Shobha C - Poison Information Center-An Overview <strong>of</strong> its Significance, Organization and Functioning6. Ponampalan R, Anatharaman V. The need for drug and poisoninformation –The Singapore physicians' perspective.Singapore Med J 2003;44(5):231-42.7. World Health Organization. Poisoning prevention andm a n a g e m e n t [ O n l i n e ] . A v a i l a b l e f r o m : U R L :http://www.who.int/ipcs/poisons/en/8. Batra A K, Keoliya A N, Jadhav G U. Poisoning: An unnaturalcause <strong>of</strong> morbidity and mortality in rural India. JAPI 2003<strong>Oct</strong>;51:955-959.9. Aggarwal P. Need for poison information services in India. NatlMed J India 1995;8 (1):47-49.10. Raymond W, Roberts, Russell W L. A Pharmacist basedtoxicology service. Ann Pharmacother 2007 <strong>Oct</strong>;41:1719-24.11. Peter A C. Pharmacist as clinical toxicologist: reflection onevolution, challenges and opportunities. Ann Pharmacother2007;41:1708-11.12. Anthony M B , Natalie M B. The nations first control centre:Taking a stand against accidental childhood poisoning inChicago. Vet Human Toxicol 1997;39(2):115-19.13. Krenzelok E P. A hospital based poison information center.PHARM INT 1981;2(11):260-65.14. Tong T G, Becker C E, Foliart D, Morse L. A model poisoncontrol system. West J Med 1982;137:346-50.15. Persson H, Tempowski J. Developing and maintaining quality inpoison information centers. Toxicology 2004;198:263-6.16. Kearney T E, Hiatt P H, Olson K R. Alternative models fortelephone response to pediatric poisoning. Prehosp EmergCare 2007 Sept;11(3):284-92.<strong>Indian</strong> <strong>Journal</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Pharmacy</strong> <strong>Practice</strong> Volume 4 Issue 4 <strong>Oct</strong> - <strong>Dec</strong>, <strong>2011</strong> 20
<strong>Indian</strong> <strong>Journal</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Pharmacy</strong> <strong>Practice</strong>Association <strong>of</strong> Pharmaceutical Teachers <strong>of</strong> IndiaHealth Related Quality <strong>of</strong> Life Instruments1 1 2 1 1Muragundi P.M , Anil T.M , Ranjan S.K , Udupa N , Anantha N.N*1Department <strong>of</strong> <strong>Pharmacy</strong> Management, Manipal College <strong>of</strong> Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal-576104 Karnataka, India2Department <strong>of</strong> Cardiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal-576104 Karnataka, IndiaA B S T R A C TSubmitted: 3/10/<strong>2011</strong>Accepted: 10/11/<strong>2011</strong>The current availability <strong>of</strong> plethora <strong>of</strong> measurement tools in the area <strong>of</strong> outcome research <strong>of</strong>ten daunts a new comer. The instruments areclassified as disease specific and generic. There is always a need to select at least one from each category as these scales are <strong>of</strong>tencomplimentary in disclosure. The generic scales aim at assessing the fundamental status <strong>of</strong> quality <strong>of</strong> life, whereas disease specific instrumentsaim at assessing the degree <strong>of</strong> illness along with improvement due to treatments. Health related quality <strong>of</strong> life instruments gather and provideinformation from the patients about their experiences with the disease and its treatment. Because <strong>of</strong> the unique perspective <strong>of</strong>fered by healthrelated quality <strong>of</strong> life instruments, direct measurement <strong>of</strong> health from the patient's perspective is popular and has replaced more objectivemeasures as the primary outcome <strong>of</strong> interest for a broad spectrum <strong>of</strong> clinical conditions. For the purpose <strong>of</strong> evaluating and conducting studiesthat include patient-reported outcomes, it is important to understand the fundamentals <strong>of</strong> reliability, validity, and responsiveness <strong>of</strong> the outcomemeasure being used. There is no single measure <strong>of</strong> health related quality <strong>of</strong> life that is found to be appropriate for use in all circumstances but it ispossible that any measure <strong>of</strong> health related quality <strong>of</strong> life can be designed to obtain self-reported information. There is no doubt that thisinformation is important for pharmacists in pharmacoeconomics and outcomes research.Keywords: health related quality <strong>of</strong> life, generic, disease specific, questionnaireINTRODUCTIONHealth care services which are administered by pr<strong>of</strong>essionalsbut received by patients create different perception amonghealth care providers and patients. For the doctors who areproviders <strong>of</strong> health care are almost satisfied with clinicaloutcomes. On the contrary, the patients are more satisfiedwith the treatments if the treatments makes a difference forthem as for as the quality <strong>of</strong> life gets changed. They alsowould appreciate the treatments if they are economicallyaffordable. Traditionally health care was always valued fromclinical point <strong>of</strong> view, and patient choices were <strong>of</strong> secondaryimportance. Although this approach forms the base fortraditional assessments, it does not include all the aspects thatare important indicators <strong>of</strong> health. Measurements are veryimportant in all activities so as to differentiate and rank amongthemselves.A broad definition <strong>of</strong> health proposed by WHO implicateshealth as a state <strong>of</strong> complete physical, mental and social well-1being and not merely the absence <strong>of</strong> disease or infirmity.Address for Correspondence:Anantha Naik N, Pr<strong>of</strong>essor, Department <strong>of</strong> <strong>Pharmacy</strong> Management, ManipalCollege <strong>of</strong> Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal-576104Karnataka, India.E-mail: anantha1232000@gmail.comHence patients' perception about health and its directmeasurement has become vital among researchers measuringoutcomes in clinical research. Measuring patients' perceptionand the extent to which they can actually function in theirdaily activities are very important when the main objective <strong>of</strong>treatment is to improve how the patient is feels. Even whenthe aim <strong>of</strong> treatment is to lower the incidence <strong>of</strong> apparentlydirect outcomes like stroke or myocardial infarction,collecting the change in patients' function and perception willprovide valuable additional information if change in theadverse morbid outcome varies in severity (pain inosteoarthritis).The technique used to incorporate effects <strong>of</strong> treatments anddiseases from patients view point is to use Health RelatedQuality <strong>of</strong> Life (HRQoL) measures. HRQoL is a broadtheoretical construct developed to explain and organisemeasures concerned with the evaluation <strong>of</strong> health status,values and perceived levels <strong>of</strong> satisfaction and general wellbeingwith respect to either specific health condition or life as2a whole from individual's perspective. Since many domains<strong>of</strong> HRQoL cannot be observed directly, HRQoL instrumentsare developed.HRQoL instruments measure the broad perception <strong>of</strong> health(physical, mental, and social well-being) known as domains,<strong>Indian</strong> <strong>Journal</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Pharmacy</strong> <strong>Practice</strong> Volume 4 Issue 4 <strong>Oct</strong> - <strong>Dec</strong>, <strong>2011</strong> 21
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