ASM Science Journal, Volume 7(1), 2013Technologies not yet considered by ASTM but lining up for testing:• Hydro-processed 'Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene' derived from fermented alcohols. Initially focused on isobutanol,but other variations will be considered too (Alcohol-to-jet, e.g. Lanzatech/ Swedish Biofuels)• Synthetic biology, i.e. genetically engineered micro-organisms converting sugar to pure hydrocarbons, resultingin farnesene and other similar terpenes (Sugar-to-jet, e.g. Amyris Biotechnologies, Gevo and Cobalt)• 'Synthesized Kerosene Aromatics' implying alkylated benzenes, a fuel component important for elastomeric sealsand fuel lubricity (e.g. UOP and KIOR)• Pyrolysis of cellulosic biomass to synthetic crude products (plus hydro-processing)• Co-mingling petroleum and biomass in refinery hydro-processing. This is supported by refineries to optimizeefficiencies, but is currently not allowed.Greasoline Technology as a New ApproachIn contrast to these approaches, Greasoline® technology is starting from bio-based fats and oils like HRJ. Greasolinehowever is based on a gaseous phase reaction technology and therefore can transform raw materials of significantly lowerquality, because residual water and inorganic residues are separated in the evaporation step (Figure 1). The catalyst for thegaseous phase reaction also is highly tolerant to impurities. As a result, bio-based residues and side-products can be utilizedinstead of feedstock in the food-quality range.Primary products are hydrocarbon chains identical with fossil diesel and kerosene fuels. Most of the diesel componentscan be transformed into the kerosene boiling range via isomerization. In addition to this the technology also produces biobasedalkylated benzenes which are crucial for jet fuel properties, especially as expanding agents in seals as well as forlubrication. These products cannot be obtained by hydro treating processes and therefore HRJ fuel has to be blended withfossil jet fuel.The basic technology does not need external hydrogen, because the formation of coke as a by-product on the catalystautomatically closes the carbon-hydrogen-balance within the system. A subsequent hydrogenation step with little hydrogenconsumption is optional to guarantee all product quality parameters. The catalyst itself is regenerated after the biofuelreaction in an industrially established process. The process is currently performed in a pilot plant at Oberhausen; plans fora demonstration plant are being elaborated together with partners mainly in the oil industry.Authors:Activatedcarbon,350 – 650ºCEvaporationH2OoptionallyWaste fatsFuel gasRecycledgasProductsBy-productsHigh-caloric fuel gasProductseparationFuel components,chemical feedstockPurgeFatty acids,vegetable oil,algae oilFigure 1. Greasoline process scheme — main fuel products: bio-jet fuel,bio-based alkylated benzenes and bio-based diesel.Peter Haug holds a PhD in appliedmacromolecular science and is CEOof Greasoline GmbH, Oberhausen,Germany. As Founding Angel he is cofoundingstart-ups together with technicalfounders from research organizations.In so doing he is commercializinginnovative technologies in Chemistry,Cleantech, Biotech and Pharma..Axel Kraft holds a PhD in chemicaltechnology and is Head of the BiofuelsUnit of Fraunhofer UMSICHT atOberhausen, Germany. His businessunit is working on several bio- jet fuelprojects and he is member of the workinggroup 'conversion' of the EuropeanBiofuels Technology Platform ..68
Towards a Fully Functional MarineMammal Stranding Response Networkin <strong>Malaysia</strong>Cheryl Rita Kaur 1News FocusThe string of marine mammal strandings and casualties in <strong>Malaysia</strong> have made headlines and attracted huge public outcry.Among the incidents include the case of the baby dugong being accidentally caught in a fisherman’s net in Johor in 1999,the sighting of a stray dugong calf off Terengganu in August 2006, the stranding of an injured Bryde’s whale in the shallowwaters off Kota Kinabalu in December 2006, a ten-meter-long Bryde’s whale beached at Sungai Nenasi estuary, Pahangin October 2008, and more recently the death of a thirteen-meter-long baleen whale found at Pulau Mengalum, Sabah inFebruary 2012, to name just a few. These cases not only indicate the presence of marine mammals in <strong>Malaysia</strong>n waters butalso point to possible threats to their survival. Incidences of marine mammal strandings in <strong>Malaysia</strong> also signal the fact thatthe issue is more serious than thought considering that there could be cases that were not reported.Marine mammals are largely imperilled by traditional hunting for meat (especially in Sabah and Sarawak), degradationof natural habitats, starvation, collisions with vessels, dynamite fishing, entanglement in fishing gears, disease, pollutionfrom coastal development and other anthropogenic threats. The slow growth and low reproductive rate of most marinemammal species further impedes their population’s recovery. Their generally high trophic levels and degree of habitatspecificity make them even more vulnerable.To address these issues, the Maritime Institute of <strong>Malaysia</strong> (MIMA) first organised a Seminar on Marine MammalsConservation in <strong>Malaysia</strong>: Adopting Sustainable Management Strategies in April 2009 in Kuala Lumpur; highlightingpressing issues facing marine mammals, discussed conservation and management strategies towards their sustainable andeffective, and prioritised efforts towards promoting effective implementation of conservation and management strategiesto avoid their extinction. A major shortcoming identified was the absence of a national marine mammal stranding responsenetwork to assist in the protection of such mammals in <strong>Malaysia</strong>n waters. Subsequently in 2010, MIMA collaborated withthe Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences of the University of Malaya and the <strong>Malaysia</strong>n Nature Society in organisinga Roundtable Discussion on Establishing a National Marine Mammal Stranding Network. This meeting emphasised ingreater detail the need for and issues pertaining to marine mammal survival in the <strong>Malaysia</strong>n waters. Standard proceduresfor rehabilitating stranded marine mammals were reviewed while exploring the expertise and facilities of relevant agenciesand organisations in handling marine mammals stranding.The recommendations from the roundtable were promptly taken up by the Turtle and Marine Ecosystem Centre, a researchinstitute under the Department of Fisheries <strong>Malaysia</strong> (DoFM). A meeting was called involving the relevant stakeholdersto move forward on the suggestion. Active participation and support from stakeholders involved was the catalyst to kickstartthe network. Leading from the discussions among the agencies involved, the National Marine Mammals StrandingResponse Network was established in 2011 with DoFM as the lead agency. Members of the network include MaritineInstitute of <strong>Malaysia</strong>, the Department of Marine Park, Department of Veterinary Services, Department of Fisheries Sabah,Forest Department Sarawak, Sabah Parks, <strong>Malaysia</strong>n Maritime Enforcement Agency, National Oceanography Directorate,Royal <strong>Malaysia</strong>n Police, Fire and Rescue Department, Fisheries Associations, Academia, World Wide Fund for Nature<strong>Malaysia</strong>, <strong>Malaysia</strong>n Nature Society, MareCet, and the Wildlife Trace Monitoring Network. During discussions, the mainareas stressed in the handling of marine mammal strandings included the need to impart knowledge about the variousaspects of marine mammals strandings, including anatomy, biology, causes of strandings, first response, rehabilitation,decision-making, and public concerns; adopting skills needed in the emergency first response of stranded marine mammals;as well as promotion of skills needed in the medical management of stranded marine mammals including hands-on activitiesand demonstrations.The first meeting of the Network in 2013 was recently held in Kuala Lumpur. It detailed the standard operating proceduresfor the handling of stranding incidences and finalised the list of members in the task force and working group under the1 Centre for Coastal and Marine Environment, Maritime Institute of <strong>Malaysia</strong>.Corresponding author (e-mail: cheryl_rk@mima.gov.my)69
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