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Current Trends in Biotechnology and PharmacyVol. 5 (2) 1084-1097 April 2011. ISSN 0973-8916 (Print), 2230-7303 (Online)1097Implantable Polymers. J. Pharm. Sci.85(12): 1341-1345.38. Joseph, K. (1990). Pulsed and SelfregulatedDrug Delivery. CRC press.39. Mendoza, V. L. and Vachet, R. W. (2009).Probing Protein Structure by Amino Acid-Specific Covalent Labeling and MassSpectrometry. Mass Spectrom Rev. ; 28(5):785–815.40. Tuesca, A. D, Reiff, C., Joseph, J.I. andLowman, A. M. (2009). Synthesis,Characterization and In Vivo Efficacy ofPEGylated Insulin for Oral Delivery withComplexation Hydrogels. PharmaceuticalResearch, 26 (3): 727-739.41. Crommelin, D. J. A., Storm, G., Verrijk, R.,Leede, L. D., Jiskoot, W. and Hennink, W.E. (2003). Shifting paradigms:biopharmaceuticals versus low molecularweight drugs. Int. J. Pharm. 266(1-2): 3-16.42. Vasir, J. K., Reddy, M. K. and Labhasetwar,V. D. (2005). Nanosystems in DrugTargeting: Opportunities and Challenges.Current Nanoscience, 1: 47-64.43. Chappell, J., Leitner, J. W., Solomon, S.,Golovchenko, I., Goalstone, M. L. andDraznin B. (2001). Effect of insulin on cellcycle progression in MCF-7 breast cancercells. J. Biol. Chem. 276(41): 38023-38028.44. Kubik, T., Bogunia-Kubik, K. and Sugisaka,M. (2005). Nanotechnology on Duty inMedical Applications. CurrentPharmaceutical Biotechnology, 6: 17-33.45. Liu, J., Zhang, S. M., Chen, P. P., Cheng,L., Zhou, W., Tang, W. X., Chen, Z. W.and Ke, C. M. (2007). Controlled releaseof insulin from PLGA nanoparticlesembedded within PVA hydrogels. J MaterSci: Mater Med 18:2205–2210.46. Kawashima, Y., Yamamoto, H., Takeuchi,H., Fujioka, S. and Hino T. (1999).Pulmonary delivery of insulin with nebulizedDL- lactide / glycolide copolymer (PLGA)nanosphere to prolong hypoglycemic effect,J. Control. Rel. 62: 279-287.Mahmoud et al
Current Trends in Biotechnology and PharmacyVol. 5 (2) 1098-1103 April 2011. ISSN 0973-8916 (Print), 2230-7303 (Online)1098A Simple and Rapid Method for Isolation of Alternaric Acid fromAlternaria solaniS.J. Patel*, R.B. Subramanian and Y.S. JhaB. R. Doshi School of Biosciences, Lab. No.103 B, Bakrol Vadtal Road, Satellite Campus,Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidhyanagar 388120, India*For correspondence - suchitapatel5@yahoo.comAbstractAlternaric acid is the major toxin ofAlternaria solani, the causative agent of earlyblight of tomato. A simple and rapid method hasbeen developed for the isolation of alternaric acidin crystalline form from the fungal culture filtrate(FCF) with ethanol and carbon tetrachloride. Thecrystalline form of alternaric acid obtained wassubjected to High Performance Thin LayerChromatography (HPTLC), spectrophotometricanalysis and detached leaf assay to confirm thepurity and biological activity of alternaric acid.This one step protocol is superior to earlierreported methods and also gives higher yield.Keywords: Acid, Blight, Tomato, Toxin, TLCIntroductionTomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.) belongs to the family Solanaceae.Worldwide, it is the second most consumedvegetable after potato (1). Early blight of tomatocaused by the necrotrophic fungus Alternariasolani Sorauer is perhaps the most common foliardisease of tomatoes. In USA, Australia, Israel,UK, and India, significant reductions in yield (35up to 78%) due to early blight (EB) have beenobserved (2, 3, 4). The symptoms occur on theleaves where circular and concentric lesions areproduced. Early blight reduces the photosyntheticarea and, in severe cases, can defoliate plants.The fungus survives between crops as myceliaor conidia in soil, plant debris and seed (5). Thespores are transported by water, wind, insects,other animals including man, and machinery.Eleven toxins have been identified in culturefiltrates of A. solani (6). Among these, alternaricacid and solanapyrone A, B, and C are able toinduce necrotic symptoms similar to EB symptoms(6). Out of these, alternaric acid is one of themajor toxins found in the filtrates (7) which causeschlorosis and necrosis and therefore plays a majorrole in early blight symptoms and defoliation (8).Alternaric acid does not cause phytotoxicity whensprayed alone on tomato leaves, but it enhancesthe infection process and the development ofnecrotic symptoms when added to A. solani sporesuspensions. Alternaric acid was previouslycrystallized by Brian et al. (9). Stoessl andStothers (10) developed a method for extractionof alternaric acid from fungal culture filtrate.Previously, Matern et al. (11) tried toisolate alternaric acid from crude FCF. Theprocedure is time consuming and the results werenot reliable. Maiero et al. (12) made an attemptto isolate alternaric acid in bulk quantities forscreening of resistant varieties, but wereunsuccessful. Standard alternaric acid or alternaricacid in pure form are difficult to obtainIsolation of Alternaric acid
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(December 7-9, 2011)Venue: Karunya
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