ACTA UNIVERSITATIS PALACKIANAE OLOMUCENSIS GYMNICA ...

38 Acta Univ. Palacki. Olomuc., Gymn. 2004, vol. 34, no. 2rhizoid joints, of the trunk musculature and the limbs.For training schedules aimed at children and youth, itis strongly recommended to include additional sportsactivities, gymnastic exercises and stretching exercisesfor greater articulation.Both the body height and weight of climbers werewithin the limits of standard variations for the averagepopulation in the Czech Republic (body height –– 179.3 cm, n.i. = 0.20 s, body weight 73.3 kg, n.i. == –0.26 s). For comparison with the population standard,we always calculated the weighted average andweighted standard deviations for the relevant age category.During examination of the postural muscles, wefound a comparatively low frequency of shortened muscleseven in the age group of Adultus and Maturus.The most problematic of the muscular region is thebilateral m. trapezius where the shortening occurredin 33.3% and 22.2%. We assume that the conditionsand functionality of m. trapezius are considerably influenced by the technique of climbing and belay, andit also reflects the emotional state of the individual. In22% a shortening of the spinal erector in the lumbararea occurred.The incidence of muscular shortening was in directrelation to the performance of climbers who have beendoing this sport from 1 to 9 years on the levels of difficultybetween Vth and IXth (the shorter the climbingtime, the greater the extent of muscle shortening for anindividual).With regard to muscles with a predominantly phasicfunction, a certain debilitation was detected in 19.45% atthe m. serratus anterior and mm. rhomboidei (19.45%).Even in this case we assume that this finding is relatedto the condition of m. trapezius, further of m. latissimusdorsi and is probably conditioned by the length of trainingand climbing technique.Substitute motor stereotypes were not found, whichis surprising with regard to the thus far known highfrequencies in childhood, adolescence and in the adultpopulation. Therefore we consider the infl uence ofthe mechanism of the evocation of evolutionarily old,early coded models of reflexive motorics. The evolutionprocess of the change of functional involvement of m.gluteus maximus from an abductor muscle to a musclefor extension in the hip joint is connected with habitualbipeds and with morphological adaptation to it.According to Vojta et al. (1995), reflexive creepingand refl exive turning are congenital global models ofmotor ontogenesis. During ontogenesis of erection, theybecame polymorphic, and development ensued.Free climbing is thus a natural implementation ofthese basic models in space. The genetically coded locomotormodel is, during the learning (training) process,specialized IAW its utilization in sports.During climbing, the muscle groups of the upperpart of the body are most involved, especially the antebrachii.The body of a climber, due to the elevatorof the rhizoid joint, moves and thus a high afference isspontaneously activated. During climbing, it is necessaryto involve a large range of joint motility to limitlevels. A major, actively performed flexion stage of thehip joint is related not only to the fl exion but also tothe external rotation and abduction of the thigh. Alsothe adductors go into contraction and, together withthe external rotation and femoral abduction, into extension(zero or very low incidence of contraction of thesemuscles – Fig. 1). Due to contraction of the abdominalFig. 1The frequency of shortening of postural muscles and muscular groups of climbers (n = 36, 1 = 2.78%) and judoists(n = 30, 1 = 3.33%)10090807060% 5040302010012345678muscle, muscular group9climbersjudoistsjudoists1011climbers1 m. triceps surae dex.2 knee joint flexors dex.3 m. rectus femoris dex.4 m. tensor fasciae latae dex.5 hip joint adductors dex.6 m. iliopsoas dex.7 m. quadratus lumborum dex.8 m. erector spinae9 m. pectoralis major dex.10 m. trapezius sin.11 m. trapezius dex.