uniyal (eds.), Flora of India[Asteraceae (Inuleae-Vernonieae)] vol.13. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta.ZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 20

Notes on a polyspecific association of Rhesus Macaque and Pig-tailed Macaquein the Banshkahli Ecopark of BangladeshMd. Abdul Aziz *A group of polyspecific non-humanprimates comprising the RhesusMacaque (Macaca mulatta) and PigtailedMacaque (Macaca leonina) wasfound in the Banshkhali Ecopark ofBangladesh in April, 2012. The groupconsists of four individuals: one adultmale of Pig-tailed Macaque, one adultmale and one adult female with aninfant of the Rhesus macaques (Fig. 1).Although a number of polyspecificassociations among non-humanprimates and birds were recorded inmany parts of the world, no suchpolyspecific associations of non-humanprimates were reported yet from anyforest or urban primate habitats ofBangladesh.Association between members ofdifferent species is a widespreadphenomenon in fish, birds andmammals (Whitesides, 1989).Polyspecific associations amongprimates were reported from thetropical forests of Africa (Struhsaker,1981; Whitesides, 1989; Cords, 1990a,1990b) and South America (Terborgh,1983; Heymann, 1990; Peres, 1992a;1992b). A number of different types ofassociations have been described,ranging from chance encounters andtemporary assemblies of two or morespecies to permanent bi-specificgroups. Examples of the latter havebeen found for several combinations oftamarins (Saguinus spp.) in SouthAmerica (Terborgh, 1983; Garber,1988; Peres, 1992a), between twoguenon species (Gautier & Gautier-Hion, 1974; Gautier-Hion et al., 1983),and between a guenon and a colobus(Oates & Whitesides, 1990) in Africa.Polyspecific associations are not uniqueto primates, but occur throughout theanimal kingdom. An especially richvariety of polyspecific associations hasbeen described for birds (Terborgh,1990).The polyspecific group of nonhumanprimates recorded in this study lived ina human-modified forest habitat whichis an ecopark located in the Chittagongdistrict of Bangladesh. The ecopark islocated (21°59’26″N; 91°58’58″E) inBanskhali Thana of Chittagong Districtwhich is about 60 km away fromChittagong town. The ecopark, an areaof about 1200 hectares and establishedin 2003, was the part in the westernFig. 1. Polyspecific group of Pig-tailed Macaque and Rhesus Macaque inBanshkhali Ecopark of Bangladeshedge of the Chunati Wildlife Sanctuaryestablished in 1996. Earlier, there weretropical semi-evergreen trees but nowthe areas are dominated by sun grassand few other planted species of trees.Original fruit-yielding tree species werethe different species of Ficus,Artocarpus, Syzygium, Gmelina, etc.Consequently, the areas supporteddiverse groups of wildlife faunaincluding a number of non-humanprimate species, such as the WesternHoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock), PigtailedMacaque (Macaca leonina),Capped Langur (Trachypithecuspileatus) and Rhesus Macaque (Macacamulatta). At present, however, onlyfew troops of the Rhesus Macaque andPig-tailed Macaque survive in the parkand adjacent sanctuary. Like theChunati Wildlife Sanctuary, the ecoparkis charaterised by extensive streamsand low lands between moderate hillsthroughout the ecopark areas.However, the ecopark contains fewlarger lakes that were created due tothe establishment of dams at the downof the ecopark.During this study, primate orderhierarchywas observed among thegroup members as typical inconspecific social groups of non-humanprimates. Social behaviour amongpolyspecific members indicated morecohesiveness between the female ofRhesus Macaque and Pig-tailedMacaque. Several hours observationsin two days suggested that the PigtailedMacaque taken the leadership ofthe whole group. The Pig-tailedMacaque clearly established thedespotic hierarchy, with all submissivein the group. High-ranking behaviour ofPig-tailed Macaque ranges fromchasing to getting access to food fromthe sources, close proximity with thefemale or toward itself. During suchevents, Pig-tailed Macaque intimidatedand forced the Rhesus male to retreatfrom the food sources or from the closeproximity of the female. The Pig-tailedMacaque showed a range of threatdisplays for intimidation throughattempts of biting, vocalization or otherforms of facial gesture. It was foundthat the Pig-tailed Macaque frequentlychased the male Rhesus Macaqueparticularly during feeding at closeproximity or often provisioning by localpeople or visitors. During suchconflicts, the Rhesus male oftenavoided conflicts by retreating himselffrom the situations through climbingthe nearest trees, running away or* Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342,Bangladesh. Email: maaziz78@gmail.comZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 21

Holenweg et al. (1996) concluded thattwo species do not associate bychance, or at commonly usedresources like food patches (Wachter etal., 1997) or places relatively safe frompredation (Bshary, 1995). While otherssuggest that a primate species canimprove its food acquisition with thehelp of another primate species havebeen suggested in the case of specieswith larger ranges follow species withsmaller ranges, because the latterwould have better knowledge ofmomentarily rewarding feeding sites(Struhsaker, 1981; Terborgh, 1983;Cords, 1987; 1990a). A food sourcebecomes available in the presence ofthe partner species which wouldotherwise not have been accessible, orat a considerably higher cost(Struhsaker, 1981; Terborgh, 1983), ora larger species supplants foodcompetitors of a smaller species(Struhsaker, 1981). It is widelyassumed, especially in the case ofprimates, that protection frompredation is the ultimate cause ofinterspecific associations (Oates &Whitesides, 1990; Terborgh, 1990;Isbell, 1994). However, majority ofstudies dealt with only a few aspects ofthe possible foraging and predationadvantages, and were therefore notconclusive regarding which advantagescause the association versus othersecondary benefits (Bshary & Noe,1996).Fig. 2. Pig-tailed Macaque chasing the male of Rhesus Macaque (on tree)leaving the group for shortly (Fig. 2).The only adult female that had infantreceived supportive care, withouthaving any visible chasing behaviourfrom the Pig-tailed Macaque.Several explanations might beattributed to the present polyspecificassociation of Pig-tailed and Rhesusmacaques in the study areas. Firstly,widespread habitat loss anddegradation forced most of thenonhuman primate groups from theChunati Wildlife Sanctuary and Ecoparkto extinction. For instance, there wereseven groups of Western hoolockgibbons comprising 19 individuals inChunati Wildlife Sanctuary in the earlynineties (Ahsan, 1984; Feeroz & Islam,1992), but that local population hadbecome extinct by 2003 (Molur et al.,2005). This suggests that thepopulation of Pig-tailed Macaque andother primates in these areas may facesimilar fate in the immediate future ifcurrent trend of habitat loss continues.In lack of fruit trees, on which gibbonsand other primates depended, thisindividual of Pig-tailed Macaque mighttake the opportunity of extremeadaptive behaviour of Rhesus Macaqueso that it can survive with them evenin human dominated landscapes.Another possible explanation may bethat this alpha-male might lose theleadership of natal group or groupmembers that might disappear fromthe study areas. Forest departmentstaff and local people told that theynoted this unusual association of twospecies of primates together sincelong. They also said that local peopleregularly provisioned this group ofmonkeys. This study noted that thisPig-tailed Macaque is at good of age,gender, body size and aggressivenessto lead the polyspecific group (Fig. 2).Long-term social behaviour study onthis heterogeneous group of monkeysmay provide in-depth understandingabout this unique polyspecificassociation between two species ofnonhuman primates.ReferencesAhsan, M.F. (1984). Study ofprimates in Bangladesh: Determinationof population status and distribution ofnon-human primates in Bangladeshwith emphasis on rhesus monkey.MPhil Thesis. University of Dhaka,Bangladesh.Bshary, R. & R. Noe (1996). Redcolobus and diana monkeys providemutual protection against predators.Anim. Behav. (submitted).Bshary, R. (1995). RoteStummelaffen, Colobus badius, undDianameerkatzen, Cercopithecusdiana, im Taı¨ Nationalpark,Elfenbeinku¨ ste: Wozu assoziierensie? PhD thesis. Max-Planck-Institutefor Behaviour and Physiology,Seewiesen, Germany.ZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 22

Cheney, D.L. & R.W. Wrangham(1987). Predation, pp. 227-239. In:B.B. Smuts, D.L. Cheney, R.M.Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham & T.T.Struhsaker (eds.). Primate Societies.Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Cords, M. (1990b). Vigilance andmixed-species association of some EastAfrican forest monkeys. Behav. Ecol.Sociobiol. 26: 297-300.Cords, M. (1990a). Mixed-speciesassociation of East African guenons:general patterns or specific examples?Am. J. Primatol. 21: 101-114.Cords, M. (1987). Mixed-speciesAssociation of Cercopithecus Monkeysin the Kagamega Forest, Kenya.Berkeley, California: University ofCalifornia Press.Feeroz, M.M. & M. A. Islam (1992).Ecology and behaviour of hoolockgibbons of Bangladesh.Multidisciplinary Action ResearchCentre (MARC), Dhaka, Bangladesh,76pp.Garber, P.A. (1988). Diet, foragingpatterns, and resource defense in amixed species troop of Sanguinusmystax and Sanguinus fuscicollis inAmazonian Peru. Behaviour 105: 18–34.Gautier-Hion, A. & J.P. Gautier(1974). Les associationspolyspécifiques du plateau de M'passa,Gabon. Folia primatol. 22: 134-177.Gautier-Hion, A., R. Quris, & J.P.Gautier (1983). Monospecific vspolyspecific life: a comparative study offoraging and antipredatory tactics in acommunity of Cercopithecus monkeys.Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 12: 325–335.Heymann, E.W. (1990).Interspecific relationships in a mixedspeciestroop of moustached monkeysSaguinus mystax and saddle-backtamarins Saguinus fuscicollis,Platyrrhini: Callitrichidae, at the RíoBlanco, Peruvian Amazonia. Am. J.Primatol. 21: 115-127.Holenweg, A.K., R. Noe, & M.Schabel (1996). Waser's gas modelapplied to associations between redcolobus and diana monkeys in the TaõNational Park, Ivory Coast. Foliaprimatol. 67: 125-136.Isbell, L.A. (1994). Predation onprimates: ecological patterns andevolutionary consequences. Evol.Anthropol. 3: 61–71.Molur, S., D. Brandon-Jones, W.Dittus, A. Eudey, A. Kumar, M.Singh, M.M. Feeroz, M. Chalise, P.Priya, & S. Walker (2003). Status ofSouth Asian primates: ConservationAssessment and Management Plan(C.A.M.P.) workshop report, 2003. ZooOutreach Organisation/CBSG–SouthAsia, Coimbatore, India, 432pp.Oates, J.F. & G.H. Whitesides(1990). Association between olivecolobus (Procolobus verus), Dianaguenons (Cercopithecus diana), andother forest monkeys in Sierra Leone.Am. J. Primatol. 21: 129–146.Peres, C. A. (1992a). Prey-capturebenefits in a mixed-species group ofAmazonia tamarins, Sanguinusfuscicollis and S. mystax. Beha.. Ecol.Sociobiol. 31: 339-347.Peres, C.A. (1992b). Consequencesof joint-territoriality in a mixed-speciesgroup of tamarin monkeys. Beha.iour123: 220-246.Struhsaker, T.T. (1981). Polyspecificassociations among tropical rain-forestprimates. Z. Tierpsychol., 57: 268–304.Terborgh J. (1983). Five New Worldprimates. Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press. 260 pp.Terborgh, J. (1990). Mixed flocksand polyspecific associations: costs andbenefits of mixed groups to birds andmonkeys. Am. J. Primatol. 21: 87–100.Wachter, B., M. Schabel & R. Noe(1997). Diet overlap and poly-specificassociations of red colobus and dianamonkeys in the Taõ National Park,Ivory Coast. Etholog. (in press).Whitesides, G.H. (1989).Interspecific associations of Dianamonkeys, Cercopithecus diana, inSierra Leone, West Africa, biologicalsignificance or chance? Anim. Behav.37: 760–776.Institute of Wood Science & Technology,18 th Cross, Malleswaram P.O., Bangalore 560 003Candidates with the required qualifications for the position indicated below may attend a walk-ininterview on 03-06-2013 at 9.30 am for the position of Project Assistant under SERB-DST sponsored research project at Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore. Thecandidates should submit their biodata with passport size photograph along with copies ofcertificates/documents and the originals for verification. The post is purely on temporary basis andis co-terminus with the project period (up to 31-03-2015). No TA/DA will be provided forattending the interview.Project“Bionomics andmanagement ofPurpuricenussanguinolentus Oliver(Cerambycidae:Coleoptera) the stemborer of Sandal(Santalum album L.) inKarnataka”PrincipalInvestigatorPositionavailableQualificationsrequiredDr. R. Sundararaj Project Assistant B.Sc - I Class in anybranch of LifeScience Age limit 28y e a r s a s o n03-06-2013 withrelaxation as perGOI rules.Emolumentsper monthRs.8000/-ConsolidatedZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 23

Amphibian Fauna of Dudhwa National Park, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaV.D. Hegde *IntroductionDudhwa National Park (DNP) is located in Indo-Nepal borderof Lakhimpur-Kheri district, which comes under Terai regionof the state Uttar Pradesh. DNP is of 680 sq. km. area andalong with Krishnapur Wildlife Sanctuary (204 sq. km.) andKaternia Ghat Wildlife Sanctuary (440 sq km) constitutesthe Dudhwa Tiger Reserve. There are a number of shallowlakes or pools (Taals), there are diverse perennial sources offresh water in the park and the Suheli and Mohana streamsflow in the DNP will provide the best possible habitats forluxuriant growth of forests and diverse fauna. The mostimportant lakes of the park includes Bankeytaal andBhaditaal. This park contains natural forests of moistdeciduous type and grasslands which will be best suitablehabitats for some species of frogs.Recently, Hegde and Roy (2011) studied the amphibianfauna of Katernia Ghat Wildlife sanctuary and reported 10species belonging to 9 genera under four families. Sarkarand Tiwari (2006) studied the faunal diversity of DudhwaTiger Reserve, Uttar Pradesh and reported 47 species ofmammals, 418 species of birds, 35 species of reptiles, 6species of amphibians and 66 species of fishes. So far, nodetailed study has been made on the amphibian fauna ofDNP. Hence an attempt has been made to explore theamphibian fauna of DNP based on the materials collectedand deposited in Northern Regional Centre, Dehradun andfrom the earlier scattered literature. Present accountcontains 17 species under 11 genera belonging to 05families and 10 species are first report to the DudhwaNational Park. The report of Fejervarya syhadrensis(Annandale, 1919) constitutes the first report not only fromthe DNP but also for the state of Uttar Pradesh.Materials and MethodsThe present paper is based on the field work carried out indifferent parts of the National park during evening speciallyduring pre and post monsoon season of the year 1985 to1987 and deposited in Northern Regional Centre, Dehradun.Random surveys were conducted in all the habitat types todocument the amphibian diversity. Visual encounter andrandom-sampling methods were adopted for collectingamphibians. The amphibians were identified at ZSI,Northern Regional Centre, Dehradun using the diagnosticcharacters and deposited in the same centre. The speciesmarked by asterisk (*) were not studied and taken fromprevious reference. For synonymy details Dinesh et al.,(2009) and Frost (2011) is referred. Most of the descriptionswere given based on the materials examined and thetaxonomy followed according to Frost (2011). The paperaccounts on the amphibians collected during the surveyincluding the SVL, family, diagnostic characters, distribution,remarks, few photographs and registration numbers.Systematic AccountCLASS: AMPHIBIAORDER: ANURAFamily: BUFONIDAEDuttaphrynus stomaticus (Lutken, 1862) - Marbled ToadDuttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) - CommonIndian Toad.Family: DICROGLOSSIDAEEuphlyctis cyanophlyctis. (Schneider, 1799) – Skipper Frog.Fejervarya syhadrensis(Annandale, 1919) – Syhadry Frog.Hoplobatrachus crassus (Jerdon, 1854) - Jerdon’s Bull Frog.Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin, 1803) – Indian Bull Frog.Sphaerotheca breviceps (Schneider, 1799) - IndianBurrowing Frog.Family: MICROHYLIDAEKaloula pulchra Gray, 1831 – Painted Frog.Kaulola taprobanica*Parker, 1934 – Sri Lankan Kaloula.Microhyla ornata (Dumeril and Birbon, 1841) – OrnateNarrow-mouthed Frog.Uperodon globulosus (Gunther,1864) -Greater Balloon Frog.Uperodon systoma (Schneider, 1799) – Lesser or MarbledBalloon Frog.Family: RANIDAEHylarana erythraea (Schlegel, 1837) – Golden –lined FrogHylarana tytleri* Theobald, 1868 – Yellow- striped Frog.Family: RHACOPHORIDAEChiromantis dudhwaensis Ray, 1992 – Dudhwa Tree Frog.Polypedates maculatus (Gray, 1833) - Chunam or CommonTree Frog.Polypedates taeniatus (Boulenger, 1906) - Bengal WhippingFrogSpecies AccountDuttaphrynus stomaticus -(Lutken, 1862) -MarbledToad.Adult size: Medium (SVL up to 80 mm).Description of the Adult: Yellow-olive brown with or withoutbold marblings. Upper lip and under parts white. Skinsmoother than B. melanostictus. Parotid glands notcornified. Tympanum about as large as the eye.Material examined: 3 exs., Near Bankati Forest Rest House,DNP, 21.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg.no. NRS/A33; 1 ex., Outside of DNP Forest Rest HouseCampus, 17.vii.1986, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray,Reg. no. NRS/A39; 2 exs., Belrayan Forest Rest HouseCompound, Dudhwa NP, 24.vii.1986, Coll. R. Tilak andPranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A58; 1 ex., Bankati ForestRest House Campus, DNP, 25.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak andPranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A98; 4 exs., near BhiraForest Rest House, DNP, 08.vii.1987, Coll. R. Tilak andPranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A132.Distribution in India: Western and Eastern Himalayas,Assam, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Bihar,Orissa, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh (Dinesh et al.2009).Remark: Very much common near human settlement, underthe street light and constitutes the first report from DNP.* Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore,Kolkata 700053. E-mail: hegde67@yahoo.co.inZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 24

Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) -Common Indian Toad.Adult size: Large (SVL up to 100 mm).Description of the Adult: Yellow to olive brown, red or blackMarbled or plain. White-grey below with fine marblings.Throat in mature males yellow orange. Cornified parts blackor tipped black. Tympanum as large as eye. Two rows ofpaired dorsal warts on hind neck considerably enlarged.Toes ½ webbed.Material examined: 1 ex., Outside of Dudhwa FRH Campus,17.vii.1986, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no.NRS/A38; 1 ex. Bhira FRH Campus , DNP, 26.vii.1986, Coll.R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A51; 1 ex.,Chandan Chauki Forest, DNP, 16.vii.1986, Coll. R. Tilak andPranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A53; 1 ex., Belrayan FRHCampus, DNP, 22.vii.1986, Coll. R. Tilak and PranjalenduRay, Reg. no. NRS/A92; 05 exs., rainwater pool nearDudhwa FRH, 15.vii.1986, Coll. R. Tilak and PranjalenduRay, Reg. no. NRS/A96; 2 exs., From a hole in the mangotree near Bhira FRH, DNP, 18.vii.1986, Coll. R. Tilak andPranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A113; 2 exs., Bankati FRH,in decayed logs of wood, Coll. R. Tilak, 20.xii.1985, Reg. No.NRS/A119; 05 exs., Sathiyana Forest, 10.vi.1987, Coll. R.Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A125; 01 ex.,Sathiyana Forest, 12.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak and PranjalenduRay, Reg. no. NRS/A12 6.Distribution in India: Throughout India. (Dinesh et al.2009).Remark: One of the commonest toad in DNP.Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Schneider, 1799) – SkipperFrog.Adult size: Medium (SVL up to 70 mm).Description of the Adult: Brown–olive (sometimes greenishor black) with distinct black spots on back and limbs. Whitebelow. A white stripe along sides and on rear side of thighsdistinct. Pale mid-dorsal stripe absent. Skin generallysmooth. Tympanum distinct. Toes fully webbed. Eyes ratherdorsally placed. This differs from Rana hexadactyla inhaving thinner thighs. The first finger not longer than thesecond.Material examined: 2 exs., Piara Nala near Suheli River,Sathiyana Forest, 15.xii.1985, Coll. R. Tilak and PranjalenduRay, Reg. no. NRS/A35; 08 exs., FRH near Jorha Nala, 3 kmaway from Sonaripur, 14.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak andPranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A48; 02 exs. FRH near JorhaNala, 3 km away from Sonaripur, 14.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilakand Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A64; 02 exs., SuheliRiver, 11 km South of Sonaripur, 16.vii.1987, Coll. R. Tilakand Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A67; 01 ex., Jorha Nala3 km from Masank Hamb FRH, 27.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak andPranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A73; 01 ex., Johara Nala,Belrayan to Kila Forest Road, 7.5.km from Kila FRH, 24.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no.NRS/A89;1 ex., Latna Kauwa 2 km South of Dudhwa, 23.vii.1983,Coll. R. Tilak, Reg. no. NRS/A91; 03 exs. Suheli River 1.5km West from Sathiyana FRH,11.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak andPranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A101; 01 ex., Suheli River 6km West from Sathiyana FRH,12.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak andJuvenile of Euphlyctis cyanophlyctisPranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A112; 09 exs., Mohana river2 km North of Bankati FRH, 26.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak andPranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A128; 03 exs., NardahaTaal,23.xii.1983, Coll. R. Tilak, Reg. no. NRS/A263.Distribution in India: Throughout India. (Dinesh et al.2009).Remark: Quite common in water bodies and floats on water.Feeds on floating aquatic insects. Tadpoles were commonthroughout the park.Fejervarya syhadrensis (Annandale, 1919)– SyhadryFrog.Adult size: Medium (SVL up to 40 mm).Description of the adult: Dorsal surface grayish with a seriesof black spots. A pale mid-dorsal line is often present. Inmale, the throat is generally mottled with black. Ventralsurface immaculate. Dorsal skin covered with a number ofprominent warts and tubercles. A more or less distinct foldpresent across the head and behind the eyes. Lower partsgenerally smooth. Posterior part of the belly and theproximal part of the thighs granulate. Head longer thanbroad. Snout pointed and projecting slightly beyond themouth. An oval inner and an outer metatarsal tuberclepresent.Material examined: 01 ex., Near Rain Water Pool, DudhwaFRH, 15.vii.1986, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg.no. NRS/A69; 01 ex., Jorha Nala 3 km from Masank HambFRH, 27.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg.no. NRS/A75; 01 ex., Chandan Chauki, near RailwayStation, 23.xii.1985, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray,Reg. no. NRS/A97; 02 exs., around Dudhwa FRH Campus,17.vii.1986, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no.ZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 25

Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin, 1802)– Indian BullFrog.Adult size: Big (SVL up to 120 mm).Description of the Adult: Yellow to olive green (the greendisappearing with age) with black spots and stripes. Paleand broad lateral and mid-dorsal bands frequently present.Pale limbs with bold bands, white underparts, males turnyellow during breeding. Vocal sacs cobalt blue large size.Long snout with wide gaps. Prominent tympanum and eyes.Long and powerful limbs. Toes almost fully webbed.Metatarsal tubercle small. Skin on back longitudinallyfolded.Hoplobatrachus crassusNRS/A107; 01 ex., Suheli River, 6 Km West of Sathiyana,12.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no.NRS/A101; 05 exs., Bankati, in decayed logs of wood 20.xii.1985, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A117; 02 exs., Mohana River 2Km North of Bankati FRH,26.xi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no.NRS/A121; 01 ex., Sathiyana FRH, 12.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilakand Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A129; 03 exs., nearDudhwa FRH, Coll. G.S. Arora and Party, 03.iv.1990, Reg.no. NRS/A133.Distribution in India: Karnataka, Maharashtra, Orissa andUttar Pradesh (Lakhimpur-Kheri).Remark: Constitutes the first report from DNP as well asfrom the Uttar Pradesh state.Hoplobatrachus crassus (Jerdon, 1854) - Jerdon’s BullFrog.Adult size: Big (SVL up to 90 mm).Description of the Adult: Generally confusable withHoplobatrachus tigerinus. Differs from that by darkercolouration and being more spotted than streaked. Whitebelow. Breeding individuals do not develop the bright yellowas that in Hoplobatrachus tigerina. Mid-dorsal stripes lessstriking; more often absent than present. Smaller thantigerina. Skin more warty (vs.thin long folds). Snout andlimbs (especially hind) much shorter. Metatarsal tuberclemuch larger.Material examined: 01 ex., Roadside water bodies onChandan Chauki Bankati Road, 15.vii.1986, Coll. R. Tilakand Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A46; 01 ex., ChandanChauki Forest near Rainwater Pool, 16.vii.1986, Coll. R.Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A55; 02 exs.,Approx. 3 Km. from Sonaripur FRH in JorhaNala, 14.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A63;01 ex., Rainwater pool near Dudhwa FRH, 15.vii.1986, Coll.R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A100; 01 ex.,Dudhwa FRH Campus, 09.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak andPranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A121; 03 exs., near BhiraFRH, 26.vii.1986, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg.no. NRS/A276.Distribution in India: Throughout India (Dinesh et al.2009).Remark: The largest Indian frog, found always near waterbodies or inside the water. Gets beautiful colouration duringbreeding season.Sphaerotheca breviceps (Schneider, 1799) - IndianBurrowing Frog.Adult size: Medium (SVL up to 50 mm).Description of the Adult: Pale to dark brown-grey above.Pale lateral bands and snout. Skin smooth above orgranulate, with some scattered tubercles or short,interrupted longitudinal folds; a strong fold from the eye tothe shoulder; belly and lower surfaces of thighs granulate.Light brown or olive above, with darker spots or marblings;often a light vertebral band, and sometimes another on theupper side of each flank; throat of males blackish, offemales usually brown-spotted. Stocky build. Blunt nose.Material examined: 01 ex., Within Sal Forest, near DNPFRH, 16.vii.1986, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg.no. NRS/A26; 01 ex., near Bankati Forest Rest House, 21.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A34;02 exs., near FRH Compound within Sal Forest, 15.vii.1986,Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A44; 01ex., on Chandan Chauki Dudhwa Road, 16.vii.1986, Coll. R.Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A62; 03 exs. Kilanearly 1 km West of FRH, 22.vii.1986, Coll. R. Tilak andPranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A94.Distribution in India: Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu,Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Assam, Uttar Pradesh,Madhya Pradesh and Orissa (Dinesh et al. 2009).Remark: Constitutes the first report from DNP.Sphaerotheca brevicepsZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 26

Metatarsal tubercle well developed, sharp-edged, shovelshaped.Tympanum 2/3 diameter of eye. First finger muchlonger than second. Male with two much-developed internalsubgular vocal sacs. Vomerine teeth in two oblique groupsextending a little beyond the hinder edge of the choanae.Material examined: 01ex., within Sal Forest near DudhwaFRH, 16.vii.1986, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg.no. NRS/A25; 01 ex., near Ranwar Taal nearly 2.5 Km fromBehraien FRH, 22.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak and PranjalenduRay, Reg. no. NRS/A27; 02 exs., Sathiyana FRH compound,10.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no.NRS/A30; 01 ex., Outside of Dudhwa FRH Campus, 17.vii.1986, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A40;02 exs., near Belrayan FRH Compound, 18.vi.1987, Coll. R.Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A49; 05 exs.,Chandan Chauki Forest, near Rainwater pool, 16.vii.1986,Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A56; 01ex., 2.5 Km North of Belrayan FRH Compound, 21.vii.1986,Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A66; 01ex., In JorhaNala, Sonaripur, Belrayan Road, 11.vi.1987,Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A105.Distribution in India: Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab,Orissa, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Kerala and Tamil Nadu(Dinesh et al. 2009).Remark: It is seen when come out for feeding and breeding.Constitutes the first report from DNP.Kaloula pulchra Gray, 1831 – Painted Frog.Adult size: Medium (SVL up to 45 mm).Description of the Adult: Head broader than long; snoutrounded, as long as the diameter of the eye; nostrils nearerto the tip of the snout than to eye; tympanum hidden.Fingers free, first shorter than second, tips bearing welldeveloped truncate discs; subarticular tubercles of fingersand toes distinct. Toes one third webbed, tips swollen, innermetatarsal tubercles well developed, large, shovel-shaped;outer metatarsal tubercles small, shovel-shaped. Dorsumrough with scattered warts and greyish with reddish brownpatches fringed with black.Material Examined: 03 exs., Near Bhira FRH campus, 26.vii.1986, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A28;01 ex.(Juvenile), under leaf litter near Dudhwa FRHCompound, 17.vii.1986, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray,Reg. no. NRS/A37; 06 exs., outside grassy field nearDudhwa FRH at night, 15.vii.1986, Coll. R. Tilak andPranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A47; 04 Tadpoles on theroadside rainwater pool, Chandan Chauki Dudhwa Road,16.vii.1986, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no.NRS/A61; 01 ex., outside Dudhwa FRH, 16.vii.1986, Coll. R.Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no.NRS/A77.Distribution in India: Meghalaya, Gujarat, West Bengal,Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh.Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, China,Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo, Sri Lanka and Sulawesi (Frost,2008).Remark: Constitutes the first report from DNP.Kaulola taprobanica Parker, 1934 – Sri LankanKaloula.Adult size: Medium (SVL up to 45 mm).Material examined: Nil.Description of the Adult: Head small, depressed, broaderthan long; nostrils nearer to the tip of the snout than to theeye; snout short, rounded as long as diameter of the eye;tympanum hidden; fingers free with well developed truncatediscs; toes ending obtusely about one third e webbed;subarticular tubercles moderate; two compressedmetatarsal tubercles; skin smooth or granular covered withscattered flat tubercles on the back, and on the throat inmales; belly smooth around the vent. (Srinivasulu et al2006).Distribution in India: Assam, Bihar, Karnataka, MadhyaPradesh, Meghalaya, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh andWest Bengal.Elsewhere: Nepal and Sri Lanka (Frost, 2008).Remark: Not recorded during above mentioned surveys.Microhyla ornata (Dumeril and Birbon, 1841)– OrnateNarrow-mouthed Frog.Adult size: Small (SVL rarely exceeds 25 mm).Description of the Adult: Golden to earth brown with darkersymmetrical markings on back (frequently arrow-shaped).Legs cross barred. White below. Throat black in breedingmales. Narrow head and broader trunk is the characteristic.Fingers and toes without dilated tips. Toes without web.Metatarsal tubercles very small.Material examined: 01 ex., Sathiyana FRH compound,10.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no.NRS/A29; 09 exs., near Dudhwa FRH compound within SalForest, 09.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg.no. NRS/A43; 01 ex., Chandan Chauki Forest near rainwaterPool, 16.vii.1986, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg.no. NRS/A54; 01 ex., Stagnant waterbody near Sardanadi,26.vii.1986, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no.NRS/A114; 11 ex., inside the Sal leaf litter in Dudhwa FRHCampus, 16.xii.1986, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray,Reg. no. NRS/A118; 01 ex., near Bhira FRH, 26.vii.1986,Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A309.Distribution in India: Throughout India including Andamanand Nicobar Islands. (Dinesh et al. 2009).Remark: Most common ornate frog in moist places duringnight. Calls were common in the sanctuary. Constitutes thefirst report from DNP.Uperodon globulosus (Gunther, 1864)- GreaterBalloon Frog.Adult size: Medium (SVL up to 60 mm).Description of the Adult: head small, broader than long;nostrils nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye; snoutrounded and twice as long as the diameter of the eye,projecting slightly beyond the mouth, tympanum hidden;fingers free, without any discs, metatarsal tuberclesZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 27

indistinct toes short with rounded tips, about one thirdwebbed; shovel shaped metatarsal tubercle; skin smooth toweakly tuberculated on the back.Material Examined: 01 Adult and 66 Tadpoles, rainwaterpool near Belrayan FRH Campus, 24.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilakand Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A36;01 ex., near BhiraFRH, 26.vii.1986, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg.no. NRS/A42; 41 tadpoles, Chandan Chauki Forest insiderainwater pool, 16.vii.1986, Coll. R. Tilak and PranjalenduRay, Reg. no. NRS/A57.Distribution in India: West Bengal, Orissa, Assam, Bihar,Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka andKerala (Dinesh et al. 2009).Remark: Constitutes the first report from DNP.Uperodon systoma (Schneider, 1799) – Lesser orMarbled Balloon Frog.Adult size: Medium (SVL up to 60 mm).Description of the Adult: Olive green-yellow with blackmarblings. White below. Black throat in breeding males.Smaller size and distinctly marbled colour pattern separatefrom Uperodon globulosus. Metatarsal tubercles lessdeveloped.Material examined: 02 adult and 01 juvenile near DudhwaFRH compound within Sal Forest, 09.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilakand Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A41; 03 juveniles, nearBelrayan FRH Compound, 24.vii.1986, Coll. R. Tilak andPranjalendu Ray, Reg. no.NRS/A59.Distribution in India: West Bengal, Orissa, AndhraPradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Himachal Pradeshand Uttar Pradesh (Dinesh et al. 2009).Remark: Found during breeding season and can be locatednear wooded water lodged in the Park.Hylarana erythraea (Schlegel, 1837) – Golden–linedFrogAdult size: Medium (SVL up to 45 mm).Remark: Constitutes the first report from DNP.Hylarana tytleri Theobald, 1868 – Yellow- stripedFrog.Adult size: Medium (SVL up to 40 mm).Description of the Adult: Head elongate; webbing with morethan two phalanges free of web Body uniformly greenishwith two whitish or yellow lines laterally on back but withoutmiddorsal line; two distinct brown lines on inner side oflatero-dorsal folds.Material Examined: Nil.Distribution in India: Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram,Nagaland, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, (Dineshet al. 2009).Remark: Not found during the above mentioned surveys.Chiromantis dudhwaensis Ray, 1992 – Dudhwa TreeFrog.Adult size : Medium (SVL up to 30 mm).Description of the Adult: These have parallel grey bandsthat run along the length of the body. The intensity of thesebands and its intensity changes with ambient lightconditions. Tympanum distinct. Inner metatarsal tuberclepresent. Third and fourth fingers ¼ webbed. It has fingersthat can grasp reeds and scale them at ease. The tadpolesof the species has a transparent body.Material Examined: 01 ex., Near Dudhwa FRH (Alt. 180mt.), 17.vii.1986, Coll. R. Tilak and Party, Reg. no. NRS/A16; 12 exs., Belrayan FRH campus (Alt. 185 mtrs.), 22.vii.1986, Coll. R. Tilak and Party, Reg. no. NRS/A17.Distribution in India: Uttar Pradesh. (Sarkar and Tiwari,2006).Remark: DNP is the type locality of this species and foundonly in the terai region.Description of the Adult: Head Pointed, longer than broad;tympanum distinct, two-third of eyes. Fingers free; tips offingers dilated in to small discs, bearing grooves, separatingthe upper surface from the lower one. Third finger longest.Hind limbs moderately long; tibiotarsal articulation reachingtip of snout; two-third webbed; tips of toes dilated ontosmall discs with prominent grooves, separating the uppersurface from the lower one.Material Examined: 34 exs., Ranwar Taal, nearly 2.5 KmNorth of Belrayan FRH Campus, 27.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilakand Party, Reg. no. NRS/A20; 05 exs., Jorha Nala nearly 3Km from Masan khamb, 27.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak and Party,Reg. no. NRS/A21; 07 exs., Jorha Nala on SonaripurBelrayan Road, 18.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak and Party, Reg. no.NRS/A22; 03 exs., Kakraha Taal nearly 8 Km S. of SonaripurFRH, 17.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak and Party, Reg. no. NRS/A23.Distribution in India: Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, WestBengal and Uttar Pradesh.Polypedates maculatusPolypedates maculatus (Gray, 1833) Chunam orCommon Tree Frog.Adult size: Medium (SVL up to 75 mm).ZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 28

Description of the Adult : Colour variable from almost plainwhite-fawn to yellowish-brown with darker markings. Darkline fron snout through eyes and along the sides. Rear sideof hind limbs marbled yellow and brown. White below. Toes½ webbed. Web extends till about half length of fourth toe.Tympanum distinct (more than ½ diameter of eye).Material examined: 07 exs., Near Dudhwa FRH Campus,09.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak& Party, Reg. no. NRS/A19; 01 ex.,near Belrayan FRH compound, 18.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak andPranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A50; 01 ex., on Johra NalaSonaripur Belrayan Road, 11.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak andPranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A102; 03 exs., near BankatiForest, 25.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg.no. NRS/A122; 01 ex., Sathiyana Forest, 12.vi.1987, Coll.R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A127; 01 ex.,near Sonaripur Forest Rest House, 15.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilakand Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no.NRS/A131.Distribution in India: Throughout India (Dinesh et al.2009).Remark: Common throughout DNP. Constitutes the firstreport from DNP.Polypedates taeniatus (Boulenger, 1906) - BengalWhipping FrogAdult size: Medium (SVL up to 45 mm).Description of the Adult: Slender smooth-skinned arborealfrog, tip of snout acuminate, nostrils nearer to the tip of thesnout than the anterior corner of eye. Vomerine teeth insmall groups in between choanae. Tongue broad and fleshy,narrower in front and wider behind. Head length 1.0-1.1times its width and 3.3 to 3.6 times SVL. Diameter of eye1.3-1.7 times length of snout; tympanum 1.3-1.5 times eyediameter and internarial distance 1.0-1.2 times interorbitalwidth.AcknowledgementsI am very much indebted to Dr. K. Venkataraman, Director,Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata for facilities. I thankShri Ganesh Bhat, D.F.O., DNP for his valuable suggestionsduring the preparation of the manuscript. I am very muchthankful to the Officer-in charge, and staffs of ZSI, NorthernRegional Centre, Dehradun for their co-operation during myvisit to the centre.ReferencesDinesh, K. P., Radhakrishnan C., Gururaraja, K.V. andBhatta, G.K. (2009). An annotated checklist of Amphibiaof India with some insights into the patterns of speciesdiscoveries, distribution and endemism.Rec. zool. Surv.India, Occ. Paper No. 302: 1-153 (Published by theDirector, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata).Frost, D.R. (2011). Amphibian species of the world: anonline reference, version5.5 (31January,2011) ElectronicDatabase accessible at http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/American Museum of Natural History,New York, USA. downloaded on 14.11.2011.Hegde, V.D. and S. Roy. (2011). Amphibian fauna ofKaternia Ghat Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh, India. FrogLeg News letter, (News Letter of Amphibian Network ofSouth Asia) : P. 12-17.Sarkar.P. and Tiwari, S.K. (2006). Faunal Diversity inDudhwa Tiger Reserve, Uttar Pradesh. In: Faunal Diversityof Tiger Reserves in India- J. R .B. Alfred, Ramakrishna andRajesh Gopal eds. Vol. I : P. 73-98.Srinivasulu, C., Srinivasulu Bhargavi and NageshwarRao, C.A. (2006) Amphibian Fauna of NagarjunasagarSrisailam Tiger Reserve, Andhra Pradesh. Rec. zool. Surv.India. Occ. Paper no. 245: 1-57 (4 pp Plates) (Published bythe Director, Zool. Surv. of India, Kolkata).Material Examined: 03 exs., Mohana river 02 Km N. ofBankati FRH, 26.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray,Reg. no. NRS/A130; 07 exs., Sathiyana Forest Rest House,11.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no.NRS/A188; 02 exs., Sathiyana FRH within tall grasses,14.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no.NRS/A189; 09 exs., 1 Km W. of Sathiyana FRH, 10.vi.1987,Coll. R. Tilak and Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A190; 04exs., near Dudhwa FRH compound, 09.vi.1987, Coll. R. Tilakand Pranjalendu Ray, Reg. no. NRS/A232.Distribution in India: Assam and Uttar Pradesh.Remark: Common throughout DNP.DiscussionPresent account contains 17 species under 11 generabelonging to 05 families. Eventhough the 10 species arefirst report to the Dudhwa National Park, the report ofFejervarya syhadrensis (Annandale, 1919) from DudhwaTiger Reserve constitutes the first report not only from theDudhwa National Park but also for the state of UttarPradesh. Since it is a protected place, and there are anumber of shallow lakes or pools (Taals), DNP will providethe best possible habitats for luxuriant growth ofamphibians.ZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 29

HECx Education Workshop Follow-up Reports: Krishnagiri participant’sprogrammesUSFWS sponsored human elephant coexistence educatorskill training workshop was held at Krishnagiri on 11-13April 2013 and 45 participants took part in it. All participantat the end of workshop pledged to conduct at least threeactivities in their area within next six months utilizing thematerials and the knowledge they received during theworkshop.Mr. Jalaluddeen educating HECx to the kidsTo fulfill their promise, the participants from Social WelfareOrganisation for Rural Development SWORD, Krishnagiriarranged four awareness programmes two weeks after thetraining programmes. These were conducted in Krishnagiridistrict from 27 April to 1 May 2013 and the main audienceswere self help women group members and their childrenliving in HEC areas of Krishnagiri District.The first education progamme was held at Perumal Nagaron 27 April 2013, thirty women and 15 children participatedin this. Mr. V.S.S. Jalaluddeen was the trainer and Mrs. V.Mallika, President, Om Shakthi women group was thecoordinator.Mr. C. Narasimman, trainer conducted another programmeat Rajaji Nagar on 28 April 2013. Thirty women and 20children took part. Smt. Anitha, President, Amman womengroup was the coordinator.Mrs. N. Mayil conducted third programme at Wahab Nagaron 30 April 2013. Twenty-five women and 15 childrenparticipated. Ms. Jarina Taj, President, Wahabia WomenGroup was the coordinator.Kids with Ele kit materialsThe last programme was organised at Old pet on 1 May2013 and Mr. V. Venkatesan conducted it. A total of 25women and 15 children were taught. Mrs. Govindammal,Bharathiyar Women Group was the coordinator.By using ele-kit packets, drama kits and teaching guidethey taught about the kinds of elephants, their behavior,elephants in our culture and do’s and don’t s in elephantareas with activities. Dramas related to habitat loss, humanelephant conflict, poaching and rescuing elephant were alsoplayed by the participants. Ele-kit packet wascomprehensively used and they all got copies of it. Theywere asked to go through the booklet. They tied theheadband, masks, put the finger puppet and hold the masksand marched for a rally. The rally attracted other people inthe village. The participants enjoyed the programme andpromised that they carry forward HEC message to others intheir area.Mrs. Mayil conducting HECx programme at Wahab NagarThrough this, the participants understood the reasons forhuman elephant conflict issues and how to avoid theconflicts and try to coexist with elephants. Submitted by:Mr. V.S.S. Jalaluddeen, Dir. & Secretary, SWORD,Krishnagiri. Email: vssjsword@rediffmail.comWomen SHG members were taught about HECxZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 30

Education ReportsWWF-India, EE Division and DelhiGovernment’s Earth Day CarnivalA grand carnival by Delhi Governmentand WWF-India marked theculmination of Earth Week 2013. Over3000 children from across 400 schoolsin the city were invited to celebratethis event at the residence of Smt.Sheila Dixit, the Hon’ble Chief Ministerof Delhi on Friday 26th April.Once registered, the schools walkedthrough WWF-India’s thematic posterexhibition entitled “You Can Make aDifference,” which raised awarenesstowards the earth’s natural resourcessuch as clean air, pure water, pristineforests and the unique wildlife therein,and encouraged steps towards greenlivingin the urban environment.The carnival was flagged off by theEnvironment Secretary, DelhiGovernment. In addition The DelhiChief Minister, Mrs. Sheila Dixitreleased the WWF poster of “TheCommon Butterflies of Delhi” and aBNHS book on “The Asola WildlifeSanctuary”. The renewed Nature Trailto showcase the flora and fauna ofMotilal Nehru Place was alsorelaunched.Mask makingEach student calculated their own“Earth Day Quotient” and also signed apledge to do their bit to nurture MotherEarth. An old recycled flex banner wasused for this – this banner will befurther up cycled into carry bags, to layemphasis on the main theme of“Recycle, Reuse, Reduce”.Earth Day Poster Exhibition –“You canmake a difference”: This theme waswell illustrated in the colourful décor ofthe venue – all the decorations weremade from recycled materials used inour day-to-day lives. Flowers made outof discarded plastic bottles, bees madeout of recycled paper, butterflies madefrom painted wood chips festooned thearea, and a tree fashioned from oldbicycle tyres was installed near thestory telling tent – all this sent out astrong message to the school childrenand teachers.Environmental games such as theNewspaper Habitat game (to highlightshrinking habitats for wildlife) andAnimal Bingo (to create awareness forIndia’s wild flora and fauna) wereincluded in the activities. The winnerswere given prizes like WWF watches,mugs with and carry bags with anenvironment message. In addition thechildren participated in an InteractiveStory-telling session, School Musicalband concert, Animal mask making,Earth Day poster making and WildlifePuppet showRecycled cardboard beesZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 31

Old bicycle tyre treefilms for children were screened.Tall men on stilts, traditional storytellingwith puppetry, bioscopes and adancing horse contributed to the funand festivities. Every child was given agift packed in a recycled pouch, andunlimited ice creams and cold drinks.In addition to the 3000 school studentsaround 800 teachers and 60 volunteersalso participated in the event. It isanticipated that this wide range ofenvironmentally friendly activities willcapture the imagination of schoolchildren, and propel them towardsadopting eco friendly behavior. This willhelp not only to instill a sense ofresponsibility in each one to make adifference, but may possibly inspirethem to take up environmentconservation as a larger activity orfuture career.The benefit of highlighting suchEnvironmental Awareness days willbring about self-awareness andrealization that each action and choicethat we make is a small but significantleaf for the future of our planet. It ishoped that the next and futuregenerations understand and adoptmore sustainable life styles, a vitalneed to preserve and perpetuate all lifeforms on Earth. Submitted by: Ms.Payal Narain, WWF-India, NewDelhi. Email:“Art in Nature” Workshop cumPainting Competition at Tata Zoo,Jamshedpur, Jharkhand tocommemorate International Yearof Water CooperationIn December 2010, the United NationsGeneral Assembly declared 2013 as theUnited Nations International Year ofWater Cooperation. The objective is toraise awareness, both on the potentialfor increased cooperation, and on thechallenges facing water managementin light of the increase in demand forwater access, allocation and services.Zoos are one of the key stakeholdersidentified by the United Nations tocatalyze awareness among the generalpublic regarding the need forconservation of our natural resourcesand their sustainable utilization.Tata Steel Zoological Park (Tata Zoo) incollaboration with Acharya NandlalBose Art Gallery, The Bengal Club,Sakchi, and Jamshedpur organized aweeklong art workshop from 7-12 May2013 involving school children tospread the message of waterconservation. The theme was “WaterConservatin and its relevance forpreservation of forest and wildlife”.Fifty-three students from 14 schoolstook part in the workshop. They weredivided into three categories: Junior(Std.1 to 5), middle (Std.6 to 8) andsenior (std.9 &10). Each category wasassigned particular theme on particularday. On 07 May 2013 the topics were:Junior group. - Water Pollution; Middlegroup. - Pond Ecosystem; seniorgroup. - Water: Conservation of planetearth. On 8 May: Junior group- Sourceof water, Middle group- Water: As asource of energy, senior group- Forestas a source of water. 9 May: Juniorgroup- Water and Wildlife, Middlegroup- Conservation of rain water,Senior group- Water is Life.10 May:Junior group- Water, Wastage andContamination Middle group-Purification of Water (Natural), seniorgroup- Sustainable Earth. On 11 May‘Green Earth’ was the topic for allgroupsArt in Nature painting competition at Tata ZooFew of the best drawingsZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 32

Young artists with guests and zoo staffMr. Gyan Taneja, President of RotaryClub of Jamshedpur, inaugurated theworkshop and owner of a city based artgallery- OF THE WALL. During theinaugural function all participatingstudents were asked to take a pledgefor putting into habit of reducingwastage of water and using it in a veryconservative manner so that all lifeforms on the earth have access tofresh water for their living. During theworkshop a team of volunteer artist ledby Mr. Somnath Choudhury, took activepart in guiding the participants onputting their vision of waterconservation on canvas / drawingsheets and use of colours borrowedfrom immediate Nature.The workshop concluded on 12 May,2013 with prize and certificatesdistribution. It was presided over byShri K. K. Chatterjee, IFS, RegionalChief Conservator of Forest,Singhbhum, Shri Bikash Mukherjee,President Bengal Club and Shri P.R.Prasad, Hon.Secretary, Tata SteelZoological Society. In his address tothe participants, Shri K.K.Chatterjeeemphasized the need for conservingforests, water and wildlife. He said thatonly through more and more suchactivities, we could make people awarefor conservation and sustainable use ofnatural resources. All the three guestsapplauded the participants andencouraged them to continue the goodwork. The paintings were judged by:Mr. Anup Sinha, Mrs. SumitaBanerjeeMr. Shantanu Dinda, Mr.Krishna Mahato and Mr. Biplab Roy.Consolation- Vineet Ganesh Mishra,Motilal Nehru Public SchoolMiddle Group: 1 Prize- Prankush Giri,Motilal Nehru Public School, 2 Prize-Zainab Shakeel, JUSCO School Kadma,3 Prize- Simran Khemka, Sri KrishnaPublic SchoolConsolation- Sourav Kundu, SakchiHigh School. Senior Group: 1 Prize-Rituparna Biswas, SDSM School forExcellence, 2 Prize- Sudeshna Sau,KSMS, 3 Prize- Rishav Mishra, KPSBurmamines, Consolation- AmanKumar, Delhi Public School.Shri Subendhu Biswas, Convenor,Acharya Nandalal Bose Art Gallery, TheBengal Club, Sakchi and Shri BipulChakrabarty, Director, Tata Zoodesigned the weeklong workshop andthe activities coordinated by Ms.Seema Rani, Biologist cum EducationOfficer, Tata Zoo and Mr. SomnathChoudhury, Artist, Awadh DentalCollege, Jamshedpur. Submitted by:Mr. Bipul Chakrabarty, Director.Email: Director Tata ZooEE Programmes on various themesconducted in Tamil NaduElephant Etiquette: On seeing thefollow up of Frog and Bat educationprogrammes at KrishnamalRamasubbaiyer School (KRS) Maduraiwe found the enthusiasm among thestudents and teachers to learn moreabout biodiversity. So, we conductedanother one-day programme onElephant etiquette to the Biodiversityclub students on 11 January 2013. Inorder to encourage them mask makingcompetition was conducted and all themasks were displayed in the hall. Dr.G. R. Balakrishnan, Adviser gave abrief note on animals, their behaviorand how they observed during theeducational tour. Mrs. Shanthi,The winners were: Junior Group: 1Prize- Himanshu Pandey, Sri KrishnaPublic School,2 Prize- Muskan Kumari, Sri KrishnaPublic School, 3 Prize- Pranjali Kumari,KPS NMLStudents trained to make elephant masksZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 33

Ele-kit packets used in the programmeStudents looking at MarineBiodiversity posterThe participation of the Teacher Coordinator Miss. Beulah on the NationalScience Day at this center is of muchimportance to do the follow up in thenext academic year.Presentation at the Meteorological StationPrincipal welcomed the participants.Students explained how the maskswere made. They walked with themask did some action pertaining toelephants. Introductory questions wereasked based on elephant habit,habitat, food and behavior. The freeeducational booklets from ZooOutreach Organization weredistributed. Elephants on the roads, inthe temple and Zoo added moreinformation to them. Rakhis were tiedeach other with a pledge to coexistwith elephants, put up mask andheadband and holding placard theywent for a march. They shared theirexperience in the picnic spots, hill slopsetc. Four students received the prizesfor on the spot answering. Their schoolrecords on Biodiversity revealed theirinterest.Climate Change and BiodiversityThe Kids Talent Week competitions onBiodiversity created much interest toknow more about climate change andbiodiversity among the students ofC.S.I. Ewart Mat. H.S.S. Chennai. Aftergaining more information in 3 classeson India's Environment, themonuments and the marine formsfound near the shore, the BiodiversityClub visited the RegionalMeteorological Center, Chennai on 28February during National Science Dayto know about the weather andclimate. Mrs. Geetha explained aboutthe Headquarters, 6 Regional offices,weather observation, cyclone warning,aviation services agro meterologicalservices etc., Mr. Ramanan's discussionwith the students had much attraction.Mrs. Jessie Jeyakaran gave guidancebased on the Living with ClimateChange booklet supplied by ZooOutreach Organisation. Mrs. Geethadescribed about the Climate changeand its effect on Marine Biodiversity.World Water Day: The World WaterDay was celebrated on 22 March 2013in the Christ Church Nursery andPrimary School, Virugambakkam,Chennai. A number of 282 studentsalong with their teachers participated.Rev. Wellington, Correspondentwelcomed the participants andencouraged them. There were foursessions namely, water bodies,conservation of water, water testing,water and bio-diversity. By theintroductory questions various types ofwater bodies like well, pond, lake,river, sea and oceans found in Indiawere listed out. They named theanimals present in each category. Thesecond group studied about thepercentage of loss/gain of water in ourdaily usage at home with waterconservation gain chart. The thirdgroup drew the animals present inwater bodies. S. Srinivasan of Std IIIwon the first price. R Mohammed Bilaldrew a picture of frog on the roadwithin few minutes. The nurserystudents observed the various physicalproperties of water like turbidity,clarity, odor etc. from various watersources. Thus the entire schoolparticipated in the World Water Daycelebration and gained moreknowledge while the leaders of thegroup shared their group work.Submitted by: Ms. JessieJeyakaran, Ramapuram, Chennai.Email: Jessie Jeyakaranjessiejey@rediffmail.comZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 34

Pollinator Conservation and Education Training WorkshopColumbus Zoo and Aquarium, Chester Zoo and CBSGsponsored for a three-day training workshop to promotepollinator conservation in India from 3-5 June 2013. Thisprogramme is organized by IUCN SSC South AsianInvertebrate Specialist Group, Zoo Outreach Organisation incollaboration with the Department of AgriculturalEntomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatoreand The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, USA.Pollinators are essential to our environment. The ecologicalservice they provide is necessary for the reproduction ofnearly 75 percent of the world’s flowering plants and isfundamental to agriculture and natural ecosystems. Morethan two-thirds of the world’s crop species are dependenton pollination, and the global economic value of insectpollinatedcrops is estimated to be more than US $200billion annually. A growing body of evidence hasdemonstrated that pollinators are in serious decline, due tohabitat loss, modification, and/or fragmentation, excessivepesticide use, diseases, and introduction of alien species.The decline in pollinators must be reversed now, as evencurrent loss suggests an impending crisis. In the SouthAsian context, very little is known about the status ofpollinators in the wild and their populations, pollinatorinteractions with other elements of crop and crop associatedbiodiversity, the ecology of pollinators, or the ultimateconsequences of their decline. There is also a lack ofinformation and knowledge on the enabling environmentthat contributes to the decline of pollinator numbers.A realistic way to ensure pollinator conservation is topromote and enhance its value to society. Apart fromunderstanding the need of the multiple goods and servicesprovided by pollinators, it is necessary to promoteconservation of pollinators by creating awareness amongfarmers, students, policy makers and the general public, i.e.civil society at all levels. Considering the importance ofPollinators and their unfortunate decline throughout theworld it is crucial that the decline is slowed down. One ofthe ways is to increase capacity of entomologists and fieldbiologists to recognize the forces that are depletingpollinators and address them with appropriate means. Withthis in mind a three-day training programme was plannedfor the pollinator researchers.The main objectives of the workshop are: to conveypractical field techniques for use for pollinator studies; tohighlight what has become a crisis of pollinators and therole of invertebrate as pollinators; to teach current bestpractice in survey, identification, land use management etc.and to reinforce their commitment; to imbibe a shorttraining in education of laypersons about the need toconserve invertebrate pollinators and; to create a networkof committed pollinator conservation researchers in India forfuture conservation action.Some of the major topics covered in the workshop are:Global trends of pollinator decline and an introductionPollinator Conservation Program. National Pollinator trendand status; Impact of pesticides on pollinators; Habitatevaluation – Field observation and land-use discussion;Rapid field habitat assessment and pollinator monitoringtechniques; Applied Habitat Restoration for Pollinators; Roleof solitary bees, bumble bees and carpenter bees;Observation of insect pollinators in selected; Managing Stemand Wood Nesting Bees for Crop Pollination; Bee-FriendlyFarming Practices; Status of Indian Invertebrate Pollinators;Species assessment process; IUCN Red List Criteria;introduction to SIS and mapping; Pollinator conservationeducation – activities. Planning future pollinator activitiesand commitment. The proceedings of the workshop and thereport will be made available at zoo site. For any otherdetails write to ZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 35

Zoo Outreach OrganizationConservation and Assessment Management Plan andPopulation Habitat Viability Analysis Workshop ReportsCAMP Reports1. CAMP for Selected Southern Indian Medicinal Plants (1997)2. CAMP for Selected Northern, Northeastern and Central Indian Medicinal Plants (1998)3. CAMP for Selected Soil Invertebrates of Southern India (1997)4. CAMP for Amphibians of India (1997)5. CAMP for Reptiles of India (1997)6. CAMP for Mammals of India (1997)7. CAMP for Indian Mangrove Ecosystems (1997)8. CAMP for Freshwater Fishes of India (1997)9. CAMP for Non Timber Forest Products of Madhya Pradesh (1998)10. CAMP for Sri Lankan Amphibians and Reptiles (1998)11. CAMP report for Endemic Orchids of the Western Ghats (2000)12. CAMP for Non Timber Forest Products of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (2000)13. CAMP report for South Asian Chiroptera (2002)14. CAMP report for Status of South Asian Primates (2003)15. CAMP report for Mammals of Pakistan (2003)16. CAMP report for Status of South Asian Non-volant Small Mammals (2005)17. The Status and Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity in the Eastern Himalayas (2011)18. The Status and Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity in the Western Ghats, India (2011)PHVA Reports19. PHVA for Manipur brow-antler deer (1992)20. PHVA for Lion-tailed macaque (1993)21. PHVA for Asiatic lion (1993)22. PHVA for Great Indian One-horned rhinoceros (1993)23. PHVA for Gharial (1995)24. PHVA for Barasingha Swamp deer (1995)25. PHVA for Western Hoolock Gibbon in India and Bangladesh (2005)26. PHVA for Red Panda in Nepal (2010)Executive Summaries of PHVA Reports27. PHVA for Manipur brow-antler deer (1992)28. PHVA for Lion-tailed macaque (1993)29. PHVA for Asiatic lion (1993)30. PHVA for Great Indian One-horned rhinoceros (1993)31. PHVA for Gharial (1995)32. PHVA for Barasingha Swamp deer (1996)33. PHVA for Sri Lankan Star Tortoise and C.A.M.P. for Sri Lankan Chelonians (2003)34. PHVA summaries for Conservation of Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock hoolock) in India andBangladesh (2006)Printed copies are available for purchase upon request.To order, please contact:Zoo Outreach Organzation96 Kumudham Nagar, Villankurichi Road, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, IndiaEmail: zooreach@zooreach.orgZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVIII, Number 5, May 2013 36

Magazine of Zoo Outreach OrganizationZOO’s PRINT Publication GuidelinesWe welcome articles from the conservation community of allSAARC countries, including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan,India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and other tropicalcountries if relevant to SAARC countries’ problems andpotential.Type — Articles of semi-scientific or technical nature.News, notes, announcements of interest to conservationcommunity and personal opinion pieces.Feature articles — articles of a conjectural nature —opinions, theoretical, subjective.Case reports: case studies or notes, short factual reportsand descriptions.News and announcements — short items of news orannouncements of interest to zoo and wildlife communityCartoons, puzzles, crossword and storiesSubject matter: Captive breeding, (wild) animal husbandryand management, wildlife management, field notes,conservation biology, population dynamics, populationgenetics, conservation education and interpretation, wildanimal welfare, conservation of flora, natural history andhistory of zoos. Articles on rare breeds of domestic animalsare also considered.Source: Zoos, breeding facilities, holding facilities, rescuecentres, research institutes, wildlife departments, wildlifeprotected areas, bioparks, conservation centres, botanicgardens, museums, universities, etc. Individuals interestedin conservation with information and opinions to share cansubmit articles ZOOS’ PRINT magazine.Manuscript requirementsArticles should by typed into a Word format and emailed tozooreach@zooreach.org. Avoid indents, all caps or any otherfancy typesetting. You may send photos, illustrations, tables.Articles which should contain citations should follow thisguideline: a bibliography organized alphabetically andcontaining all details referred in the following style:surname, initial(s), year, title of the article, name of journal,volume, number, pages.Publication InformationZOO’s PRINT, ISSN 0973-2543Published at: CoimbatoreOwner: Zoo Outreach Organisation, 96, KumudhamNagar, Vilankurichi Road, CBE 35Editor: Sally R. WalkerAssociate Editors: R.V. Sanjay Molur andDaniel B. AyyachamyManaging Editor: Latha G. RavikumarEditorial Assistant: R. MarimuthuZoo Outreach Organisation Trust Committeeand Sr. StaffManaging Trustee: Sally R. WalkerChairman Trustee: R. NandiniExecutive Director Trustee: R.V. Sanjay MolurFinance Director Trustee: Latha G. RavikumarScientist: B.A. DanielResearcher: R. MarimuthuOther staff: B. Ravichandran, R. Pravin Kumar,K. Geetha, S. Radhika, Arul Jagadish, K. Raveendran,S. SarojammaZOOs’ PRINT magazine is informal and newsy asopposed to a scientific publication. ZOOS’ PRINTmagazine sometimes includes semi-scientific andtechnical articles which are reviewed only for factualerrors, not peer-reviewed.AddressZoo Outreach OrganisationPost Box 5912, 96, Kumudham Nagar, Vilankurichi RoadCoimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 035, IndiaPhone: +91 422 2665298Fax: +91 422 2665472E-mail: zooreach@zooreach.orgWebsite: www.zooreach.org, www.zoosprint.orgEditorial detailsArticles will be edited without consultation unless previouslyrequested by the authors in writing. Authors should informeditors if the article has been published or submittedelsewhere for publication.

Applications are invitedMaster of Science (Wildlife Studies) ProgrammeKerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University,KVASU Centre for Wildlife Studies,Pookode, Wayanad, KeralaThe MS (Wildlife Studies) programme of Kerala Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity (KVASU) provides a wildlife specialization to bioscience graduates from avariety of backgrounds keen to commit their lives to a career in the wildlife sector.This novel programme of KVASU provides a common platform for scientists andexperts from various fields related with wildlife and animal sciences as well asstudents seeking advanced training in wildlife studies to work together for thebenefit of wildlife. The programme is offered by KVASU in technical collaborationwith the Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI), Peechi.Duration:Two Years (four semesters)Eligibility:Bachelor’s degree in biosciences(Zoology, Botany, Veterinary Science,Forestry etc.)Mode of selection: Written entrance examination and interview conductedexclusively for the course by Kerala Veterinary andAnimal Sciences University (see notification foradmissions in the KVASU website www.kvasu.ac.in,http://application.kvasu.ac.in/)Last date for online application: 18.6.2013Content/Highlights of the MS (Wildlife Studies) Programme:• Course offered in technical collaboration with Kerala Forest ResearchInstitute (KFRI), Peechi• Subjects: anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, genetics, forensics,taxonomy, biodiversity, management of captive and free-ranging wildlife,forest and wildlife laws etc.• Hands on exposure in application of advanced molecular techniques inwildlife studies• Training modules at KFRI, Peechi, during the first two semesters• Regular field trips/study tours (various state level/national level forest/ecosystems of importance)• Training in zoos and wildlife rehabilitation centres• Guest lectures by state/national/international experts• International training component in captive and free-ranging wildlife• Student research of six months to one year duration in an area selected bystudent• Co-guides of national/international reputation from KFRI, ZoologicalSurvey of India etc.• Physical training: Multi-gymnasium, horse riding, trekking etc.Reflections of Vivek Philip Cyriac (Student of first batch, presentlystudying ecology of Prashad’s Gecko (Hemidactylus prashadi) in Kerala):“As a student of the MS (Wildlife Studies) programme, I have been provided severalopportunities to learn and better understand the natural world. The classes andteaching are unlike any other normal courses and our teachers believe in learningby self experience and observations in the field. The course has also allowed me tomeet several eminent people who are in the forefront of research and wildlifeconservation. We have also had the opportunity to meet several internationalveterinarians working in the field of wildlife and were able to absorb their conceptsof Conservation Medicine. In all, the course has been a great learning experiencefor me and I wish that the KVASU Centre for Wildlife Studies will be a steppingstone for many students in the future to work for conservation.”-Contact for further information:Dr. George Chandy MVSc, PhD,Course Director & Officer-in-Charge, KVASU Centre for Wildlife Studies,Pookode, Lakkidi PO, Wayanad, Kerala 673 576, IndiaEmail: chandy@kvasu.ac.in