geothermal power plant projects in central america - Orkustofnun

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annual temperature ranges from 17 to 20°C. Mainly, these ranges in average air temperature can beobserved in the central areas of Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador and Panama.According to some of the national weather offices in Central American countries (e.g. SNET,INSIVUMEH, SERNA), the relative humidity varies from 60 to 85%, with an average of 80%. In thisstudy, for calculations in the power plant model, a maximum dry air temperature of 28°C and relativehumidity of 80% are used.AnnualMeanTemperature(°C)FIGURE 10: Central America: average air dry temperature and locations of main geothermal areas;figure modified from PREVDA (2010)11
3. CENTRAL AMERICAN GEOTHERMAL ENERGY DEVELOPMENT3.1 Geothermal resourcesCentral American countries (with the exception of Belize) are located within the Pacific Rim volcaniczone. Birkle and Bundschuh (2007) indicated that the geothermal systems (or hydrothermal systems)in Central America are related to the active volcanic belt and acquire their heat from magmatic bodiesat shallow to intermediate levels.Reference to Pullinger (2009) reveals that, in Central America, the high enthalpy resources areconnected to active and dormant volcanoes, caldera, and other volcano tectonic structures; mediumenthalpy resources are associated with tectonic structures that allow deep circulation of fluids or toolder volcanoes that contain remains heat. The work of Rodríguez and Herrera (2007) points out thatgeothermal resources are concentrated along the Pacific Rim, from Guatemala to Northern Costa Rica,as shown in Figure 11.FIGURE 11: Location of the geothermal fields in operation, and main geothermal areas inCentral America. Figure modified from Montalvo (2012)A study by Lippmann (2006) showed that the capacity of electricity generation in Central Americafrom geothermal resources could be in the range of 2,000 to 16,000 MW, giving a value that could bedeveloped in Central America in the next few years of around 4,430 WM (Figure 12). However, only arelatively minor amount has been developed for power production; in a region endowed with anabundance of geothermal resources, the installed capacity by year 2010 was only 506.8 MW, asdescribed in Chapter 2.3.1.1 GuatemalaThe geothermal power plant Zunil (25.2 MW) and Amatitlán (24 MW) supply approximately 3.1% ofGuatemala´s electricity. Zunil I, drilled in 1991, identified a single phase 300°C resource. Amatitlán,an exploration well drilled in 1993, confirmed the existence of a deep chloride rich geothermal systemwith a temperature of 285°C (Asturias, 2008).Asturias and Grajeda (2010) reported that evaluation of the Moyuta area in 1990 indicated that thereservoir consists of two subsystems with expected temperatures of 210 and 170°C. The results of the12
Page 1 and 2: GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMMEHot sp
Page 3 and 4: This MSc thesis has also been publi
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSMy gratitude to the
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTSPage1. INTRODUCTIO
Page 9 and 10: PageAPPENDIX A: FINANCIAL MODEL ...
Page 12 and 13: 1. INTRODUCTIONRecent research on r
Page 14 and 15: 2. CENTRAL AMERICAN DATA2.1 Power p
Page 16 and 17: 2.2.3 HondurasThe Honduran electric
Page 18 and 19: NET INJECTION BY SOURCE (2010)INSTA
Page 20 and 21: income taxes for a period of 10 yea
Page 24 and 25: egional reconnaissance in 1981ident
Page 26 and 27: 4. GEOTHERMAL ELECTRICAL POWER ASSE
Page 28 and 29: The net contribution of that power
Page 30 and 31: Introducing , = , and , = ,
Page 32 and 33: 9ProductionWellBoiler5Turbine~1046P
Page 34 and 35: TABLE 3: Parameters and boundary co
Page 36 and 37: eaches the maximum limit, and for h
Page 38 and 39: 160180140160tc vap[i], th vap[i]120
Page 40 and 41: average results, and combining them
Page 42 and 43: The base cost ( ) can be calculate
Page 44 and 45: calculation for another separator c
Page 46 and 47: mass flow rate (kg/s) on the plant
Page 48 and 49: Table 11 shows a summary of costs f
Page 50 and 51: 5.6.4 Comparison of capital costs b
Page 52 and 53: 6. FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY ASSESSMENT
Page 54 and 55: 6.2 Model structureThe financial fe
Page 56 and 57: CCF = EBITDA − ∆Working Capital
Page 58 and 59: Interest on loansFleischmann (2007)
Page 60 and 61: IRR30%25%IRR CapitalIRR Equity20%Si
Page 62 and 63: FIGURE 42: Allocation of funds for:
Page 64 and 65: 340IRR Free Cash Flow to Equity [ %
Page 66 and 67: flash technology is between 0.3 and
Page 68 and 69: Energy Price Availability Factor O&
Page 70 and 71: FIGURE 50: Density and cumulative p
Page 72 and 73:
In Chapter 6, Figure 44 illustrated
Page 74 and 75:
The internal rate of return is offs
Page 76 and 77:
Cengel, Y. and Tuner, R., 2005: Fun
Page 78 and 79:
IEAb, 2011: Technology roadmap: Geo
Page 80 and 81:
Salmon, J., Meurice, J., Wobus, N.,
Page 82 and 83:
APPENDIX A: SUMMARY OF FINANCIAL MO
Page 84 and 85:
APPENDIX C: INVESTMENT AND FINANCIN
Page 86 and 87:
APPENDIX E: BALANCE SHEETBALANCE SH
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