Constructing a Sociology of Translation.pdf

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Constructing the professional field of translation 3as a self-referential institution (1997) and emphasised the need for a more systematicsociological approach in his criticism of DTS (Hermans 1999). 1At roughly the same time, Parks (1998), Gouanvic (1997), Simeoni (1998)and Wolf (1999) began to look into issues of a sociology of translation. FollowingLefevere (1992) and Venuti (1992), Gerald Parks (1998) raised some programmaticquestions, yet never outlined detailed parameters. Daniel Simeoni (1998)tried to use Bourdieu’s concept of the habitus in translation studies; Jean MarcGouanvic (1997, 1999) applied Bourdieu’s sociology in his socio-historic study ofthe translations of US-American science-fiction into French and how these werereceived by French readers, using aesthetic and social parameters to examine theestablishment of this new literary genre in France. In her article on the “socialmeaning” of translation, Michaela Wolf (1999) first sought to identify aspectswhich were of interest to translation studies in Bourdieu’s work. Then she tried toapply these in several studies, including an analysis of translations of Harry Potter(2002a), of ideological contexts (Wolf 2002b, 2003), feminist translation (Wolf2006) and literary translation in general (Bachleitner and Wolf 2004a). JohannHeilbron (1999, 2000) developed a model for describing translation preferences.He tried to establish a hierarchical system with central, semi-peripheral and peripherallanguages and sought to find regular patterns underlying the uneven flowof book translations. Together with Gisèle Sapiro (Heilbron and Sapiro 2002), healso edited a special edition on translation Les échanges littéraires internationauxof the Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, a journal started by Bourdieu inwhich Bourdieu’s concepts and analytical instruments are used to discuss a widerange of issues.The provisional end of this development is the (re)incarnation of the idealtranslator who has now become the real translator and his/her reintegration intothe social and historic spaces in which they are both allies and rivals of otheragents, both puppets and central actors hoping to secure their position in thesocial field of translation.Transcultural communication and translationBefore discussing the constraints acting in the social field of translation in detail,it is appropriate to give a definition of the concept of translation and to show howit differs from inter- and transcultural communication. Inter- and transculturalcommunication comprise all symbolic and non-symbolic interactions which a1. For a comprehensive overview of the research history see the introduction by Wolf to thisvolume.
Erich Prunčgiven society has to accomplish with other societies with a different culture and adifferent language. A first possible differentiation is that of symbolic interactionsbetween immediate interactants on one hand and specialised forms of interactionby language bound mediation on the other. For the first type we use theterm interculturality, for the second transculturality (cf. Prunč 2004). The fieldof transcultural communication may be further subdivided into mediation processes,where the communicative goals are established and negotiated by moreor less professional mediators, who are commissioned by a third party, whereastranslation (and interpreting), in a narrower sense, can be defined as an activity,where mediation is achieved by conventionalised text transformations.The types of transcultural communication that a given society engages in andtheir enactment is culture-specific. At an abstract level, which has yet to be supportedby empirical data, we can determine several parameters of distinction. First,the number of different communicative roles a society acknowledges depends onavailable resources and also on the division of labour and social differentiationof the respective culture. 2 A complex society with abundant resources that canand/or is willing to invest in transcultural communication, will have more habitualisedtypes of transcultural communication than a less complex society thatlacks resources. In the case of text-bound mediation less wealthy cultures preferallrounders, who can work as authorised interactants, mediators, translators andinterpreters, whereas more prosperous cultures can afford greater differentiationof jobs and job profiles. The first time such a differentiation was introduced wasin Ancient Egypt where the Princes of Elephantine were the “overseers of dragomans”(Kurz 1985). The Princes were members of the nobility and endowed withpower and prestige and were responsible for organising transcultural communication.The dragomans, by contrast, had to complete the different tasks ordered bythe Princes, ranging from interpreting to acting as guides.A second parameter, which can be determined, is an imbalance of power andunequal prestige between cultures. The power balance between interacting culturesdetermines how much is being translated and also the preferred translationflows (cf. Heilbron 1999, 2000). The findings will depend on our perspective. Seenfrom the perspective of the more prestigious cultures, it can be said that the greaterthe power imbalance between two cultures, the smaller the number of textsthat are translated into the language of the more prestigious culture. Hegemonicand prestigious cultures, on the other hand, are reluctant to invest in translationbecause they believe in the dominance of their culture and expect that weaker2. If I refer to cultures and not to societies or civilisations, it is because from the perspectiveof transcultural communication, I consider culture as the differentia specifica of interactingsocieties.
Page 2 and 3: Constructing a Sociology of Transla
Page 4 and 5: Constructing a Sociologyof Translat
Page 6 and 7: Table of contentsIntroduction: The
Page 8 and 9: IntroductionThe emergence of a soci
Page 10 and 11: Introduction 31990), translation st
Page 12 and 13: Introduction 5By way of illustratio
Page 14 and 15: Introduction 7ing defined as “the
Page 16 and 17: Introduction 9process is reminiscen
Page 18 and 19: Introduction 11transcend the equiva
Page 20 and 21: Introduction 13of translation, and
Page 22 and 23: Introduction 15ideological dimensio
Page 24 and 25: Introduction 17transnational transf
Page 26 and 27: Introduction 19key concepts to cond
Page 28 and 29: Introduction 21dimension in transla
Page 30 and 31: Introduction 23become active under
Page 32 and 33: Introduction 25364), and such expec
Page 34 and 35: Introduction 27foundation and conso
Page 36 and 37: Introduction 29tion when they comme
Page 38 and 39: Introduction 31a micro-contextual l
Page 40 and 41: Introduction 33Fuchs, Martin. 1997.
Page 42 and 43: Introduction 35Silbermann, Alphons
Page 44: part iThe debate on the translator
Page 47 and 48: 0Erich Prunčwhich - despite a subs
Page 49: 2Erich Prunčwith the signifiers wh
Page 53 and 54: Erich Prunčstory about the famous
Page 55 and 56: 8Erich Prunčsmall social groups. W
Page 57 and 58: 50 Erich Prunčto interpretation. T
Page 59 and 60: 52 Erich Prunčsearch for an adequa
Page 61 and 62: 5Erich PrunčHermans, Theo. 1999. T
Page 63 and 64: 5Erich PrunčSnell-Hornby, Mary. 21
Page 65 and 66: 58 Theo Hermansenty Greek translato
Page 67 and 68: 0Theo Hermansfor a year and a half,
Page 69 and 70: 2Theo Hermanscurrently up to sevent
Page 71 and 72: Theo Hermansand made sense of selec
Page 73 and 74: Theo Hermansclosure suggests autono
Page 75 and 76: 8Theo Hermansthe modern world, the
Page 77 and 78: 70 Theo Hermanstions are produced o
Page 79 and 80: 72 Theo HermansLuhmann’s term for
Page 81 and 82: 7Theo Hermans3. To locate her own a
Page 84: part iiBourdieu’s influence in co
Page 87 and 88: 80 Jean-Marc Gouanvicêtre la tradu
Page 89 and 90: 82 Jean-Marc Gouanvictions, ses col
Page 91 and 92: 8Jean-Marc Gouanvicvent que la trad
Page 93 and 94: 8Jean-Marc Gouanvic“L’habitus
Page 95 and 96: 88 Jean-Marc GouanvicL’illusio li
Page 97 and 98: 90 Jean-Marc Gouanvicaméricain). L
Page 99 and 100: 92 Jean-Marc Gouanvicdes formes, tr
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9Johan Heilbron and Gisèle Sapirot
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9Johan Heilbron and Gisèle Sapirot
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98 Johan Heilbron and Gisèle Sapir
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100 Johan Heilbron and Gisèle Sapi
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102 Johan Heilbron and Gisèle Sapi
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The location of the “translation
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Locating systems and individualsin
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Locating systems and individuals in
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Translations “in the making” *H
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Translations “in the making” 13
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172 Andrew Chestermanwhole book. Th
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17Andrew Chestermanpeople and their
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17 Andrew Chestermancontributory co
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178 Andrew ChestermanNorms, brief,
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180 Andrew Chestermanple talk and w
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182 Andrew ChestermanBrown, Gillian
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part ivConstructing a sociologyof t
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188 Daniel Simeoniapparent in Engli
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190 Daniel Simeonito distinguish be
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192 Daniel Simeonireferences to tra
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19 Daniel SimeoniEurope but certain
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19 Daniel Simeonidinary practice in
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198 Daniel Simeonifor Tuscany. His
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200 Daniel Simeonidressed to third
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202 Daniel Simeoninorms by social a
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20 Daniel Simeonisus Cultural Trans
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20 Yves Gambierpour obtenir une rec
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208 Yves Gambierau service des domi
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210 Yves Gambier(plutôt centrée s
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212 Yves Gambier- Les associations,
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21 Yves Gambiercisions? Quels sont
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21 Yves GambierBourdieu, Pierre and
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Notes on contributorsAgorni Mirella
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Notes on contributors 221publicatio
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Author indexAÁlvarez, Román 11And
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Subject indexAactant 23-24Actor-Net
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Benjamins Translation LibraryA comp
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19 cArr, Silvana e., roda P. robert
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