geothermal power plant projects in central america - Orkustofnun

TABLE OF CONTENTSPage1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 12. CENTRAL AMERICAN DATA .................................................................................................. 32.1 Power production status ...................................................................................................... 32.2 Electricity market ................................................................................................................ 32.2.1 Guatemala ............................................................................................................ 32.2.2 El Salvador .......................................................................................................... 42.2.3 Honduras ............................................................................................................. 52.2.4 Nicaragua ............................................................................................................ 52.2.5 Costa Rica ........................................................................................................... 52.2.6 Panama ................................................................................................................ 62.2.7 Regional market .................................................................................................. 62.2.8 Market analysis.................................................................................................... 72.3 Corporate tax ...................................................................................................................... 82.4 Tax incentives for renewable energy .................................................................................. 82.4.1 Guatemala ............................................................................................................ 82.4.2 El Salvador .......................................................................................................... 82.4.3 Honduras ............................................................................................................. 82.4.4 Nicaragua ............................................................................................................ 92.4.5 Costa Rica ........................................................................................................... 92.4.6 Panama ................................................................................................................ 92.5 Clean Development Mechanism ......................................................................................... 92.6 Climatic factors ................................................................................................................. 103. CENTRAL AMERICAN GEOTHERMAL ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ................................ 123.1 Geothermal resources ....................................................................................................... 123.1.1 Guatemala .......................................................................................................... 123.1.2 El Salvador ........................................................................................................ 133.1.3 Honduras ........................................................................................................... 133.1.4 Nicaragua .......................................................................................................... 133.1.5 Costa Rica ......................................................................................................... 143.1.6 Panama .............................................................................................................. 144. GEOTHERMAL ELECTRICAL POWER ASSESSMENT ...................................................... 154.1 Power plant models ........................................................................................................... 154.1.1 Single-flash ........................................................................................................ 154.1.2 Double-flash ...................................................................................................... 194.1.3 Organic Rankine cycle ...................................................................................... 204.2 Simulation and optimization ............................................................................................. 224.2.1 Assumptions and limitations ............................................................................. 224.2.2 Design variables and constraints ....................................................................... 234.3 Results ........................................................................................................................... 234.3.1 Single-flash ........................................................................................................ 244.3.2 Double-flash ...................................................................................................... 244.3.3 Organic Rankine cycle ...................................................................................... 254.3.4 Comparison of power output between SF, DF and ORC .................................. 265. COST ESTIMATION MODEL OF GEOTHERMAL POWER DEVELOPMENT .................. 285.1 Geothermal development project phases .......................................................................... 285.2 Exploration and confirmation ........................................................................................... 285.3 Drilling ........................................................................................................................... 285.4 Power plant ....................................................................................................................... 295.4.1 Heat exchangers ................................................................................................ 30vi