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Z. Ahmad et alT g , followed by Albipox, and Timberset had a higher crosslink density than Albipoxand higher storage modulus in the rubbery region.This result was supported by the results of bendingtests as a function of curing time where Timbersetdeveloped crosslinks most rapidly. The smallerpossibly the poor adhesion between the ceramicparticles and the matrix; and increased the T g in the order of Timberset > Albipox in Timberset improved the T g in Albipox improved the T g the T g The effect of the environment on thermal properties ofadhesives were as follows: The effect of various environment on the thermalproperties of adhesives investigated using DMTAshowed similar trends. T g humidity increased; T gcontrol > T > T . ForAlbipox and Timberset, the Tgs were in the orderof T > T gcontrol > T . In all cases the measuredtrends were due to plasticization of adhesives. T g temperature increased. For Albipox and Timberset,the T g s increases as the temperature increases dueto further crosslinking. T g temperature cured epoxies were only partiallycured at room temperature. After soaking in water, the T g T g s for Albipox and Timbersetinteraction than for Albipox and Timberset basedresult corresponded well with the results followingexposure to different humidities; and yielding, plasticization, debonding and presence ofexplained the increase or decrease in strength andthermal properties after ageing under differentenvironment.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation ofthe Malaysian government. The advice and support bythe technical staff of the Materials Engineering Group atDate of submission: October 2011Date of acceptance: December 2012REFERENCESAhmad, Z, Ansell, M & Smedley, D 2006, ‘Influence ofnanofiller on thermal and mechanical behaviourof DGEBA-based adhesives for bonded-in timberconnections', Mechanics of Composite Materials, vol. 42,no. 5, pp. 419–430.Ahmad, Z, Ansell, MP, & Smedley, D 2009, ‘Effect ofenvironments on the stability of epoxy based adhesivefor bonded-in timber connections’, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes.,vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 285–293.Ahmad, Z, Ansell, MP & Smedley, D 2010, ‘Effect of nanoandmicro-particle additions on moisture absorptionin thixotropic room temperature cure epoxy-basedadhesives for bonded-in timber connections’, Int. J.Adhes. Adhes., vol. 30, no. 6, pp.448–455.Ahmad, Z, Ansell, MP & Smedley, D 2010, ‘Epoxy adhesivesmodified with nano- and microparticles for in situ timberbonding: effect of environment on mechanical propertiesand moisture uptake’, ASME J. of Eng. Materials andTech., vol. 132, no. 3, pp. 1–8.Ahmad, Z, Ansell, MP & Smedley, D 2010, ‘Fracturetoughness of thixotropic and room temperature curedepoxy-based adhesives for in situ timber bonding’, Int. J.Adhes. Adhes., vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 539–549.Ahmad, Z, Ansell, MP & Smedley, D, P. Md Tahir 2012. ‘Creepbehaviour of epoxy-based adhesive reinforced with nanoparticlesbonded-in timber connection’, ASCE Journal ofMaterials in Civil Engineering, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 825–831.Broughton, JG, & Hutchinson, AR 2001, ‘Efficient timberconnection using bonded-in GFRP rods, compositeconstruction’, in Proceedings of International Conferenceon Composites in Construction, Porto, Portugal.Cook, RW & Todd, DA 1993, ‘A study of the cure of adhesivesusing dynamic-mechanical analysis’, International Journalof Adhesion and Adhesives, vol. 13, pp. 156–62.57