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TRUCK World’s Largest TruckCaterpillar 797BMANUFACTURERCaterpillar Inc.MODEL797BWHERE MANUFACTUREDDecatur, Illinois, U.S.A.YEAR INTRODUCED2002 (Previous version 797, 1998)WORKING WEIGHT1,375,000 lbPAYLOAD380 tonsHORSEPOWER3,370 hpOVERALL LENGTH47 ft, 8 in.OVERALL WIDTH32 ft, 0 in.OVERALL HEIGHT24 ft, 11 in.TIRE DIAMETER13 ft, 6 in.TOP SPEED42 mphPRICE (U.S.$)$5,750,000NOTEWorld’s largest and heaviest mechanical-drive truck.Used in largest surface mines to haul ore and rock.2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 7

RecordsEXCAVATOR World’s Largest Hydraulic ExcavatorTerex RH-400MANUFACTURERTerex Mining (Formerly O&K)MODELRH-400WHERE MANUFACTUREDDortmund, GermanyYEAR INTRODUCED1997WORKING WEIGHT1,000 tonsSHOVEL CAPACITY57 cu yd or 93 tonsHYDRAULIC PRESSURE5,220 psiOVERALL LENGTH55 ft, 0 in.OVERALL WIDTH32 ft, 1 in.OVERALL HEIGHT34 ft, 0 in.PRICE (U.S.$)$11,000,000 U.S.NOTEUsed in the largest surface mines. Only six built.HORSEPOWER4,400 hp (Two Cummins engines)8 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

CABLE SHOVEL World’s Largest Cable ShovelP&H 4100XPBMANUFACTURERP&H Mining EquipmentMODEL4100XPBWHERE MANUFACTUREDMilwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A.YEAR INTRODUCED1999 (Previous version 4100A, 1990)WORKING WEIGHT1,517 tonsSHOVEL CAPACITYMaximum 82 cu yd or 100 tons (Range 67-82 cu yd depending on material)HORSEPOWER4,555 hp (Six DC electric motors—hoist, swing and crowd)OVERALL LENGTH95 ft, 6 in.OVERALL WIDTH47 ft, 1 in.OVERALL HEIGHT69 ft, 0 in.MAXIMUM CUTTING HEIGHT59 ft, 3 in.PRICE (U.S.$)$12,000,000NOTELarger cable shovels were the giant stripping shovelsof the Midwest coal mines. Largest of these (nowscrapped) was “The Captain,” a Marion 6360 shovelwith 180 cu yd capacity.2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 9

RecordsWHEEL LOADER World’s Largest Wheel LoaderLeTourneau L-2350MANUFACTURERLeTourneau Inc.MODELL-2350WHERE MANUFACTUREDLongview, Texas, U.S.A.YEAR INTRODUCED2000WORKING WEIGHT578,000 lbBUCKET CAPACITY57 cu yd or 80 tonsHORSEPOWER2,300 hpOVERALL LENGTH64 ft, 8 inOVERALL WIDTH22 ft, 4 in.OVERALL HEIGHT21 ft, 0 in.TIRE DIAMETER12 ft, 6 in.TOP SPEED10.5 mphPRICE (U.S.$)$5,250,000NOTEDiesel-electric drive with DC electricmotors in each wheel.10 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

RecordsSCRAPER World’s Largest ScraperCaterpillar 657EMANUFACTURERCaterpillar Inc.MODEL657EWHERE MANUFACTUREDDecatur, Illinois, U.S.A.YEAR INTRODUCED1984 (Previous version 657B, 1969)WORKING WEIGHT152,290 lbBOWL CAPACITY44 cu yd (heaped)GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT256,290 lb (loaded)OVERALL LENGTH53 ft, 1 in.OVERALL WIDTH14 ft, 3 in.OVERALL HEIGHT15 ft, 5 in.TOP SPEED31 mphPRICE (U.S.$)$1,400,000NOTEScrapers larger than the 657E were built byLeTourneau in the 1960s, but as experimentalmodels. Largest of these was the LT-360 at 216cu yd capacity.HORSEPOWER1,045 hp (605 hp front, 440 hp rear)12 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

RecordsPAVER World’s Largest Asphalt PaverABG Titan 525MANUFACTURERAllgemeine Baumaschinen-Gesellschaft MBHMAXIMUM PAVING WIDTH52 ft 10 in.1MODELTitan 525WHERE MANUFACTUREDHameln, GermanyYEAR INTRODUCED2002WORKING WEIGHT65,000 lbMAXIMUM PAVING THICKNESS19 in.LAYDOWN RATE1,650 tons/hourTRANSPORT SPEED2.24 mphPRICE (U.S.$)$849,000HORSEPOWER352 hpHOPPER CAPACITY17.5 tons14 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

GRADER World’s Largest GraderCaterpillar 24HMANUFACTURERCaterpillar Inc.MODEL24HWHERE MANUFACTUREDDecatur, Illinois, U.S.A.YEAR INTRODUCED1996WORKING WEIGHT136,611 lbHORSEPOWER500 hpLENGTH OF BLADE (MOLDBOARD)24 ftOVERALL LENGTH51 ft, 10 in.OVERALL WIDTH13 ft, 10 in.OVERALL HEIGHT14 ft 3 in.TOP SPEED23.4 mphPRICE (U.S.$)$1,900,000NOTEGraders larger than the 24H were built in the pastbut no longer are available. The largest grader everconstructed was a one-of-a-kind monster built byItalian contractor Umberto Acco in 1980. It hadengines front and rear with 1,700 total hp.2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 15

RecordsTOWER CRANE World’s Largest Tower CraneKroll 10000MANUFACTURERKrøll Cranes A/SMODELK-10000WHERE MANUFACTUREDCopenhagen, DenmarkYEAR INTRODUCED1978MAXIMUM LIFT CAPACITY264 tons @ 144-ft radiusLOAD AT MAXIMUM REACH103 tons @ 328-ft radiusMAXIMUM HEIGHT UNDER HOOK311 ft, 8 in.OVERALL HEIGHT393 ft, 8 in.MAIN TOWER DIMENSION28-ft squareSERVICE CRANE ATOP MAIN CRANE6.6 tons @ 66-ft radiusPRICE (U.S.$)$9,000,000NOTEUsed in specialized lifting applications,such as powerplant construction.Only 15 made to date.16 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

RecordsCRANE World’s Largest Lattice-Boom Crawler CraneLampson LTL-2600MANUFACTURERNeil F. Lampson Inc.MODELLTL-2600WHERE MANUFACTUREDKennewick, Washington,U.S.A.YEAR INTRODUCED1994LIFT CAPACITY1,543 tons @ 164-ftradius with 341-ft boom300 tons @ 459-ft radiuswith 459-ft boomHEIGHT TO BOOM TIP402 ft, 6in. with 459-ftboomOVERALL HEIGHT393 ft, 8 in.WORKING WEIGHT1,322 tons withoutcounterweight2,425 tons to 3,086 tonswith counterweightsHORSEPOWER3,400 hpPRICE (U.S.$)$14,000,000NOTECrane takes 90 truckloads to transport.Contains 9.46 miles of1-in.-diameter wire rope.18 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

RecordsCRANE World’s Largest Telescopic-Boom Truck CraneLiebherr LTM-1800MANUFACTURERLiebherr-Werk Ehingen GMbHMODELLTM-1800WHERE MANUFACTUREDEhingen, GermanyYEAR INTRODUCED1988MAXIMUM LIFT CAPACITY875 tons @ 10-ft radius(basic boom and 176-ton counterweight)1,000 tons with derrick attachmentand maximum 264-ton counterweightMAXIMUM LIFT HEIGHT WITH LATTICE JIB EXTENSION479 ftMAXIMUM REACH WITH LATTICE JIB EXTENSION413 ftWORKING WEIGHT177 tons without counterweightHORSEPOWERTotal 978 hp (408 hp crane, 570 hp carrier)NOTECarrier has 16 wheels—8 driven, 12 steered. Fortransport, boom is carried on separate vehicle.MAXIMUM BASIC BOOM LENGTH FULLY EXTENDED197 ft20 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

RecordsTUNNELING World’s Largest Tunnel-Boring MachineBENTON’AIR Slurry MachineMANUFACTURERNFM TechnologiesMODELBENTON’AIR pressurized slurry TBMWHERE MANUFACTUREDLe Creusot, Burgundy, FranceYEAR INTRODUCED2001CUTTING HEAD DIAMETER14.87 mCUTTER HEAD HORSEPOWER4,691CUTTER HEAD WEIGHT357 tonsTOTAL SHIPPING WEIGHT3,416 tonsEARTHMOVING CAPACITYSlurry flow 216 cu m per hourMOST SUBSURFACE MATERIAL EXCAVATED IN 24 HOURS5,200 cu mTOTAL VOLUME EXCAVATED AT GREEN HEART TUNNEL2,865,000 tonsNUMBER OF WORKERS NEEDED TO OPERATE IT12 including maintenance staffTOTAL LENGTH OF BACKUP108 mNOTEThis machine was first used to bore the Green HeartTunnel, a high-speed rail tunnel in the Netherlands.Upon completion of the bore in Dec. 2003, it was dismantledand shipped by freighter to China, where itpresently is boring two 1,200 m tunnels in Shanghai.2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 21

PeopleINNOVATORS Notable Equipment InnovatorsConstruction would be less safe, productive and economical without today's machines that dig earth, bore tunnels, lift steel, pave roads and pour concrete. Over theyears, the cast of forward-thinkers who invented, researched, developed and promoted heavy equipment have played a key role in the evolution of modern construction.William S. Otis ––––––––– (1813-1839)William Smith Otis of Canton, Mass., wasthe inventor of the first steam-poweredexcavator. As a 22-year-old partner in thecontracting firm of Carmichael, Fairbanks& Otis, he saw the need for mechanizedearthmoving on his firm’s railroad contracts.In 1835, he designed and built theshovel that is recognized as the grandfather of all constructionmachines. Unfortunately, he met an untimelydeath in 1839 when he succumbed to typhoid fever, buthis family and partners meticulously maintained thepatents for almost 40 years. When the patents ran out inthe 1880s, other companies began building Otis-styledshovels, which became known as “railroad shovels.”These companies laid the foundations for today’s moderncable excavators.Simon Ingersoll –––––––– (1818-1894)The introduction of the first steam-powered rock drill in1871 by Simon Ingersoll marked the beginning of significantchanges for construction. A founding father of today'sIngersoll-Rand Co., Ingersoll developed a drill that was tripod-mounted,required less set-up effort and was fasterand longer lasting than conventional equipment. Contractorssoon discovered that they could significantly increasethe productivity of workers who previously were usingcumbersome machines that drilled an average depth ofonly 8 to 10 ft per day. Today’s rock drills incorporate Ingersoll’sinnovations and can be found on most major constructionand excavation sites around the world.Thomas Aveling –––––––– (1818-1894)After watching laborers manhandle a concrete-filled ironcylinder to compact stone into a smooth road surface inRochester, England, Thomas Aveling conceived the idea ofusing a steam traction engine to replace the manpower. In1865, he built the first of several experimental rollers and,in 1867, produced what is regarded as the world’s firstcommercially successful steam roller. This was an instantsuccess and allowed his company, Aveling & Porter, todevelop a multitude of self-propelled roller types. In theearly years, a large portion of the machines were exported,including the first two steam rollers ever to work in theU.S. in 1869. As Aveling-Barford Ltd. from 1930, the companyexpanded into diesel and gasoline-powered rollersand, keeping pace with modern technology, in the 1960sand 1970s moved into vibrating and rubber-tired rollers.Daniel Best ––––––––––– (1838–1923)In 1871, Daniel Best pioneered a graincleaning machine and in 1885 startedbuilding combine harvesters, initiallypulled by horses and later by steam tractionengines built by his company. In 1908,Best sold his traction engine business toHolt Manufacturing Co.,DANIEL BESTwhich had pioneeredcrawler tracks on a steam tractor in 1904.Daniel’s son, C.L. Best, was made managerof Holt’s San Leandro, Calif., plant.After a disagreement, C.L. left to found hisC.L. BESTown company C.L. Best Gas Traction Co.in 1910. Both Holt and Best prospered incompetition with each other until 1925 when they finallymerged and the Caterpillar Tractor Co. was born. C.L.Best’s well-designed and robust crawler tractors, includingthe famous SIXTY of which almost 19,000 were sold,became well-respected Caterpillar products.Benjamin Whitaker Jr. ––– (1849-1919)Matthew Whitaker –––––– (1852-1931)Samuel Whitaker ––––––– (1845-1914)Founded by their father, Benjamin Whitaker, the companythat became known as Whitaker Brothers in 1872 iscredited with inventing the first successful fully-revolvingsteam shovel. Originally quarry owners and brick makersnear Leeds, England, the three brothers—Benjamin Jr.,Matthew and Samuel—wanted to load rail wagons directlybehind the rail-mounted shovels of the day. So, in1884, they attached a shovel boom and dipper stick to amodified revolving rail-mounted crane and eliminated theneed to build parallel tracks alongside the shovel. Themachine attracted immediate attention and over the nexttwo decades, steam shovels of all sizes up to 3 cu ydwere built and shipped, many overseas. In 1910, thecompany was sold to Ruston, Proctor & Co., forerunnerof Ruston-Bucyrus Ltd.Benjamin Holt ––––––––– (1849-1920)From his roots as the founder of a wood-and-iron-wheelmaking company in 1883 in Stockton, Calif., and as one ofthe three principals of the Holt Brothers lumber mill, BenjaminHolt grew a booming steam-engine business. One ofhis later engines was quite successful in logging and in theexport markets of Australia, Kenya and South Africa. But2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 23

Notable Equipment InnovatorsPeopletractor wheels often became mired in softearth, so Holt in 1904 replaced them witha track-type tread. The tread became popularworldwide, and Holt Manufacturingeventually became Caterpillar Inc., theworld's largest heavy equipment maker.Richard Russell –––––––– (1850-1917)Richard Russell and his partner, C.K. Stockland, in 1903established the Russell Grader Manufacturing Co. inStephen, Minn., putting in motion a company that eventuallywould establish Caterpillar in the grader business.One of the first Russell products was a horse-drawn elevatinggrader with a gas-engine driven conveyor. Otherproducts developed by Russell included blade graders,drag and wheel scrapers and plows. A prototype selfpropelledgrader appeared in 1919. Russell’s successfulgrader designs attracted the attention of Caterpillar TractorCo. and it took over the Russell company in 1928.This marked the first of many diversifications by Caterpillarto build products other than crawler tractors andthe original Russell designs formed the basis of subsequentCaterpillar graders.William Dana Ewart ––––– (1851-1908)A young farm implement dealer in BellePlaine, Iowa, William Ewart invented the“linked belt” in 1874 and forever changedthe mobility of heavy equipment. Ewart’sinvention was a square-shaped, detachablelink for chain belts that was easier torepair in the field than existing chains andeventually became the standard for modern mechanicalpower transmission. Ewart founded the Link-Belt MachineryCo. in 1880 and Link-Belt Engineering Co. in 1888.Ten years later, the two fledgling firms developed the firstwide-gauge, steam-powered, coal-handling clamshellcrane, the ancestral lifting equipment of today’s Link-BeltConstruction Equipment Co.Link to Past. Link-Belt machine was first steam-driven clamshell crane.Joseph D. Adams –––––– (1853-1924)Joseph Adams found fame with his innovations ingraders. His experience with road maintenance in the1870s as a township trustee near Indianapolis, Ind.,motivated him to design a new type of grader withadjustable leaning wheels to offset the side force producedby the angled blade. It also enabled the grader towork on slopes previously impossiblewith straight-wheeled machines. Firstpulled by horses and later by steam tractors,Adams’ graders were widely used tomaintain the thousands of graveledroads across America. Eventually, allgrader manufacturers adopted the leaning-wheelprinciple. Adams further refined the grader anddeveloped self-propelled models and power-operatedblade controls. In 1954, the J.D. Adams Co. was purchasedby LeTourneau-Westinghouse Co. (later Wabco),which continued graders in its product line.Chester T. Foote ––––––– (1858-1938)Charles E. Foote ––––––– (1863-1918)Brothers Chester and Charles Foote were concrete contractorsin Nunda, N.Y. In 1896 they built a hand-operated,revolving-drum machine that produced about 4 cu yd ofconcrete per hour. It was not the first hand mixer on themarket, but the Footes continued to experiment with mixersand gasoline engines. Their first power mixer was usedto lay several thousand feet of concrete sidewalks in Perry,N.Y. in 1900. Three years later, they formed the FooteManufacturing Co. and soon were shipping machinesacross the U.S. The firm later developed a self-propelledmixer-paver and the first high-lift boom for pouring concreteup to 23 ft above the ground. The Multi-Foote 34Emixer was the standard paver used by the Army Corps ofEngineers during World War II. In 1948, the Foote Co. waspurchased by Blaw Knox.George A. Armington Sr. – (1865–1954)Raymond Q. Armington –– (1907-1993)The Armington family is synonymous with the name Euclid,pioneer in 1934 of the first truck designed specifically foroff-highway use. In 1909, George Armington Sr. establishedthe Euclid Crane & Hoist Co. near Cleveland, Ohio,initially building towed scrapers and wagons. All five of hissons played important roles in the company, but Raymondwas most influential in transforming it into an earthmovingequipment builder. Renamed the Euclid Road MachineryCo. in 1931, Euclid went on to develop all types of haulers,2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 25

PeopleNotable Equipment Innovatorsdozers and scrapers for high-speed earthmoving, includingmotor scrapers from 1938. By the early 1950s, theEuclid name was known worldwide as a builder of theworld’s most powerful trucks. The company became theEuclid Division of General Motors in 1954.William H. Coleman –––– (1873–1964)After an early career as an engineer and metallurgist,William H. Coleman joined steam-shovel and dredgebuilder Bucyrus Co. in 1905 as foundry superintendent.By 1910, he was in charge of engineering, manufacturingand sales promotion, and he rose to president in1911. Under his direction, the company attained worldleadership in the crane and excavating machinery manufacturingbusiness, taking over the Erie Steam ShovelCo. in 1927 and becoming Bucyrus-Erie. Coleman andhis team of engineers are credited with many innovationsin the excavating field, including the first crawlermountedexcavator (1912), the first quarry and mineshovel (1925) and the world’s largest shovel (1962). Heserved the company for 60 years, 46 of which he waschairman and president.Charles Johnson ––––––– (1877-1941)To feed the voracious demand for low-cost concrete tobuild Hoover Dam, Charles Johnson developed the firstautomatic, mass-production concrete plant. Constructionbegan in 1931 on the four-story, 78 x 118-ft steelframestructure. When completed, it provided all of theconcrete for the diversion-tunnel linings, powerhousefoundations and two-thirds of the dam. The system featureda hopper, scale system and tilting mixer. With eightbatchers, it mixed more than 4 million cu yd and set thebenchmark for dam-site batch plants. Johnson alsopatented several pieces of aggregate-storing and batchingequipment for highway construction use.Harry H. Barber –––––––– (1878-1948)In 1916, Harry H. Barber and William B.Green quit working at a machine manufacturingcompany to co-found Barber-Green Co. to design and build standardizedmaterial-handling equipment. In1931, Barber introduced the firstmachine to combine the mixing andplacing of asphalt pavement in a single operation. Withthis development, paving secondary roads with hot-mixasphalt became economical. Barber received 70 patentsfor construction and material-handling equipment. Until1945, he served as president of Barber-Green. Caterpillarbought the firm in 1991 and continues to make Barber-Greenbrand machines.Stephen Stepanian ––––– (1882-1964)While working for a sand-and-gravelcompany in 1916, Stephen Stepaniandesigned and patented a rotating drumthat could efficiently transport mixed concrete.His design led to the introduction ofthe first concrete-mix trucks in the 1920sand the start of the ready-mixed concreteindustry. Today, there are about 80,000 ready-mix concretetrucks in use in the U.S. Stepanian stayed heavilyinvolved in the industry, including being part owner ofColumbus, Ohio-based Arrow Sand and Gravel Co. Heserved as president of the National Ready Mixed ConcreteAssociation in 1943-44.R.G. LeTourneau ––––––– (1888-1969)Robert Gilmore LeTourneau’s influenceon the earthmoving equipment industry issecond to none. With more than 200patents to his credit, he built the first allweldedscraper, the first tractor-mountedcable winch, the first self-propelledscraper and the first skid-steer tractor. Healso was responsible for developing the sheepsfoot roller,tractor-drawn ripper and mobile crane. LeTourneaudesigned a single machine that would build an entire concretehouse and he built one of the first offshore jack-upoil-drilling platforms, now used extensively in the oilindustry. Letourneau also pioneered the electric wheel,used today in large off-highway trucks. Devoutly religious,he gave away 90% of his earnings for Christian missionarywork and founded LeTourneau University inLongview, Texas. Today, the company that bears hisname builds the world’s largest wheel loader.Frank G. Hough –––––––– (1890-1965)Frank G. Hough’s name is synonymous with the wheeledloader. As early as 1920, he mounted a cable-operatedloader on a farm tractor. But it is Hough’s model HSwheel loader of 1939, designed and built solely for thepurpose, that is regarded as the forerunner of the modernwheel loader. Under his leadership, the Frank G.Hough Co. claimed a long line of achievements in loaderdesign, including the first hydraulic-lift arms (1941), firsthydraulic-bucket tilt (1944) and first four-wheel-driveloader (1947). Hough sold his company and the HoughPayloader name to International Harvester in 1952.Howard Hall –––––––––– (1894-1971)While serving as president of Iowa Steel and Iron, Hallpurchased Bertschy Engineering Co. in 1923, thus forgingIowa Manufacturing Co. Less than one year later, Hall26 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

had led the development of the first portable rock crusher.The concept combined the processes of crushing,conveying and screening aggregate into one machine.For the first time, a contractor could move a so-called“one-piece outfit” on and off of a jobsite without loss oftime and profit. Hall’s innovative approach also provideda solution to military forces. His machine could be hauledfrom project to project at speeds up to 50 mph for constructionof airfield landing strips and roads wherevertroops needed them.Ray Ferwerda ––––––––– (1899-1978)Koop Ferwerda –––––––– (1900-1955)The unique machine known as theGradall traces its roots back to the early1940s and brothers Ray and Koop Ferwerda,partners in a Cleveland, Ohio, constructioncompany. With a need to finegrade steep slopes on road construction—ajob normally done by hand, theyKOOP FERWERDAinvented a fully-hydraulic truck-mounted telescopicboom with a fixed blade at the end to smooth the dirt atany angle. Improving on the design, they added tilt andwrist motions and a bucket, allowing the machine tosimulate human hand movements. Patented in 1944, theFerwerdas’ machine became the world’s first hydraulicexcavator. Warner & Swasey, Cleveland, purchased therights to manufacture the machine in 1945 and introducedits first Gradall the following year. Today, Gradallis owned by JLG Industries and survives as one of thevery few excavator manufacturers with a pure Americanheritage.Ralph Kress –––––––––– (1904-1995)Dubbed “the father of America’s offhighwaytruck,” Ralph Kress influencedthe modern mining truck more than anyother person. After an early career inautomotive sales and highway vehicledesign with Dodge, Borg Warner,Chevrolet and General Motors, Kresswas appointed general manager of Dart trucks in 1950.He designed the world’s largest truck in 1951, a Dart75-tonner. He then designed a revolutionary new truckfor Wabco in 1957 featuring an offset cab and V-shaped body, a style that has remained unchangedtoday. He designed Caterpillar trucks from 1962 and in1969 joined his son Ted’s company, Kress Corp., Brimfield,Ill. There, he introduced the world to his rigidframebottom-dumping coal hauler, which still is beingmanufactured.Clarence E. Killebrew –––––––– (1912-)Armed with a mechanical engineering degree and sixyears of teaching experience, Clarence E. Killebrew in1940 joined the Frank G. Hough Co., where he spent 12years developing the first wheel loader used in agriculture,and later the first in the construction industry. Hejoined Clark Equipment Co. in 1952 and within a yearintroduced the first loaders with hydraulic torque converters,power shift transmissions and planetary axles.As a corporate director and vice president of engineering,his team’s machine was the first designed as a truewheel loader, rather than a modified farm tractor. It hadcapacities three to four times greater than conventionalmachines.Hans Liebherr ––––––––– (1915-1993)While running the family constructionbusiness in Kirchdorf, Germany, in thelate 1940s, Hans Liebherr developed anidea for an easy-to-erect, low-priced towercrane. By 1949, the crane proved asuccess and the Liebherr companychanged from a builder to a manufacturer.In 1954, Liebherr unveiled his first hydraulic excavator.Expansion was rapid, with the firm establishing newmanufacturing facilities in many countries over the followingtwo decades, including Newport News, Va., in1972. Liebherr today has over 90 subsidiary companiesworldwide and over 21,000 employees. Today’s productline for construction includes all types of cranes,hydraulic excavators, crawler tractors and loaders, wheelloaders, concrete mixers and plants and a line of electricdrivemining trucks that includes the world’s largest at400-ton capacity.Joseph Cyril Bamford ––– (1916-2001)J.C. Bamford, founder of the companyknown worldwide by his initials, madehis very first product—a farm trailer—ina rented garage at Uttoxeter, England.From that meager beginning in 1945,Bamford steadily expanded his businessand developed a bolt-on hydraulicloader for farm tractors in 1948. Five years later, hedeveloped a backhoe attachment called the JCB Mk.1and promoted selling tractors equipped with bothattachments. In 1956, the company launched the firstloader-backhoe built as an integrated unit, the Hydra-Digger-Loadall. Today, JCB is one of the world’s largestand most successful construction equipment manufacturers,with over 180 current models available in 11product groups.2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 27

PeopleNotable Equipment InnovatorsNeil F. Lampson –––––––– (1917-1996)Innovations in heavy lifting equipmentbrought fame to Neil F. Lampson afterestablishing his crane venture in 1946 atKennewick, Wash. Starting with a singlecrane, Lampson soon gained a reputationfor service and ingenuity. When the world’scrane manufacturers could not provide himwith lift capacities to meet his needs, he built his ownequipment. In 1967, Lampson conceived a crawler transporterfor oversized loads and in 1971 developed a heavyliftcrawler crane called the Transi-Lift. In 1980, Neil’s sonBill took over the business and boosted the company internationally.Under his leadership, the company has continuedto grow, with crawler transport capabilities increasingto 4,000 tons and Transi-Lift capacities to 2,600 tons. It nowis the world’s largest-capacity land-based crane.John L. Grove ––––––––– (1921-2003)Most innovators have a major brand ofconstruction equipment named afterthem, but John Landis Grove has two. In1947, Grove, his brother Dwight and partnerWayne Nicarry established GroveManufacturing Co. in the village of ShadyGrove, Pa. A manufacturer of farm wagons,Grove needed a small yard-type crane to lift steelplates. After an unsuccessful search, he finally built hisown in 1949. The 2-ton capacity crane was mounted ona three-wheel frame with a simple twin-cylinder hydraulichoist. By 1955, Grove was supplying cranes to dozens ofneighboring businesses. Over the next 12 years, Grovegrew his company into one of the largest crane manufacturersin the world. He sold it in 1967 and in 1969 purchasedFulton Industries with partner Paul Shockey.Grove renamed the company to JLG Industries, reflectinghis initials, and became known as the father of theelevating work platform. Grove Worldwide was acquiredin 2002 by Manitowoc Co. Inc. JLG, whichalso owns the Gradall,Skytrak and Lullbrands, still is theworld’s largestmanufacturer ofself-propelled aerialwork platforms.Elton Long ––––––––––– (1921-2003)As assistant design engineer at American Tractor Corp.(ATC), Churubusco, Ind., Elton Long was instrumentalin designing a hydraulic backhoe to be on an agriculturaltractor. When Case took over ATC in 1957, itacquired the backhoe rights and madeLong chief engineer. An ideal tractor forthe backhoe had not yet been found, soa prototype machine was built around amodified Case 300 farm tractor. It incorporatedthe Case loader and the ATCbackhoe. Case launched this innovativemachine in 1957 as America’s first loader-backhoe.Designed by Long, it was known as the Model 320.Long later went on to design the famous Case 580Construction King, the machine that made Case theloader-backhoe market leader in the 1960s and 1970sin the U.S.Edwin Malzahn –––––––––––– (1921-)From its roots as Charlie’s Machine Shop,a small firm founded by Edwin Malzahn’sfather, Charles Machine Works now is aworldwide company because of Malzahn’sinvention of the first compacttrenching machine. Replacing pick-andshovellabor, the Ditch Witch revolutionizedutility trenching. It was able to dig where large,wheel-type service trenchers were impractical. Small,in-line, portable and mobile trenchers have played amajor role in the way the world’s utility companies placeservice lines.Cyril Keller ––––––––––––––– (1922-)Louis Keller –––––––––––––– (1923-)Brothers Cyril and Louis Keller are credited with inventingthe skid-steer compact loader. They first built a smallthree-wheel loader for cleaning out turkey barns. It featureda single caster rear wheel and steered by independentdrive to the two front wheels. In 1957, the machinecaught the eye of the Melroe brothers of the Melroe Man-Trailblazers. Cyril (left) and Louis Keller launched skid steers in 1950s.28 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

ufacturing Co., Gwinner, N.D. They immediately saw theloader’s potential, purchased the manufacturing rightsand hired the Kellers to develop the machine. Theimproved M-200 was introduced in 1958 as Melroe’s firstbranded loader. In 1960, the three-wheel design wasreplaced by a four-wheel-drive loader utilizing the skidsteerprinciple and a new class of compact equipmentwas born. In 2001, the 500,000th Bobcat skid-steerloader rolled out of the Gwinner plant.Raymond F. Pitman ––––––––– (1925-)Called the “father” of the boom truck,Ray Pitman put a crane behind the cab ofa flatbed and made the delivery of constructionmaterials a safer, one-personoperation. A World War II Army veteranand former utility contractor in Olathe,Kan., Pitman in 1964 founded RO ProductsInc., a prolific boom-truck firm that eventually wassold to Terex Corp. Pitman’s early work coincided withRoy O. Billings of Milwaukee and his “Hydro-Crane,”which did not carry a payload but was so popular thatBucyrus-Erie Co. bought the design in 1948. From Pitman’sthink tank of “envisioneers” came some of theworld’s first digger derricks, cherry pickers, fire-fightingbucket lifts and airplane de-icing machines.Picking Up. First boom trucks met a lot of practical business needs.G.W. (Bill) Swisher –––––––––– (1930-)Founder of CMI Corp., Bill Swisher hasbeen prominent in the grade-finishingand paving business since he introducedthe first automatically-controlled finegradetrimmer in 1964. Called “Autograde,”the high-production, accuratelycontrolled trimmer paved the way for aseries of automated placing and slipform concretepaving machines and automated graders. With morethan 50 patents to his credit, Swisher also developedthe first purpose-built pavement milling machines usedin road rehabilitation, a continuous excavator for largescaleearthmoving and the “Autoblade,” a large graderwith automatic control of grade elevation. Swisher’sinnovations have revolutionized concrete paving overthe past four decades and strongly influenced thedesign of today’s paving equipment.Revolutionary. Swisher was first to develop dedicated milling machine.Richard J. Robbins–––––––––– (1933-)By refining the cutting technology firstdeveloped by his father, James, RichardRobbins made mechanical rock excavationpossible and economical. His workled to the development of a range ofmechanical excavation techniques andthe tunnel boring machine. A TBM typicallyallows an entire cross section of a tunnel or shaft tobe bored in a single continuous process. Because of itsdevelopment, underground construction and tunnelinghave become more efficient, cost-effective and safe.Reinhard Wirtgen ––––––– (1943-1997)Originally a road contractor in Germany,Wirtgen in 1965 built his first concretebreakingmachine as a cost-effectivealternative to the demolition ball. Hiseponymous company in 1971 developedthe first hot-milling machine for removingasphalt pavement and in 1976 developedthe first hot recycler for insitu re-profiling. This laterbecame known as the “remix” process and is popular onroad construction and maintenance worldwide. In 1977,Wirtgen began focusing on developing and manufacturingspecialized paving machines and in 1978 developeda cold-milling process for pavements. The firm’s contractingactivities were liquidated in 1981, and WirtgenAmerica Inc. today is a subsidiary of Wirtgen GmbH andis a leading road and mining equipment manufacturer.2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 29

PeopleNotable Equipment InnovatorsKeith Haddock, who wrote many of the profiles of equipmentinnovators on the preceding pages, and Tudor Hampton, whoobtained many of the photos, received assistance from manycompanies, archives and individuals. Our thanks to:Association of Equipment ManufacturersBobcat Co.Case Construction Equipment LLCInstitution of Civil EngineersJLG Industries Inc.Link-Belt Construction Equipment Co.Manitowoc Crane Group Inc.Minnesota Historical SocietyTerex Corp.Bruce Bernard, Coneco Equipment Co.Tom Berry, Historical Construction Equipment AssociationBen Brooks, JCB Sales Ltd.Wolfgang EsbruchClaudia Fernus, Wirtgen Group GmbHRay Ferwerda Sr.Antonia Harland-Lang, Leeds Archives, EnglandWilliam Hindman and Jim Jobes, Industrial Marketing ServicesSharon Holling, Caterpillar Inc.Ray Hooley, Lincoln, EnglandMerilee Hunt, Liebherr AmericaBill Koehn, North American ConstructionMichele Lefevre, Local Studies, Leeds, EnglandParker McLean, Alberta Fuel Distributors Inc.David Monroe, Caterpillar Inc.Lee Nehring, Albian Sands/ShellEric C. Orlemann, ECO Industrial CommunicationsBryan F. Pepin-Donat, Lampson CraneDarrol Pierson, Indiana State LibraryRay Pitman, Pitman ManufacturingRandy Provencal, Syncrude Canada. Ltd.Janet Ragland, LeTourneau UniversityAmber Reid, Two Rivers Marketing GroupMarc Schulte, Finning Canada Ltd.Lawrence Sunsdahl, Minnesota historianNicole Thaxton, Caterpillar Inc. corporate archivesJack Toll, MammoetPatty Traverso, Kennecott EnergyTim Twichell, Gowanda, N.Y.PHOTO CREDITSPage 23Photo of William S. Otis, courtesy of the HistoricalConstruction Equipment Association. Photos of C.L.and Daniel Best, courtesy of Caterpillar Inc. corporatearchives.Page 25Photo of Benjamin Holt, courtesy of Caterpillar Inc.corporate archives. Photo of William D. Ewart andequipment, courtesy of Link-Belt ConstructionEquipment Co. Photo of Joseph D. Adams, courtesyof Indiana State Library.Page 26Photo of Harry Barber, courtesy of AEM. Photo ofR.G. LeTourneau by Keith Haddock.Page 27Photo of Koop Ferwerda, courtesy of the Ferwerdafamily. Photo of Ralph Kress, courtesy of HistoricalConstruction Equipment Association. Photo of HansLiebherr, courtesy of Liebherr Group. Photo ofJoseph Cyril Bamford, courtesy of JCB Inc.Page 28Photo of Neil Lampson, courtesy of Lampson InternationalLLC. Photo of John Grove and equipment,courtesy of JLG Industries Inc. Photo of Cyril andLouis Keller, courtesy of Bobcat Co.Page 29Photo of Raymond Pitman and boom truck, courtesyof Raymond F. Pitman. Photo of G.W. (Bill) Swisherand grader, courtesy of Terex Corp. RoadbuildingArchives. Photo of Reinhard Wirtgen, courtesy ofWirtgen Group.30 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

RecordsMOVING Tallest Building Ever MovedThe waters off North Carolina’s Outer Banks are known asthe “Graveyard of the Atlantic,” and cover hundreds ofshipwrecks. Built in 1870, the 199-ft-high Cape HatterasLighthouse—the tallest lighthouse in the U.S.—wasdesigned to warn ships that they were approaching HatterasIsland, one of the barrier islands forming the OuterBanks. But the lighthouse also is at the mercy of the seasand encroaching waters required it to be moved in 1999.Owned by the National Park Service, the 4,400-ton lighthouseis a double-walled masonry structure with a 45-ftdiameter granite and brick base. Hatteras Island is migratingwestward and efforts to protect the lighthouse from thesea included installing sheetpile groins in the 1930s andbeach nourishment in the 1970s. But by the 1980s, erosionhad brought the high tide line almost to the lighthousebase. Engineers feared that a dropping water table woulddestabilize the tower by exposing its timber footings to rot.The relocation was performed by International ChimneyCo., Buffalo, as a design-build project. It took more than sixmonths, beginning with the clearing, grading, and compactingof the travel corridor. The foundation’s graniteplinth was cut using heavy-duty wire saws, as well ashydraulic chain saws. A series of tunnels were boredthrough the foundation and the tunnel floors were firmed upwith steel mats and timber cribbing.The process continued until the entire weight of the lighthousewas transferred to 135 shoring posts. Tilt and vibrationsensors were installed at the top and bottom of thelighthouse. Steel beams were inserted to form a 61 x 72 ftgrid. A lift system of 100 interconnected hydraulic jacksoperating in unison lifted the lighthouse 6 ft to bring thebase above grade and clear space for the rolling system.Expert House Movers, Sharptown, Md., installed thebeams and did the lifting and transportation. Pete Friesen,inventor of the jacking system, was a consultant.Beginning on June 17, 1999, five push-jacks were used2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 31

RecordsWorld’s Tallest Building Movedto move the lighthouse in 5-ftincrements at the rate ofabout 1 ft per minute. As themoving crew gained confidence,the distance traveledeach day grew, peaking at 355ft. The 2,900-ft transportphase to the new foundationlasted 23 days. The lighthousenow is 1,600 ft from the hightideline, the same distance itwas when it was built.The sequence of removingthe roll beams and rollers andlowering the lighthouse to itsnew elevation took eight days,and was completed on July17. Bricking of the new foundationon top of the 60 x 60 x5 ft concrete footer lasted untilSeptember. The move cost$11.8 million.32 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

RecordsMOVING Heaviest Building Ever MovedAfval CentraleThe Afval Centrale (Waste Center) in Amsterdam is thecity’s waste processing center, a reinforced-concretebuilding 164 ft long, 104 ft wide and 65 ft high, weighing7,600 tons. Residential and commercial garbage isburned in it, generating steam, which is delivered to anearby powerplant to generate electricity. To makeroom for a new high-yield incineration plant, the wastecenter had to be moved. Mammoet, a Dutch firm specializingin heavy lifting and transport work—mostnotably the recovery of the Russian submarineKursk—got the assignment. For the first stage, Mammoetpartnered with Dutch foundation specialistBresser/Van’t Wout to excavate a 6.5-ft-deep cavityunder the building, fill it with a layer of sand and steelplates and place 35,000 cu m of concrete piles. Next,eight “trains”—lines of Scheuerle and Kamag self-propelledmodular transporters (SPMTs) hitched to eachother—were driven into position in parallel lines underthe building. The SPMTs rested on 278 axles and 1,112wheels. On Oct. 18, 2003, the machines’ hydraulicswere activated, raising the transporters’ beds intoposition and lifting the building clear of its supportpiles. Then, the SPMTs, with 2,500 hp in self-containedpowerpacks, rolled the structure at 0.6 mph to its newdestination 3,280 ft away. It traveled over a 92-ft widepath comprised of steel plates. Once in position on topof new pilings, flat jacks were installed, new permanentsupports were poured and the building was lowered.2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 33

Records1970 Longest Running ProjectsThird Water TunnelNew York City’s water supply is collected in 18reservoirs and conveyed by aqueducts to two storage/balancingreservoirs. Water tunnels #1 (completed1917) and #2 (completed 1936) connect thosereservoirs with the distribution system serving 8 millionresidents. Tunnels #1 and #2 have never beenshut down and drained for inspection, as officials areunsure that their aging valves will function properly.Tunnel #3 is being driven through hard rock (gneiss,schist and limestone) with a 24-ft-dia tunnel boringmachine 200 ft to 800 ft underground. It is a branchingtunnel, with 27 miles of the 60-mile total excavatedto date. Its valves will be housed in three enormousunderground chambers, making themaccessible for repair and maintenance, unlike theolder tunnels. The largest valve chamber is 620 ftlong, 42 ft wide and 41 ft high. As each of its fourstages is completed, Tunnel #3 will provide redundancyand dependability to the water system. Tunnelcapacity will be 1.3 billion gal per day and it will costan estimated $6 billion by completion in 2020.PHOTO COURTESY OF NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION34 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

1972 Longest Running ProjectsTunnel and Reservoir PlanPHOTOS COURTESY OF MWRDGCChicago’s long-term solution tocombined sewer overflowsbegan in 1972 as the Tunnel andReservoir Plan (TARP). The massiveproject’s long list of engineeringfeats has advanced tunneldesign and excavationprocesses around the world.Known by Chicagoans as simplythe “Deep Tunnel,” the 109.4-mile dolomite labyrinth sits as faras 350 ft below the Cook Countyarea. The complex infrastructureincludes about 250 vertical dropshafts, 600 substations, threepumping stations and 15.6 billiongal of storage in three massivereservoirs. The first 31 milesof tunnels were finished in 1985 and the first reservoirwas put into service in 1998. The MetropolitanWater Reclamation District of Greater Chicago,which operates TARP, expects to finish tunnel constructionby early 2005. Work will continue on thetwo remaining reservoirs until the entire $3.4-billionsystem goes on-line. Engineers expect total projectcompletion in 2019.2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 35

Records1984 Longest Running ProjectsGreat Man-Made River ProjectThis massive water transfer scheme will extract water from sandstoneaquifers deep beneath the central Libyan desert and transportit to the country’s coastal regions for urban and agriculturaluses. The project owner is the Great Man-Made River Authority.Brown & Root Ltd. (U.K.) served as the consulting engineer andconstruction manager. The general contract was awarded to theDong Ah Consortium of Korea. Dong Ah subcontracted PriceBrothers Co., Dayton, Ohio, to design the pipe factories and supplypipe-making equipment, as well as provide design and expertisefor the pipe system. The Phase One pipemaking and constructioncontracts were awarded in 1984 and totaled $3.3 billion.Phase One, involving 1,900 km of prestressed concrete piperanging from 1.6 to 4 m in diameter, was completed in 1993. DuringPhase One, the work force peaked at 8,000. Following theimposition of U.S. sanctions in 1986, Price Brothers Ltd. (U.K.)assumed sole responsibility for the company’s obligation. Two ofthe project's four phases now are completed. Phase Three wellfields and pipelines are expected to come online after 2010. Severalpipeline blowouts have occurred in recent years, which weretraced to corrosion. Phase Four is downstream work for distributionsystems and irrigation networks. The project ultimately willirrigate 387,000 acres and supply water to several major cities.The present general contractor is the Al Nahr Co. of Libya. Thefinal cost is $27 billion, with completion expected sometimebetween 2025 and 2030.36 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

RecordsWORK FORCE Largest Work ForcesYellow River DikesChina. The Yellow River (Huang He) is the world’s muddiestriver, packing 60 times the sediment load of theMississippi River, mostly from Shansi and Shensiprovinces. Upon reaching the plains of North China theriver deposits its load, building up the river bed six toseven meters above the level of the surrounding countryside.The floodprone region is an important agriculturalarea and has been densely inhabited for millennia.Over 1,500 floods have been recorded since 602 B.C.A 1933 flood breached dikes in 50 locations, inundatingover 3,000 villages and towns, and taking 18,000lives. In the 1950s massive efforts were launched torepair and reinforce the region’s dikes, incorporating350 million cu m of earthworks and 9 million cu m ofstoneworks. As many as two million peasants and soldierswere busy during some of the most critical periods,when floodwaters nearly overtopped the dikes. Inall, 1,800 kilometers of dikes hold the river in place, 700along the north bank, 600 along the south bank, andthe remainder along tributaries or enclosing flood diversionareas. Dozens of major hydroelectric dams on theriver’s upper stretches, as well as over 600,000 smallersilt-precipitation dams, have reduced the river’s siltload significantly.Chengtu ProjectChina. In 1944 new B-29 “Superfortress” bombers, ableto carry 20,000 lb of bombs to targets 1,500 miles fromtheir bases, arrived in the Allies’ China theater of operations.Their mission was to attack the home islands ofJapan from bases in China. A system of five bomber andsix fighter airfields with extra-long runways was builtNagarjunasagar Dambetween January and May 1944 by the Chinese nationalists,under the direction of U.S. Gen. Claire Chennault.Some 400,000 Chinese workers labored with primitivetools, using ancient methods of construction. The first raidwas launched from the bases in June, but within weeksseven of the bases were captured by the Japanese.India. The three-milelong gravity dam, with acentral masonry sectionalmost one mile longand flanked by earthand rockfill embankments,was built almostentirely by hand. It islocated on the KrishnaRiver in Andhra Pradeshstate in central India.Tower cranes were usedbut laborers carried basketsof mortar up rampssupported by bambooscaffolding. The workforce was 50,000 in1967. Two associatedaqueducts had a separatework force of80,000. The dam wasbuilt from 1955-69, andcost $194 million (ENR6/8/67 p. 44).38 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

Erie CanalNew York. 1817-25. The365-mile long waterway connectingthe Hudson Riverwith Lake Erie was the majorartery linking eastern marketsto the Midwest beforerailroads. It was 40 ft wide atthe top, 28 ft at the bottom,and 4 ft deep. Eighty-threelocks lowered boats travelingwest to east 627 verticalfeet. Local farmers werecontracted to build the initialsections, but permanentwork crews developed,drawing laborers from faraway. The project sparkedinnovations, including astump-pulling machine with16-ft-dia wheels, as well asa horse-operated boomor crane. The work forcepeaked at 50,000.Clinton Engineer WorksTennessee. 1943-45. The Manhattan Projectwas the federal government’s top-secretcrash program to produce an atomic bomb.The first production complex, in Tennessee,housed a plutonium pile and separationfacility, an electromagnetic plant, and athermal diffusion plant. The work forcepeaked at 47,000. After WWII it wasrenamed the Oak Ridge National Laboratory,which now specializes in uranium andnational security research.2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 39

RecordsLargest Work ForcesHanford Engineer WorksWashington. 1943-45. Another partof the Manhattan Project, Hanfordwas built on a 630-sq-mile site onthe Columbia River. It was a plutoniumproduction plant that includedthree nuclear reactors, two chemicalseparation areas, and a plant formaking uranium slugs and testingpile reactor materials. It included alarge construction camp at Hanford,and a town for operating personnelat Richland. The work force peakedat 50,000. But its legacy is ominous—53million gal of radioactiveand chemical wastes stored in 177aging underground tanks, requiring a$5.6-billion cleanup that is due to becompleted in 2028.Egypt. A truly multinational effort, the dam’s originaldesign was developed by the British firm Sir AlexanderGibb and Partners, with recommendations from German,French, and American experts. But the U.S. and Britainwithdrew their pledges to help finance it after Egypt concludedan arms deal with Czechoslovakia. The SovietUnion then offered to finance the project, and also madeAswan Damchanges to the design. Within the first year 3,000 workerswere excavating the diversion channel and buildinghaul roads. Soviet personnel did most of the tunneling.The work force peaked at 33,500 in 1964, including20,000 Egyptians and 2,000 Russians using mostly Russianequipment. Construction lasted from 1960-1970.(ENR 5/21/64 p. 55)PHOTOS COURTESY OF THE DEPT. OF ENERGY40 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

Ledo RoadDuring World War II the problem of sending military suppliesinto China loomed large. With Japanese forcesoccupying China’s coastal regions, China’s primary supplyroute was the Burma Road, built by the British andChinese and opened in 1938. Despite storied defensiveefforts by the “Flying Tigers” squadron, Japanese forcescaptured the Burma Road’s southernterminus in April 1942. Opening a newoverland route was vital, and the jobwas assigned to American forces. Workbegan on Christmas Day, 1942, outsideLedo, the railhead in northeast India.The route traversed the 9,000-ft PatkaiHills in northern Burma (Myanmar), wentthrough the Hukawng Valley, crossedthe Irrawaddy River, and joined up withthe Burma Road at Mong-Yu. Greatnumbers of U.S. bulldozers, cranes,power shovels and steam rollers wereshipped halfway around the world. Chineseand Indian laborers and Americanmilitary engineers struggled to cut the route through wildjungles, deep valleys and swamps. The work forcepeaked at 30,000. Mud, malaria, typhoid and Japanesesnipers took their toll. The 465-mile-long, two-lane gravelroute was completed in late 1944, with the first convoyreaching Kunming, China in February 1945.PHOTOS COURTESY OF THE US ARMYItaipu DamAstride the Parana River on the Brazil/Paraguay border,Itaipu Dam’s 12,600 MW of hydropower will be surpassedonly by China’s Three Gorges Dam. Itaipu supplies25% of Brazil’s power needs and 78% ofParaguay’s. The complex of dam structures stretches4.8 miles across the river and reaches a height of 643ft. The main structure is a 3,114-ft-long hollow concretegravity dam with a 357-ft-high powerhouse at itsbase. It tapers into a right abutment dam that ties intoa concrete buttress structure carrying the spillway. Onthe Brazilian side, rock and earthfill embankmentsstretch nearly three miles. The contractor consortiumhad five large Brazilian and six smaller Paraguayanfirms. Work began in 1975 and the work force peakedat 30,000 in 1978, with the diversion of the river andthe closure of the two main cofferdams. Ice-cooledconcrete was poured at a monthly rate of 440,554 cuyd in November 1979, a rate close to the Grand Couleerecord. The dam was completed in 1991, at a cost of$18 billion (ENR 5/27/91 p. 18).2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 41

RecordsLargest Work ForcesEgypt. French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps spearheadedthe canal effort, by dint of a personal friendshipwith Said Pasha, who became viceroy of Egypt in 1854.de Lesseps had to overcome British hostility to his idea,given Britain’s position as the dominant maritime powerand its influence with the Ottoman Empire, the nominalrulers of Egypt. In 1858 the Ottomans and the emperorof France joined in financing the canal. Followinggroundbreaking in 1859, small work crews were enlisted.But Egyptian peasants (fellahin) were deeplyattached to their land, and could not be enlisted to leavetheir households to venture into the desert. Progress wassporadic, with an eight-month strike the first year. In1861 the Ottoman rulers permitted de Lesseps and hiscontractor, Alphonse Hardon, to conscript laborers towork for one-month terms. Hardon’s agents visitedEgypt’s 2,500 villages, taking two men from each, whilede Lesseps rounded up conscripts in Palestine. By late1861 the preliminary channel had been extended 38miles south of Port Said, mostly by dry excavation, withsome use of small bucket dredgers. The monthly laborTrans-Alaska PipelineOil was discovered at Prudhoe Bay, 250 miles north of the ArcticCircle, in 1968. Alyeska Pipeline Service Co., a consortiumof eight oil companies, took on the mission of building a pipelineto deliver the oil to the port of Valdez, 800 miles south of PrudhoeBay. The route crosses a 4,800-ft-high pass in the BrooksRange, spans the Yukon River on a 2,300-ft-long steel box girderstructure and climbs a 3,300-ft-high pass in the ChugachMountains. Construction began in 1974 with the completion inseven months of a two-lane gravel haul road stretching 360miles from the Yukon River to the North Slope. The 28-ft-wideroad embankment was 5 ft deep, to protect the permafrost.Alyeska let the pipeline in six sections. Half of the 48-in.-diapipeline is buried in rock or well-drained permafrost. Most of therest had to be elevated and insulated because the heat of theoil, about 130 F, would quickly cause permafrost to decomposeinto a slushy mass with no bearing capacity. The above-groundline runs in a zigzag pattern to convert any pipe movement fromexpansion and contraction into sideways movement. Every 700to 1,800 ft the pipes are clamped firmly in anchor assemblies toprevent horizontal movement. Between the anchors the pipesare mounted in sliding shoe assemblies. At over 500 places theline allows for animal crossings. The first section of pipe was laidin March 1975, and oil flowed through it in June 1977. Workersin the 29 camps were trained in Arctic survival. Building themarine terminal involved 4 million cu yd of earthmoving to constructship berths and a large tank farm. The project’s work forcepeaked at 21,600 in August 1975. At $8 billion, it was the largestprivately funded construction project up to that time.Suez Canalquota was raised repeatedly, and the work force peakedat 23,318 in April 1862. Despite the wastefulness of themonthly turnover, the labor contingents excavated 18.5million cu yd, piercing the plateau of El Guisr, the backboneof the isthmus, which stretched for eight miles, 33ft above sea level. French-Ottoman political tensions,along with a new Egyptian ruler, Ismail Pasha, broughtthe use of forced labor to a halt in 1864. The canal companywas forced to hire more European labor, and ordermuch additional machinery. Alexandre Lavalley’s troughdredgerdeposited spoil directly on the bank withoutintermediary barges, cranes, or wagons. In 1867 the elevatorwas introduced, an inclined tramway which carriedboxes of spoil upward for deposit on the top of the bankbeyond the reach of cranes. With a bottom width of 22meters, a surface width of 60 m and an 8-m depth, the163-kilometers-long canal was completed in 1869.Although its dimensions now limit the size of vessels thatcan pass, in 2003, an average of 43 ships per day madethe 12-hour transit. The canal’s net annual tonnage comprised7.5% of the world’s seaborne trade.These are a selected group of projects that employed very large work forces. It is not comprehensive.42 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

RecordsSTRUCTURES Famous StructuresThe KremlinFor centuries, the Kremlin has been the seat and symbolof Russia’s power. During the Cold War, it was themysterious, menacing metaphor for the global threat ofSoviet Communism, the grim backdrop for reviewingMay Day parades of fearsome ICBMs. But the Kremlin’sorigin in about 1147, was as humble as a raggeddandelion on the steppe.The Kremlin first appears in chronicles as a fortifiedsettlement, like a frontier trading post in the AmericanWest, with a moat, rampart and palisade on a low hillwhere the Neglinnaya River flows into the Moskva River.By 1300, it had become the seat of the Grand Prince ofMoscow, the core of what became the Russian Empire.Today, the 68-acre Kremlin is still the seat of Russia’sgovernment. Its 1.4-mile-long massive brick wall, rangingin height from 26 to 62 ft, encloses an irregular triangleholding the Senate, which houses the Residence ofthe President of Russia and the Premises of the RussianFederative Assembly, or parliament.The complex also incorporateschurches, cathedrals,palaces and other architecturaltreasures dating backto 1479, as well as more recent additions built in the20th century. Some of the newer buildings, such as onebuilt as a military school in 1934, displaced conventsand monasteries in what was essentially a politicalstatement by the antireligious government. Constructionof other buildings, like the former Palace of Congresseserected in 1961, demolished historic buildings for utilitarianreasons. Today, there is a movement for preservationof historic structures, which likely would blocksuch construction.The mausoleum built in 1931 tohouse the remains of V.I. Lenin,founder of the Soviet state, is justoutside the eastern wall,overlooking the 22-acreexpanse of RedSquare.Constructed in only 16 months in the early years of WorldWar II, the five-wedge shaped Pentagon in Arlington, Va.,just outside of Washington, D.C., is the headquarters ofthe U.S. Dept. of Defense, including all four military services—Army,Navy, Air Force and Marines. With 6.63 millionsq ft, it is the world’s largest office building.Architect George Edwin Bergstrom designed the fivestorysteel and reinforced concrete structure to be fiveconcentric pentagons—known as rings—with 10 spokelikeconnecting corridors. The building is 77 ft high andits outer walls are each 921 ft long. It contains threetimes the floor space of the Empire State Building and17.5 miles of corridors.With approximately 25,000 military and civilianemployees, the Pentagon is like a small-sized-city, withits own restaurants, shops, medical clinics, health clubPentagonand fire department. At least one part of it resembles themovies: the National Military Command Center, wherewatch teams monitor the world 24 hours a day, sevendays a week.The Pentagon was born out of the former War Dept.’scritical office space situation. Before the U.S. enteredWorld War II, the department was operating from 17 facilitiesscattered throughout Washington, D.C.The general contractor was John McShain Inc., whichbuilt or renovated scores of federal buildings, includingthe Jefferson Memorial, State Dept., a senate office buildingand the White House (1949-52 renovation).Ground was broken for the Pentagon on Sept. 11,1941. After the U.S. entered World War II in December,McShain was told that the size of the building wouldneed to be doubled. The original plans were scrapped44 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

and 300 architects were put towork drawing up new ones, withan increase from three abovegroundfloors to five.About 435,000 cu yd of concretewas used in the construction,which was completed onJan. 15, 1943. The work forcepeaked at 15,000. It has a 29-acre footprint, with a five- acrecourtyard. The building cost$49.6 million.The Pentagon is undergoing a$1.2-billion gut renovation, whichbegan in 1993 and is scheduledto be completed in 2010. OnSept. 11, 2001, a hijacked AmericanAirlines plane crashed intothe northern-most point of its southwest side, known asWedge One. It penetrated the building’s three outer ringsand killied 123 Pentagon employees and visitors, in additionto the passengers on the plane. The renovation ofWedge One was just days away from completion at thetime. The newly installed blast-resistant elements therewere believed to have significantly reduced the number ofcasualties in the building.Great Wall of ChinaDesigned and constructed as a defense against nomadic tribes,the Great Wall of China is one of the world’s great constructionand engineering achievements and a prime tourist destination.Varying in height between 18 and 30 ft, the 4,163-mile structureextends along the northern edge of China, crossing deserts,grasslands, mountains and plateaus from Bo Hai, a gulf off theYellow Sea in the east, to a point deep in Gansu province in thewest.The origins of the wall date to the 7th and 8th centuries B.C.when as series of independent defense fortification walls werebuilt by three different states. It did not become the “Great Wall”until approximately 214 B.C. when Shih Huang-ti, the first emperorof a united China, succeeded in joining the walls together intoa single system. The project took 10 years. Further extensionsand structural improvements were carried out by succeedingdynasties. Virtual armies of often forced laborers were used in theconstruction phases. This included the use of 1.8 million conscriptedlaborers who built a 279-mile section in about 555 A.D.In addition to the walls, the structure included passes and signaltowers. The passes were situated at key positions, usually ontrade routes, and were needed to control access to and from Chineseterritory. The construction was complex and could vary froma simple double wall to a castle-like structure to repel an invasion.Located on hilltops and other high points, the signal towers wereused to warn other garrisons of enemy movement. This was donewith smoke signals during the day and fire at night.Originally constructed with masonry and earth, the Great Wallwas substantially rebuilt in later times, especially in the 15th and16th centuries.TOP PHOTO COURTESY OF DOD BY TECH. SGT. ANDY DUNAWAY, U.S. AIR FORCE; BOTTOM PHOTO BY CLIFF PEARSON FOR CONSTRUCTION FACTS2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 45

RecordsFamous StructuresGrand Mosque in MeccaRinged by seven towering minarets and 64 gates, this monumentalbuilding in Mecca is the largest mosque in the worldwith160,000 sq yd of floor space and the capability of holdingmore than 1.2 million pilgrims simultaneously.The mosque has its roots in ancient times. Ancient Meccawas an oasis on the caravan route that linked theMediterranean world with South Arabia, East Africa andSouth Asia. By Roman times, it had developed into animportant trade and religious center. According to somesources, God directed the Jewish prophet Abraham to builda shrine there about 1900 BC. The prophet Gabriel thenbrought a magic stone for the sanctuary. This stone, whichmay be a meteorite, was a sacred object of the pre-Islamicnomads who settled around the Zamzam spring.The original sanctuary, known as the Ka’ba is a cubicstone structure roughly 50 ft in each dimension. Embeddedin the corner of the Ka’ba is the Black Stone. Over time, acollection of 360 stone idols were housed in and around theKa’ba. They represented deities such as Awf, the great bird;Hubal the Nabatean god; and statues of Mary and Jesus.The prophet Mohammed was born in Mecca in 570 AD.When he and his followers took control in 630, theydestroyed the 360 pagan idols, with the exception of thestatues of Mary and Jesus. Mohammed, the founder ofIslam, then made the Ka’ba and the sacred stone it housedthe centerpiece of the Muslim religion based on his beliefthat he was a prophetic reformer who had been sent by Godto restore the rites first established by Abraham, which hadbeen corrupted over the centuries by pagan influences.According to Mohammed’s words, one of the fundamentalMuslim practices, known as the “Five Pillars of Islam,” isthe hajj pilgrimage. The Hajj is an obligation to be performedat least once by all Muslims whose health and finances permit.The pilgrimage takes place during a five-day periodeach year in the 12th month of the Islamic lunar calendar,most recently Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2004. Pilgrims are believed toenter a state of holiness and purity near Mecca.Entering the Grand Mosque, pilgrims first walk seventimes around the Ka’ba shrine counterclockwise. This ritualis called turning, or tawaf. Next they enter the shrine andkiss the sacred stone. The area around the Ka’ba wasenclosed by a wall in 638 to create a defined space for thetawaf ritual. In 709, a wooden roof resting upon marblecolumns was added to protect the arcades of the mosque.Large-scale renovations were undertaken in 1564 during theOttoman period, in which minarets were rebuilt and thewooden roofs were replaced with stone domes.Over the last half century, the complex has been vastlyexpanded to its present configuration. The Ka’ba, Zamzamwell and various holy burial sites now are all enclosed in thevast structure called the Haram al-Sharif, “The Noble Sanctuary.”About 2 million people perform the Hajj each year,about 40,000 of them Americans. The Hajj serves as a unifyingforce in Islam by bringing together followers from manycountries and language groups. Devout Muslims face Meccaas they perform their prayers five times daily.46 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

RecordsPROJECTS Construction’s Dream ProjectsBering Strait BridgeIn 1958, noted bridge designer T.Y. Lin proposed hisconcept for a bridge linking Alaska and Siberia acrossthe 53-mile-wide Bering Strait. He called it the Inter-Continental Peace Bridge, expressing his wish that itwould help foster commerce and greater understandingbetween the two primary Cold War superpowers,the U.S. and Soviet Union.Lin envisioned the bridge with three levels: the topfor vehicular traffic, the middle for high-speed trainsand the bottom for oil and gas pipelines. With a pricetag of $105 billion, such a span would have to promiseeconomic incentives, so the lowest level of the bridgewould be enclosed and house pipelines carrying oiland gas from Siberia to North America. The rail levelalso would be enclosed and function year-round. Thetop would be open to cars and trucks for only fourmonths per year.The bridge not only would be the world’s longest, butwould have to deal with a uniquely harsh environment—massiveicebergs, violent seas and temperaturesreaching as low as 40° F below zero. Site constructionwould be limited to four months a year.The 220 50-ton piers would be constructed of highperformanceconcrete designed to resist the radicaltemperature changes and the wear and tear of seawaterand ice. Each would be shaped at the waterline likethe rounded bow of an icebreaker ship and have a “TiltMeter” to warn engineers of excessive ice pressure.The piers would be topped by a precast concretespan. Massive cables sheathed in concrete wouldhelp to hold the bridge in place, 200 ft above the straitconnecting the Bering Sea with the Arctic Ocean.Such a bridge would have to be accompanied bythousands of miles of new highways and rail linesleading to the bridge from both sides. This “ArcticCorridor” would span 4,000 miles from central Siberiato southern Canada, linking the great population centersof Europe and North America. Given the absenceof any such peripheral development at present, thisremains a very distant dream.These five projects stretch the limits of present engineering ability. At first glance they may seem impossible to build. But this has beentrue of most of the trailblazing projects throughout history. The Channel Tunnel was a dream for many political leaders and engineers forover a century before being built and the contract for the bridge linking Sicily with Italy across the Strait of Messina is about to beawarded, a project that was almost unthinkable not long ago.48 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

Taiwan Strait CrossingChinese academics have put forth detailed plans for severalbridge and tunnel links that would connect Taiwanwith China, even though the possibility of political unificationis remote. The shortest proposed route would featurea 12-mile long bridge and a 78-mile tunnel—morethan twice as long as Japan’s Seikan Tunnel, currentlythe world’s longest road or rail tunnel. A 2002 conferencein Xiamen brought together scholars from both mainlandChina and Taiwan to discuss several possible links. Theyincluded a more ambitious southern route that would usethe Taiwan-controlled islands of Quemoy and Penghu asstepping stones. It would extend 151 miles, including an81-mile tunnel between Jinmen and Penghu islands.Political barriers facing the project would rival the technicalchallenges, with China and independence-mindedTaiwan not even currently sharing air or sea links. Chinais clearly the more interested party of the two. “Constructionof a cross-straits tunnel has become a dreamof the Chinese people,” Britain’s Guardian newspaperquoted Xi Jinping, the governor of Fujian province.Despite the many uncertainties, Chinese scholars believethe project is feasible, albeit in the long term. SaidQinghua University Professor Wu Zhiming in theGuardian: “The special feature of macro-economic projectsis that the period of preparation vastly exceeds theperiod of construction.”“A cable extending from Earth to space that could beascended by mechanical means” was first conceived byRussian scientist Yuri Artsutanov in 1960 and laterappeared in Arthur C. Clarke’s novel Fountains of Paradise.But no material strong enough for such a cableexisted. The discovery of carbon nanotubes in 1991held promise and generated interest within the scientificcommunity. Physicist Bradley C. Edwards, using agrant from the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts,led a two-year effort to produce an initial design for aSpace Elevatorspace elevator, resulting in a report issued in 2003. Acarbon nanotube ribbon, 8 in. wide and thinner than asheet of paper, would be anchored to a floating shipplatform, the Liftport. It would be a refurbished oildrillingplatform. The Liftport’s proposed location, on theequator about 2,000 miles west of Ecuador, was chosenfor its benign weather patterns and wide distance fromair and sea routes. The tube would be tethered to asatellite orbiting 62,000 miles above Earth. The “lifters,”or elevators, would be powered by a combination ofground-based lasers and lifter-mounted solar panels.The lasers would direct their beams onto the solar panels,which then would power electric motors on thelifters. Initial clients likely would be telecommunications,earth monitoring and military satellites. Other possibleuses include solar energy satellites, biomedicalresearch and space tourism. Construction costs areestimated at $10 billion, with the system operationalwithin 15 years. A nascent funding effort is under way,by LiftPort Inc. (www.liftport.com), with separate investmentstreams planned for research into the key technologies—carbonnanotubes, lasers, photovoltaic cells,and robotics.2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 49

RecordsConstruction’s Dream ProjectsMillennium TowerCommissioned by Obayashi Corp., the U.K. architecture firm Foster andPartners in 1989 designed a conical building 2,625 ft high, with 170 stories.Foster’s idea was to transform skyscrapers into fully functioning communities.The structure would have up to 52,000 occupants in a mix of offices,apartments, hotels, restaurants and cinemas. Rising out of Tokyo Bay, itshelical steel cage and shape were designed to resist hurricanes and earthquakes.High-speed elevator cars carrying 160 passengers would stop atevery 30th floor, where individuals would continue by local elevator or escalator.The bursting of Japan’s real estate bubble in 1991 ended any hope ofits realization there. But interest from Hong Kong has spurred Foster partnerDavid Nelson to reimagine it, relocated in Hong Kong’s harbor, whereits cost is estimated at $10-billion.Kra CanalA sea level canal across the KraIsthmus of southern Thailand haslong intrigued influential businesspeople,academics and politiciansin Asia. The canal would provide astrategic and lucrative short cut onthe primary shipping route betweenthe Middle East oilfields andoil-hungry nations in East Asia. Italso would allow ships to avoid thenavigational challenges of theStraits of Malacca, which narrowto 12.5 kilometers and are prone toincidents of piracy. In 1973, TAMS,an international engineering firm,was hired by the Thailand Educationand Public Welfare Foundationto conduct a preliminary engineeringand economic survey report.TAMS recommended a 102-kmlongroute from Songkhla in theeast to a point north of Satun in thewest. The project remains politicallycontroversial. Malaysia and Indonesiacould be economicallyand strategically affected, and Singaporecould become a less importantregional hub. In 2003, accordingto the Bangkok Post, theThai cabinet hired Phuket PassProject Ltd., a Hong Kong company,to conduct a feasibility study.With an estimated cost of $20 billion,further debate will need totake place if the proposal is to betaken seriously.MAP BY SUE PEARSALL FOR CONSTRUCTION FACTS50 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

RecordsPROJECTS Construction’s White ElephantsShoreham Nuclear PowerplantNew York. Ordered in 1967, and constructed between1973-84, Long Island Lighting Co.’s 800-MW ShorehamNuclear Power Station in Brookhaven, N.Y., wasthe victim of intense local opposition to nuclear power,especially after the Three Mile Island accident in 1979.After that accident, New York state and Suffolk Countyrefused to take part in developing the emergency evacuationplans that were required for an operating licensefrom the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. After years ofdelays that drove costs up to $5.5 billion, the plant wascompleted and licensed by NRC. It completed its 5%power testing, but was never put into operation. N.Y.Gov. Mario Cuomo (D), who opposed startup, brokereda deal with the public utilities commission that allowedTexas. The centerpiece of the Dept. of Energy’s SuperconductingSuper Collider project in Waxahachie, Texas,was to be a 14-ft-diameter, 54-mile-long tunnel ringingthe town. The loop was to house a particle acceleratorthat would send subatomic particles around the loop atgreat speed, guided by a network of magnets. The particleswould “collide,” allowing physicists to study theirbehavior. Engineers designed the tunnel to follow a truemathematical plane instead of the earth’s curvature, witha tolerance of 1 1 ⁄2 in. over its circumference. Tunnel excavationbegan in 1990 but the project was terminated byCongress in 1993. Termination came after contractorshad completed just 20% of the job and spent about $2billion. By the time the project was stopped, costs hadballooned from $4.4 billion to $11 billion.The massive DOE project, which emphasized theoreticalexperiments over practical application, broughttogether big science and big government. A particleaccelerator of its size had never before been built, makingcosts difficult to predict. Federal audits revealedproblems in the program’s management and administration.In the end, only 14 miles of tunnel were built. Atthe time of its closure, the site included a 550,000-sqftoffice and lab, a magnet test laboratory, a magnetdevelopment laboratory, and an accelerator systemstring test facility. In 1994, DOE gave the property backto the state of Texas, which had contributed more than$500 million to the project. Public pressure ended whathad appeared to scientists to be a promising endeavor.Competition from “small” scientific projects and othersin need of government funding, coupled with thegrowing costs of the project in a time of economicuncertainty, led to the project’s demise. Many arguedthat “small” science addressed the problems of people,LILCO to pass the cost of the plant onto Long Islandratepayers if it was decommissioned. The plant wasclosed permanently in 1989.Superconducting Super Colliderversus “big” science like the Super Collider, whichsolved more abstract problems. The SSC site included16 sq miles of surface property and the rights to buildunder about 10 sq miles. About 600 residents and 180structures were removed from the area to make roomfor the Super Collider. (ENR 11/1/93 p.12)BOTOOM PHOTO COURTESY OF DOE52 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

Dabhol PowerplantIndia. Enron signed an initial memorandum of understandingwith the Maharashtra state government in 1992 to builda 2,184-MW natural gas-fired powerplant, the world’slargest. Dabhol was the biggest single foreign investmentin India. At its peak, the plant’s work force totalled 15,000.It was 90% complete when production and constructionstopped in May 2001, bringing an end to a job that beganunder duress.Construction began in 1995, but within months a newstate government scrapped the project, alleging corruptionand high costs. Later that year the project was re-negotiated,with the Maharashtra State Electricity Board (MSEB),which increased its ownership stake in Dabhol Power Co.from 10 to approximately 15%. Enron’s ownership stakewas 65% at that time.The first 740-MW phase of the project began operatingin May 1999. In 2000, various Maharashtra governmentallies demanded the project be scrapped because of risingpower costs. In October 2000, MSEBdefaulted on its monthly payment to DPCand the power company’s board authorizedmanagement to terminate the contractin April 2001.As of July 2002, Enron’s unsecured debtto Indian financial institutions was over$1.5 billion, with an additional $650 millionto U.S. lenders. Enron’s interest in DPCwas acquired by its U.S. partners, GeneralElectric and Bechtel, after Enron’s bankruptcy.GE and Bechtel have continued topursue the recovery of their investmentand of the value of the power purchaseagreement in several international arbitrationvenues. They have also indicatedtheir willingness to help re-start the plant,which has been idle for over three years.Washington Public Power Supply System (WPPSS)During the 1970’s this Washington state joint operating agencyembarked on a plan to build five nuclear powerplants producing6,130 MW, at a cost of $4 billion. WPPSS managers had noprevious experience with nuclear engineering or such largescaleprojects. The combination helped doom the program andbring about a $2.25-billion bond default, the largest municipalbond default in U.S. history, to that time. Inflation and designchanges plagued the projects. Plant 2, at Hanford, was completedin 1984 at a cost of $3.2 billion, eight times the originalestimate. Plant 1, also at Hanford, and Plant 3, in Satsop, alsosuffered delays and cost escalation. In 1982,with total costs projected to surpass $24 billion,the WPPSS board stopped construction onPlants 4 and 5. Consequently, the take-or-payarrangements that had been backing the bondswere ruled void by the Washington StateSupreme Court. Plant 1 was 75% complete andPlant 3 65% complete at the time of default,and were mothballed until 1995. The two unfinishedplants in Satsop, near Olympia, are surroundedby a growing business park thatmakes use of their infrastructure. The two unfinishedplants at Hanford remain abandoned.2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 53

Records54 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004Construction’s White ElephantsSecond Space Shuttle Launch FacilityCalifornia. The first launch from the Vandenberg Shuttle LaunchComplex was scheduled for 1986, but was delayed after the Challengerdisaster and later canceled. Construction cost $568 million,with sophisticated control systems bringing the total cost to $2.5billion. Its life began in the early 1970s when Vandenberg Air ForceBase in the desert of Southern California was chosen as the sitefor a West Coast complement to the Kennedy Space Center atCape Canaveral, Fla. It also was the site of an existing launch padfor the manned orbiting laboratory program, which was canceledin 1969. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, theDept. of Defense, the Air Force and its consultants began designof the complex in 1979. But integrating the previously built launchfacility with the shuttle’s complicated design and construction.Unlike Cape Canaveral, where a mobile service tower is sufficient,wind conditions at Vandenberg led NASA to design the mobileshuttle assembly building. The 7,700-ton service tower wouldbring the shuttle to the launch pad, where cranes on the assemblybuilding and tower would mate the shuttle with its two solidrocketboosters andgiant external fuel tank.Construction of the232-ft-high assemblybuilding began in 1983.The building’s 180-fttall, 125-ft-wide doorsare the largest verticallift steel doors in theworld. The Vandenberglaunch complex is nowbeing revamped for anew mission. In 1998the Air Force contractedBoeing to build anew generation ofexpendable rockets,known as the Delta IVprogram. Three DeltaIVs have been launchedso far from CapeCanaveral. The firstDelta IV launch fromVandenberg is scheduledfor March 2005.Ryugyong HotelPyongyang, North Korea. A 105-story, 1,083-ft tall, 3.9-million-sq-ft empty concrete shell,the Ryugyong would be considered the world’s tallest hotel if it were completed. It wasintended to open in June 1989 for the World Festival of Youth and Students. Constructionbegan in 1987, and it was to contain 3,000 rooms and seven revolving restaurants.When topped out, it was the ninth tallest building in the world by roof height. The estimatedcost was $750 million, which is 2% of North Korea’s GDP. It is generally assumedthat construction halted in 1991 because North Korea was suffering from famine, acuteelectricity shortages and lack of necessary funding.These projects were never completed or were completed but never served their intended purpose.

EconomicsConstruction Managed To Keep Growing through the Last Economic RecessionThe U.S. construction market has recorded a steady string of growth datingback to 1993. In recent years, record levels of residential and educationalbuilding construction have offset a decline in industrial and commercial workto keep overall growth going. The U.S. Dept. of Commerce measures theindustry by the dollar value of new construction put-in-place, which reflectsAnnual Value of Construction Put-in-Place from 1994-2003the amount of work completed during the year. For an individual project, thisincludes costs of labor and materials, contractor’s profit, the cost of architecturaland engineering work, miscellaneous overhead and office costs chargeableto the project and interest and taxes paid during construction. In 2003,Commerce revised its data base into the categories below.1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003TOTAL CONSTRUCTION 539,193 557,818 615,900 653,429 705,685 766,062 828,160 858,291 871,342 915,742TOTAL PRIVATE CONSTRUCTION 418,999 427,885 476,638 502,734 551,383 596,331 642,633 652,496 651,706 690,019Residential 258,561 247,351 281,115 289,014 314,607 350,562 374,457 388,324 421,912 476,143Lodging 4,657 7,131 10,914 12,898 14,818 15,955 16,304 14,519 10,467 9,946Office 20,443 22,996 26,530 32,813 40,394 45,052 52,407 49,745 35,296 30,413Commercial 39,615 44,096 49,381 53,088 55,681 59,376 64,055 63,606 59,183 57,680Health care 15,447 15,259 15,420 17,390 17,737 18,388 19,455 19,506 22,438 23,648Educational 5,009 5,699 6,985 8,802 9,829 9,756 11,683 12,846 13,109 13,384Religious 3,871 4,348 4,537 5,782 6,604 7,371 8,030 8,393 8,335 8,481Public safety 327 185 321 569 586 465 423 274 217 191Amusement and recreation 5,108 5,886 7,016 8,537 8,589 9,550 8,768 7,828 7,478 7,892Transportation 4,704 4,759 5,820 6,208 7,290 6,525 6,879 7,058 6,855 6,515Communication 10,149 11,112 11,824 12,452 12,473 18,405 18,799 19,596 18,059 12,412Power 21,043 22,006 17,413 16,362 21,078 21,136 28,008 30,032 31,073 27,930Sewage and waste disposal 299 576 637 468 339 516 508 402 246 298Water supply 567 670 468 448 543 413 714 563 397 394Manufacturing 28,845 35,364 38,101 37,624 40,482 32,631 31,800 29,529 16,403 14,231TOTAL PUBLIC CONSTRUCTION 120,193 129,933 139,263 150,695 154,302 169,732 186,135 200,057 219,636 225,724TOTAL FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION 14,440 15,751 15,325 14,087 14,318 14,025 14,166 15,081 16,313 —TOTAL STATE AND LOCAL CONSTRUCTION 105,753 114,181 123,938 136,608 139,984 155,706 171,969 184,976 194,115 —Residential 3,359 4,043 4,220 4,336 4,340 4,603 4,246 4,568 6,693 6,759Office 3,559 3,914 4,404 4,619 4,605 4,521 6,300 6,793 10,687 11,080Commercial 1,075 1,329 1,724 2,227 1,993 2,519 2,562 3,011 4,171 4,580Health care 2,856 3,156 3,442 3,501 2,884 3,166 3,973 3,590 5,653 6,287Education 20,541 25,743 28,603 33,758 35,015 41,117 45,713 50,001 58,839 60,830Public safety 5,371 5,928 6,718 6,668 7,575 7,858 8,204 7,404 9,231 8,857Amusement and recreation 5,612 6,142 6,056 6,857 7,666 9,159 10,638 11,166 12,358 12,121Transportation 8,647 8,967 9,998 9,708 10,197 11,296 14,337 15,150 18,986 18,767Power 2,763 2,879 2,503 3,101 2,495 3,228 3,894 4,121 3,662 5,262Highway and street 37,281 37,616 39,500 43,017 44,782 49,174 53,062 59,003 61,316 62,667Sewage and waste disposal 8,714 8,419 9,801 10,515 9,943 10,524 10,330 10,340 13,368 13,397Water supply 4,651 4,713 5,618 6,493 6,678 6,967 7,027 8,359 10,046 10,023Conservation and development 1,194 1,265 1,191 1,503 1,444 1,346 1,313 1,318 3,792 3,688$/bil600550500450400350300250Construction's Long Expansion+2%+9%+5% +1% +5%+6%+10%+12%+8% +9%+9% +3%+9% +8%1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005SOURCE: MCGRAW-HILL CONSTRUCTIONForecasters Are OptimisticConstruction is expected to grow another 1.5%in 2005 after increasing 8.9% in 2004,according to McGraw-Hill Construction Dodge’sforecast for contract awards. MHC predicts theturnaround in commercial and office building marketsthat occurred in 2004 will strengthen in2005. Other forecasts also call for continuedgrowth (ENR 11/15/04 p. 26). The U.S. Dept. ofCommerce predicts overall construction put-inplacewill increase 5.8% in 2005, following 2004’s9.2% gain. The FMI Corp., Raleigh, N.C., predictsthat construction put-in-place will increase 5.5%in 2005. However, the Portland Cement Association,Skokie, Ill., says that after discounting forinflation, construction growth in 2005 will only be2.9%, compared to a 3.7% increase in 2004.2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 55

EconomicsContract Awards Are Early Market IndicatorsContract awards are also used to measure construction activity. McGraw-Hill Construction Dodge tracks the market by picking up the dollar valueof a project at the time it is awarded to a contractor, excluding privatelynegotiated work. As a result, this measure of construction activity is moreforward looking than construction put-in-place data (see p. 55).Regional Construction Trends$/bil.150130110907050$/bil.1501301109070North Central+5%+4%2003 2004South Atlantic+9%+11%$/bil.150130110907050$/bil.1501301109070Northeast-7%+9%2003 2004South Central+9%+7%Top Residential MarketsDollar Value in BillionsMetropolitan Statistical Area 2003 2004 % changePhoenix-Mesa, Ariz. 7.120 9.390 31.9%Riverside-San Bernardino, Calif. 6.508 8.065 23.9%Atlanta, Ga. 6.281 7.926 26.2%Chicago, Ill. 6.191 6.675 7.8%Dallas, Texas 5.227 5.849 11.9%Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va. 4.991 5.318 6.6%Houston, Texas 4.804 5.106 6.3%Las Vegas, Nev.-Ariz. 3.979 4.752 19.4%Orlando, Fla. 3.613 4.666 29.1%Boston-Worcester-Lawrence-Lowell, Mass.-N.H. 3.230 4.023 24.6%SOURCE: MCGRAW-HILL CONSTRUCTION ANALYTICS. COMPARISON OF THE TOTAL STARTS THROUGH THE FIRSTTEN MONTHS FOR EACH YEAR.Top Nonbuilding MarketsDollar Value in BillionsMetropolitan Statistical Area 2003 2004 % changeNew York, N.Y. 3.456 2.280 –34.0%Houston, Texas 1.679 1.974 17.6%Las Angeles-Long Beach, Calif. 1.738 1.887 8.6%Phoenix-Mesa, Ariz. 0.774 1.617 108.9%Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va. 1.934 1.583 –18.2%Chicago, Ill. 1.783 1.560 –12.5%Riverside-San Bernardino, Calif. 0.757 1.308 72.8%Atlanta, Ga. 1.056 1.281 21.3%Dallas, Texas 1.330 1.167 –12.3%Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, Wash. 0.658 1.039 57.9%SOURCE: MCGRAW-HILL CONSTRUCTION ANALYTICS. COMPARISON OF THE TOTAL STARTS THROUGH THE FIRSTTEN MONTHS FOR EACH YEAR.50$/bil.1501301109070502003 2004+8%West+10%2003 2004502003 2004SOURCE: MCGRAW-HILL CONSTRUCTION DODGE CONTRACT AWARDSHousing Is Largest MarketHomebuilding is construction’s largest market,accounting for 52% of all construction put-inplacein 2003 (see p. 55). Housing is also one ofconstruction’s fastest growing markets. In 2003,single-family housing starts jumped 10.4% andare estimated to climb another 5.9% in 2004 to arecord high of 1.59 million, according to theNational Association of Home Builders,Washington, D.C. NAHB expects rising mortgagerates will start to cool off the housing market incoming years but its predicted decline would stillleave 2005 as the second best year on record.Mil.1.61.51.41.31.21.2Single Family Housing Starts+7.2%+10.4%+5.9%-4.4%-3.5%2002 2003 2004 2005 2006SOURCE: NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HOME BUILDERS. SINGLE-FAMILY2004 ESTIMATE, 2005 AND 2006 FORECAST.Top Nonresidential Building MarketsDollar Value in BillionsMetropolitan Statistical Area 2003 2004 % changeNew York, N.Y. 3.008 4.629 53.9%Chicago, Ill. 3.774 4.534 20.1%Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va. 3.402 3.849 13.1%Boston-Worcester-Lawrence-Lowell, Mass.-N.H. 3.203 3.427 7.0%Los Angeles-Long Beach, Calf. 3.305 3.249 –1.7%Atlanta, Ga.. 2.771 2.946 6.3%Las Vegas, Nev.-Ariz. 1.609 2.855 77.4%Dallas Texas. 2.502 2.643 5.6%Houston, Texas 2.852 2.364 –17.1%Phoenix-Mesa, Ariz. 3.191 2.220 –30.4%SOURCE: MCGRAW-HILL CONSTRUCTION ANALYTICS. COMPARISON OF THE TOTAL STARTS THROUGH THE FIRSTTEN MONTHS FOR EACH YEAR.%7.57.06.56.05.55.0Fixed-Rate Mortgages2002 2003 2004 2005 2006SOURCE: NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HOME BUILDERS.2004 ESTIMATE, 2005 AND 2006 FORECAST.GRAPHS BY NANCY SOULLIARD AND MARITZA HURTADO FOR CONSTRUCTION FACTS56 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

EconomicsThe Construction Industry Has Several Ways of Tracking Inflation…Inflation in the construction industry can be quite different than that for theoverall economy and in recent years industry inflation has generally outpacedthat of the consumer price index. There are several different types ofcost indexes that measure construction inflation (ENR 03/22/04 p. 35). Themost common are called general purpose cost indexes that measure laborand material costs trends and other direct “input” costs. Selling price indexesare usually compiled by contractors and reflect competitive market conditionssuch as markups and discounts as well as other intangibles such as productivity.In addition, there are valuation cost indexes, generally prepared forinsurance purposes, that measure the replacement costs for buildings. Thespread between general purpose and selling price cost indexes can be usedas a rough gauge of contractor margins. For example, during a recession,when contractors are lowering their bids to win work, the selling price indexeswill show smaller increases than the general purpose indexes.Builders’ Construction Cost IndexesJULY OCT. JAN. APRIL JULY PERCENT CHANGENAME, AREA AND TYPE 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 QUARTER YEARGENERAL-PURPOSE COST INDEXESENR 20-city: Construction Cost 1 623.33 630.35 635.37 653.24 663.40 +1.6 +6.4ENR 20-city: Building Cost 1 545.24 554.32 557.54 578.42 594.02 +2.7 +9.0Commerce Dept.: Fixed-Weighted 7 129.50 131.90 134.20 136.40 139.80 +2.5 +8.0Commerce Dept.: Price Deflator 7 130.20 132.40 134.70 137.20 141.00 +2.8 +8.3BuRec: General Buildings 2 243.00 246.00 247.00 NA NA NA NAFactory Mutual: Industrial 3 198.00 NA 202.00 NA 220.00 +4.5 +11.1Handy-Whitman: General Building 4 331.50 NA NA NA NA NA NALee Saylor Inc.: Material/Labor 1 619.61 636.00 638.34 650.40 662.14p +3.1 +8.1Means: Construction Cost 5 132.00 132.60 132.80 139.00 143.70 +3.4 +8.9SmithGroup 7 126.07 127.65 128.01 133.30 135.66 +1.8 +7.6SELLING PRICE INDEXES—BUILDINGThe Austin Co.: Industrial 1 516.85 521.35 528.46 553.93 566.29 +2.2 +9.6Lee Saylor Inc.: Subcontractor 1 646.66 649.60 658.63 676.57 688.46p +2.9 +6.9Turner: General Building 1 621.00 623.00 631.00 645.00 662.00 +2.6 +6.6Rider Hunt Levett & Balley 8 103.91 104.28 104.67 107.54 110.21 +2.5 +6.1M&S/BOECKH VALUATION INDEXESBoeckh: Commercial/Manufacturing 1 581.13 586.92 594.01 600.62 616.91 +2.7 +6.2Marshall & Swift: Industrial 7 133.80 135.50 140.40 141.20 147.50 +4.5 +10.2M&S Eastern Region 134.10 13620 141.00 141.70 148.40 +4.7 +10.7M&S Central Region 136.10 137.70 143.10 143.90 150.20 +4.4 +10.4M&S Western Region 130.90 132.30 136.80 137.90 143.60 +4.1 +9.71 BASE: 1967=100; 2 BASE: 1977=100; 3 BASE: 1980=100; 4 REINFORCED BUILDING CONCRETE SIX-REGION AVERAGE; 5 BASE: 1993=100; 6 BASE:1958=100; 7 BASE: 1992=100. 8 BASE: APRIL 2001=100. P=PRELIMINARY JUNE DATA.…But All the Cost Indexes Show Construction Inflation Making Big Gains in 2004After a decade of moderate inflation, averaging between 1 to 3% a year,inflation in the construction industry dramatically picked up its pace in2004. Huge price increases for several building materials (see p. 61) pushedthe annual inflation rate measured by the industry’s major cost indexes toMonthly % chg.Annual % chg.1.30.90.30.0-0.112.09.06.03.00Construction Cost IndexINFLATION’S PULSEM J J A S O N D J F M A MM J J A S O N D J F M A MSOURCE: ENR CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS DEPT.8.1% by July 2004 (see table above). This is up from a 2.3% average the previousyear. Inflation tracked by ENR’s Building Cost Indexes topped 10% (seechart). ENR’s construction and building cost indexes measure how much moreor less it costs to buy a hypothetical package of goods (see p. 60) . To determinethe inflation rate simply take apercent change between the periodsBuilding Cost Index being measured. Both indexes have aJJJJAASSOONNmaterials component of structuralsteel, portland cement and lumber.The Construction Cost Index includesunion wages, including fringe benefits,for laborers while the BuildingCost Index uses union wages forbricklayers, carpenters and ironworkers.The BCI is more heavily weightedtoward materials costs, which is whyits annual escalation rate near theend of 2004 was about 2% morethan that of the CCI.2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 59

EconomicsConstruction Cost Index History (1914-2004)HOW ENR BUILDS THE INDEX: 200 hours of common labor at the 20-city average of common labor rates, plus 25 cwt of standard structural steelshapes at the mill price prior to 1996 and the fabricated 20-city price from 1996, plus 1.128 tons of portland cement at the 20-city price, plus 1,088 boardftof 2 x 4 lumber at the 20-city price.ANNUAL AVG.ANNUAL AVG.ANNUAL AVG.ANNUALJAN. FEB. MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. AVG.1914 891915 931937 2351938 2361960 8241961 8471983 3960 4001 4006 4001 4003 4073 4108 4132 4142 4127 4133 4110 40661984 4109 4113 4118 4132 4142 4161 4166 4169 4176 4161 4158 4144 41461916 1301917 1811918 1891919 1981920 2511921 2021922 1741923 2141924 2151925 2071939 2361940 2421941 2581942 2761943 2901944 2991945 3081946 3461947 4131948 4611962 8721963 9011964 9361965 9711966 10191967 10741968 11551969 12691970 13811971 15811985 4145 4153 4151 4150 4171 4201 4220 4230 4229 4228 4231 4228 41951986 4218 4230 4231 4242 4275 4303 4332 4334 4335 4344 4342 4351 42951987 4354 4352 4359 4363 4369 4387 4404 4443 4456 4459 4453 4478 44061988 4470 4473 4484 4489 4493 4525 4532 4542 4535 4555 4567 4568 45191989 4580 4573 4574 4577 4578 4599 4608 4618 4658 4658 4668 4685 46151990 4680 4685 4691 4693 4707 4732 4734 4752 4774 4771 4787 4777 47321991 4777 4773 4772 4766 4801 4818 4854 4892 4891 4892 4896 4889 48351992 4888 4884 4927 4946 4965 4973 4992 5032 5042 5052 5058 5059 49851993 5071 5070 5106 5167 5262 5260 5252 5230 5255 5264 5278 5310 52101926 2081949 4771972 17531994 5336 5371 5381 5405 5405 5408 5409 5424 5437 5437 5439 5439 54081927 2061950 5101973 18951995 5443 5444 5435 5432 5433 5432 5484 5506 5491 5511 5519 5524 54711928 2071929 2071930 2031931 1811932 1571933 1701934 1981935 1961936 2061951 5431952 5691953 6001954 6281955 6601956 6921957 7241958 7591959 797BASE: 1913=1001974 20201975 22121976 24011977 25761978 27761979 30031980 32371981 35351982 38251996 5523 5532 5537 5550 5572 5597 5617 5652 5683 5719 5740 5744 56201997 5765 5769 5759 5799 5837 5860 5863 5854 5851 5848 5838 5858 58261998 5852 5874 5875 5883 5881 5895 5921 5929 5963 5986 5995 5991 59201999 6000 5992 5986 6008 6006 6039 6076 6091 6128 6134 6127 6127 60592000 6130 6160 6202 6201 6233 6238 6225 6233 6224 6259 6266 6283 62212001 6281 6272 6279 6286 6288 6318 6404 6389 6391 6397 6410 6390 63342002 6462 6462 6502 6480 6512 6532 6605 6592 6589 6579 6578 6563 65382003 6581 6640 6627 6635 6642 6694 6696 6733 6741 6771 6794 6782 66952004 6825 6861 6957 7017 7064 7109 7126 7188 7298 7314 7312 — —BUILDING Cost Index History (1920-2004)HOW ENR BUILDS THE INDEX: 68.38 hours of skilled labor at the 20-city average of bricklayers, carpenters and structural ironworkers rates, plus 25cwt of standard structural steel shapes at the mill price prior to 1996 and the fabricated 20-city price from 1996, plus 1.128 tons of portland cement at the20-city price, plus 1,088 board-ft of 2 x 4 lumber at the 20-city price.ANNUAL AVG.ANNUAL AVG.ANNUAL AVG.ANNUALJAN. FEB. MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. AVG.1920 2071941 2111962 5801983 2311 2348 2352 2347 2351 2388 2414 2428 2430 2416 2419 2406 23841921 1661942 2221963 5941984 2402 2407 2412 2422 2419 2417 2418 2428 2430 2424 2421 2408 24171922 1551943 2291964 6121985 2410 2414 2406 2405 2411 2429 2448 2442 2441 2441 2446 2439 24281923 1861944 2351965 6271986 2440 2446 2447 2458 2479 2493 2499 2498 2504 2511 2511 2511 24831924 1861945 2391966 6501987 2515 2510 2518 2523 2524 2525 2538 2557 2564 2569 2564 2589 25411925 1831946 2621967 6761988 2574 2576 2586 2591 2592 2595 2598 2611 2612 2612 2616 2617 25981926 1851947 3131968 7211989 2615 2608 2612 2615 2616 2623 2627 2637 2660 2662 2665 2669 26341927 1861948 3411969 7901990 2664 2668 2673 2676 2691 2715 2716 2716 2730 2728 2730 2720 27021928 1881949 3521970 8361991 2720 2716 2715 2709 2723 2733 2757 2792 2785 2786 2791 2784 27511929 1911950 3751971 9481992 2784 2775 2799 2809 2828 2838 2845 2854 2857 2867 2873 2875 28341930 1851951 4011972 10481993 2886 2886 2915 2976 3071 3066 3038 3014 3009 3016 3029 3046 29961931 1681932 1311933 1481934 1671935 1661936 1721937 1961938 1971939 1971940 2031952 4161953 4311954 4461955 4691956 4911957 5091958 5251959 5481960 5591961 568BASE: 1913=1001973 11381974 12051975 13061976 14251977 15451978 16741979 18191980 19411981 20971982 22341994 3071 3106 3116 3127 3125 3115 3107 3109 3116 3116 3109 3110 31111995 3112 3111 3103 3100 3096 3095 3114 3121 3109 3117 3131 3128 31111996 3127 3131 3135 3148 3161 3178 3190 3223 3246 3284 3304 3311 32031997 3332 3333 3323 3364 3377 3396 3392 3385 3378 3372 3350 3370 33641998 3363 3372 3368 3375 3374 3379 3382 3391 3414 3423 3424 3419 33911999 3425 3417 3411 3421 3422 3433 3460 3474 3504 3505 3498 3497 34562000 3503 3523 3536 3534 3558 3553 3545 3546 3539 3547 3541 3548 35392001 3545 3536 3541 3541 3547 3572 3625 3605 3597 3602 3596 3577 35742002 3581 3581 3597 3583 3612 3624 3652 3648 3655 3651 3654 3640 36232003 3648 3655 3649 3652 3660 3677 3684 3712 3717 3745 3766 3758 36942004 3767 3802 3859 3908 3955 3996 4013 4027 4103 4129 4128 — —60 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

ENR’s Materials Price Index (1981-2004)1913=100 JAN. FEB. MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.1982 1565 1551 1547 1551 1545 1544 1543 1536 1535 1527 1533 15941983 1624 1656 1641 1642 1656 1662 1684 1684 1653 1645 1631 16311984 1622 1628 1632 1646 1639 1626 1614 1613 1616 1606 1606 16021985 1603 1608 1604 1610 1610 1616 1645 1637 1619 1619 1623 16111986 1607 1609 1612 1621 1654 1655 1643 1633 1639 1648 1645 16441987 1646 1638 1648 1655 1650 1646 1655 1665 1665 1675 1664 17011988 1686 1686 1693 1701 1698 1699 1697 1708 1698 1688 1689 16851989 1689 1675 1676 1681 1683 1684 1691 1706 1710 1709 1708 17081990 1700 1707 1711 1714 1728 1743 1742 1729 1727 1723 1718 17001991 1701 1695 1693 1682 1686 1691 1708 1753 1735 1726 1724 17121992 1712 1704 1738 1751 1774 1787 1777 1771 1768 1784 1777 17881993 1807 1806 1846 1944 2098 2092 2010 1972 1946 1952 1970 19951994 2036 2093 2109 2120 2113 2083 2064 2055 2048 2039 2029 20291995 2031 2024 2009 1999 1989 1987 1996 1993 1965 1968 1979 19741996 1973 1977 1985 2000 2013 2028 2039 2062 2094 2139 2168 20721997 2206 2207 2189 2254 2262 2293 2269 2238 2225 2207 2166 21951998 2185 2186 2177 2189 2187 2178 2169 2172 2192 2177 2174 21651999 2173 2161 2151 2158 2156 2157 2184 2208 2230 2228 2211 21922000 2197 2224 2228 2225 2241 2219 2198 2191 2177 2163 2151 21272001 2122 2108 2116 2104 2105 2120 2189 2152 2097 2097 2088 20562002 2045 2045 2062 2039 2063 2070 2070 2049 2044 2029 2016 19922003 1987 1981 1961 1960 1970 1961 1954 1976 1974 2003 2031 20112004 2008 2056 2139 2219 2295 2345 2361 2376 2431 2452 2448 —Materials Prices SoarAsevere shortage in scrap metal pushed structuralsteel and reinforcing bar prices to record$/Ton85807570656055Cement Prices’94 ’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04SOURCE: ENR CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS DEPT. 20-CITY AVERAGEPRICE FOR TYPE-ONE PORTLAND CEMENT.levels in 2004 (ENR 3/22/04 p. 22). Structuralsteel prices jumped 31% above October 2003’slevel while rebar prices climbed 43%. Prices forother materials also made large year-to-year gains$/mbf600550500450400350300Lumber Prices’94 ’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04SOURCE: ENR CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS DEPT. 20-CITY AVERAGEPRICE FOR 2 X 4 LUMBER PER THOUSAND BOARD FT.in 2004, including, 31% for copper water tubingand 20% for PVC water pipe. Plywood prices leveledoff after jumping 35% in 2003. Lumber pricesare up 25% in the last two years.$/cwt34323028262422Structural Steel Prices’94 ’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04SOURCE: ENR CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS DEPT. 20-CITY AVERAGEPRICE FOR CHANNEL, WIDE-FLANGE AND I-BEAMSPER HUNDREDWEIGHT.$/Ton190Asphalt Prices$/msf700Plywood Prices$/Ton36Reinforcing Bar Prices1756503416060032145550301305002811545026100’94 ’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04SOURCE: ENR CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS DEPT. 20-CITY AVERAGEPRICE FOR LIQUID PAVING ASPHALT.400’94 ’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04SOURCE: ENR CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS DEPT. 20-CITY AVERAGEPRICE FOR 5/8-IN. PLYWOOD PER THOUSAND SQ FT.24’94 ’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04SOURCE: ENR CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS DEPT. 20-CITY AVERAGEPRICE FOR GRADE-60 REINFORCING BAR.2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 61

EconomicsENR’S Common Labor Index (1982-2004)1913=100 JAN. FEB. MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.1983 7837 7855 7855 7855 7855 8019 8140 8126 8169 8188 8188 81541984 8166 8168 8175 8188 8226 8294 8311 8338 8353 8323 8323 83641985 8364 8366 8372 8372 8429 8420 8420 8407 8395 8378 8385 84451986 8445 8471 8471 8484 8519 8594 8718 8720 8729 8737 8737 87611987 8767 8774 8774 8774 8800 8861 8889 8941 8975 8913 8973 89731988 8977 8984 9003 9039 9053 9135 9156 9166 9163 9233 9262 92721989 9298 9302 9302 9302 9302 9356 9368 9368 9469 9469 9498 95431990 9543 9543 9553 9553 9568 9608 9615 9684 9745 9745 9796 97961991 9796 9793 9794 9796 9884 9921 9987 10013 10039 10057 10071 100711992 10071 10071 10128 10159 10171 10171 10236 10354 10385 10385 10395 103951993 10395 10395 10425 10425 10425 10430 10541 10546 10655 10666 10675 107191994 10719 10719 10719 10763 10777 10833 10868 10921 10967 10981 11002 110021995 11010 11024 11024 11033 11052 11052 11177 11238 11243 11292 11294 113161996 11316 11332 11332 11341 11378 11420 11456 11509 11539 11563 11568 115721997 11572 11581 11582 11582 11670 11682 11727 11753 11766 11788 11830 118351998 11835 11889 11909 11909 11909 11960 12043 12058 12117 12201 12230 122331999 12243 12243 12243 12288 12288 12373 12426 12426 12489 12509 12516 125472000 12547 12582 12687 12687 12746 12795 12795 12827 12827 12941 12979 130632001 13066 13066 13073 13109 13113 13168 13282 13300 13397 13411 13461 134612002 13669 13669 13745 13727 13772 13812 14003 14003 14003 14003 14021 140212003 14075 14241 14241 14264 14264 14417 14432 14493 14518 14551 14566 145662004 14684 14702 14816 14845 14845 14884 14900 15038 15239 15247 15247 —ENR’s Skilled Labor Index (1982-2004)1913=100 JAN. FEB. MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.1983 3502 3506 3507 3511 3511 3576 3632 3647 3670 3671 3681 36751984 3679 3682 3691 3692 3698 3711 3715 3760 3764 3755 3755 37541985 3768 3780 3765 3765 3781 3785 3785 3774 3785 3788 3779 37791986 3787 3808 3808 3820 3821 3863 3901 3908 3920 3919 3924 39271987 3934 3935 3937 3940 3953 3966 3985 4017 4038 4040 4042 40421988 4042 4046 4061 4061 4068 4060 4079 4091 4108 4124 4134 41411989 4132 4136 4145 4145 4145 4160 4160 4160 4215 4221 4231 42421990 4242 4242 4248 4250 4267 4308 4310 4332 4372 4374 4387 43891991 4389 4387 4387 4390 4421 4440 4475 4493 4504 4520 4539 45391992 4539 4529 4536 4542 4553 4558 4593 4627 4639 4642 4551 46531993 4653 4653 4665 4665 4665 4662 4720 4720 4749 4757 4762 47661994 4766 4764 4764 4776 4782 4806 4816 4835 4865 4878 4878 48801995 4881 4892 4894 4903 4909 4909 4945 4967 4982 4998 5017 50161996 5016 5020 5020 5028 5039 5060 5075 5123 5133 5160 5164 51771997 5177 5177 5179 5182 5203 5203 5231 5263 5267 5280 5288 52941998 5294 5314 5317 5317 5317 5345 5369 5387 5416 5463 5471 54731999 5474 5474 5474 5489 5495 5521 5548 5548 5589 5596 5605 56352000 5641 5650 5676 5676 5714 5735 5750 5764 5770 5812 5817 58732001 5874 5874 5874 5892 5906 5948 5978 5984 6052 6065 6065 60672002 6097 6097 6109 6109 6148 6166 6242 6264 6291 6306 6333 63382003 6366 6393 6411 6421 6426 6487 6515 6553 6569 6596 6604 66162004 6644 6660 6672 6672 6672 6698 6717 6728 6838 6874 6878 —$/Hour38363432302826$/Hour41393735333129Bricklayer’s Wage$37.07’94 ’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04SOURCE: ENR CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS DEPT. 20-CITY AVERAGEUNION WAGE, BASE PLUS FRINGES FOR OCTOBER.Structural Ironworker’s Wage$40.77’94 ’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04SOURCE: ENR CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS DEPT. 20-CITY AVERAGEUNION WAGE, BASE PLUS FRINGES FOR OCTOBER.$/Hour3028Laborer’s Wage$28.85$/Hour3735Carpenter’s Wage$36.68263324312229202718’94 ’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’0425’94 ’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04SOURCE: ENR CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS DEPT. 20-CITY AVERAGE UNION WAGE,BASE PLUS FRINGES FOR OCTOBER.SOURCE: ENR CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS DEPT. 20-CITY AVERAGE UNION WAGE,BASE PLUS FRINGES FOR OCTOBER.62 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

Open-Shop Wage Rate for JourneymenBRICKLAYERS CARPENTERS CEMENT MASONS ELECTRICIANSRATE FRINGE RATE FRINGE RATE FRINGE RATE FRINGE($) (%) ($) (%) ($) (%) ($) (%)NEW ENGLAND 20.60 22.7 18.84 22.5 17.69 23.3 19.56 20.5NEW YORK/NEW JERSEY 21.13 18.2 18.32 18.6 17.67 19.6 20.68 22.3MIDDLE ATLANTIC 2 17.45 20.1 17.15 21.8 16.56 21.0 18.74 21.2SOUTHEAST 3 17.03 19.7 15.29 16.7 15.84 18.6 18.69 20.9GREAT LAKES 4 20.15 20.9 18.08 21.1 17.72 22.2 20.60 21.2SOUTH CENTRAL 5 17.18 19.3 16.18 17.4 16.50 19.1 19.20 20.6CENTRAL 6 24.75 14.9 18.14 20.8 17.16 20.5 20.41 18.4CENTRAL MOUNTAIN 7 22.50 28.0 18.41 21.7 17.19 21.7 21.52 20.7WESTERN 8 — — 20.60 21.7 18.44 22.4 21.46 19.7WESTERN 9 22.60 5.0 19.76 20.0 18.82 22.6 24.61 20.62003 U.S. AVERAGE 20.13 18.8 17.70 19.5 16.93 19.8 20.13 20.6ANNUAL PERCENT CHANGE +4.4 — +3.8 — +3.7 — + 3.8 —Nonunion WagesAn average wage for nonunion workers, oftenreferred to as open-shop workers, can onlybe estimated by a broad industry survey sinceeach nonunion contractor determines their ownwage level. In contrast, union wages are negotiatedcontractual settlements that determine the wagefor all union members in a given area (see p. 62).The nonunion wages to the left were compiled byPersonnel Administration Services Inc., Saline,Mich., which surveyed 1,200 nonunion contractorsthat employed 85,926 workers. The PAS surveysurvey indicates that nonunion construction workersaveraged a 3.7% pay increase in 2003.HVY. EQUIP. OPERATORS LABORERS PLUMBERS IRONWORKERSRATE FRINGE RATE FRINGE RATE FRINGE RATE FRINGE($) (%) ($) (%) ($) (%) ($) (%)NEW ENGLAND 1 21.42 19.5 13.78 19.8 21.49 21.1 19.16 19.9NEW YORK/NEW JERSEY 19.98 18.6 12.89 16.3 20.15 25.4 19.20 19.9MIDDLE ATLANTIC 2 19.62 20.8 12.32 19.4 17.95 18.9 18.16 20.8SOUTHEAST 3 17.19 17.9 10.89 15.8 16.91 21.3 16.56 19.5GREAT LAKES 4 18.99 20.5 13.14 19.3 20.72 19.5 17.84 22.5SOUTH CENTRAL 5 18.78 18.5 11.27 15.9 18.98 17.5 17.57 17.4CENTRAL 6 18.14 18.2 12.96 19.8 19.22 19.3 18.49 19.7CENTRAL MOUNTAIN 7 19.67 20.3 12.39 20.4 21.78 19.2 18.62 19.0WESTERN 8 20.53 19.0 14.16 21.1 22.22 19.4 19.73 18.1WESTERN 9 21.17 19.7 14.26 19.7 22.62 20.0 19.85 19.02003 U.S. AVERAGE 19.04 19.2 12.77 18.1 19.74 19.4 17.95 19.9ANNUAL PERCENT CHANGE + 3.7 — +3.9 — +4.0 — +3.6 —SOURCE: PERSONAL ADMINISTRATION SERVICES INC., SALINE, MICH. WAGE RATES SHOWN ARE AVERAGE HOURLY BASE RATES EXCLUDINGFRINGES.BASE. 1CONN., MASS., MAINE, N.H., R.I., VT.; 2DEL., MD., PA., W. VA., D.C.; 3ALA., FLA., GA., KY., MISS., N.C., S.C., TENN.; 4ILL., IND.,MICH., MINN., OHIO, WIS.; 5ARK., LA.., N.M., OKLA., TEXAS; 6IOWA, KAN., MO., NEB.; 7COLO., MONT., N.D., S.D., UTAH, WYO.; 8ARIZ., CALIF.,HAWAII, NEV.; 9ALASKA, IDAHO, ORE., WASH.Strong Demand Sparks Increase in Construction Equipment Prices in 2004Strong demand for construction equipment sparked relatively large pricehikes in 2004. Total equipment sales in the U.S. increased 16% in 2004,according to a survey by the Association of Equipment Manufacturers,Milwaukee, Wis. The AEM members surveyed say they believe that highercommodity costs, most notably steel prices and availability, will slow salesgrowth in 2005 to about 8%. The upturn in demand broke years of moderateprice increases, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In August 2004,the BLS producer price index for construction equipment posted a year-toyearincrease of 3.5%. This was more than triple the annual average increasefor the same month during the previous four years.Equipment Manufacturing OutlookUNITED STATES CANADA OTHER WORLDWIDETYPE OF EQUIPMENT 03-04 04-05 03-04 04-05 03-04 04-05Earthmoving Machinery 27.4% 7.8% 28.2% 6.9% 15.3% 5.6%Lifting Equipment 14.7% 8.7% 11.5% 9.7% 7.2% 5.9%Bituminous Machinery 15.7% 10.4% 10.3% 6.5% 7.8% 9.5%Concrete/Aggregate Machinery 12.3% 9.5% 5.2% 5.2% 10.1% 10.2%Light Equipment 8.6% 6.8% 6.5% 5.7% 5.5% 5.9%Attachments/components 11.0% 6.8% 8.3% 5.0% 8.4% 5.7%Miscellaneous 9.7% 10.2% 6.8% 10.8% 6.7% 10.0%Total Volume 16.1% 8.4% 14.3% 6.6% 8.8% 7.0%SOURCE: ASSOCIATION OF EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERSAnnual% change Equipment Price Hikes432102000 2001 2002 2003 2004SOURCE: BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT PRICES.YEAR-TO-YEAR PERCENT CHANGE FOR AUGUST.2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 63

MoviesThe Best Construction MoviesThe Fighting Seabees (1944)World War II is the setting for the Navy Seabees as they have to adjust totheir hostile surroundings, be ready to fight and still build military facilities.The convincing performances by the actors, including John Wayne andSusan Hayward, make this a very watchable movie. It shows constructionas being integral to wartime victory, as well as a backdrop to a love triangle.Excellent stunt work and explosions.Tycoon (1947)Although this movie relies on the overused story line about the all-too-seriousprofessional whose love interest may force him to compromise his professionalethics, it manages to convey the real challenges involved in themanagement of a large-scale construction project. It also includes some verycompelling scenes of bridge construction under hazardous work conditions.And, of course, it stars the hard-charging John Wayne.Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House (1948)This is a humorous and surprisingly fresh tale about a homeowner who findsthat his dream house he is building is coming at a rapidly escalating cost.Cary Grant stars as the owner of the house. The architect character is probablythe best-portrayed architect in movies when it comes to diligence andhis attempts to have his client understand the ramifications of each “little”change along the way. Superior predecessor to 1985’s The Money Pit.Christ in Concrete (1949)Depression-era desperation leads to compromises on construction safetythat affect Italian immigrant bricklayers and their families. The main character,Geremio, is played by Sam Wanamaker in a credible and dramatic performance.The movie effectively shows the results of cutting corners on construction,materials and safety. It is not always easy to watch, but the movie’sbelievable challenges, artistic lighting and complex characters and themesput it on our Top 10 list. The story is based on a 1939 best selling novel byPietro Di Donato, who had been a bricklayer.The Fountainhead (1949)Though given to bursts of high emotion and melodramatic music, thisclassic based on the famous Ayn Rand novel takes a pragmatic look atthe hardships of an architect’s life and an unflinchingly idealistic look atan architect’s duty to society—and vice versa. The themes are incrediblyrelevant in the U.S. today, where the trend toward “architecture bycommittee” is an issue in nothing less than the rebuilding process atGround Zero in New York City.2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 65

MoviesThe Best Construction MoviesBridge on the River Kwai (1957)British World War II prisoners of war are forced to build a railway bridge highabove a river in the Asian jungle by their merciless Japanese captors. Astereotypical British officer takes on the project as a moral and physical testand leads a crew to build the bridge, not knowing that an Allied effort is underway to sabotage the opening in an explosive way. This is an absorbing warmovie with strong acting (William Holden, Alec Guinness, SessueHayakawa), grit and a strong construction theme.Lilies of the Field (1963)This is a sweet and funny story about an unemployed construction worker,played by Sidney Poitier, who is taken in by nuns who are convinced he wassent by God to build them a church. The nuns become a thorn in his side ashe attempts to do so and the challenge is whether Homer Smith (Poitier) cancome through for them. It clearly will take help, whether from above or frompeople. This is an uplifting and positive story that spotlights construction.Towering Inferno (1974)A magnificent San Francisco high-rise is designed to change the way peoplelive and work. But the builder ignores some critical architect’s specificationsto cut costs and the building catches fire in one of the most memorableand spectacular fire scenes in movie history. The all-star cast—headedby Paul Newman and Steve McQueen—makes the party for the building’sopening (on the top floor to add to the drama) worth watching if only to seewho was hot in 1974. But the consequences of taking shortcuts and theconclusions reached after the disaster, while not all that believable, delivera cautionary message that is relevant today.The Ghost and the Darkness (1996)While this true story takes part on a construction site in Africa in 1898, itsearly potential is not met as the movie turns to focus (with great attention togore) on the interminable hunt of two lions responsible for killing about 130men on a colonial bridge project over about nine months. After losing dozensof workers to the lions, the railroad company hired a famous Americanhunter to kill them, but even “the best” could not stop even more carnage.Val Kilmer and Michael Douglas star. This movie is difficult to watch and itmade the Top 10 list only because it was true.Life as a House (2001)A rather sappy and sentimental story about a dying architect, played byKevin Kline, who loses his job and is diagnosed with a terminal illness.Knowing he has just a few months to live, he spends his last summer tearingdown his ramshackle house and building the house of his dreams withhis estranged and unwilling 16-year-old son, with visits from his rather hostileex-wife, played by Kristin Scott Thomas. This movie reflects construction’sability to unify a community, or even just a family. There is much focuson construction, but little attention to detail.These movies were chosen for having best met most, if not all, of the followingcriteria: construction plays a significant role in the film; constructionis portrayed realistically; the quality of acting and script are high; theimage of construction is positive; and the selections represent a good mixof different decades. To be eligible, movies had to be available on video orDVD. After having chosen the Top 10, the committee members rankedeach movie, from one hard hat (poor) to five hard hats (excellent).The selections were made by a volunteer panel from across McGraw HillConstruction, chaired by Judy Schriener, editor-in-chief ofConstruction.com. The committee members were: Virginia Camasca, SethHorowitz, Tom Koster, Scott Lewis, Andrea Pinyan, Chuck Pinyan, DebraRubin, Frannie Rutherford and Dave Sandhusen.66 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

Construction QuotationsLore“Sappers in!”— official motto of the 130th Engineer Brigade, U.S. Army“An engineer can do with one dollar what any bungler can do withtwo dollars.”— Anonymous“A bid is an educated guess carried to two decimal places.”— Anonymous“Politics are as real as a yard of concrete.”— Don Thorpe, former president of The Weitz Co.“No job is better than a bad job.”—Rick Poppe, Strategic Growth Officer, The Weitz Co.“A good scientist is a person with original ideas. A good engineer isa person who makes a design that works with as few original ideasas possible.”—Freeman Dyson, physicist“For ‘tis the sport to have the engineer hoist with his own petard.”—Hamlet, Act III, verse IV, line 206, by William Shakespeare“Find a need and fill it.” —Henry J. Kaiser (1882-1967)“DO SOMETHING,EVEN IF IT’S WRONG.”“Form ever follows function.”—William Caudill, co-founder, CRS—Louis Sullivan (1856-1924)“A very busy weekend.”—Lt. Col. Hugh J. Casey, referring to having completed, with the help ofhis staff, the basic layout for the Pentagon over a four-day period, July17-21, 1941“You can draw any kind of pictures you like on a clean slate andindulge your every whim in the wilderness in laying out a New Delhi,Canberra and Brasilia, but when you operate in an overbuilt metropolis,you have to hack your way with a meat ax.”—Robert Moses, 1964“We’ll build anything foranybody, no matter whatthe location, type or size.”—Stephen D. Bechtel Sr. (1900-1989)“The engineers who have made their careers in public works are theunsung heroes of a little-known, but glorious saga.”—Samuel Florman, in “The Civilized Engineer” (1987, St. Martins Press)“What can be more romantic and thrilling, than to be engaged in aprofession that saves human lives and adds to health, happiness,and prosperity of your own community.”—Robert McDonnell (1872-1960), co-founder of Burns & McDonnell“For my part, I believe the tower will haveits own beauty. Is one to believe thatbeauty does not figure in our designs simplybecause we are engineers? That while weare engaged in building solid and lastingstructures, we are not also attempting toachieve elegant solutions?”—Gustave Eiffel, 1887Engineering was still something of a roughneck profession in thelate 19th century. Herbert Hoover, in later years, would recall tellinga young lady he was an engineer, only to hear her say, “Oh, I thoughtyou were a gentleman.”—“Memoirs of Herbert Hoover” (Hoover was a miningengineer, before serving as the 31st President of the U.S.)“Building skyscrapers is the nearest peace-time equivalent of war…”—W.A. Starrett, 1928 (Starrett Brothers and Eken wasthe general contractor for the Empire State Building)“Every new structure which projects into new fields of magnitudeinvolves new problems for the solution of which neither theory norpractical experience furnish an adequate guide.”—Othmar H. Ammann, 1953“MEASURE TWICE,CUT ONCE.”— AnonymousBenjamin Holt of Californiadeveloped a machine in1904 with a continuouslyrotating crawler band, thatwould go down in history.This was developed from one of his large steam tractors. The photographerCharles Clements observed, “It crawls just like a caterpillar,”and Holt answered, astounded, “Caterpillar it is. That’s the namefor it.” And so the name was born.—“500 Years of Earthmoving” (1997, KHL International)“A pickaxe has just been swung in Africa, and the sound of it hittingthe ground will resound the world over.”—“Monde Illustre” May 1859 (about the startof construction of the Suez Canal)“The greatest liberty Man has ever taken with Nature.”—James Bryce, historian and British Ambassador to the U.S.,1907-13, about the building of the Panama Canal2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 69

Major Professional OrganizationsAADSC: The InternationalAssociation of Foundation DrillingS. Scot Litke, executive director9696 Skillman Street, Suite 280Dallas, Texas 75355(214) 343-2091(214) 343-2384 (Fax)www.adsc-iafd.comadsc@iafd.comAirports Councils International—North America/ACIJuliette Wright, communication dir.1775 K. Street N.W., Suite 500Washington, D.C. 20006(202) 293-8500(202)331-1362 (Fax)www.aci-na.orgpostmaster@aci-na.orgAlliance for Fire SafetyRichard Byrne, executive director25 North BroadwayTarrytown, N.Y. 10591(914) 332-0040(914) 332-1541 (Fax)www.afscc.orgAmerican Association ofAirport Executives/AAAEJames E. Johnson, executive director601 Madison Street, Suite 400Alexandria, Va. 22314(703) 824-0500(703) 820-1395 (Fax)www.airportnet.orgjames.johnson@airportnet.orgAmerican Association of StateHighway & TransportationOfficials/AASHTOJohn C. Horsely, executive director444 N. Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249Washington, D.C. 20001(202) 624-5800(202) 624-5806 (Fax)www.aashto.orginfor@aashto.orgAmerican Academy ofEnvironmental EngineersDavid A. Asseline, executive director130 Holiday Court, Suite 100Annapolis, Md. 21401(410) 266-3311(410) 266-7653 (Fax)www.aaee.netAmerican Concrete Institute/ACIRenee J. McAdams, events director38800 Country Club Dr.Farmington Hills, Mich. 48331(248) 848-3700(248) 848-3701 (Fax)www.aci-int.orgrenee.mcadams@concrete.orgAmerican ConcretePavement Association1010 Massachusetts Ave. N.W., Ste. 200Washington, D.C. 20001(202) 842-1010(202) 842-2022 (Fax)www.pavement.comAmerican Concrete Pipe Assoc./ACPAMatt Childs, director engineering svs.222 W. Collinas Blvd., Suite 641Irvington, Texas 75039(972) 506-7216(972) 506-7682 (Fax)www.concrete-pipe.orgAmerican Councilfor Construction EducationDan Dupree, executive v.p.1300 Hudson Lane, Suite #3Monroe, La. 71201(318) 323-2816(318) 323-2413 (Fax)www.acce-hq.orgacce@lamerica.netAmerican Council of EngineeringCos./ACEC (formerly the AmericanConsulting Engineers Council)Kim Pham, director of administration1015 15th Street, N.W., 8th FloorWashington, D.C. 20005(202) 347-7474(202) 898-0068 (Fax)www.acec.orgAmerican Indian Councilof Architects and EngineersStuart Frike, president2515 West Falls AvenueKennewick, Wash. 99336(509) 734-0789www.aicae.orgAmerican IndoorAir Quality CouncilCharlie Wiles, executive directorP.O. Box 11599Glendale, Ariz. 85318(623) 582-0832(623) 581-6270 (Fax)www.indoor-air-quality.orginfo@iaqcouncil.orgAmerican Instituteof Architects/AIAChuck Hamlin, communication dir.1735 New York Ave. N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20006(202) 626-7300(202) 626-7547 (Fax)www.aia.orginfocentral@aia.comAmerican Instituteof Building DesignSteve Mickley, executive director2505 Main Street, Suite 209BStratford, Conn. 06615(800) 366-2423(800) 378-3568 (Fax)www.aidb.orgbobbi@aibd.orgAmerican Institute ofSteel Construction/AISCJoe Ditrich, communication dir.One E. Wacker Drive, Suite 3100Chicago, Ill. 60601(312) 670-2400(312) 670-5403 (Fax)www.aisc.orgAmerican Iron & Steel Institute/AISIElizabeth Vago, director1140 Connecticut Ave. N.W., Ste. 750Washington, D.C. 20036(202) 452-7100(202) 463-6573 (Fax)www.steel.orgAmerican NationalStandards InstituteReinaldo Figueiredo, program dir.1819 L Street, NW, 6th FloorWashington, D.C. 20036(202) 293-8020(202) 293-9237 (Fax)www.ansi.orgAmerican Public TransportationAssociation/APTARose Sheridan, communication dir.1666 K. Street N.W., 11th FloorWashington, D.C. 20006(202) 496-4800(202) 496-4323 (Fax)www.apta.cominfo@apta.comAmerican Public WorksAssociation/APWAKaye Sullivan, executive director2345 Grand Blvd., Suite 500Kansas City, Mo. 64108(816) 472-6100(816) 472-1610 (Fax)www.apwa.netapwa@apwa.netAmerican RentalAssociation/ARAMike Abbruzzese, director1900 19th StreetMoline, Ill. 61265(800) 334-2177(309) 764-1533 (Fax)www.ararental.orgMike.Abbruzzese@ararental.orgAmerican Road & TransportationBuilders Association/ARTBAMatt Jeanneret, communication dir.1010 Massachusetts Ave. N.W.Washington, D.C. 20001(202) 289-4434(202) 289-4435 (Fax)www.artba.orgAmerican Shotcrete AssociationThomas Adams, executive director38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, Mich. 48331(248) 848-3780(248) 848-3740 (Fax)www.shotcrete.orginfo@shotcrete.orgAmerican Societyof Civil Engineers/ASCEPatrick J. Natale, executive director1801 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Va. 20191(703) 295-6000(703) 295-6333 (Fax)www.asce.orgAmerican Society ofConcrete Contractors/ASCCBev Garnant, executive director2025 S. Brentwood Blvd.St. Louis, MO 63144(314) 962-0210(314) 968-4367 (Fax)www.ascconline.orgascc@ascconline.orgAmerican Society of Heating,Refrigerating and Air-ConditioningEngineers/ASHRAESteve Comstock, communication dir.1791 Tullie Circle N.E.Atlanta, Ga. 30329(404) 636-8400(404) 321-5478 (Fax)www.ashrae.orgashrae@ashrae.orgAmerican Society ofProfessional Estimators/ASPEEdward B. Walsh, executive director2525 Perimeter Place Drive, Ste. 103Nashville, Tenn. 37214(615) 316-9200(615) 316-9800 (Fax)www.ASPEnational.orginfo@aspenational.orgAmerican SubcontractorsAssociation/ASALuke McFadden, communication dir.1004 Duke StreetAlexandria, Va. 22314(703) 684-3450(703) 836-3482 (Fax)www.asaonline.comasaoffice@asa-hq.comAmerican UndergroundConstruction Association/AUCA(tunneling contractors)Susan Nelson, communication dir.3001 Hennepin Ave. South, Ste. D202Minneapolis, Minn. 55408(949) 459-7913www.auaonline.orgunderground@auaonline.orgAmerican Water WorksAssociation/AWWAJohn Runge, communication dir.6666 W. Quincy AvenueDenver, Colo. 80235(303) 794-7711(303) 795-1989 (Fax)www.awwa.orgAPA–The Engineered WoodAssociation (formerly theAmerican Plywood Association)Ron Tybon, communication dir.7011 So. 19th StreetTacoma, Wash. 98411(253) 565-6600(253) 565-7256 (Fax)www.apawood.orghelp@apawood.orgArchitectural Engineering InstitueSusan Richardson, communication dir.1801 Alexander Bell Drive, 1st FloorReston, Va. 20191(703) 295-605470 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

(703) 295-6361 (Fax)www.aeinstitue.comaei@asce.orgASFE: Association of EngineeringFirms Practicing in the Geosciences(formerly the American Society ofFoundation Engineering)Jack Fletcher, communication dir.8811 Colesville Road, Suite G106Silver Spring, Md. 20910(301) 565-2733(301) 589-2017 (Fax)www.asfe.orginfo@asfe.orgAsian AmericanArchitects and EngineersShelly Santo, president8320 Lincoln Boulevard #108Los Angeles, Calif. 90045(213) 896-9270(213) 896-9271 (Fax)www.aaaesc.comwww.aaaesc@earthlink.netAssociated Builders& Contractors/ABCScott Brown, communication dir.4250 North Fairfax Drive, 9th FloorArlington, Va. 22203(703) 812-2000(703) 812-8201 (Fax)www.abc.orginfo@abc.orgAssociation forFacilities EngineeringMichael Ireland, executive director8160 Corporate Park Drive, Suite 125Cincinnati, Ohio 45242(513) 489-2473(513) 247-7422 (Fax)www.afe.orgmireland@afe.orgAssociated EquipmentDistributors/AEDPam Gruebnau, communication dir.615 W. 22nd StreetOak Brook, Ill. 60523(630) 574-0650(630) 574-0132 (Fax)www.aednet.orgjtm@aednet.orgAssociated GeneralContractors of America/AGCCarla Julian, asst. comunications dir.333 John Carlyle Street, Suite 200Alexandria, Va. 22314(703) 548-3118(703) 548-3119 (Fax)www.agc.orginfo@agc.orgAssociated Ownersand Developers/AODRobin L. Olsen, directorP.O. Box 4163McLean, Va. 22103(703) 734-2397(703) 734-2908 (Fax)www.constructionsite.netaod@cbrmag.comAssociated Schools of ConstructionJohn D. Murphy Jr., president119 Dudley HallAuburn, Ala. 36849(334) 844-4518(334) 844-5386 (Fax)www.ascweb.orgmurphjd@auburn.edAssociated Specialty ContractorsDaniel G. Walter, president3 Bethesda Metro Center, Suite 1100Bethesda, Md. 20814(301) 657-3110(301) 215-4500 (Fax)www.assoc-spec—con.orgAssociation for the Advancementof Cost Engineering/AACEBarry G. McMillan, executive director209 Prairie Ave., Suite 100Morgantown, W.Va. 26501(304) 296-8444(304) 291-5728 (Fax)www.aacei.orginfo@aacei.orgAssociation of ConstructionInspectorsKim Tyler, communication dir.1224 North Nokomis NEAlexandria, Minn. 56308(320) 763-7525(320) 763-9290 (Fax)www.iami.orgaci@iami.orgAssociation of Crane & RiggingProfessionals (operators and trainers)Suzanne Stilwill, directorP.O. Box 87907Vancouver, Wash. 98687(360) 834-3805(360) 834-3507 (Fax)www.acrp.netadmin@acrp.netAssociation of EquipmentManufacturers/AEM (formed by amerger of the Construction IndustryManufacturers Association/CIMAand the Equipment ManufacturersInstitute/EMI)Pat Monroe, communication dir.111 E. Wisconsin Ave., Suite 1000Milwaukee, Wis. 53202(414) 272-0943(414) 272-1170 (Fax)www.aem.orginfo@aem.orgAssociation of StateDam Safety OfficialsLori Sprangens, executive director450 Old Vine Street, 2nd FloorLexington, Ky. 40507(859) 257-5140(859) 323-1958 (Fax)www.damsafety.orginfo@damsafety.orgASTM: American Societyfor Testing and MaterialsJames Thomas, president100 Barr Harbor DriveWest Conshohoken, Pa. 19428(610) 832-9585(610) 832-9555 (Fax)www.astm.orginfoctr@astm.orgBThe BeaversDave Woods, executive director2053 Grant Road, Suite 370Los Altos, Calif. 94024(650) 694-4834(650) 694-4836 (Fax)www.thebeavers.orgBuilding Environment & ThermalEnvelope Council/BETECNeil Sandler, communication dir.1090 Vermont Ave. N.W., Suite 700Washington, D.C. 20005(202) 289-7800(202) 289-1092 (Fax)www.nibs.orgnibs@nibs.orgBuilding Futures CouncilJohn Chiaverini, chairman2131 K Street, N.W., Suite 700Washington, D.C. 20037(202) 785-6420(202) 833-2604 (Fax)www.thebfc.comBuilding Owners and ManagersAssociation International (BOMA)Henry Chamberlain, chief staff exec.1201 New York Avenue N.W.Washington, D.C. 20005(202) 408-2662(202) 371-0181 (Fax)www.boma.orgBuilding SeismicSafety Council/BSSCCarita Tanner, communication dir.1090 Vermont Ave. N.W., Suite 700Washington, D.C. 20005(202) 289-7800(202) 289-1092 (Fax)www.bssconline.orgbssc@nibs.orgCCivil Engineering ResearchFoundation/CERFMichael Goode, vice president1801 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Va. 20191(800) 548-2723www.cerf.orgcerf@cerf.orgCoalition of Labor Union WomenCarol Rosenblatt, executive director1925 K Street, N.W, Suite 402Washington, D.C. 20006(202) 223-8360(202) 776-0537 (Fax)www.cluw.orginfo@cluw.orgConcrete FoundationsAssociation of North AmericaEd Sauter, executive director113 First Street WestMount Vernon, Iowa 52314(319) 895-6940(319) 895-8830 (Fax)www.cfa.orgesauter@cfawalls.orgConcrete Reinforcing Steel InstituteChuck Slater, president and CEO933 North Plum Grove RoadSchaumburg, Ill. 60173(847) 517-1200(827) 517-1206 (Fax)www.crsi.orgcslater@crsi.orgConcrete Sawing & Drilling Assoc.Patrick O’Brien, executive director11001 Danka Way North, Suite 1St. Petersburg, Fla. 33716(727) 577-5004(727) 577-5012 (Fax)www.csda.orgConstruction Estimating InstituteKim Langedyke, communication dir.5011 Ocean BoulevardSarasota, Fla. 34242(941) 349-5401(941) 346-0221 (Fax)www.estimating.orginfo@estimating.orgConstruction FinancialManagement Association/CFMAWilliam M. Schwab, executive dir.29 Emmons Drive, Suite F-50Princeton, N.J. 08540(609) 452-8000(609) 452-0474 (Fax)www.cfma.orginfo@cfma.orgConstruction Industry Institute/CIIHans Van Winkle, director3925 West Braker Lane (R4500)Austin, Texas 78759(512) 232-3000(512) 499-8101 (Fax)www.construction-institute.orgburns.cii@mail.utexas.eduConstruction Industry Round TableMark Casso, president1101 17th Street N.W, Suite 608Washington, D.C. 20036(202) 466-6777(202) 466-6767www.cirt.orgcirt@cirt.orgConstruction Innovation ForumBrenda Romano, executive director43636 Woodward Avenue, Suite 300Bloomfield Hills, Mich. 48302(248) 409-1500(248) 409-1503 (Fax)www.cif.orginfor@cif.orgConstruction ManagementAssociation of America/CMAABruce D’Agostino, executive director7918 Jones Branch Drive, Suite 540McLean, Va. 22102(703) 356-2622(703) 356-6388 (Fax)www.cmaanet.orginfo@smaanet.org2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 71

Major Professional OrganizationsConstruction MaterialsRecycling AssociationWilliam Turley, executive directorP.O. Box 644Lesle, Ill. 60532(630) 585-7530(630) 585-7593 (Fax)www.rdrecycling.orginfo@edrecycling.orgConstruction OwnersAssociation of America/COAATraci L. Chapman, executive directorP.O. Box 56205Atlanta, Ga. 30342(404) 659-2485(404)577-3551 (Fax)www.coaa.orgcoaa@mindspring.comConstruction Safety Council/CSCThomas Broderick, executive director4100 Madison StreetHillside, Ill. 60162(708) 544-2082(708) 544-2371 (Fax)www.buildsafe.orgcsc@buildsafe.orgConstruction SpecificationsInstitute/CSIKarl Borgstrom, executive director99 Canal Center Plaza, Suite 300Alexandria, Va. 22314(800) 689-2900(703)684-0465 (Fax)www.csinet.orgcsi@csinet.orgConstruction Technology LaboratoryRuthanne Francis, executive director5400 Old Orchard RoadSkokie, Ill. 60077(847) 965-7500(847) 965-6541 (Fax)www.ctlgroup.comConstruction UsersRoundtable/CURTGreg Sizemore, executive v.p.4100 Executive Park DriveCincinnati, Ohio 45241(513) 563-4161(513) 733-9551 (Fax)www.curt.construction.comconstruction-users@juno.comConstruction Writers AssociationSheila Wertz, executive directorP.O. Box 5586Buffalo Grove, Ill. 60089(847) 398-7756(847) 590-5241 (Fax)www.constructionwriters.orgoffice@constructionwriters.orgCouncil on Tall Buildingsand Urban HabitatDavid Maola, executive director117 ATLSS DriveBethlehem, Pa. 18015(610) 758-3515(610) 758-4522 (Fax)www.lehigh.eduinctbuh@lehigh.eduDDeep Foundations Institute/DFIGeorge R. Compton, III. executive dir.326 Laffayette Avenue, 3rd FloorHawthorne, N.J. 07506(973)423-4030(201) 567-4436 (Fax)www.dfi.orgdfihq@dfi.orgDesign-Build Instituteof America/DBIAWalker Lee Evey, president1010 Massachusetts Ave. N.W., 3rd Fl.Washington, D.C. 20001(202) 682-0110(202) 682-5877 (Fax)www.dbia.orgdbia@dbia.orgDredging Contractorsof America/DCAMark D. Sickles, executive director311 North Washington StreetAlexandria, Va. 22314(703) 518-8408(703) 518-8490 (Fax)www.dredgingcontractors.orgmdsdca@Kreative.netDuctile Iron Pipe ResearchAssociation/DIPRAJoan Goodwine, administrator245 Riverchase Pwky. East, Suite OBirmingham, Ala. 35244(205) 402-8700(205) 402-8730 (Fax)www.dipra.orginfo@dipra.orgEEarthquake EngineeringResearch Institute499 14th Street, Suite 320Oakland, Calif. 94612(510) 452-0905(510) 451-5411 (Fax)www.eeri.orgeeri@eeri.orgEdison Electric InstituteSamuel Tornabene, communication dir.701 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20004(202) 508-5000www.eei.orgFFacility Information Council/FICDavid Harris, president1090 Vermont Ave. N.W., Suite 700Washington, D.C. 20005(202) 289-7800(202) 289-1092 (Fax)www.nibs.orgnibs@nibs.orgFinishing Contractors AssociationJohn J. Weaver, executive director8150 Leesburg Pike, Suite 1210Vienna, Va. 22182(703) 448-9001(703) 448-9002 (Fax)www.finishingcontractors.orgFCA@finishingcontractors.orgGGypsum Association/GAJerry A. Walker, executive director810 First Street N.E., Suite 510Washington, D.C. 20002(202) 289-5440(202) 289-3707 (Fax)www.gypsum.orginfo@gypsum.orgHHelmets to HardhatsSarah Ray, communication dir.2386 Faraday Avenue, Suite 140Carlsbad, Calif. 92008(866) 741-6210(760) 454-2351 (Fax)www.helmetstohardhats.orgHispanic American ConstructionIndustry AssociationRafael Hernandez, executive director901 West Jackson Blvd., Suite 205Chicago, Ill. 60607(312) 666-5910(312) 666-5692 (Fax)www.hacia.infoinfo@hacia.infoHistorical ConstructionEquipment AssociationTom Berry, archivist16623 Liberty HighwayBowling Green, Ohio 43402(419) 352-5616(419) 352-6086 (Fax)www.hcea.netIIndependent Electrical ContractorsWilliam R. Mathisen, executive v.p.4401 Ford AvenueAlexandria, Va. 22302(703) 549-7351(703) 549-7448 (Fax)www.iceci.orgIndoor Air Quality AssociationGlenn Fellman, executive director12339 Carroll AvenueRockville, Ill. 20852(301) 231-8388(301) 231-8321 (Fax)www.iaqa.orgiaqa@aol.comInsulation ContractorsAssociation of AmericaMichael Kwart, executive director1321 Duke StreetAlexandria, Va. 22314(703) 739-0356(703) 739-0412 (Fax)www.insulate.orgInternational Alliance forInteroperability/IAIEarle Kennett, executive director1090 Vermont Ave. N.W., Suite 700Washington, D.C. 20005(202) 289-7800(202) 289-1092 (Fax)www.iai-na.comekennett@nibs.orgInternational Associationof Structural MoversN. Eugene Brymer, executive directorP.O. Box 2637Lexington, S.C. 29071(803) 951-9304(803) 951-9314 (Fax)www.iasm.orginfor@iasm.orgInternational Code Council (consolidatedBuilding Officials and CodeAdministrators International,International Conference of BuildingOfficials and Southern BuildingCode Congress Int’l in 2003)James Witt, executive director5203 Leesburg Pike, Suite 600Falls Church, Va. 22041(703) 931-4533(703) 379-1546 (Fax)www.iccsafe.orgwebmaster@iccsafe.orgInternational Council of Employersof Bricklayers and AlliedCraftworkers/ICEMatthew Aquiline, executive director1730 Rhode Island Ave., NW, Ste. 419Washington, D.C. 20036(202) 457-9040www.imiweb.orgmaquiline@icebac.orgInternational FacilityManagement AssociationDavid J. Brady, president1 E. Greenway Plaza, Suite 1100Houston, Texas 77046(713) 623-4362(713) 623-6124 (Fax)www.ifma.orgifmahq@ifma.orgInternational Federation ofProfessional and TechnicalEngineersGregory J. Juneman, president8630 Fenton Street, Suite 400Silver Spring, Md. 20910(301) 565-9016(301) 565-0018 (Fax)www.ifpte.orgInternational Firestop Council10 Prancing RoadChelmsford, Mass. 01824(877) 241-3769(978) 250-9788 (Fax)www.firestop.orginfor@firestop.orgInternational Masonry Institute/IMIJoan Calambokidis, president42 East StreetAnnapolis, Md. 21401(410) 280-1305(310) 261-2855 (Fax)www.imiweb.orghbradford@imiweb.orgInternational RiskManagement Institute/IRMIJack Gibson, president72 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

12222 Merit Drive, Suite 1450Dallas, Texas 75251(972) 960-7693(972) 371-5120 (Fax)www.irmi.comLLean Construction InstituteGregory A. Howell, executive directorP.O. Box 1003Ketchum, Idaho 83340(208) 726-9989(707) 248-1369 (Fax)www.leanconstruction.orgghowell@leanconstruction.orgMMason ContractorsAssociation of AmericaMichael Adelizzi, executive director33 S. Roselle RoadSchaumburg, Ill. 60193(847) 301-0001(847) 301-1110 (Fax)www.masoncontractors.orgmadelizzi@masoncontractors.orgThe Masonry SocietyPhil Samblanet, executive director3970 Broadway, Suite 201-DBoulder, Colo. 80304(303) 939-9700(303) 541-9215 (Fax)www.masonrysociety.orginfo@masonrysociety.orgMechanical ContractorsAssociation of America/MCAAJohn Gentille, executive v.p.1385 Piccard DriveRockville, Md. 20850(301) 869-5800(301) 990-9690 (Fax)www.mcaa.orginfo@mcaa.orgThe MolesGerard Carty, executive director577 Chestnut Ridge RoadWoodcliff Lake, N.J. 07675(201) 930-1923(201) 930-8501 (Fax)Multihazard MitigationCouncil/MMCClaret Heider, executive director1090 Vermont Ave. N.W., Suite 700Washington, D.C. 20005(202) 289-7800(202) 289-1092 (Fax)www.iai-na.comnibs@nibs.orgNNational Asphalt PavementAssociation/NAPAArden Sell, executive directorNapa Building5100 Forbes Blvd.Lanham, Md.20706(301) 731-4748(301) 731-4621 (Fax)www.hotmix.orgnapa@hotmix.orgNational Association ofDemolition Contractors/NADCMichael R. Taylor, executive director16 N. Franklin Street, Suite 203Doylestown, Pa. 18901(215) 348-4949(215) 348-8422 (Fax)www.demolitionassociation.cominfo@demolitionassociation.comNational Associationof Homebuilders/NAHBJerry Howard, executive v.p. and CEO1201 15th Street, NWWashington, D.C. 20005(202) 266-8200(202) 266-8559 (Fax)www.nahb.orgNational Associationof Minority ContractorsArthur M. Jolivet, executive director666 11th Street N.W.Washington, D.C. 20001(202) 347-8259(202) 628-1876 (Fax)www.namconline.orgNational Association ofReinforcing Steel ContractorsFred H. Codding, executive director10382 Main StreetFairfax, Va. 22030(703) 591-1870(703) 591-1895 (Fax)www.narsc.comNational Associationof Surety Bond ProducersRichard A. Foss, executive v.p.5225 Wisconsin Ave. N.W., Suite 600Washington, D.C. 20015(202) 686-3700(202) 626-3656 (Fax)www.nasbp.orgNational Associationof Tower ErectorsPatrick Howey, administrator8 2nd Street S.E.Watertown, S.D. 57201(888) 882-5865(605) 886-5184 (Fax)www.natehome.comNational Association ofWomen in Construction/NAWICDelia A. Hughs, executive director327 S. Adams StreetFort Worth, Texas 76104(817) 877-5551(817) 877-0324 (Fax)www.nawic.orgnawic@nawic.orgNational Building MuseumMartin Moeller, senior vice president401 F Street N.W.Washington, D.C. 20001(202) 272-2448www.nbm.orgwebmaster@nbm.orgNational Center forAsphalt TechnologyE. Ray Brown, director277 Technology ParkwayAuburn, Ala. 36830(334) 844-6228(334) 844-6248 (Fax)www.ncat.usctapley@eng.auburn.eduNational Center for ConstructionEducation and Research/NCCERDon Whyte, president3600 NW 43rd Street, Bldg GGainesville, Fla. 32606(352) 334-0911(352) 334-0932 (Fax)www.nccer.orginfo@nccer.orgNational ConcreteMasonry AssociationMark Hogan, president13750 Sunrise Valley DriveHerndon, Va. 20171(703) 713-1900(703) 713-1910 (Fax)www.ncma.orgNational Conference of Stateson Building Codes and StandardsRobert Wible, executive office505 Huntmar Park Drive, Suite 210Hearndon, Va. 20170(703) 437-0100(703) 481-3596 (Fax)www.ncsbcs.comrwible@ncsbcs.orgNational Corrugated SteelPipe Association/NCSPAJennifer Raney, executive director13140 Coit Road, Suite 230Dallas, Texas 75240(972) 233-9107(972) 490-4219 (Fax)www.ncspa.orgcsp@ncspa.orgNational Council of ArchitecturalRegistration Boards/NCARBLenora Lucey, executive director1801 K Street N.W, Suite 1100KWashington, D.C. 20006(202) 783-6500(202) 783-0290 (Fax)www.ncarb.comNational Council of StructuralEngineers Associations/NCSEAGreg Robinson, director203 N. Wabash, Suite 2010Chicago, Ill. 60601(312) 372-8035(312) 372-5673 (Fax)www.ncsea.comoffice@ncsea.comNational Drilling Association/NDAPatrick O’Brien, executive director11001 Danka Way North, Suite 1St. Petersburg, Fla. 33716(727) 577-5006(727) 577-5012 (Fax)www.nda4u.cominfo@nada.comNational Electrical ContractorsAssociation/NECAEmilio Rouco, communication dir.3 Bethsda Metro Center, Ste. 1100Bethesda, Md. 20814(301) 657-3110(301) 215-4500 (Fax)www.necanet,orgwebmaster@necanet.orgNFPA International(formerly the NationalFire Protection Association)Corinne Broderick, chairman1 Battery Arch ParkQuincy, Mass. 02269(617) 770-3000(617) 770-0700 (Fax)www.nfpa.orgwebmaster@nfpa.orgNational Instituteof Building SciencesNeil Sandler, executive director1090 Vermont Ave. N.W., Suite 700Washington, D.C. 20005(202) 289-7800(202) 289-1092 (Fax)www.nibs.orgnibs@nibs.orgNational Institute of Steel DetailersValerie Montes, administrator7700 Edgewater Drive, Suite 670Oakland, Calif. 94621(510) 568-3741(510) 568-3781 (Fax)www.nisd.orgnisd@pacbell.netNational Railroad Constructionand Maintenance AssociationChuck Baker, executive director122 C Street N.W., Suite 850Washington, D.C. 20001(202) 715-2920(202) 318-0867 (Fax)www.nrcma.orginfo@nrcma.orgNational Ready MixedConcrete AssociationRobert A. Garbini, president900 Spring StreetSilver Spring, Md. 20910(301) 587-1400(301) 585-4219 (Fax)www.narmca.orgNational Roofing ContractorsAssociation/NRCAWilliam A. Good, executive director10255 W. Higgins Road, Suite 600Rosemont, Ill. 60018(847) 299-9070(847) 299-1183www.nrca.netnrca@nrca.netNational Society ofProfessional Engineers/NSPEAlbert C. Gray, CAE, executive director1420 King StreetAlexandria, Va. 22314(703) 684-2800(703) 836-4875 (Fax)www.nspe.orgcustomer.service@nspe.org2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 73

Major Professional OrganizationsNational Stone Association/NSAKelly Snyder, communication dir.1605 Kings StreetArlington, Va. 22314(703) 525-8788(703) 525-7782 (Fax)www.arcat.cominfo@aggregates.orgNational Trustfor Historic PreservationBeth Newburger, communication dir.1785 Massachusetts Ave. NWWashington, D.C. 20036(202) 588-6000(202) 588-6038 (Fax)www.nationaltrust.orginfo@nationaltrust.orgNational Utility ContractorsAssociation/NUCABill Hillman, CEO4301 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 360Arlington, Va. 22203(703) 358-9300(703) 358-9307 (Fax)www.nuca.comlinda@nuca.comNEA: The Association of UnionConstructors (formerly the NationalErectors Association)Todd Mustard, communication dir.1501 Lee Highway, Suite 202Arlington, Va. 22209(703) 524-3336(703) 524-3364 (Fax)www.nea-online.orgtmustard@nea-nmapc.orgNorth American Societyfor Trenchless Technology/NASTTJohn Hemphill, executive director1655N Ft. Myer Drive, Suite 700Arlington, Va. 22209(703) 351-5252(703) 739-6672 (Fax)www.nastt.orgPPainting & DecoratingContractors of America/PDCABarbara Bivens, communication dir.3913 Old Lee Highway, 2nd FloorFairfax, Va. 22030(314) 514-7322(714) 890-5865 (Fax)www.pdca.orgThe Pile DrivingContractors AssociationTanya Goble, executive directorP.O. Box 19527Boulder, Colo. 80308(303) 517-0421(303) 443-3871 (Fax)www.piledrivers.orginfor@piledriver.orgPipeline ContractorsAssociation/PCAPatrick Tielborg, managing director1700 Pacific Avenue, Suite 4100Dallas, Texas75201(214) 969-2700(214) 969-2705 (Fax)www.plca.orgPlastics Pipe Institute/PPIMichael Ball, marketing director1825 Connecticut Ave. N.W., Ste. 680Washington, D.C. 20009(202) 462-9607(202) 462-9779 (Fax)www.plasticpipe.orgPlumbing-Heating-CoolingContractors National AssociationCharlotte Perham, communication dir.180 S. Washington StreetFalls Church, Va. 22046(703) 237-8100(703) 237-7442 (Fax)www.phccweb.orgnaphcc@naphcc.orgPortland Cement Association/PCABruce D. McIntosh, managing director5420 Old Orchard RoadSkokie, Ill. 60077(847) 966-6200(847) 966-8389 (Fax)www.cement.orgPower and CommunicationContractors AssociationTim Wagner, executive vice president103 Oronoco StreetAlexandria, Va. 22314(703) 212-7734(703) 548-3733 (Fax)www.pccaweb.orgPrecast PrestressedConcrete Institute/PCIBrian D. Goodmiller, marketing dir.209 W. Jackson Blvd., Suite 500Chicago, Ill. 60606(312) 786-0300(312) 786-0353 (Fax)www.pci.orginfo@pci.orgProfessional ServicesManagement AssociationRonald Worth, executive director99 Canal Center Plaza, Suite 330Alexandria, Va. 22314(703) 739-0277(703) 549-2498 (Fax)www.psmanet.orginfo@pasmanet.orgProfessional Womenin Construction/PWCPeter Janis, executive director315 E. 56th StreetNew York, N.Y. 10022(212) 486-7745(212) 486-0228 (Fax)www.pwcusa.orgpwcusa@aol.comProject Management InstituteGregory Balestrero, executive directorFour Campus BoulevardNewton Square, Pa. 19073(610) 356-4600(610) 356-4647 (Fax)www.pmi.orgpmihq@pmiRRoof Consultants InstituteJames R. Birdsong, exec. dir.1500 Sunday Drive, Suite 204Raleigh, N.C. 27607(919) 859-0742(919) 859-1328 (Fax)www.rci-online.orgrci@rci-online.orgSSAVE International (formerlySociety of American ValueEngineers)Kim Fantaci, executive136 South Keowee StreetDayton, Ohio 45402(937) 224-7283(937) 222-5794 (Fax)www.value-eng.orginfo@value-eng.orgScaffold Industry Association/SIABruce G. Powell, executive director20335 Ventura Blvd., Suite 310Woodland Hills, Calif. 91364(818) 610-0320(818) 610-0323 (Fax)www.scafod.orginfo@scaffold.orgSheet Metal & Air ConditioningContractor’s NationalAssociation/SMACNAJohn Sroka, executive vice president4201 Lafayette Center DriveChantilly, Va. 20151(703) 803-2980(703) 803-3722 (Fax)www.smacna.orginfo@smacna.orgSkyscraper MuseumCarol Willis, founder39 Battery PlaceNew York, N.Y. 10280(212) 968-1961www.skyscraper.orginfo@skyscraper.orgSociety for MarketingProfessional ServicesRonald Worth, CEO99 Canal Center Plaza, Suite 330Alexandria, Va. 22314(703) 549-6117(703) 549-2498www.smps.orgSociety of American MilitaryEngineers/SAMERobert D. Wolff, executive dir.607 Prince StreetAlexandria, Va. 22314(703) 549-3800(703) 684-0231 (Fax)www.same.orgsame@same.orgSpecialized Carriers& Rigging AssociationJennifer Callahan, dir. comm.2750 Prosperity Avenue, Suite 620Fairfax, Va. 22031(703) 698-0291(703) 698-0297 (Fax)www.scranet.orginfo@scranet.orgSteel ErectorsAssociation of AmericaPamela Pocock, executive director2216 W. Meadowview RoadGreensboro, N.C. 27407(336) 294-8880(413) 208-6936 (Fax)www.seaa.netexecutivedirector@seaa.netSteel Joist Institute3127 10th Avenue North Ext.Myrtle Beach, S.C. 29577(843) 626-1995(843) 626-5565 (Fax)www.steeljoist.orgsji@steeljoist.orgSurety Association of AmericaSeth Mones, vice president1101 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 800Washington, D.C. 20036(202) 463-0600(202) 463-0606 (Fax)www.surety.orgsmones@surety.orgSustainable BuildingsIndustry Council/SBICHelen English, executive director1112 16th Street, Suite 240Washington, D.C. 20036(202) 628-7400(202) 393-5043 (Fax)www.sbicouncil.orgsbi@sbicouncil.orgTThe InfrastructureSecurity PartnershipLarry Roth, executive director1801 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Va. 20191(703) 295-6234(703) 295-6276 (Fax)www.tisp.orgTilt-Up Concrete AssociationJim Baty, communication dir.113 First Street WestMount Vernon, Iowa 52314(319) 895-6911(319) 895-3330 (Fax)www.tilt-up.orgTransportation Research Board/TRBRobert Skinner, executive director500 Fifth Street N.W.Washington, D.C. 20001(202) 334-2934(202) 334-2003 (Fax)www.trfweb.org74 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

UU.S. Green Buildings CouncilChristine Ervin, CEO1015 18th Street, NW, Suite 805Washington, D.C. 20036(202) 828-7422(202) 828-5110 (Fax)www.usgbc.orginfo@usgbc.orgU.S. Society on Dams/USSD(formerly the U.S. Committee on Large Dams)Larry D. Stephens, executive director1616 17th Street, Suite 483Denver, Colo. 80202(303) 628-5430(303) 628-5431 (Fax)www.ussdams.orgUnderground Contractors Association/UCADavid Benjamin, executive director500 Park Boulevard, Suite 154CItasca, Ill. 60143(630) 467-1919(630) 773-4873 (Fax)www.uca.orgdbenjamin@uca.orgUnionsInternational Association of Heat and FrostInsulators and Asbestos WorkersJames Grogan, general president9602 Martin Luther King HighwayLanham, MD 20706(301) 731-9101(301) 731-5058 (Fax)www.insulators.orgInternational Brotherhood of Boilermakers, IronShip Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers and HelpersCharles Jones, international president753 State Avenue, #565Kansas City, MO 66101(913) 371-2640(913) 281-8101 (Fax)www.boilermakers.orgInternational Union of Bricklayersand Allied CraftworkersJohn Flynn, president1776 Eye Street N.W.Washington, D.C. 20006(202) 783-3788(202) 383-3199 (Fax)www.bacweb.orgUnited Brotherhood of Carpentersand Joiners of AmericaDouglas McCarron, general president101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20001(202) 546-6206(202) 543-5724 (Fax)www.carpenters.orgInternational Brotherhood of Electrical WorkersEdwin Hill, international president1125 15th Street, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20005(202) 833-7000(202) 728-6099 (Fax)www.ibew.orgWWater Environment Federation/WEFWilliam J. Bertera, executive director601 Wythe StreetAlexandria, Va. 22314(703) 684-2400(703) 684-2492 (Fax)www.wef.orgwebfeedback@wef.orgWestern Council ofConstruction Consumers/WCCCAndrew C. Wiktorowicz, director31320 Via Colinas, Suite 120Westlake Village, Calif. 91362(818) 735-4733(818) 735-4738 (Fax)www.wccc.orgWestern Wood Products AssociationButch Bernhardt, director522 SW Fifth Avenue, Suite 500Portland, O.R. 97204(503) 224-3930(503) 224-3934 (Fax)www.wwpa.orginfo@wwpa.orgInternational Union of Elevator ConstructorsDana Brigham, general president7154 Columbia Gateway DriveColumbia, MD 21046(410) 953-6150(410) 953-6169 (Fax)www.iuec.orgInternational Association of Bridge, Structural,Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron WorkersJoseph Hunt, general president1750 New York Avenue, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20006(202) 383-4800(202) 638-4856 (Fax)www.ironworkers.orgLaborers’ International Union of North AmericaTerence O’Sullivan, general president905 16th Street, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20036(202) 737-8320(202) 737-2754 (Fax)www.liuna.orgInternational Union of Operating EngineersFrank Hanley, general president1125 17th Street, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20036(202) 429-9100(202) 778-2619 (Fax)www.iuoe.orgOperative Plasterers’ and Cement Masons’International Association of the United Statesand CanadaJohn Dougherty, general president14405 Laurel PlaceLaurel, MD 20707(301) 470-4200(301) 470-2502 (Fax)www.opcmia.orgWomen Construction Owners and Executives USAMarilyn Thurau, presidentP.O. Box 883034San Francisco, Calif. 94188(925) 944-3331Work Zone SafetyInformation Clearinghousec/o Texas Transportation InstituteTAMU 3135College Station, Texas 77843(888) 447-5556www.wzsafety.tamu.edInternational Brotherhood ofPainters and Allied TradesJames Williams, general president1750 New York Avenue, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20006(202) 637-0700(202) 637-0771 (Fax)www.iupat.orgUnited Union of Roofers, Waterproofersand Allied WorkersJohn Martini, international president1660 L Street, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20036(202) 463-7663(202) 463-6906 (Fax)www.uinionroofers.comSheet Metal Workers’ International AssociationMichael Sullivan, general president1750 New York Avenue, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20006(202) 783-5880(202) 662-0894 (Fax)www.smwia.orgInternational Brotherhood of TeamstersJames Hoffa, general president25 Louisiana Avenue, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20001(202) 624-6800(202) 624-8106 (Fax)www.teamster.orgUnited Association of Journeymen andApprentices of the Plumbing and Pipe FittingIndustry of the United States and CanadaWlliam Hite, general president901 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20001(202) 628-5823(202) 347-4938 (Fax)www.ua.org2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 75

Government AgenciesU.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERSMaj. Gen. Carl A. Strock, commanding generaland chief of engineersˆ441 G Street N.W.Washington, D.C. 20314202-761-0008 (Chief of Staff)www.usace.army.milGreat Lakes & Ohio River DivisionBrig. Gen. Steven R. Hawkins, commanderP.O. Box 1159Cincinnati, Ohio 45201513-684-3002Mississippi Valley DivisionBrig. Gen. Robert Crear, commanderP.O. Box 80Vicksburg, Miss. 39181601-634-5750North Atlantic DivisionBrig. Gen. Bo Temple, commander302 General Lee Ave.Ft. Hamilton MILCOMBrooklyn, N.Y. 11252718-765-7000Northwestern DivisionBrig. Gen. William Grisoli, commanderP.O. Box 2870Portland, Ore. 97208503-808-3700Pacific Ocean DivisionBrig. Gen. Robert L. Davis, commanderBldg. 230Fort Shafter, Hawaii 96858808-438-1500South Atlantic DivisionCol. Michael J. Walsh, commander60 Forsyth St. S.W.Atlanta, Ga. 30303404-562-5006South Pacific DivisionCol. Joseph Schroedel, commander333 Market St.San Francisco, Calif. 94105415-977-8322Southwestern DivisionCol. Jeffrey J. Doiko, commander1000 Commerce St.Dallas, Texas 75242NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND (NAVFAC)Rear Admiral Michael K. Loose, commander1322 Patterson Ave. S.E.Washington, D.C. 20374202-685-9499Lt. Cmdr. Sean P. Kelly, public affairs officer202-685-91271st Naval Construction Division (The Seabees)Rear Adm. Charles R. Kubic, commander1310 8th St.Norfolk, Va. 23521Daryl C. Smith, public affairs officer757-462-7666AIR FORCE CIVIL ENGINEERGen. L. Dean Fox, Air Force civil engineer1260 Air Force PentagonWashington, D.C. 20330Col. Gus Elliott, commanderAir Force Civil Engineer Support Agency139 Barnes DriveTyndall AFB, Fla. 32403850-283-6114Master Sgt. Michael Ward, public affairs officermichael.ward@tyndall.af.milGENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATIONBob Hixon, director of construction and engineeringPublic Buildings Service800 F Street N.W.Washington, D.C. 20405202-208-7206Ed Feiner, chief architect1800 F Street NWWashington, D.C. 20405202-501-1888The GSA’s Public Buildings Service is the landlordfor the federal government’s civilian agencies,managing an inventory of 330 million sq ftof work space for 1 million federal employees.Through its Design and Construction Excellenceprograms, GSA engages private-sector architects,construction managers and engineers todesign and build courthouses, border stations,federal office buildings and laboratories, as wellas repair and renovate existing facilities. A/E/Cservices are coordinated nationwide for thePublic Buildings Service through the Office ofthe Chief Architect.FEDERAL BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIESSupport Desk phone: 877-472-3779www.fbo.govFederal Business Opportunities is a Website containingsolicitations for all federal governmentcontract opportunities for goods and servicesworth more than $25,000. Vendors use it to findspecifics about contracting opportunities andrequirements, such as documentation, beforethey contact the contracting officer at the appropriateagency. (FBO replaced the CommerceBusiness Daily newspaper, which ceased publicationin January 2002.)U.S. DEPT. OF TRANSPORTATIONFederal Highway Administration (FHWA)Office of Infrastructure202-366-0371Oversees bridge technology, pavementtechnology, contract administration andasset management.Office of Operations202-366-1993Handles transportation operations, work zonemobility team, road weather management team,emergency management team, and Manual onUniform Traffic Control Devices.Federal Lands Highway Office202-366-9494Office of Program AdministrationClaretta Duren202-366-4636claretta.duren@fhwa.dot.govHandles state highway bid price indexes andPrice Trends Report, which gives typical costsper mile.FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATIONOffice of Planning and EnvironmentCharlotte Adams, associate administrator202-366-4033Office of Program ManagementHiram Walker, associate administrator202-366-4020Office of Research,Demonstration and InnovationBarbara Sisson, associate administrator202-366-4052Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)Airport Engineering DivisionPhone: 202-267-7669U.S. DEPT. OF STATEBureau of Overseas Building Operations (OBO)(formerly the Office ofForeign Building Programs)Gen. Charles E. Williams (ret.), directorIsaias Alba, branch chief, Policy Division703-875-5748U.S. DEPT. OF THE INTERIORBureau of Reclamationwww.usbr.govNational Park ServiceDolores Fernandez, chief of contracting services12795 West Alameda WayP.O. Box 25287Denver, Colo. 80225303-969-2114www.nps.govU.S. DEPT. OF ENERGY (DOE)Energy Information Administration202-586-8800www.eia.doe.govEnergy statistics.Office of Environmental Management202-586-7709www.em.doe.govManages the cleanup work at the nation’snuclear weapons complexes.National Laboratories and Technical CentersEach lab hires contractors independently.A list of all DOE labs is posted at:www.phonebook.doe.gov/natlabs.htmlU.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ADMINISTRATIONU.S. EPA Region 1(Conn., Mass., Maine, N.H., R.I., Vt.)1 Congress St.Boston, Mass. 02114617-918-1111U.S. EPA Region 2(N.J., N.Y., P.R., Va.)290 BroadwayNew York, N.Y. 10007212-637-5000U.S. EPA Region 3—Mid-Atlantic(Washington, D.C., Del., Md., Pa., Va., W. Va.)1650 Arch St.Philadelphia, Pa. 19103215-814-5000U.S. EPA Region 4—Southeast(Ala., Fla., Ga., Ky., Miss., N.C., S.C., Tenn.)61 Forsyth St. S.W.Atlanta, Ga. 30303404-562-9900U.S. EPA Region 5(Ill., Ind., Mich., Minn., Ohio, Wis.)77 West Jackson Blvd.Chicago, Ill. 60604312-353-2000U.S. EPA Region 6 – South Central(Ark., La., N.M., Okla., Texas)1445 Ross Ave.Dallas, Texas 75202214-665-644476 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

U.S. EPA Region 7(Iowa, Kan., Mo., Neb.)901 North 5th St.Kansas City, Kan. 66101913-551-7003U.S. EPA Region 8—Mountains & Plains(Conn., Mont., N.D., S.D., Utah, Wyo.)18th St.Denver, Colo. 80202303-312-6312U.S. EPA Region 9—The Pacific Southwest(Ariz., Calif., Hawaii, Nev., Guam)75 Hawthorne St.San Francisco, Calif. 94105415-947-8000U.S. EPA Region 10—The Pacific Northwest(Alaska, Idaho, Ore., Wash.)1200 Sixth Ave.Seattle, Wash. 98101206-553-1200U.S. DEPT. OF COMMERCEForest Products and Building Materials202-482-0376Gary Stanley, division directorPatrick MacAuley, senior building products specialist(cement, gypsum board, insulation, flooringproducts, pipe)202-482-0134Brian Woodward, panel products specialist202-482-0375Chris Twaork, hardwood and softwood lumber202-482-0377Russell Adise, construction services202-482-3575Charles Bell, economist, metals division (statisticson steel products)202-482-0608Links to U.S. construction statistics are listed at:http://www.ita.doc.gov/td/forestprod/construction/crdom.htmCENSUS BUREAU“2002 Census of Construction Industries”—published in 2004. Issued every five years, thisis the federal government's major compilation ofstatistics concerning the construction industry. Itis posted at:http://www.census.gov/epcd/www/97EC23.HTMMary Susan Bucci, branch chief, constructionand minerals301-763-4680Mike Blake, section chief, construction301-763-4686Mike Davis, branch chief, construction expenditures301-763-1605Statistics on construction-put-in-place andregional construction activity.Erica Filipek, branch chief, residential construction301-763-5160Statistics on housing starts and housing permits.Nathaniel Shelton, branch chief, primary goodsindustries301-763-6614Statistics on construction equipment shipments.Julie Harding, services branch301-763-5181Statistics on engineering services.U.S. DEPT. OF LABOROffice of Federal ContractCompliance ProgramsU.S. Department of Labor200 Constitution Ave. NWWashington, D.C. 20210202-693-0101Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationBerrien Zettler, deputy directorDirectorate of ConstructionOccupational Safety & HealthAdministration (OSHA)200 Constitution Ave. NW, Room N3468Washington, D.C. 20210Phone: 202-693-2020Berrien.zettler@osha.govBureau of Labor Statistics2 Massachusetts Ave. NEWashington, D.C. 20212202-691-5902www.bls.govJohn Mullins, industry analyst, construction202-691-6555cesinfo@bls.govJosh Duffin, economist, current employmentstatistics 202-691-5468Current unemployment statistics202-691-6378Job openings and labor opportunity statistics202-691-5870SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATIONwww.sba.govOffice of Government ContractingSBA certifies small businesses that meet specificsocial, economic, ownership and control ownershipcriteria. Once certified, the firms areadded to an online registry of SmallDisadvantaged Business (SDB)-certified firmsmaintained in PRO-Net. Certified firms remain onthe list for three years. Contracting officers andlarge business prime contractors may searchPRO-Net for potential suppliers.BUREAU OF PRISONSScott Higgins, chiefDesign & Construction Branch320 First Street N.W.Washington, D.C. 20534202-514-5942U.S. COMMERCIAL SERVICEwww.buyusa.govThe Commercial Service assists U.S. firms inexporting by providing expert counseling andadvice, information on overseas markets, internationalcontacts, and advocacy services. TheCommercial Service has both an extensive networkof U.S. offices and many staffers stationedin U.S. embassies abroad.BISNIS (Business Information Service for the NewlyIndependent States)www.bisnis.doc.govThe U.S. government’s primary resource centerfor U.S. firms exploring business opportunities inRussia and 11 other former Soviet bloc states(all but the Baltic nations). BISNIS provides U.S.companies with the latest market reports, exportand investment leads, and strategies for doingbusiness in these countries. International TradeSpecialist Irina Mitchell specializes in helpingconstruction industry firms.Phone: 202-482-3729.U.S. TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCY202-875-4357Organizes conferences devoted to helping U.S.engineering and construction firms get overseasjobs. “USTDA Pipeline” newsletter(www.tda.gov/pipeline/index.html) lists upcomingconferences and events where attendeescan meet foreign government officials and projectsponsors.OVERSEAS PRIVATE INVESTMENT CORP. (OPIC)Opic InfoLine 202-336-8799www.opic.govSmall Business Hotline 800-225-5722OPIC provides political risk insurance and terrorismrisk insurance to U.S. companies. It alsoprovides financing through direct loans and loanguarantees.NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDSAND TECHNOLOGY (NIST)Building & Fire Research Laboratory100 Bureau DriveGaithersburg, Md. 20899Jack Snell, director301-975-5900Materials & Construction Research DivisionShyam Sunder, chief301-975-6713Building Environment DivisionGeorge Kelly, chief301-975-5850Fire Research DivisionWilliam Grosshandler, chief301-975-2310U.S. CONFERENCE OF MAYORS1620 I St. N.W.Washington, D.C. 20006202-293-7330www.usmayors.orgNATIONAL GOVERNORS ASSOCIATION444 North Capitol St. N.W.Washington, D.C. 20001202-624-5300www.nga.orgAMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY &TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS (AASHTO)444 North Capitol St. N.W.Washington, D.C. 20001202-624-5800www.aashto.orgASSOCIATION OF STATE DAM SAFETY OFFICIALS450 Old Vine Street, Flr. 2Lexington, Ky. 40507-1544Tel: 859 257 5140Fax: 859 323 1958E-mail: info@damsafety.orgWeb: http://www.damsafety.orgContact: Susan Sorrell, Tel: 859/257-5146 or859/257-5140; sasorrell@damsafety.orgNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF STATES ON BUILDINGCODES AND STANDARDS (NCSBCS)505 Huntmar Park DriveHerndon, Va. 20170703-437-0100www.ncsbcs.org2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 77

Departments of TransportationAlabama Dept. of TransportationJoe McInnes, Transportation Director1409 Coliseum Blvd.Montgomery, Ala. 36130334-242-6356334-262-8041 (Fax)www.dot.state.al.usAlaska Dept. of Transportation &Public FacilitiesMike Barton, Commissioner3132 Channel DriveJuneau, Alaska 99801-7898907-465-3900907-586-8365 (Fax)www.dot.state.ak.usArizona Dept. of TransportationVictor Mendez, Director206 S. 17th AvenuePhoenix, Ariz. 85007602-712-7011602-712-8315 (Fax)www.dot.state.az.usArkansas Dept. of TransportationDan Flowers, Director of Highways &TransportationState Highway Dept. Building10324 Interstate 30Little Rock, Ark. 72209501-569-2211501-569-2400 (Fax)www.ahtd.state.ar.usCalifornia Dept. of TransportationWill Kempton, Director ofTransportation1120 N StreetP. O. Box 942673Sacramento, Calif. 94273-0001916-654-5266916-654-6608 (Fax)www.dot.ca.govColorado Dept. of TransportationTom Norton, Executive Director4201 E. Arkansas Ave.Denver, Colo. 80222303-757-9011303-757-9656 (Fax)www.dot.state.co.usConnecticut Dept. of TransportationJames F. Byrnes Jr., Commissioner2800 Berlin TurnpikeNewington, Conn. 06131-7546860-594-3000860-594-3008 (Fax)www.ct.gov/dot/siteDelaware Dept. of TransportationNathan Hayward, III, SecretaryHighway Administration CenterBay Road, Route 113Dover, Del. 19903302-760-2000302-739-4329 (Fax)www.deldot.netDistrict of ColumbiaDept. of Public WorksDan Tangherlini, Director, Division ofTransportationFrank D. Reeves Center2000 14th Street N.W., 6th FloorWashington, D.C. 20009202-673-6813202-671-0642 (Fax)www.ddot.dc.govFlorida Dept. of TransportationJose Abreu, Secretary ofTransportation605 Suwannee StreetTallahassee, Fla. 32399-0450850-414-4100850-414-5201 (Fax)www.dot.state.fl.usGeorgia Dept. of TransportationHarold Linnenkohl, Commissioner2 Capitol SquareAtlanta, Ga. 30334404-656-5267404-463-6336 (Fax)www.dot.state.ga.usHawaii Dept. of TransportationRodney K. Haraga, Director ofTransportation869 Punchbowl StreetHonolulu, Hawaii 96813-5097808-587-2150808-587-2167 (Fax)www.hawaii.gov/dot/Idaho Transportation Dept.David Ekern, Director3311 W. State StreetBoise, Idaho 83707208-334-8000208-334-3858 (Fax)www.itd.idaho.govIllinois Dept. of TransportationTimothy W. Martin, Secretary2300 S. Dirksen ParkwaySpringfield, Ill. 62764217-782-5597217-782-6828 (Fax)www.dot.state.il.usIndiana Dept. of TransportationJ. Bryan Nicol, CommissionerIndiana GovernmentCenter North100 N. Senate AvenueIndianapolis, Ind. 46204-2249317-232-3166317-232-0238 (Fax)www.in.gov/dotIowa Dept. of TransportationMark Wandro, Director800 Lincoln WayAmes, Iowa 50010515-239-1101515-239-1639 (Fax)www.dot.state.ia.usKansas Dept. of TransportationDebra L. Miller, Secretary ofTransportation915 Harrison StreetTopeka, Kan. 66603785-296-3585785-296-0287 (Fax)www.ksdot.govKentucky Transportation CabinetMaxwell C. Bailey, TransportationSecretary200 Metro StreetFrankfort, Ky. 40622502-564-4890502-564-4809 (Fax)www.kytc.state.ky.usLouisiana Dept. of Transportationand DevelopmentJohnny B. Bradberry, Ph.D., Secretary1201 Capitol Access Rd.Baton Rouge, La. 70804-9245225-379-1201225-379-1851 (Fax)www.dotd.state.la.usMaine Dept. of TransportationDavid Cole, CommissionerTransportation Building16 State House StationAugusta, Maine 04333-0016207-624-3000207-624-3001 (Fax)www.maine.gov/mdotMaryland Dept. of TransportationRobert Flanagan, Secretary ofTransportationOffice of the Secretary7201 Corp. CenterHanover, Md. 21076410-865-1000410-865-1334 (Fax)www.mdot.state.md.usMassachusetts Highway Dept.John Cogliano, Commissioner10 Park PlazaBoston, Mass. 02116-3973617-973-7000617-973-8040 (Fax)www.mhd.state.ma.usMassachusetts Executive Office ofTransportation and ConstructionDaniel A. Grabauskas, Secretary10 Park Plaza, Suite 3510Boston, Mass. 02116-3969617-973-7000617-523-6454 (Fax)www.dot.state.ma.usMichigan Dept. of TransportationGloria Jeff, DirectorState Transportation Building425 West OttawaLansing, Mich. 48909517-373-2090517-373-0167 (Fax)www.michigan.gov/mdotMinnesota Dept. of TransportationCarol Molnau, Commissioner395 John Ireland BoulevardRoom 411, Transportation BuildingSt. Paul, Minn. 55155651-296-3000651-296-3587 (Fax)www.dot.state.mn.usMississippi Dept. of TransportationBrenda Vanover Znechko, ExecutiveDirectorMDOT Administration Building401 North West Street10th FloorJackson, Miss. 39215-1850601-359-7001601-359-7050 (Fax)www.mdot.state.ms.usMissouri Dept. of TransportationPete Rahn, DirectorHighway and Transportation Building105 West Capitol AvenueJefferson City, Mo. 65102573-751-2551573-751-6555 (Fax)www.dot.state.mo.usMontana Dept. of TransportationDave Galt, Director2701 Prospect AvenueHelena, Mont. 59620406-444-6200406-444-7643 (Fax)www.dot.state.mt.usNebraska Dept. of RoadsJohn L. Craig, Director and StateEngineer1500 Nebraska Highway 2Lincoln, Neb. 65802402-471-4567402-479-4325 (Fax)www.nebraskatransportation.orgNevada Dept. of TransportationJeff Fontaine, P.E., Director1263 S. Stewart StreetCarson City, Nev. 89712775-888-7000775-888-7115 (Fax)www.nevadadot.comNew Hampshire Dept.of TransportationCarol Murray, CommissionerJohn O. Morton Bldg.Hazen DriveConcord, N.H. 03301-0483603-271-3734603-271-3914 (Fax)www.state.nh.us/dotNew Jersey Dept.of TransportationJack Lettiere, Commissioner1035 Parkway Avenue, CN-600Trenton, N.J. 08625609-530-2000609-530-8294 (Fax)www.dot.state.nj.us/transportationNew Mexico State Highwayand Transportation Dept.Rhonda Faught, SecretaryState Highway Dept. Building1120 Cerrilos RoadSanta Fe, N.M. 87504505-827-5100505-989-7361 (Fax)www.nmshtd.state.nm.usNew York Dept.of TransportationJoseph H. Boardman, CommissionerBuilding 5, State Office CampusAlbany, N.Y. 12232518-457-6195518-457-5583 (Fax)www.dot.state.ny.usNorth Carolina Dept.of TransportationW. Lyndo Tippett, Secretary1. S. Wilmington StreetRaleigh, N.C. 27611919-733-2520919-733-9150 (Fax)www.dot.state.nc.usNorth Dakota Dept.of TransportationDavid Sprynczynatyk, Director608 E. Boulevard AvenueBismarck, N.D. 58505-0700701-328-2500701-328-4545 (Fax)www.dot.state.nd.us78 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

Ohio Dept. of TransportationGordon Proctor, Director ofTransportation1980 West Broad StreetColumbus, Ohio 43223614-466 7170614-644-8662 (Fax)www.dot.state.oh.usOklahoma Dept. of TransportationPhil Tomlinson, SecretaryGary Ridley, Director200 N.E. 21st StreetOklahoma City, Okla. 73105405-522-8000www.okladot.state.ok.usOregon Dept. of TransportationBruce Warner, Director355 Capitol Street N.E.Salem, Ore. 97310503-986-3200503-986-3446 (Fax)www.odot.state.or.usPennsylvania Dept. ofTransportationAllen Biehler, Secretary ofTransportation400 North Street, 8th FloorHarrisburg, Pa. 17101-3543717-787-2838717-787-1738 (Fax)www.dot.state.pa.usPuerto Rico Dept. of Transportationand Public WorksFernando A. Fagundo, Secretary ofTransportation and Public WorksOffice of the SecretaryP.O. Box 41269Minillas StationSan Juan, P.R. 00940-2007787-723-1390787-725-1620 (Fax)www.dtop.gov.prRhode Island Dept. ofTransportationJim Capaldi, Director2 Capitol HillState Office BuildingProvidence, R.I. 02903401-222-2481401-222-2086 (Fax)www.dot.state.ri.usSouth Carolina Dept. ofTransportationStan Shealy, Executive DirectorSilas N. Pearman Building955 Park StreetColumbia, S.C. 29202803-737-2314803-737-2038 (Fax)www.dot.state.sc.usSouth Dakota Dept. ofTransportationDennis Landguth, Secretary ofTransportationTransportation Building700 East Broadway AvenuePierre, S.D. 57501-2586605-773-3265605-773-3921 (Fax)www.dot.state.sd.us/dotTennessee Dept. of TransportationGerald Nicely, Commissioner700 James K. Polk BuildingFifth and DeaderickNashville, Tenn. 37243-0349615-741-2848615-741-2508 (Fax)www.tdot.state.tn.usTexas Dept. of TransportationMichael W. Behrens, ExecutiveDirectorDewitt C. Greer Highway Building125 E. 11th StreetAustin, Texas 78701-2483512-305-9500512-305-9567 (Fax)www.dot.state.tx.usUtah Dept. of TransportationJohn Njord, Executive DirectorUDOT/DPS Complex4501 S. 2700 WestSalt Lake City, Utah 84119801-965-4000801-965-4338 (Fax)www.dot.utah.govVermont Agency of TransportationPatricia A. McDonald, Secretary ofTransportationNational Life BuildingDrawer 33Montpelier, Vt. 05633802-828-2657802-828-3522 (Fax)www.aot.state.vt.usVirginia Dept. of TransportationWhittington W. Clement, Secretary ofTransportation1401 E. Broad Street, Room 414Richmond, Va. 23219804-786-2801804-786-7196 (Fax)www.virginiadot.orgWashington Dept.of TransportationDouglas B. MacDonald, Secretary ofTransportation310 Maple Park Ave. S.E.Olympia, Wash. 98504-7813360-705-7000360-705-6800 (Fax)www.wsdot.wa.govWest Virginia Dept.of TransportationFred Van Kirk, Secretary ofTransportation1900 Kanawha Boulevard, E.Charleston, W. Va. 25305-0440304-558-3505304-558-1004 (Fax)www.wvdot.comWisconsin Dept.of TransportationFrank Busalacchi, SecretaryState Transportation Building4802 Sheboygan AvenueMadison, Wis. 53707-7910608-266-1113608-266-9912 (Fax)www.dot.state.wi.usWyoming Dept. of TransportationSleeter Dover, Director5300 Bishop BoulevardCheyenne, Wyo. 82003-1708307-777-4375307-777-4163 (Fax)www.dot.state.wy.usInternational OrganizationsInternational Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD)151 Blvd. HaussmannF-75008 ParisFrancePhone: 011-331-4042-6824Fax: 011-331-4042-6071www.icold-cigb.orgSecretaire.general@icold-cigb.orgInternational Cost Engineering Council (ICEC)Ken Humphreys, Secretary-TreasurerP.O. Box 301Deakin WestACT 2600AustraliaPhone: 011-61-262-82-2222Fax: 011-61-262-85-2427www.icoste.orgicec@icoste.orgInternational Federationof Consulting Engineers (FIDIC)Box 311CH-1215 Geneva 15SwitzerlandPhone; 011-4122-799-4900Fax: 011-4122-799-4901www.fidic.orgfidic@fidic.orgInternational Association forBridge and Structural EngineeringETH-HonggerbergCH-8093ZurichSwitzerlandPhone: 011-411-633-2647Fax: 011-411-633-1241www.iabase.ethz.chSecretariat@iabse.ethz.chInternational Federationfor Structural Concrete (FIB)Case Postale 88CH-1015 LausanneSwitzerlandPhone: 011-4121-693-2747Fax: 011-4121-693-5884www.fib.epfl.chFib@epfl.chInternational Road Federation (IRF)Chemin de Blandonnet 2CH-1214 Vernier (Geneva)SwitzerlandPhone: 011-4122-306-0260Fax: 011-4122-306-0270www.irfnet.orginfo@irfnet.orgU.S. Office:1010 Massachusetts Ave. N.W.Washington, DC 20001Phone: 202-371-5544Fax: 202-371-5565International Tunnelling Association (ITA)C/o EPFLBat GCCH-1015 LausanneSwitzerlandPhone: 011-4121-693-2310Fax: 011-4121-693-4153www.ita-aites.orgsecretariat@ita-aites.orgInternational Council for Research andInnovation in Building & Construction (CIB)Kruisplein 25 G3000 BV RotterdamThe NetherlandsPhone: 011-31-10-411-0240Fax: 011-31-10-433-4372www.cibworld.nlsecretariat@cibworld.nlFacilitates international collaboration and informationexchange between governmental researchinstitutes.Confederation of InternationalContractors’ Associations (CICA)10 rue Washington75008 ParisFrancePhone: 011-331-5856-4420Fax: 011-331-5856-4424www.cica.netcica@cica.net2004 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 79

International OrganizationsFederation of Arab Contractors (FAC)Trade Building Misr. DevelopmentSheraton HeliopolisP.O. Box 2662HeliopolisCairoEgyptPhone: 011-202-267-5835Fax: 011-202-267-1610Efcbc@rddnet.netEuropean Construction Industry Federation (FIEC)Avenue Louise, 66B-1050BrusselsBelgiumPhone: 011-322-514-5535Fax: 011-322-511-0276www.fied.orginfo@fiec.orgRepresents European construction industry in thecontext of European integration.Federacion Interamericana de la Industria de laConstruccion (FIIC)Periferico Sur 4839Tlalpan 14010Mexico CityMexicoPhone: 011-5255-5424-7458Fax: 011-5255-5606-2786www.fiic.org.mxfiic@fiic.org.mxInternational Federation of Asia and WesternPacific Contractors’ AssociationsPadilla Building-3rd floorEmerald Ave.-Ortigas ComplexPasig City-Metro ManilaPhilippinesPhone: 011-632-631-2782Fax: 011-632-631-2773www.ifawpca.orgifawpca@mozcom.comEuropean International Contractors (EIC)Frank Kehlenbach, DirectorKurfuerstenstrasse 12910785 BerlinGermanyPhone: 011-49-30-212-86-244Fax: 011-49-30-212-86-285www.eicontractors.deeicontractors@compuserve.comRepresents interests of European construction firmsrelated to international activities.EuroConstructwww.euroconstruct.comMembers are 19 European research institutes inconstruction economics.Consulting and Forecasting FirmsMcGraw-Hill Construction Analytics and Consulting Services(formerly Dodge Analytics)24 Hartwell Ave.Lexington, Mass. 02421800-591-4462www.dodge.construction.com/AnalyticsU.S. construction forecasts, analysis, and custom research, drawing on anextensive county-level database containing 30 years of historical data coveringsome 7 million projects.Global Insight1000 Winter St.Waltham, Mass. 02451781-487-2100781-890-6187 (Fax)www.globalinsight.comchris.holling@globalinsight.comProvides forecasts and analyses of the construction industry for both the U.S.and internationally.Construction Forecasting and Research Ltd.Experian – Business Strategies Division65 Curzon St.London W1J 8PEUnited Kingdom011-44-870-196-8263011-44-870-196-8277 (Fax)www.construction-forecast.comjames.hastings@uk.experian.comFocus is on the U.K. market, but as the U.K. member of the Euroconstruct networkthey have access to forecasts and analyses for 18 other European countries.EuroConstructwww.euroconstruct.comMembers are 19 European research institutes in construction economics.Hanscomb-Means ReportTom Wiggins, Editor817 West Peachtree St.Atlanta, Ga. 30308404-874-3638404-874-1473 (Fax)www.hanscombfgould.comtwiggins@hanscombfgould.comInternational construction costs and different methods and procedures used indelivering projects in other countries.FMI Corp.—Research Group5151 Glenwood Ave.Raleigh, N.C. 27612919-787-8400919-785-9320 (Fax)www.fminet.comGretchen McComb, Managing Director303-398-7203gmccomb@fminet.comRandy Giggard, Manager919-785-9268rgiggard@fminet.comoResearch, management consulting, training and capital services for the industryworldwide.Reed Construction Data—RSMeans Consulting63 Smiths LaneKingston, Mass. 02364Robert Gair—government clients781-422-5103rgair@rsmeans.comJayne Talmage—corporate and institutional clients781-422-5101jtalmage@rsmeans.comwww.rsmeans.comConstruction and facility cost analysis, management and training services,benchmark studies, cost data information and strategic analysis.Marshall & Swift/Boeckh2885 South Calhoun RoadNew Berlin, Wis. 53185800-285-1288262-780-2835 (Fax)www.msbinfo.comwww.marshallswift.comuwsales@msbinfo.comLocalized building cost data for the U.S. and Canada, as well as estimatingtechnology, insurance valuations and online transaction-based products.80 CONSTRUCTION FACTS 2004

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