2006-7 - York Archaeological Trust

YORKARCHAEOLOGICALTRUST35th Annual Report2006–2007

York Archaeological Trust2006–200735th Annual ReportContentsChairman’s Report 2The Trust’s Year 2006–2007 3Archaeological Activities 4Fieldwork 7Hungate 9Archaeological Research and Development 11Research and AnalysisArtefact Research 11Curatorial Services 12Conservation Laboratory & Archaeological Wood Centre 14Archaeology and the PublicPublications 17Archive, Photographic Archive and Library 18Computing 18Education and Training 19JORVIK 20DIG 22Greater York Community Archaeology Project 23Finance, Management and Administration 24AppendicesArchaeological Interventions 30Staff Publications and Achievements 33Ordinary Members of the Trust 34Organisational Structure 35Specialist advisors, students and volunteers 36Acknowledgements 36

Peter Vaughan, Chairman of the TrustReport for 2006–7The year was a particularly exciting one forthe Trust, withthe commencement of work on thelargest archaeological explorationcontract in York for many years;bringing together its research,conservation and administrativeactivities in a single and much moreconvenient location;and winning a major award forDIG, its latest hands-on educationalattraction.Hungate ExcavationThe long-promised redevelopment of theHungate area of central York had beenkeenly anticipated in archaeological circlesfor years, due to the rich history of the site.The redevelopment scheme was finallygiven the go-ahead in 2006, signalling thestart of the largest archaeological excavationand investigation in the city since the 1970s.The Trust won the five-year contract for allthe archaeological work – the most extensivesince the internationally famous Vikingexcavation in Coppergate – and work beganin November 2006. The Hungate projectwill significantly extend both the Trust’scommercial activity and its knowledgebase.New PremisesThe opportunity was taken during theyear to move the Trust from its CromwellHouse offices to new and more suitableaccommodation at 47 Aldwark, whichis able to house the Trust’s research andconservation activities. This has resulted inmost of the Trust’s activities being locatedin close proximity to each other in a betterworking environment. This has improvedinternal communications and efficiency, andthe majority of conservation activities are nolonger isolated in another part of the city.DIGDIG received the recognition that it deservedwhen it became Tourist Attraction of the Yearin the York Tourism Awards. As the Trust’sThe Trust's new headquarters at 47 Aldwarksecond visitor attraction, it completed itsfirst full year of trading, achieving its targetwith 40,000 visitors. Hands-on archaeologyenables visitors to understand how anarchaeologist interprets what is found andDIG has proved very popular, particularlywith schools. Work continues to ensure thatthe high customer satisfaction reports fromvisitors are converted into increased visitornumbers.These three major improvements havehelped to create a new framework for theTrust and its future, whilst serving to boostthe scale and impact of its key activities.The prudent management of resources hasenabled the costs of these changes to be metwithin the year. At the same time the cashflowbalance increased, as did the year-endbalance and the indebtedness of the Trustwas reduced by 30%.All these advances would not havebeen possible without the commitment andenthusiasm of the Trust supporters and itsstaff, to whom I record the Trustees’ gratefulthanks.The Future of the TrustAs we have shown it has been a year ofachievements and we look forward tobuilding on these not only in the forthcomingyear but also into the future to ensure that theTrust continues to flourish as an innovativeand progressive charity.

John Walker, Chief ExecutiveThe Trust’s Year 2006–2007It has been a year of change markedby significant advances and substantialimprovements in existing products. As acharity, the Trust has also reached out furtherthan ever before. Through our associationwith the Greater York CommunityArchaeology Project, supported by theHeritage Lottery Fund, we have continuedto reach a wider constituency within thegreater York community. This year wesuccessfully ran a trial project in whichYoung Offenders served their penalties byparticipating in the Hungate excavation,to the benefit of both the community andthemselves.The Trust’s work was not restricted toYork, but extended far across the country. Forinstance at Besthorpe in Nottinghamshire,the 16-year excavation of two Roman farmscontinues, forming the basis for the studyof the imperial Roman economy of the area.This excavation has again provided excellenttraining opportunities for students from theUniversities of Sheffield and Manchester.ExplanationBy using DIG in combination withHungate, the division extended its reach tonew elements of society using a wide varietyof novel methods, including videos on theweb and tailored tours of the excavations.JORVIK welcomed 385,000 visitorsduring the course of the year. Theimprovements made to the main gallerylast year and the introduction of themedtalks by interactive costumed staff havehelped to ensure that customer satisfactionlevels remained high in an increasinglycompetitive market. We look forward towelcoming JORVIK’s 15th million visitorduring the coming year.Once again the annual Viking Festival,held in February, was a great success andattracted a wide cross-section of the public. Itran for five days and provided a wide rangeof activities aimed at all ages and abilities. Amarquee in St Sampson’s Square allowed formore events, including a visit by the RoyalArmouries interactive team. The battle at theEye of York provided a spectacular eveningto bring the Festival to a close.ExplorationThis division of the Trust was involvedin over 100 archaeological projects during ayear that revealed much new evidence aboutthe historic city. At Dixon Lane an unusuallate 4th-/5th-century ring was recovered,hinting for the first time at occupation inthis area at the elusive cusp between the endof Roman Britain and the start of the ‘DarkAges’. The site also provided evidence ofactivity during the transition from Anglo-Saxon to Viking-Age York, and a medievalcemetery was also explored, revealing thelocation of the ‘lost’ church of St Stephen.During work at St Anthony’s Hall inadvance of restoration, Roman materialwas discovered, along with evidence of theform of the early hall and how it developed.York Minster provided the opportunity toinvestigate this same process of adaptationon a much grander scale, in a project withthe University of York supported by EnglishHeritage. This is studying the hithertooverlooked evidence for the Norman andEarly Gothic evolution of the Minster. Theresults will be of international significance.HungateThe Hungate project presents a rareopportunity, not only to explore the earlycity but also its more recent industrial andurban remains. With the support of theproject funders, the opportunity was takento disseminate the results of this projectas widely and quickly as possible, via aspecially developed ‘Hungate’ website. Atthe same time, tours of the excavation havebeen provided for the local audience and theresults to date published in a special editionof Yorkshire Archaeology Today, generouslysupported by the Friends of YAT.One of the spin-offs of this outreachprogramme has been the development ofan improved approach to report production,enabling the results of the excavations to bedistributed faster than ever before.As this annual report shows 2006–7was a year that saw a significant advancein our charitable aim of exploring the pastand explaining our discoveries to all sectorsof society.

Archaeological ActivitiesTwo long-anticipated archaeological eventstook place, almost simultaneously, in 2006–7.One was the move of York ArchaeologicalTrust’s main offices and laboratories fromOgleforth and Galmanhoe Lane, respectively,into the former Borthwick Institute forHistorical Research premises at 47 Aldwark;ironically, the location of the Trust’s veryfirst, if rather smaller, headquarters. Somelong-serving Trust staff have been through asimilar move at least three times before; thistime, everyone was involved to some extentor other, although the greatest burdens fell onthe Curatorial staff and on the ConservationLaboratory staff. On the face of it a logisticsexercise rather than an archaeological event,this in fact had involved archaeologicalstaff in a vast reappraisal of archaeologicalmaterial of all sorts, a major reorganisationand rationalisation of holdings that hadbegan with the removal of artefacts fromthe nascent DIG in St Saviour’s church andnow continues seamlessly as the processtransmogrifies into the preparations forhanding on the collections to The YorkshireMuseum and other collecting agencies.Open Day at Hungatethe works. Our task is to work ahead of theconstruction gangs as they move from oneend to the other of this eleven hectare site,carrying out tightly timetabled investigationson the discrete areas where redevelopmentinvolves the removal of archaeologicaldeposits. Already the excavation of someof these areas has been completed, but oneblock will continue throughout the entireduration of the archaeological project’son-site works, and here we have madeprovision for visitors to get close up to thearchaeology and see for themselves what isbeing discovered.Some people, of course, want notjust to see but also to participate activelyin our investigations. In summer 2006we ran another very successful trainingexcavation under our Archaeology Livebanner, this time on a site close to Hungate,immediately behind DIG in St Saviour’schurch, where a complex sequence ofmedieval structures and deposits wasinvestigated. The intensive professionalWinter in Hungate:archaeologists brush thesnow off the cobbles offormer Haver Lane;Right: Trainees learnsection drawing atArchaeology Live!, StSaviourgateThe second milestone event was the startof what will be a leitmotif through AnnualReports for the next six or seven years, thelong-running excavations in Hungate, York,on behalf of Hungate (York) RegenerationLtd. Having been involved from the wordgo in the archaeological assessment ofthe site, York Archaeological Trust wasappointed sole archaeological contractorby the developers for this, the main stage of

training offered by our Field Officers andtheir team was much appreciated. Nextyear we intend to take Archaeology Live onto the Hungate excavation, so that traineescan be part of this great enterprise, and wealso hope to give members of the HungateCommunity Trust Archaeology Group theirchance to investigate the neighbourhood inwhich they are so interested.In the course of this year Eliza Gore, theCommunity Archaeologist hosted at YorkArchaeological Trust and supported bythe Heritage Lottery Fund, seized a chanceto further her career with a posting to theUniversity of Winchester’s Departmentof Archaeology as Placement Lecturer. Inher stead we have recruited Dr Jon Kenny,whose past experiences have equipped himwith expertise, inter alia, in archaeologicalcomputing and garden studies. A longtermbranch leader in the local branchof the Council for British Archaeology’sYoung Archaeologists’ Club, Jon has easedefficiently into the post and organised awide range of community activities andmaintained the essential role of supportingand encouraging groups within GreaterYork who want to take up the archaeologicalcudgels and learn something more abouttheir vicinity.In terms of the Trust’s own excavationand research, one new strand has come in theform of the observation and recording we arestill carrying out, more or less on our newdoorstep, on behalf of York ConservationTrust, our landlords at 47 Aldwark. Althoughwe will not be occupying that part of theformer Borthwick Institute which includesthe magnificent 15th-century guildhall of StAnthony, we have been carefully monitoringextensive underpinning and renovationworks. These have revealed a wealth ofdetail about the construction and subsequentalterations to the hall, most of which hadbeen obscured beneath more recent plaster.Buried underneath the hall we have foundtraces of an earlier series of walls andfeatures, aligned at an angle to the standingbuilding; we think that these representan earlier chapel known from medievaldocuments to have been in this vicinity.The natural and medieval topography ofthis area has also become clearer, for as theunderpinning extended north-eastwardsalong the front of the hall, so it encountereddeeper and deeper archaeological deposits.It seems that the hall and the nearby churchof St Cuthbert, Peasholme Green, occupiedtwo relatively high spots, with a small butappreciable natural ‘valley’ between themthat was gradually infilled in the laterMiddle Ages.Elsewhere there have been some classicpieces of urban archaeology, such as theinvestigation of the interplay between themedieval cemetery of St Sampson’s churchin Church Street, York, and the late medievalrow of cottages that was built along theedge of the graveyard. This started off asa mere watching brief but had soon to betransformed into a much more intensiveexcavation. A site at Lawrence Street,York, also initially earmarked by the localauthority for no more than a watchingbrief overview, was another which rapidlyrevealed itself as one that would have repaidcareful investigation, but, in this case, theresources could not be made available. Bothsites are described in more detail below.At a rather more grandiose social level,our work monitoring the digging of newservice trenches at Bishopthorpe Palace, justoutside York, has brought to light the verylarge scale of at least one of the medievalbuildings that comprised the medievalforerunner to the present archbishops’palace. This is a very welcome glimpse ofan elusive yet locally and regionally verysignificant high-status structure. On a verydifferent tack, we have been involved withthe archaeology of a redevelopment sitein Savile Street, Sheffield, where there aresignificant remains of a 19th-century ironfoundry; it looks as if we shall be returningthere next year to undertake some moreextensive excavations.St Anthony's Hall; IanMilsted excavates anunderpinning pit for oneof the bay timbers

Late Roman gold fingerringfrom George StreetFront and back view ofcopper alloy seal matrixfrom Low Petergate,YorkMeanwhile, post-excavation assessment,analysis and report writing on sitesexcavated in previous years continue. Tworelatively recent excavations – those atGeorge Street/Dixon Lane in the Walmgatearea and at Petergate, nearer the Minster– have both yielded exciting and unexpectedinformation. We have realised that thesequence of occupation at George Street,which starts in the Roman period, maycontinue into the archaeologically elusiveearly 5th century; that, at least, is a possibilityopened up by the identification of a rathersplendid gold and carnelian ring as a typethat can be dated to that time. And to thisvery late Roman occupation or activity wecan add a post-Roman sequence that seemsto start in the pre-Viking period and go on,apparently uninterrupted, into the VikingAge. Continuous early medieval occupationsequences such as this are rare in York, andthey aid our understanding both of the extentof the pre-Viking settlement of Eoforwic andof the transition from Anglo-Saxon Eoforwicto Viking-Age Jorvik. Furthermore, thecemetery associated with the ‘lost’ church ofSt Stephen, which we have identified on thissite, contained the skeleton of an individualwho has been identified as a sufferer fromleprosy; the first definite identification of thiscondition in York.From the Petergate site, in contrast, itis one particular object that has shed anentirely new light on medieval York. Workin our Conservation Laboratory revealedthat a small bronze disc was in fact a sealmatrix, and that its inscription identified it asbelonging to Robert, possibly from Yarmouth,who styled himself as a horologiarius. Thisword presumably means ‘clockmaker’, and,as a variety of indicators combine to suggestthat the seal matrix dates to c.1300, this isan indication that some form of mechanicalclock may have been installed in York, mostprobably at York Minster or, perhaps, StMary’s Abbey, at around this date. The firstreferences to mechanical clocks in Englandare from around the 1270s, and so this mayrepresent a very early example; indeed thisitem appears to be the earliest tangible relicof a clockmaker in England. As his productwould have been a chiming clock that struckthe hours – this is why clocks are associatedwith religious establishments which wereconcerned to know and mark the passingof the hours so that they could order theirservices appropriately – it opens up anentirely new element of the soundscape ofthe medieval city.Other long-running projects aredrawing towards a close. Our analysis onbehalf of The Whithorn Trust of the earlyand late medieval sequence which weexcavated some years ago at the monasteryof Whithorn, in Dumfries and Galloway,should be completed next year. So tooshould a series of projects which we haveundertaken for English Heritage, includinga reassessment of the cemetery at Riccall,North Yorkshire, traditionally associatedwith the invasion of King Harald Hardraadaof Norway in 1066, and work on the Valeof York Alluviation project, funded fromthe Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund.It is clear, however, that our colleagues inEnglish Heritage are experiencing severefinancial stringencies in the face of capson government spending; it can only befor this reason that the latter phases ofthe York Minster project, with which wehave collaborated over the past severalyears with experts from the Universityof York and York Minster, is being tightlycircumscribed and, in the process, furtheropportunities for valuable research are beingrestricted, at least for the time being. Equally,the Heritage Lottery Fund, which has inthe past supported so many worthwhileprojects with an archaeological component,is also facing limits on its generosity in thisregard, imposed by the requirements to fundthe 2012 Olympic Games. With these twobastions of archaeological funding strappedfor cash, the future for some aspects ofresearch looks bleak.In other ways, however, we can lookforward to important research tools becomingavailable to a wider public thanks to theefforts of the Trust and its associates. TheHistoric Towns Atlas for York continues tomake stately progress towards publication;

and through the network established bythe Trust’s Historical Advisory Committee,the work of translating the York MinsterFabric Rolls, a major documentary sourcefor the medieval building campaigns at YorkMinster, has started. These are two goodexamples of how the Trust can promote abetter and fuller understanding of York’s andYorkshire’s past; for while neither of thesetwo works is likely to enter the best-seller list,the scholarship and understanding whichthey will distil will ‘trickle down’ throughever more popular works to enlighten andinterest a much wider audience, just as, forexample, the Trust’s academic research onthe Coppergate Viking-Age site not onlyunderpins the presentation in JORVIK buthas also now reached the writers of schooltextbooks. This is what ‘educating thepublic in archaeology’, the Trust’s charitableobjective, is all about.FieldworkNewgate, YorkThe relocation of an electricity substationin Newgate, York, and the associatedmovement of cables below the road to feedthem to the new substation, led to YATundertaking what was initially intendedto be a watching brief on the excavation ofthe foundation pit for the new substation.However, when extensive archaeologicaldeposits were exposed the emphasis shiftedto full excavation of both this site and theassociated service trench.Newgate appears in the documentsin 1336 as Le Newgate and the north-westside of the street has a number of buildingsfrom the 14th century, including a row ofhouses built on the edge of the graveyardof St Sampson’s church. A charter stillexists, granted to Hugh Botnor, chaplain,in 1336/37, allowing him to build thesehouses ‘between the common lane of PatrickPool and a lane to Thursday Market’, thelatter presumably Silver Street (a name thatappears in the 16th century). The survivingpart of the row referred to in the charter isnow 12–15 Newgate, although the buildingswere all altered in the late 18th or early19th century and Nos 13–14 were rebuiltin brick in the 19th century. The buildingswere of a uniform size: bays 10ft (3.04m)wide between the posts. In the early 1960sdemolition of the bay on the south-west sideof No. 15 (the location of the yard) exposeda complete cross-section of the original row,showing that the 19th-century work hadjust been a skin over the older building.The opportunity to excavate therefore hadthe potential to identify the remains of themedieval buildings that formed the rest ofthe row and, perhaps, burials associatedwith the church of St Sampson.Indeed, the earliest remainsuncovered were burialsassociated with St Sampson’schurch. The skeletons of three adult females,an older child and a young adult male werefound; the deposits into which the burialswere cut were waterlogged, allowingmineralised fabric from shrouds or clothesto be preserved on three of them. All thegraves contained 14th-century pottery,suggesting that the graveyard was in useright up to the time when the row of houseswas constructed.The excavation has hinted that the rowof houses was built in at least two phases,and that it originally extended just 10ft (onebay’s width) beyond the present end ofNo. 15. The earliest floors associated withthis property were identified 1m below thepresent ground surface; its rear wall wasformed by the substantial boundary wallwith the churchyard, and a fragment ofpainted wall plaster survived upon it. In thelate 14th century the end wall of the tenementwas modified to accommodate a brick-linedcess pit, and the church boundary wall wasalso modified to accommodate a garderobechute; mod cons were being introduced. InNewgate:Above, left: watchingbrief trench revealsextensive archaeologicaldeposits including apossible churchyardboundary wall.Above right: One of fiveburials recovered fromTrench 1

the 15th century the row was extended, withevidence for a further two properties.This, and a lot more detail, has given usnew insights into one of York’s fine seriesof medieval timber-framed buildings, anddemonstrated once again the wealth ofvulnerable information that lies buried justbelow the modern surface.which would have clearly shown alignmentsof posts, concentrations of stake holes andoccupation deposits. Unfortunately, in thecircumstances, all that YAT staff could dowas watch the machine dig the trenchesthrough the archaeological deposits and thenrecord the sequence of layers visible in thetrench sides.Lawrence Street, YorkA supposedly routine watching briefobservation of machine-dug foundationtrenches, cut in preparation for the buildingof a new Working Men’s Club at theLawrence Street/Leake Street corner, about120m outside Walmgate Bar, York, soonidentified a site with largely undisturbedarchaeological deposits that were over2m deep in places. The site clearly hadeven more potential to fill vital gaps inour knowledge of this area of immediatelyextra-mural York than did the nearby site weinvestigated some 50m behind the LawrenceStreet frontage at Leake Street in 1989, whenremains of Viking-Age and early medievaldate were uncovered.Here, however, the earliest remains werethose of a Middle Bronze Age cremation urn,witness to a funeral ceremony c.1500 BC.Although Bronze Age cremations have beenfound in the countryside around York, and anumber of Bronze Age finds aredocumented from in and aroundthe city, this is the closest suchfind to the centre of York, andis an exciting addition to ourknowledge of the prehistoriclandscape that pre-dated thecity.(Top) Anglo-Scandinavian ditch fills exposed inthe machine-dug trench; (below) Possible Anglo-Scandinavian burnt layers at the base of the trenchLawrence Street:Bronze Age cremationvessel in situ in the sideof the excavationIt looks as if the site then layunused until it was ploughed inthe Roman period, and perhapslater; then, in the 9th or 10thcentury, there is evidence thatViking-Age timber buildingsstood hereabouts, and that theywere eventually destroyed in a major fire.Due to lack of time and resources, however,there was very little that could be done tounderstand these structures in any moredetail other than by obtaining a record oftheir presence. It would only have beenpossible to identify the full plans of thesebuildings via an open-area excavation,Above the truncated remains of thesebuildings the foundations for four or fivemedieval structures were found although,as with the Anglo-Scandinavian structures,it was impossible to ascertain the actuallayout or extent of these buildings becauseof the very small ‘window’ that the trenchesallowed into the archaeological deposits.What we can say, however, is that there wasa striking continuity of Viking-Age, medievaland post-medieval domestic occupationhere. Maybe in the future an opportunity toexcavate more fully will present itself andallow detail to be added to our knowledgeof the origins of Lawrence Street.

HungateThe first year of the Hungate excavations hasseen a great deal of work carried out across aswathe of the Hungate (York) RegenerationLtd development plot. The archaeologicalwork started with a programme of excavationand watching briefs along key positions forsewer construction during the late autumn of2006. Since then there has been a consistentarchaeological presence on the developmentsite and the archaeological work has consistedof watching briefs and small-scale excavationin the Phase 1 area (Blocks A to C), evaluationand excavation in Block D, excavation ofBlock E, excavation in the Focal Building areaand the start of the 5-year excavation in thecentral Block H area.The excavations have so far provideda wealth of material and data from themedieval period to the early 20th century.Tantalising glimpses of Roman activityalong the Foss river margins have also beenrevealed.The medieval archaeology has includedthe remains of wooden revetments alonga consolidated earthen bank that wouldhave protruded out in to the King’s Pool,the artificial lake created when Williamthe Conqueror dammed the River Foss toflood his castle’s defensive ditches. We alsouncovered a sequence of pits that includedrefuse and cess pits as well as what appearsto have been possible clay extraction pits,and the remains of kilns in a small industrialworking area. A lot of this activity has beenlocated immediately to the north and eastof the area which once encompassed theparish church of St John in the Marsh andits associated graveyard, revealing distinctlycontrasting landscape use over extremelysmall distances.The post-medieval archaeology hasprovided the excavation with part of theCordwainers’ (shoemakers’) Guildhall builtin the second half of the 16th century, whichfronted on to Pound Lane (now known asPalmer Lane). Associated with the buildingof this guildhall, the excavations haveuncovered a relatively well-constructedlime mortar mixing cistern, a rare featurethat usually doesn’t survive within thearchaeological record and the first of its kindfound in York.The main area of attention for theHungate team over the last year has beenthe detailed excavation of the 19th- andearly 20th-century urban neighbourhoodthat had disappeared by the late 1930s. Themain reason for such detailed attentionto this relatively recent period is becauseHungate proves to be a particularly goodtype-site, encapsulating a period whenthere was great social and material changethroughout the nation as Britain strode intothe modern era.The importance of the 19th- and early20th-century archaeology at Hungate lies inthe contribution it can make in terms of thephysical and material culture to the seminalsocial studies of that time. These studiesinclude the groundbreaking survey ofsocial and living conditions that B. SeebohmRowntree carried out during the last yearsof the 19th century, which culminated inthe publication of ‘Poverty: A Study of TownLife' in 1901 and the subsequent detailedsanitation survey carried out by the citycorporation in 1907/08. Rowntree classifiedExcavation areaswithin the Hungatedevelopment blockThe northern edge of theCordwainers' Guildhalland the lime mortarmixing cistern

eing carried out on the Haver Lane and StJohn’s Place areas of the excavation.Further outreach and educationinitiatives have involved short coursesfor young people within the City of YorkCouncil’s Youth Offending Team scheme,short courses for school children andstudents from various backgrounds, lecturesto interested groups, the installation of aHungate display in the foyer of DIG andthe training of undergraduate students fromBradford University.10Trainee excavatorstaking part in theArchaeology Live!training excavation atHungateToilet block belonging tothe 19th-century housesof Dundas Courta large part of the Hungate area as belongingto the ‘poorest district of the city, comprisingthe slums’; the archaeology can verify or evencontradict the assertions and conclusions ofthat time. Considering the rich, varied anddetailed historical information relating to theHungate area during a period of significantnational change makes the 19th- and early20th-century archaeology revealed atHungate of national importance.A cornerstone of the Hungate excavationshas been a programme of public participation,outreach and education. The first year haswitnessed the creation of a public accesswalkway in to the Block H excavation areawhich has facilitated a number of successfulfree public open days, site tours at least 5days a week and bespoke tours for specialistand school parties. The northern segmentof the Block H area has also been openedto community involvement as part of aCommunity Archaeology project carriedout in conjunction with the Greater YorkCommunity Archaeologist. The CommunityArchaeology project has already proved tobe a huge success, with a great deal of workAs part of the public access, mediarepresentation has been another strongelement of Hungate in its first year. This hasinvolved the creation of the Dig Hungatewebsite as part of the family of YAT websites,the installation of information boards besidethe viewing portals along Hungate andcoverage in the regional and national press,radio and television.Hungate also hosted Archaeology Live2007, YAT’s annual training excavation,over the summer. Archaeology Live isproving to be one of the most populararchaeology training schools in the country.The overwhelming success of ArchaeologyLive is reflected in the 44% increase in traineedays undertaken year on year.Overall the first year of the Hungateexcavations has been a huge success, bothin the work that has been carried out inadvance of the phased development and alsothe other facets of the project that add to thepublic enjoyment of the lost heritage of thearea. Into 2008 the work will build upon thesolid foundations laid down in the past year,in particular with excavation in Block H.

Archaeological Research and DevelopmentMuch of this year has been spent workingup proposals for the final phase of researchon the archaeology of York Minster, a projectwhich has featured strongly in previousAnnual Reports. In 2006–7, YAT staff fromour Fieldwork section have investigated,in greater detail than has previously beenpossible, aspects of the below-groundarchaeology of the Minster as they relateto the 11th- and 12th-century phases of thecathedral, as part of a project which has nowbeen supported by English Heritage for fiveyears. This work will inform the preparationand publication of a major monograph onthese early stages of the cathedral church(of which few traces now survive above theground), to be prepared by Dr ChristopherNorton of the Centre for Medieval Studies,University of York, and Stuart Harrisonof Ryedale Archaeological Services. YAT’srole in this project has been substantial, andwill continue in the future in the form ofcontributions to the text and illustration ofthis important volume.The second stage of research into the Valeof York, a project again supported by EnglishHeritage through the Aggregates LevySustainability Fund (ALSF), is now nearingcompletion, resulting in the preparation of adefinitive set of maps of the currently knownarchaeology of the Vale of York. In the courseof the coming financial year, this resourcewill be made available to professional,academic and wider community audiences,including schools and libraries within theVale and its environs.Since these two major projects, whichhave been a mainstay of ArchaeologicalResearch and Development for the past fiveyears, are now reaching their final stages,the section, whilst developing initiatives forwhich it is hoped to get English Heritagesupport, is also seeking to become involvedin a broader range of projects supportedby and involving academic, charitable andcommercial sponsors and partners.11Research and AnalysisArtefact ResearchThe Artefact Research department hasbenefited enormously by the Trust’s move to47 Aldwark, where it is now housed togetherwith the conservation laboratory and thefinds processing part of the curatorialdepartment, as well as with the field teamand other Trust departments. This allowsfor much greater efficiency and integrationof many aspects of work.of what it was like to be a child in Hungate.There have been a few opportunities toexamine some of the underlying medievaldeposits, which have produced largequantities of pottery, as well as personalpossessions and evidence of craft activitiessuch as pin making.Relics of a good nightout… fragments of glassand stoneware ale andporter bottles found nearthe former Bricklayer'sArms, HungateResearch work within the departmenthas been dominated by the material beingproduced from the excavations at Hungate,which began in the autumn of 2006. Theinitial investigations produced a wealth ofpost-medieval and early modern materialwhich has helped elucidate the livingconditions in this notorious slum. In one areain particular the range and quantity of glassand stoneware gin, beer, wine and spiritbottles was very impressive. More domesticassemblages of artefacts and pottery havehelped to give a more rounded picture oflife in the 19th century, including glimpses

12Finds from Hungate:a 19th-century child'salphabet plate, glassmarbles and (right) a15th-century chafingdishOther excavations have producedmaterial from all periods of York’s past.Lawrence Street produced an in situ BronzeAge cremation urn, the first of its kind fromthe city. The assemblage from the DixonLane/George Street excavations has alsobeen researched during the year and is aboutto be published. Occupation or activity onthis site spans the Roman period to the 14thcentury (with an inevitable ‘Dark Age’ fromthe end of the 4th to the 7th century), andthere are important Anglian and Anglo-Scandinavian phases of activity. Right in theheart of York’s market place, the excavationsat Silver Street produced a sequence ofmaterial culture that goes back to the 12thcentury. Many other small excavations andwatching briefs in and around the city haveproduced small assemblages that have beenassessed and analysed.The Trust continues to take on externalartefact research projects, notably anassessment and preliminary report on apredominantly medieval finds assemblagefrom the Headland in Hartlepool for TeessideArchaeology Unit, the final report on theAnglo-Saxon pottery from Heslington Hillnear York for Field Archaeology Specialists,and a report on an assemblage of medievalpottery from Highbridge, Newcastle, forTyne and Wear Museum Services.Research staff continue to be integratedinto the Trust’s wide-ranging trainingprogramme and contributed to the season atSt Saviour’s, Hungate, as well as continuingwork on the finds from the excavations at StMary’s training site the previous year.As in previous years the Trust is indebtedto a wide range of external specialists whocontribute their expertise to many of theTrust’s projects.Curatorial ServicesChristine McDonnell inthe finds storeThe winds of change continued to swirlaround the curatorial department duringthe course of 2006–7, blowing in newopportunities, new people and, of course,new challenges. The major move from theArchaeological Resource Centre to an outof town store was swiftly followed by therelocation of the Trust’s headquarters andfinds and conservation laboratories to 47Aldwark, necessitating yet more box moving.Relocating such a large archaeologicalcollection is not a task undertaken lightlyand was achieved through the hard workand patience of the whole curatorial team,

including a core of determined volunteers.The whole store has been reorganised, newshelving systems installed, security updatedand nearly every find has a new home. Thishas generating the inevitable tracking andauditing which continues long after theremoval vans have disappeared into thedistance, and recording has been ongoingthroughout the year, whenever staff andvolunteers have had time to spare fromthe wide range of field and other contractwork.The Trust's humanosteologist, KatieTucker, verifies humanbones from St Peter'schurch, Barton-on-Humber, while Sally Toft(bottom left) repackagesthemOsteology has featured prominentlythroughout the year. The contract to wash,mark, assess and repack human skeletonsand animal bone from excavations underYork Minster in the 1970s was brought toa successful conclusion, whilst skeletonsfrom the heavy soil at George Street/Dixon’sLane in York proved a particularly difficultbut rewarding assemblage to process.Early in 2007, English Heritage invited usto tender for repackaging and verificationof 2,766 skeletons, dating from the Anglo-Saxon to the medieval period, excavatedfrom St Peter’s church, Barton on Humber,during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Workcommenced in February to a very tightdeadline ahead of the opening of an Ossuaryand new exhibition at St Peter’s scheduledfor May.Archaeology has people at its heart. Thestudy of human skeletal remains revealsmuch about how past peoples lived and died,and never ceases to fascinate. Following thesuccess of the science-based ‘Unearthed’exhibition at JORVIK, methods employedin genetic detectivework formed thebasis of planningf o r a n e wexhibition tobe launchedin May 2007.This will bringtogether biosc i e n t i f i cand artefacte v i d e n c e ,i n c l u d i n gDNA analysis, gene mapping and oxygenisotope analysis of Viking-Age bones andteeth to determine if visitors might haveScandinavian ‘Viking’ ancestors.TheTrust’s osteological collections alsocontinued to attract scholarly attention. RoseDrew (PhD York) is using the Fishergateassemblage to develop a rapid assessmentsystem for large assemblages via standardmarkers. Lizzy Craig’s doctoral study onAnglo-Saxon status led her to burials fromBelle Vue House, Heslington Road, andRebecca Storm continued her PhD study onasymmetry in medieval populations fromYork, Hereford, Chichester, Towton andother well-dated excavations. Not all bonerecovered is human, however, and the studyof fish bone from Viking-Age rubbish pits atCoppergate has taken on a global warmingsignificance with Dr James Barrett’s ongoingresearch into the cod trade and the originsof sea fishing in Northern Europe. Scientifictechniques of a different nature are beingemployed by Samantha Rubinson on nailsfrom Coppergate for her doctoral analysisof the development, production and use ofphosphoric iron in England from Romantimes to the medieval period.Not all of interest in the finds assemblageis as old, though. Dr Jeremy Kemp’s work atthe store suggests that the present generalpractice of disregarding or discardingpost-medieval bottles means that, with theexception of wine bottles, the great majorityof English glass and stoneware from themid-18th to the 20th century is very muchneglected. It is hoped that the study ofbottles found on Hungate and other siteswill give an insight into trades as diverseas brewing and distilling, the mineral waterindustry, and even the production of patentand ‘quack’ medicines. One of the first13

14finds from Hungate, a wine bottle bearinga personal seal, was identified by Jerry asbeing from the personal wine cellar of JohnKilby, a Lord Mayor of York in the early19th century.Discovery, learning and enjoymentunderlie all our work with the collectionsand the department has continued to hoststudent placements and to run workshopsand other training events. ‘Unlocking theViking Vault’, an event held during theViking Festival, allowed us to introducemembers of the public to finds seldomseen, including locks of human hair fromfive different Viking heads. The Festivalprogramme also featured Terry Jones andhis film producer son, Bill. Well known as a‘Python’, Terry is also a respected author andhistorian with a scholarly interest in Chaucerand the Middle Ages. He was fascinated withanother find from the ‘vault’, a very rare andextremely delicate set of eight medievalwaxed writing tablets excavated from BackSwinegate, York. Three distinct texts havebeen deciphered on the tablets, a list or setof accounts, part of a legal document in Latinand a love poem in 14th-century English– the language of Chaucer.With an enormously busy work schedule,the contribution of volunteer staff from allwalks of life is greatly appreciated. Thedepartment also hosts placement studentsstudying for undergraduate and mastersdegrees in archaeology, museums studiesand heritage management. These students’work counts towards their final degreeand they are introduced to the practicalapplication of theory and standards acrossthe breadth of work of the department (seeAppendix 5).Terry Jones examines the Swinegate wax tablets withChristine McDonnell and Ian PanterConservation Laboratory and Archaeological Wood CentreFormer Head ofConservation JimSpriggs (left) with newPrincipal Curator IanPanterThis year saw two major upheavalsfor the Conservation Department,with the retirement of Jim Spriggsas Head of Conservation and therelocation of the laboratories fromGalmanhoe Lane into refurbishedpremises in Aldwark.Jim was instrumental in settingup a conservation department withinthe Trust way back in 1972 (in facthe was YAT’s first employee) and,amongst his many achievements, hasoverseen three moves, the creation ofthe internationally recognised woodconservation facilities and mentoredmany conservation students over a careerthat spanned 34 years. In recognition of hisservices many may remember that Jim wasnamed in the UK’s top ten conservatorsin a poll carried out by the Independent onSunday newspaper in 2002. Although hehas retired from the Trust, Jim continuesto be active in the conservation profession,having taken over the role of Chair of theArchaeology Group of the Institute ofConservation. He also remains active withinthe York Consortium for Craftsmanship andConservation, and has undertaken severalconsultancies on behalf of the department.One of Jim’s last jobs in the departmentwas the conservation of a modern sculptureof Ganesh on behalf of the Harewoodestate, which had suffered damage duringtransport from India. Jim’s replacement isIan Panter who moved back from EnglishHeritage, having previously worked atthe Trust as the English Heritage regionalcontract conservator.The second event faced by the departmentwas the move into new premises with the restof the Trust in the early autumn. This movepresented us with the ideal opportunity

for some long-overdue housekeeping andwe are now working in a much-improvedenvironment with modern benching, storageand fume extraction facilities. Unfortunatelywe were unable to relocate our large-scalewood treatment facility into Aldwark, butour treatment tanks and freeze-driers arenow concentrated at our warehouse inWalmgate which will form the focus forlarge-scale conservation projects includingwaterlogged wood.Despite these major disruptions, thedepartment has continued to provideconservation services to both YAT anda number of external clients, and ourincome target was again exceeded. Externalcontracts numbered 88 separate projectsfrom 48 clients from around the UK and wecontinue to explore other potential sourcesof revenue.working on a wreck off Filey bay thought tobe that of the BonHomme Richard which sunkin 1779 following an engagement with HMSSerapis at the Battle of Flamborough Head. Asmall glazed dish from the site is currentlyundergoing desalination treatment, in orderto wash out the harmful salts accumulatedafter over 200 years on the seabed.Besides the usual assessments of artefactsfrom commercially funded evaluations, staffand volunteers have worked on a diverserange of materials. Perhaps the oldestwas the cleaning and consolidation of amammoth’s tusk recovered from Leicesterand now housed at the Yorkshire Museum.This entailed the painstaking removal of thecling film barrier surrounding the tusk andthe introduction of a consolidant in orderto prevent the tusk from fracturing intocountless pieces.15One potential market is that of maritimearchaeology – currently high on the agendafor many heritage agencies as the seabedwitnesses development pressures akin tothose faced by terrestrial sites. This is anarea in which staff in the ConservationDepartment have had experience, withthe continued work on artefacts from theElizabethan shipwreck off Alderney, onbehalf of the Alderney Maritime Trust.Recently recovered finds include a possiblepair of heavily concreted medical tongs,a deadeye and a pulley block currentlyundergoing treatment.During the year we were commissionedby English Heritage to produce conservationguidelines aimed at the Licensees ofDesignated Wrecks and Jim Spriggs hasproduced a draft that has been out for wideconsultation. It is our intention to publishthis on the web and we are currentlyexploring other sources of information thatwill be included on the website that willprove of use to Licensees and other maritimearchaeologists.Display conservation was also carried outon a group of decorated medieval stoneworkfrom Holy Trinity church in Micklegate,York. This project was commissioned byDick Raines Design, which recently set upan exhibition inside the church. After yearsof exposure to dust and industrial pollution,the stones were in a sorry state but, aftercareful cleaning with water and chemicalagents, they now form the centrepiece of thenew display, which is well worth a visit.Our timber technologist has been keptvery busy this year and we have seen thecompletion of a number of major projectsand some interesting smaller ones. A 13thcenturysalt ship from Nantwich, a brinestorage tank cut from a hollowed log,Above: Packingup and relocatingthe Conservationlaboratories to newfacilities at 47 AldwarkWe also undertook the conservationassessment of artefacts recovered from theRooswijk, a Dutch East Indiaman that sankoff the Goodwin Sands in 1739 or 1740 forEnglish Heritage and the Dutch HeritageMinistry. The wreck has now been scheduledas a designated wreck. More locally, we areproviding assistance and advice to membersof the Filey Bay Initiative who have beenPlacement studentIngrid Flatval fromNorway works onconsolidating amammoth tusk

Peterborough Museum on a Bronze Agebucket from Thorney, Cambridgeshire. Thisis a rare example of a bucket carved out of asolid log, with an integral loop handle. Sadlythe base board, which fitted into a groovecarved around the inside of the base, hadbeen lost before the bucket was buried buttraces of vegetable fibre used to stuff andwaterproof the join were still present.16Ian Panter, DickRaines and Steve Allenexamine the stocksfrom Holy Trinity church,Micklegatenow 7.5m long and about 1m in diameter,competed its stabilisation treatment andwas packed off to its home in NantwichMuseum. One of the three sections is nowon display, showing the seating cut into thetop for a lid and the traces left by robbedout sheet lead patches, nailed in place toseal up knot holes in the object. An 11thcenturylogboat from Shottesbrooke inBerkshire was finished at the same time. Thishad a good sub-rectangular cross-section,making it look more like a plank-builtpunt than a ‘dugout canoe’, with a nailedplank repair on one side. It too has beenreturned to the client and went straight ondisplay at the River and Rowing Museumin Henley-on-Thames. We also finishedwork on a late Saxon coffin from BeverleyMinster, prehistoric timbers from SaughallMassey, Cheshire, and medieval artefactsfrom Soham, Cambridgeshire. The WelhamBridge logboat from East Yorkshire has beenfreeze-dried, ready for reconstruction.One particular highlight was work forLots of small assessments wereundertaken during the year, the largestsuch project involving the sorting of thewet wood collection at Winchester Museum.The structural timbers from excavations inWinchester going back to 1968 were all stillstored wet in tanks behind the museum,which is shortly to move premises. Overseveral weeks, each timber was examinedand recorded. Samples required for furtherexamination were retained, as were anywhich were considered worth conserving.The remainder were discarded after a fullrecord had been completed.Studies of wood assemblages have beencarried out for many projects, includingTuthill Stairs (Newcastle) and Abingdon(Oxfordshire). The most extensive wasthe report completed for FrameworkArchaeology on the assemblage fromHeathrow Airport Terminal 5. This isthe second phase of work completed forthis project, the first phase of which waspublished this year. Wood of Mesolithicto post-medieval date has been recorded,including prehistoric log ladders, partsof ploughshares, buckets, withy ties and,most spectacularly, a Bronze Age hollowedwooden bowl. This has a carved handle atone end and was a valuable object – it hadsplit in two at some point during its lifebut the owners had stitched the two halvestogether again with vegetable fibre.In addition to giving tours around thewet wood laboratory, a paper on recordingwaterlogged wood was given to the CBANorth-West Region autumn meeting onWood and Archaeology in the North-West.At the same meeting, Jim Spriggs gave apaper on conserving waterlogged wood.The Thorney BronzeAge bucketA big vote of thanks must go the staff,students and volunteers who yet againhave contributed to the achievements of thedepartment.

Archaeology and the PublicPublicationsA further site was published this year inthe Archaeology of York Web PublicationSeries: Roman occupation at the site of theformer Starting Gate Public House, 42–50Tadcaster Road, Dringhouses, York, UK byJane McComish et al, reporting on theexcavation which took place in the autumnof 2003. The excavation exposed depositslargely of Roman date and helped clarifythe alignment of a major Roman road inthe area, as well as yielding evidence forthe development of an adjacent roadsidesettlement. The settlement included thefoundations of a large building interpretedas a possible mansio, a government residenceto accommodate travelling officials, wherefood and drink was readily available.Among the finds recovered were an excellentcollection of Roman pottery and, unusually,a whale vertebra that had been reused as achopping block.Two further issues of the Trust’smagazine, Yorkshire Archaeology Today, wereproduced during the year. Issues 10 and 11included articles on the mysterious headlessRoman burials found on The Mount, York;recent excavation work at George Streetand Dixon Lane which may have helpedlocate the lost church of St Stephen, thetraining dig at St Saviourgate and numerousother projects undertaken by the Trust. Themove to a larger full-colour publication hasresulted in a much more attractive magazine,and many favourable comments have beenreceivedOne of the largest projects for theGraphics office this year was the redesignof the JORVIK and YAT websites and thecreation of a new website for the Hungateexcavation (www.dighungate.com). Over180 web pages were produced for the Trust’swebsites in the course of the year.schoolchildren as part of a Creative Mindsproject (see Yorkshire Archaeology Today 10)was illustrated for future publication, anda large part of a collection of flints fromthe ‘Ainsbrook’ site was drawn. Externalcontracts for illustration included thecompletion of a large assemblage of BronzeAge–post-Roman timbers from BurlescombeQuarry, Devon, for Exeter Archaeology, anda number of iron and bone artefacts fromQuoygrew in the Orkneys for James Barrettof the University of York. Illustration workwas also undertaken for a forthcoming webpublication of excavations at Whithorn.As with most other departments, part ofthe summer was spent in preparation for themove to our new headquarters – this meanta considerable reduction in the amount ofspace available to the Graphics office inparticular, so it was an opportunity to reviewthe huge quantity of drawings, paperworkand equipment accumulated over theprevious 30 years and consider what couldbe discarded, what must be kept to hand andwhat could be stored elsewhere.The Graphics Officecontinues to producea wide variety of workranging from pen-andinkartefact illustrations(such as this bonehandledknife fromQuoygrew) to full-colourmagazines and websites17Work on the preparation of otherpublication projects has continued in a quietway, with a small amount of finds illustrationbeing undertaken for publications onHenly's Garage, Low Petergate, GeorgeStreet, and the Driffield Terrace sites.Pottery from a site excavated at Coxwold by

18Archive, Photographic Archive and LibraryThe year was naturally dominated bypreparations for the move to 47 Aldwark.Excavation records held Trust-wide weregathered together and duplicate or archivallyinsignificant material was disposed of orremoved to the warehouse. The archive isnow housed at Aldwark on shelving androller racking, and, for the first time for years,it has been possible to bring it all togetherin one sequence by year of excavation.Conservation records are also housed in thesame area, as well as the aerial photographs,administration records and some of thephotographic archive. The large vertifilesof maps are in adjacent rooms. Much workremains to be completed in updating the YorkArchive Gazetteer with material depositedduring the move, but the housing of thearchive in general is now much improved.Some fifteen students and members of thepublic have worked with the archive sincethe move in September.Without a single central location availableto hold it all the Trust’s library has nowbeen split up into a number of separatelyhoused sections, dispersed throughout thebuilding.Sales of York Archaeological Trustpublications, sold via the library, continueto fall as volumes go out of print. Somesuccessful fundraising was carried out fora book on York in the Second World War,using material obtained during the HomeFront Recall Project, and work on this hasbegun. It is hoped that works such as thiswill be popular with the public.Sales of images from the Trust’s PictureLibrary at http://www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk/piclib/photos.php were unfortunatelyadversely affected by the move and problemswith the on-line ordering system, but manyimages were supplied to York ArchaeologicalTrust staff during the year. The problem ofstorage of digital images and other materialis being tackled, with the transfer of imageson to CD or DVD and the institution of adiary for refreshing digital material everythree years. This process of refreshing, whichhas been carried out to a limited extent in thepast, is proceeding well. Valuable assistancewas provided during the year by volunteerJessica Hart.ComputingIn spring 2006 the hosting of the Trust’sIntegrated Archaeological Database(IADB) and related web services wasmoved from our own internal server toa commercial web hosting service. Thishas improved performance and reliabilityand, by relieving pressure on our ownservers, has also benefited other non-IADBservices, particularly email. This change alsosimplified the transfer of IT services fromOgleforth to Aldwark, which was completedwith pleasingly few problems and in ashorter time than had been anticipated. Inearly 2007 a major new version of the IADBwas launched which incorporates many ofthe emerging Web 2.0 technologies to deliveran improved user interface combined withmany functional enhancements. Mike Rainsdelivered papers on various aspects of theIADB to the Institute of Field Archaeologistsconference in Edinburgh in April 2006 andto the Society of American Archaeologistsconference in Austin, Texas, in April 2007.The first phase of the JISC-fundedVirtual Research Environments (VRE) jointproject with the University of Reading,centred on the use of the IADB at the longrunningSilchester Roman town excavationsin Hampshire, was completed at the endof 2006. Mike Rains presented an interimreport on the project to the 34th annualComputer Applications in Archaeology(CAA) conference in Fargo, North Dakota,in April 2006 and a final report to the 35thCAA conference in Berlin in March 2007.In early 2007, an enlarged YAT/Universityof Reading/University College Londonconsortium was awarded a further twoyears’ funding from the JISC under phasetwo of the VRE programme. Mike Rainscontinues as an honorary visiting researchfellow at the University of Reading.

Education and TrainingHungateIn addition to preparing for archaeologicalwork at Hungate, it was decided to continueworking with York Oral History Society andrevise and extend the book ‘Rich in all butMoney’ edited by Van Wilson and based onthe memories of people who lived in andaround Hungate in the early years of thelast century.To facilitate work with local schools asmall group of Key Stage 3 and 4 teachers,drawn from Archbishop Holgate’s Schooland The Mount, archivists, oral historians andarchaeologists have met in York City Archiveswith a view to integrating historical evidencewith archaeological findings at Hungate andmake both accessible to education groups.It is hoped that this group will grow anddiversify over the life of the project. Thisgroup plans to develop site visits and otherlearning experiences which, once piloted andrefined, can be enjoyed by other schools.An application to the BIG Lottery Fundunder the ‘Reaching Communities’ schemefor a grant to enable many of York’s lessadvantaged residents become involved withwork at Hungate was highly regarded by theassessors but was not successful.Youth Offending TeamA new project working with the YorkYouth Offending Team has been started.In the first instance we intend to workwith young people aged 14–16 who needto carry out supervised work. This projecthas been jointly developed with the GreaterYork Community Archaeology Project andthe Hungate team, and will involve youngpeople working on site. After health andsafety training, they are trained in excavationprocedures and finds processing work. It ishoped that in the future older young peoplewill also be involved.North Yorkshire Business andEducation PartnershipNorth Yorkshire Business and EducationPartnership has agreed to collaborate withYAT on four separate projects. First anarchaeological summer school for giftedand talented children from primary andsecondary school in Ryedale is plannedfor July 2007. Second, work-based learningopportunities are to be provided on a dayreleasescheme for young people preparingfor GCSE examinations. Third, YAT hasagreed to run workshops for schools at theBritish Association for the Advancementof Science in September 2007. Finally, thePartnership has agreed to run the recruitmentand administration of teachers’ coursesentitled ‘Archaeology and Archives’ based atHungate and City of York Archives in 2007.Renton Ripon CollectionAn important collection of weights,measures and scientific instruments acquiredprivately over several years was built up inRipon. York Archaeological Trust has beenasked to advise on the best way to look afterthis collection and use it for educationalbenefit in the future.Training excavationsSite visits were undertaken to severalarchaeological sites in the area to assess ifany might benefit from further research andinterpretation with a view to diversifyingthe training excavation opportunitiesand heritage education offered by YorkArchaeological Trust. The Roman Fortat Malton stood out as a site that hasnot been much investigated in recentyears. A geophysical survey, completedby YAT Field Officer Gareth Dean while apostgraduate student at the University ofYork, demonstrated that buried structuresare visible. His dissertation recommendsfurther geophysical work at the site and it ishoped that a pilot project will be undertakenin 2007 with a view to carrying out morework in the future.Jon Kenny andmembers of the YouthOffending Team on siteat Hungate19

JORVIK20Throughout 2006–7 the ExplanationTeam continued to focus on delivering anumber of significant improvements toJORVIK. In particular, the team continued itsstrategy of improving the visitor experienceby addressing:staff interaction with visitors;the content of the Galleries;new offers to all sectors of the publicincluding educational groups.JORVIK’s visitor feedback continuedto reflect these efforts throughout the year,resulting in an average of 91% of visitorsto JORVIK confirming that they wouldrecommend the experience to their familyand friends. In addition, 80% of visitorssaid that their visit met or exceeded theirexpectations.In terms of visitor numbers, JORVIKperformed well, particularly towards theend of the year following a very hot summerincluding the World Cup, which saw agreater decline in numbers than predicted.At the peak of the summer period visitornumbers showed a 13% decline on theprevious year, but by the end of March 2007numbers recovered and a total of 385,000visitors was recorded for the year. This wasa decline of 5%, in line with the predictedbudget for the year.The spectacular floodlit battle on the Eye of Yorkbrought this year's Jorvik Viking Festival to amagnificent conclusionTo continue the programme of innovativechanges to the Galleries, a successful grantbid was made to the Wellcome Trust,resulting in a £30,000 investment. This wasthe second successful grant bid to be madeto the Trust within a two-year period. Thetheme of the new exhibition, replacing‘Fearsome Craftsmen’, is ‘Are You a Viking?’.This looks at how the mix of cultures inViking York contributed to society and whatevidence it left, though an examination ofDNA, genetics, inherited diseases, dialect,signatures in archaeological evidence etc.Contributions to the exhibition were madeby Professor Judith Jesch and Dr SaraPonz-Sans, British Academy Post-DoctoralResearch Fellow in Old English and OldNorse language, both from the University ofNottingham; Dr Andrew Jones who workedon the project in association with ProfessorCarl Heron and Dr Janet Montgomery atBradford University; Dr James Barrett fromthe University of York; Professor MarkJobling from the University of Leicester; andDr Richard Hall from YAT. RMA Ltd beganwork on this project in November 2006, withinstallation completed on time and to budgetin April 2007.Several improvements have been madeto school education services over the yearincluding a series of workshops intendedto extend visits to both JORVIK and DIG.These workshops, for pupils in Key Stages1 to 3, link the visit to the attraction to morespecific curriculum programmes of study.In addition, a number of resources havebeen developed for teachers, including freeworksheets and activity sheets available onthe websites.

In addition to the ‘Are You a Viking?’project other significant improvements to theJORVIK experience during the year includedthe development and operation of a new cafécart facility and improved menu from July2006, a new guide book, improvements tothe internal signage (making use of visitorfeedback), and the addition of a welcomehost Viking on the admissions door at alltimes.The 2007 Viking Festival proved anenormous success both in terms of attractingvisitors to the City and by generating mediacoverage. Taking place between 14th and18th February, the 22nd Viking Festival wasone of the most successful in recent years.Events included celebrity appearances byMonty Python star and director of the filmErik the Viking, Terry Jones, and Noggin theNog illustrator, Peter Firmin, at City Screen– both of which were sold out and attracteda great deal of press attention.The launch of the Festival involvedtwo local schools which had worked withlocal theatre group MarkMark during theprevious term to produce a well-researchedand executed Viking play in front of a packedaudience. Other sell-out events included‘Combat Day’ in the performance tent inSt Sampson’s Square, with displays by theRoyal Armouries and Hollywood ArmourerMagnus Siggurdsson; and the evening finalébattle. The ‘Final Battle of Eric Bloodaxe’took place at the Eye of York in front of anaudience of 1,000 people and combined theskills of over 300 re-enactors from RegiaAnglorum and theatre effects company ‘Walkthe Plank’, which presented an impressivefinal fireworks display from the CastleMuseum roof. The Trust also hosted a VIPdinner at the Mansion House for selectedguests from Norway and supporters of theFestival in York.presented by Dr. Andrew Jones, interpretedsimultaneously with sign language forvisitors with hearing impairments, as wellas incorporating handling objects for visitorswith sight impairments. The funding wasalso used to devise presentations by theFinds Team at YAT that focused on objectsrarely seen by the general public; thesesessions too were specifically aimed atvisitors with learning disabilities. Finally, thefunding was used to fund ‘The Viking BannerProject’ which was run in partnership withArts Action York who worked with a rangeof groups such as the elderly, homeless,individuals with special needs, and primaryschools to develop themed banners drawnfrom poetry and drama workshops.Throughout the year the ExplanationTeam continued to monitor closely and reactto changes in the tourism and educationmarket to maximise visitor numbers atJORVIK from all sectors of the public.Following research commissioned throughthe York-based company QuestionsAnswered, a number of new initiatives whichcentred on re-branding were introducedduring the year. This resulted in new leaflets,posters, marketing campaigns on the buses,radio and television adverts, websites andbranding on the attraction itself. The mainobjectives of the attractions remain: to be atthe forefront of the tourism and informaleducation market within the UK; offeringproducts and services which are of thehighest standard, are innovative, and deliverthe aims of the Trust.Noggin the Nog creatorPeter Firmin (in hornedhelmet) joins young fansat Jorvik Viking Festival21A grant of £9,900 awarded by theHeritage Lottery Fund within their Awardsfor All scheme funded a new programme of‘Access for All’ activities which included theuse of local professional Theatre Company‘Risky Things’ which devised and presentedworkshops for visitors with learning andaccess difficulties, as well as a series ofinteractive sessions for children underfive years old. Also part of the ‘Access forAll’ programme was a series of lectures

DIGDIG opened to the public on 26th March2006, and in its first year achieved over40,000 visitors, approximately 10,000 morevisitors than achieved by the ARC in its finalfull year of operation.22Feedback throughout the year has beenexcellent, and in November 2006 DIG wasawarded Tourist Attraction of the Year atthe annual York Tourism Awards. Beatingall of the large established attractions in Yorkto the top award, DIG was commended onthe performance of its staff as well as theinnovative offer to its visitors. The gatheredaudience at the awards was told that thejudges were impressed by the involvementof staff at all levels, facilities for the disabledand commitment to both entertainment andeducation. The presentation also cited fouryear-oldKelly Lancashire, who wrote into say ‘In case you didn’t know this we allthought it was great fun. I especially likedthe bit where we had to guess what theViking poo was and I liked the bit where wehad to find skeletons best of all’.Throughout the year a number of newinitiatives were also put in place to linkDIG to the excavation at Hungate. A newHungate exhibition incorporating audiocommentary was installed in the foyer,aimed at attracting the attention of passersbyin the street and drawing them into DIGto find out more. Within this exhibition area number of new finds from the HungateStudents examining a representation of a soil columnexcavation, which are installed on a rollingprogramme as objects are unearthed on site,to keep the exhibition current. Tours fromDIG to Hungate are planned for next year,along with a school’s workshop to enablechildren to find out more about the processof archaeology.To further extend public accessopportunities to Hungate a grant for£25,000 was achieved from the GarfieldWeston Foundation, a second successivesuccessful bid, to complete a number ofinitiatives including a new oral historyproject to re-edit the book ‘Rich in All ButMoney’. This book, written by Van Wilson,contains interviews of past residents of theHungate area who lived there from 1900 to1938, to create a lasting record of life in thisarea of the city. This book will be completedin late 2007.A number of new marketing initiativeswere completed during the year to extendthe audience to DIG, including attendanceat the BBC’s ‘Who Do You Think You Are?’exhibition at Olympia in London, alongsidethe Council for British Archaeology (CBA).The stand representing DIG and the CBAwas the only one at the show specificallyaimed at the family market. The teamon the stand was able to give a detailedinsight into what is available at DIG andthe Hungate excavation. Excellent feedbackwas received from many of the thousandsof visitors to the show. A new DIG websiteand promotional leaflet were also completedduring the year and a paper was given at theannual Museums, Libraries and Archivesconference talking about the objectives andcreation of the DIG project.

Greater York Community Archaeology ProjectDuring the year 2006–7 the project saw achange in personnel; Eliza Gore departedthe Community Archaeologist post inAugust 2006 to be replaced by Dr Jon Kennyin November 2007. During the year theCommunity Archaeologist has been in closecontact with local archaeology and historysocieties, providing advice and expertise,and loaning equipment from the projectresource. The project study days continued,with a two-month hiatus during the changeof personnel. The study days have been agreat success, aimed at developing skillsand confidence amongst the local groupsof greater York.23A number of study days were held over the year, at which members of the publicand local groups were introduced to aspects of archaeology such as landscapesurvey and recording historic buildings, as well as oral history and the use ofarchives. Above, a group learns about interpreting landscape on Hob Moor withAlistair Oswald of English Heritage while below, Charlie Dean leads a study dayon Archaeological BoneEliza Gore (right) helps pupils from Fulford andEasingwold secondary schools with geophysicalsurvey at CoxwoldThe project also reaches out to those whomay not otherwise benefit from participationin archaeology. In particular, during 2006the Community Archaeologist has begunworking more intensively with schools:fifteen workshops have been run at localschools, each one attended by approximately30 children ranging in age from 6–11 years(c.450 children overall). The workshopsare aimed at Key Stages 1 and 2 and tiearchaeology into the National Curriculum.

Finance, Management and AdministrationFinancial Review 2006–2007Total funds carried forward at the end of the year amounted to £2,377,000. Over the yearcash flow was positive, increasing by £203,000, and indebtedness declined from £990,000 to£695,000. The results were affected by the one-off costs of relocating the head office whichwill reduce costs in the future as dispersed elements of the Trust’s activities have beenbrought together. The year saw a decline of £423,000 in total funds, including an increasein depreciation following the investment at DIG. This compared with an increase in 2005–6,which was boosted by exceptionally high grants of £1,200,000, of which £925,000 was usedto purchase fixed assets at DIG and JORVIK.24Restricted FundsThe decrease of £159,000 was primarily the result of a depreciation charge of £182,400 inrespect of the assets purchased with the significant grants awarded last year to redevelopDIG and one of the galleries at JORVIK, offset by further grants of £27,600 received duringthe year.Unrestricted FundsThe Trust continued to experience difficult trading in both the Explanation and ExplorationDivisions as a result of increased competition, particularly in the visitor attraction market,and a slow down in archaeological activity although the start of the Hungate excavationproduced a significant boost to income in the latter part of the year.Explanation DivisionWithin the Explanation Division net incoming resources amounted to £755,000 (£808,000 in2005–6), with both income and expenditure increasing. Incoming resources from charitableactivities amounted to £2,873,000 (£2,688,000 in 2005–6). The increase of 7% followed theopening of DIG, resulting in income increasing by £90,000 to £150,000 with the balanceof the increase amounting to £95,000 coming from a small increase in visitor numbers toJORVIK and marginally increased spend per head.Resources expended in respect of charitable activities increased by £238,000 to £2,118,000(£1,880,000 in 2005–6), an increase of 13% resulting from a combination of inflationarypressures and operating costs associated with DIG in its first year of operation.The activities for generating funds comprise the retail activities at JORVIK and DIG, whichare conducted through a separate trading subsidiary. Income from these activities alsoincreased, to £442,000 (£422,000 in 2005–6). Costs associated with activities for generatingfunds increased to £428,000 (£407,000 in 2005–6), reflecting an increase in overheadexpenses.Exploration DivisionThe Exploration Division saw incoming resources from charitable activities of £543,000(£636,000 in 2005–6), the fall being the result of a reduction in demand for generalarchaeological fieldwork services, though this was offset by the Hungate excavation.Grants received declined to £116,000 (£286,000 in 2005–6), reflecting the decline incommissioning of projects by English Heritage and no other new grant-qualifying projectsbeing undertaken.Whilst overall costs, including administration in respect of the Trust as a whole, increasedto £1,666,000 (£1,617,000 in 2005–6), this included £84,000 in respect of the costs associatedwith the successful relocation of the Trust’s head office to 47 Aldwark, York.

Cash and BorrowingsOverall cash flow for the year was positive, increasing from an overdraft of £69,400 at thestart of the year to net cash at bank of £133,700 at the year-end. After net repayments on thestructured loan provided by the National Westminster Bank of £427,500 there is a balanceoutstanding of £576,924.ReservesThe Board of Trustees believes that the charity should hold financial reserves because:1) It has no endowment funding and is almost entirely dependent upon the surplusgenerated by JORVIK, which varies from year to year according to the level of visitornumbers.2) It is also dependent upon income from JORVIK to meet repayments on the 10-yearloan (which is scheduled to be repaid in 2008) taken out to fund the redevelopmentat JORVIK which was completed in April 2001.25The Trustees believe that the minimum target level of free reserves, that is unrestrictedreserves not invested in fixed assets or restricted funds, should be £300,000. The Trusteesrecognise that whilst the loan from National Westminster Bank remains outstanding thistarget cannot be achieved and have in the interim set the target for free cash at the endof each year at £300,000. The Trustees acknowledge that whilst during the year progresstowards the target has been made, the target was not met partly as a result of the one-offcosts associated with the move to the new head office and income from archaeologicalactivities falling short of expectations.Risk ManagementDuring the year the Trustees have continued to review the risks to the Trust. The RiskCommittee meets to consider the risks that may arise in the future and assess what actioncan be taken. A full report is then provided at subsequent Board meetings so that all Trusteesare fully informed. The Committee met on three occasions during 2006–7. The Trust alsohas an Audit Committee that met with the Trust’s Auditor on one occasion to review thefinancial results and ensure appropriate control measures are in placeExtracts from the Trust’s year-end accounts are set out below. Full accounts are availableon request.

Summarised Financial StatementsConsolidated Statement of Financial Activities(incorporating the income and expenditure account)for the year ended 31 March 2007Incoming resources2007 2006£ £Incoming resources from generating funds:Voluntary income 151,290 1,211,814Activities for generating funds 441,713 422,266Investment income 13,207 43,31526Incoming resources from charitable activities 3,415,684 3,324,292_______ _______TOTAL INCOMING RESOURCES 4,021,894 5,001,687_______ _______Resources ExpendedCosts of generating funds:Fundraising trading:costs of goods sold and other costs (428,539) (407,012)Charitable activities: (3,966, 493) (3,543,496)Governance costs (102,096) (123,682)_______ _______TOTAL RESOURCES EXPENDED 4,092,190 4,046,947_______ _______NET (EXPENDITURE) / INCOMEFOR THE YEAR (475,234) 927,497OTHER RECOGNISED GAINS / LOSSESActuarial gains in respect ofdefined benefit pension schemes 52,000 13,000_______ _______NET MOVEMENT IN FUNDS (423,234) 940,497Total funds brought forward 2,799,961 1,859,464_______ _______Total funds carried forward 2,376,727 2,799,961======== ========The Consolidated Statement of Financial Activities includes all gains and lossesin the year and therefore a statement of total recognised gains and losses hasnot been prepared.All of the above amounts relate to continuing activities.

Summarised Financial StatementsBalance Sheets2007 2006£ £Fixed Assets 3,072,094 3, 790, 148Current AssetsStocks 115,474 108,264Debtors 395,096 750,626Cash at bank and in hand 174,912 6,724_______ _______685,482 865,614CREDITORS:Amounts falling due within one year (1,000,175) (1,086,877)_______ _______NET CURRENT LIABILITIES (314,693) (221,263)_______ _______TOTAL ASSETS LESS CURRENTLIABILITIES 2,757,401 3,568,885CREDITORS: Amounts falling dueafter more than one year (220,674) (576, 924)27Defined benefit pension scheme liability (160,000) (192,000)_______ _______NET ASSETS including pension liability 2,376, 727 2,799,961======== ========FUNDSRestricted income funds 722,249 881,349Unrestricted income funds excludingpension liability 1,814,478 2,110,612Pension reserve (160,000) (192,000)_______ _______TOTAL UNRESTRICTED INCOME FUNDS 1,654,478 1,918,612_______ _______TOTAL FUNDS 2,376,727 2,799,961======== ========These consolidated financial statements were approved by the Board of Trusteeson 27th July 2007.

Summarised Financial StatementsConsolidated Cash Flow Statements2007 2006£ £NET CASH INFLOW FROMOPERATING ACTIVITIES 667,076 1,225,619RETURNS ON INVESTMENTS ANDSERVICING OF FINANCE 13,207 43,315CAPITAL EXPENDITURENet cash outflow from capital expenditure (49,690) (1,138,979)_______ _______Cash inflow before financing 630,593 129,95528FINANCINGNet outflow from bank loans (427,500) (487,500)_______ _______INCREASE /(DECREASE) IN CASH 203,093 (357,553)======== ========RECONCILIATION OF NET (OUTGOING)/INCOMING RESOURCES TONET CASH INFLOW FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES2007 2006£ £Net (outgoing)/incoming resourcesbefore transfers (475,234) 927,497Interest receivable (13,207) (43,315)Depreciation 767,744 586,713(Increase) /Decrease in stocks (7,210) 27,692Decrease /(Increase) in debtors 355,530 (364,837)Increase in creditors 19,453 109,869Provision for pension costs on definedbenefit pension schemes 40,000 3,000Defined benefit pension schemecontributioins paid (20,000) (21,000)_______ _______Net cash inflow from operating activities 667,076 1,225,619======== ========

INDEPENDENT AUDITOR’S STATEMENT TO THE MEMBERS OF YORK ARCHAEOLOGICALTRUST for EXCAVATION and RESEARCHWe have examined the summary financial statement, which comprises the SummaryConsolidated Statement of Financial Activities, Summary Consolidated Balance Sheet andSummary Consolidated Cash Flow set out on pages 26–28.Respective responsibilities of directors and auditorsThe directors are responsible for preparing the summarised financial statements inaccordance with United Kingdom law.Our responsibility is to report to you our opinion on the consistency of the summaryfinancial statement within the annual report with the full annual financial statements andits compliance with the relevant requirements of section 251 of the Companies Act 1985and the regulations made thereunder.We also read the other information contained in the annual report and consider theimplications for our report if we become aware of any apparent mis-statements or materialinconsistencies with the summary financial statement.29Basis of opinionWe conducted our work in accordance with Bulletin 199/6, ‘the auditor’s statement on thesummary financial statement’, issued by the Auditing Practices Board. Our report on thecompany’s full annual financial statements describes the basis of our audit opinions onthose financial statements.OpinionIn our opinion the summary financial statement is consistent with the full annual financialstatements of York Archaeological Trust for Excavation and Research Limited for the yearended 31st March 2007 and complies with the applicable requirements of section 251 of theCompanies Act 1985, and the regulations made thereunder.BARRON & BARRONChartered Accountants and Registered AuditorsBathurst House86 MicklegateYorkYO1 6LQ27th July 2007

Appendix 1Archaeological Interventions and Associated ReportsThe codes at the beginning of each site are museum accession numbers. YORAT is York ArchaeologicalTrust, YORYM is the Yorkshire Museum, YM is York Minster, ERYMS is East Riding of YorkshireMuseum, GRIMS is Grimsby Museum and SHEFM is Sheffield Museum.Map 1: Sites in York301. YORAT:2006.7 Corner of Clarence Street, Lord Mayor's Walk, York Desk Based Assessment 2006/272. YORAT:2006.7 Corner of Clarence Street, Lord Mayor's Walk, York Watching Brief 2006/623. YORYM:2004.151 York St John College, Lord Mayor's Walk, York Watching Brief 2006/334. YORAT:2005.12 The Chapel, York St John College, Lord Mayor's Walk, York Watching Brief 2006/455. YORAT:2005.3204 40–48 Monkgate, York Evaluation and Borehole Survey 2006/136. YORAT:2006.24 2 Precentors Court, York Watching Brief 2006/767. YM:2006.1 St William's College, College Street, York Watching Brief 2006/598. YORAT:2005.30 NEDL cable laying, Aldwark, York Watching Brief 2006/329. YORYM:2001.10746 Site of St Leonard’s Hospital, Museum Street, York 2004 Interim Report 2006/7910. YORAT:2006.23 Service Trench, Lendal Hill, York Watching Brief 2006/5511. YORYM:2006.5204 Lendal Tower, Lendal Hill House, Lendal Hill, York Watching Brief 2006/6712. YORAT:2005.18 Public lighting supplies, Station Road, York Watching Brief 2006/3113. YORYM:2004.149 City Walls, Chainage 823–879, 877–922 (Railway arches), York Watching Brief 2006/4114. YORAT:2006.13 Smart Column, Station Road, Rougier Street, York Watching Brief 2006/4015. YORAT:2006.21 Car Park, Tanner Row, York Watching Brief 2006/56

16. YORAT:2005.27 BT cable trench, outside Moat House Hotel, North Street, York Watching Brief 2006/4217. YORYM:2005.403 Cable Trench outside Moat House Hotel, North Street, York Watching Brief 2006/2418. YORAT:2005.25 St Mary’s Church, Castlegate, York Watching Brief 2006/1219. YORYM:2004.355 Land Adjacent to St Saviour’s Church, Hungate, York Training Excavation 2006 Project Design 2006/2320. YORYM:1999.1065 Council Depot & Foss Islands Retail Park, Foss Islands Road, York Watching Brief 2006/6121. YORAT 2006.18 Areas A, B and C, Hungate Development, York Watching Brief 2007/1222. YORYM:2004.506 Dixons Yard, Walmgate, York Assessment 2006/2123. YORAT:2006.27 Service Trench, Dennis Street, York Watching Brief 2006/7024. YORAT:2005.22 2 South Esplanade, York Watching Brief 2006/3625. YORYM:2005.3203 Land at the Junction of Dixon Lane and George Street, York Excavation Assessment 2006/5326. YORAT:2005.15 Cable trench, Navigation Road, Speculation Street, Walmgate, York Watching Brief 2006/3027. (no accession code) Land Adjacent to Walmgate Bar, Walmgate, York Watching Brief 2006/2228. YORAT:2006.36 3 Blossom Street, York Watching Brief 2006/7729. YORYM:2005.2212 60 Lawrence Street, York Watching Brief 2006/6830. YORAT:2006.29 17 Heslington Road, York Building Survey 2006/58Map 2: Sites in Greater York3131. YORYM:2005.2210 21 Clifton Green, York Watching Brief 2006/4432. YORAT:2006.26 Service Trench, St Peter's Grove, Clifton, York Watching Brief 2006/6033. YORAT:2006.5 81 Heworth Green, York Watching Brief 2006/1834. YORAT:2006.15 Grimston Court, Hull Road, Nr Dunnington, York Watching Brief 2006/3435. YORAT:2005.37 National Railway Museum, Leeman Road, York Watching Brief 2006/7336. YORAT:2006.17 1 Church View, Acomb, York Watching Brief 2006/4837. YORAT:2006.22 Melton College, 131 Holgate Road, York Watching Brief 2006/7138. YORAT:2006.35 28 Holgate Road, York Watching Brief 2006/75

39. YORAT:2006.11 96 The Mount, York Watching Brief 2006/4740. YORAT:2005.7 103–105 The Mount, York Watching Brief 2006/2841. YORAT:2006.6 126 The Mount, York Watching Brief 2006/2642. YORYM:2002.472 131 The Mount, York Watching Brief 2006/3843.YORAT:2005.34 Mount School, Sixth Form Study Centre, Driffield Terrace, York Watching Brief 2006/1144. YORAT:2005.34 Mount School, Sixth Form Study Centre, Driffield Terrace, York 2nd Watching Brief 2006/2045. YORYM:2003.303 Former Starting Gate Pub, 42–50 Tadcaster Road, Dringhouses, York Web Publication AYW846. YORYM:2005.505 Terry's Factory and Nun Ings, York (Version 2) Desk Top Study 2006/7447. YORAT:2005.32 Low Hall, 54 Main Street, Askham Bryan, York Watching Brief 2006/3748. YORAT:2006.1 York College, Sim Balk Lane, York Watching Brief 2006/6949. YORAT:2006.16 Archbishop's Palace, Bishopthorpe, York Watching Brief 2006/7250. YORAT:2005.24 Roxby Farm, Wheldrake Lane, Elvington, York Watching Brief 2006/5251. YORAT:2006.2 Flood Alleviation Scheme, Elvington, York Watching Brief 2006/17Map 3: Sites beyond York3252. YORAT:2006.4 GSM Castlegarth Works, Masonic Lane, Thirsk, North Yorkshire Watching Brief 2006/2553. YORYM:2005.511 Rear of 29 Kirkgate, Thirsk, North Yorkshire Watching Brief 2006/5754. YORAT:2002.11 Flood Alleviation Scheme, Ripon, North Yorkshire Watching Brief 2006/3955. YORAT:2004.15 Ainsbrook site, North Yorkshire Excavation Assessment 2006/51 (not on map)56. YORAT:2006.30 Land off Main Street, Leppington, North Yorkshire Watching Brief 2006/6557. YORAT:2005.31 Bridlington Children’s Centre, Butts Close, Bridlington Watching Brief 2006/1458. YORAT:2005.31 Bridlington Nursery School, Butts Close, Bridlington Watching Brief 2006/7859. ERYMS:2006.51 The Promenades, Chapel Street, Bridlington, ERY Watching Brief 2006/5460. YORAT:2005.13 Land north-east of Manor Farmhouse, Main Street, Sutton upon Derwent, ERY Watching Brief 2006/2961. YORYM:2006.2851 Hazlewood Castle, Paradise Lane, Tadcaster, North Yorkshire Evaluation 2006/4362. YORAT:2006.3 Castle Inn, 7 Wistowgate, Cawood, York Watching Brief 2006/3563. YORAT:2006.31 Castle Hills, Highfield Lane, South Milford, North Yorkshire Watching Brief 2006/6664. ERYMS:2003.115 Melton Quarry, Melton, North Ferriby, East Riding of Yorkshire Assessment 2006/4665. GRIMS:2006.1 Old Vicarage, 48 Church Lane, Stallingborough, NE Lincolnshire Desk Based Assessment 2006/5066. SHEFM:2007.97 Savile House, Savile Street, Sheffield, South Yorkshire Watching Brief 2006/6467. YORAT:2005.9 All Saints Church, Laughton en Le Morthen, South Yorkshire Watching Brief 2006/1868. YORAT:2005.38 Land at Bevercotes, Nottinghamshire Environmental Impact Assessment 2006/3969. YORAT:2002.4 Land North of Thorpe Road, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire Desk Based Assessment 2006/4970. YORAT:2002.4 Land at North Westgate, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire Evaluation 2006/19

Appendix 2: Staff Publications and AchievementsDr Richard Hall continued to be President and Chairman of the Trustees of the Yorkshire Archaeological Society,Secretary and trustee of the Council for British Archaeology, and became Chairman elect of the Sheldon MemorialTrust. He also continued to be Archaeological Consultant to both York Minster and Ripon Cathedral, and wasappointed a commissioner of the Cathedrals Fabric Commission for England, the central national body withresponsibility for giving advice to cathedrals on matters of care, conservation and development. In additionhe has acted as an expert adviser to the Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art.In the Curatorial Department, Katherine Bearcock successfully completed the ‘Next Generation’ trainingprogramme run by MLA Yorkshire. After six years at the Trust, starting as a volunteer and working herway up, Katherine took up the post of Assistant Curator of Archaeology at the York Museums Trust. RachelCubitt returned to the Trust having gained an MSc (distinction) in Scientific Methods in Archaeology from theUniversity of Bradford. Christine McDonnell chairs the Finds Research Group AD 700–1700, a grouping of400 researchers and others with an interest in archaeological artefacts. She is also a member of the MuseumsAssociation, the Yorkshire Volunteers Forum, the Society of Museum Archaeologists and the Yorkshire andHumberside Federation of Museums and Galleries.Lesley Collett and Steve Allen continue to serve on the Council of the Association of Archaeological Illustrators& Surveyors, as Hon. Secretary and Assessments Officer respectively.33Selected Staff PublicationsAllen, S. J., 2006. ‘Fired Clay’, ‘Metalwork’ ‘Worked Bone’ ‘Miscellaneous Finds’, and small find and potteryillustrations in Fulford, M.G., Powell, A.B., Entwistle, R. and Raymond F., Iron Age and Romano-BritishSettlement and Landscapes of Salisbury Plain, Wessex Archaeology Report 20, Salisbury.Allen, S. J., 2006. ‘Wooden Finds’ in Framework Archaeology, Landscape Evolution in the Middle Thames Valley;Heathrow Terminal 5 Excavations Volume 1, Perry Oaks (Framework Archaeology)Collett, L. E., 2006. Illustrations in Parry, S., Raunds Area Survey: An archaeological survey of the landscape of Raunds,Northamptonshire 1985–94 (Oxbow)Hall, R.A., 2006. ‘Medieval Craft and Industry’, in M Gläser (ed) Lubecker Kolloquium zur Stadtarchaologie imHanseraum V, Das Handwerk (Lubeck), 93–103Hall, R.A., 2007. ‘Archaeology at York Minster 2006’, Friends of York Minster 78th Annual Report 2007, 41–3Hall, R.A., 2007. ‘York’ in Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 34 (Berlin/New York), 387–90Hall, R.A., 2007. Exploring the World of the Vikings (London)Jenner, A., Mills, S. and Burke, B., 2006. ‘The Anglo-Saxon and medieval pottery’ in Cramp, R., Wearmouth andJarrow Monastic Sites (English Heritage)Jenner, A. and Burke, B., 2006. ‘Medieval floor and wall tiles’ in Cramp, R., Wearmouth and Jarrow Monastic Sites(English Heritage)Panter, I., 2007. ‘English Heritage Strategy for the Conservation and Management of Monuments at Risk inEngland’s Wetlands’ in M. Lillie and S. Ellis (eds), Wetland Archaeology and Environments. Regional Issues,Global Perspectives (Oxbow)Mays, S., and Panter, I., 2006. ‘The Soil Stack Project’ in Research News 3, Spring 2006 (English Heritage)

Appendix 3: Ordinary Members of the Trust34Dr P.V. Addyman CBEP. BakerM. BaldwinV.E. BlackS.A.J. Bradley MA, FSAProfessor D. Brothwell MA (Cantab) PhDDr R.M. Butler FSASir R.U. Cooke DScJ. CrosslandProfessor J.D. CurreyG.H. Dean, OBE FRICSDr K.H.M. Dixon CBEDr P.W. Dixon FSADr K. DobneyProfessor R.B. Dobson FBA, FSAH. FenwickProfessor A. FitterG.C.F. ForsterM Galloway BACllr H GarnettColonel A.E. Gaynor OBE, TDM. GooddieC. Gregory BA, MWJ. Grenville MA, FSADr R.I.L. GuthrieCllr A.C Hall BEd CBiol MIBiolJ.B. HampshireL. HampsonDr J.M. Hargreaves MBEE. Hartley FSAProfessor P.D.A. Harvey FSAE.K. HaytonS.E. HebronD. HensonProfessor C. HeronDr M Heyworth BA MA PhD FSA MIFADr D.E. Hitch (died October 2006)M.C. HolyoakP.R. HopwoodM.G. IngleProfessor E.F. James MA, DPhil (Oxon), FSAA. JohnsonK. JohnstonDr R.F.J. Jones FSAF. KendallDr H. KenwardR. KilburnP.M.W. KnowlesH. LadeG. Lee (appointed 8 December 2006)J. LockProfessor P. LockDr A.G. MacGregor FSADr M. Magnusson FSA (died January 2007)D. MartinDr R. MartlewDr S. MaysR.G. McMeeking MAR.K. Morris OBE FSAH. MurrayDr H. Mytum FSAJ.R. NurseyProfessor T.P. O’Connor FSAProfessor D.M. Palliser FSAD. Phillips FSAProfessor A.M. PollardDr K. Pretty FSAProfessor P.A. Rahtz FSAThe Lord RedesdaleDr S. Rees JonesDr J. RichardsProfessor D.W. RollasonProfessor E. RoyleJ. ScottHis Grace The Archbishop of York, The Most Rev.and Rt Hon. Dr John SentamuDr J. Shannon OBEDr W.J. SheilsC.I. Skipper CBEDr L.J. Smith (appointed 8 December 2006)Dr P. StoneT. Suthers BA AMA FMAThe Rev Canon Dr J. ToyDr N.J. TringhamP. Vaughan DLM.K.P.P. Viner FRSAJ. WardG.A. Wilford MBE BSc MICE CEngDr I.N. Wood

Appendix 4: Organisational StructurePresidentThe Rt Hon. The Lord Mayor of YorkBoard of TrusteesChairmanP. Vaughan DLMembersM. Galloway BAM. GooddieCouncillor C. Hall BEd CBiol MIBiolDr M. Heyworth BA MA PhD FSA MIFAP.R. Hopwood FCMA FSAProfessor T.P. O’Connor FSA (appointed 8December, 2006)G.A. Wilford MBE BSc MICE CEng HonoraryTreasurerThe Lord RedesdaleCompany SecretaryP. Nicholson BA ACIMGeneral Advisory CouncilProfessor T.P. O’Connor (Chairman) (resigned15 June 2006)D. Martin (Chairman) (appointed 15 June 2006)Dr R.M. ButlerG.H. Dean OBEProfessor R.B. DobsonCouncillor H. GarnettJ. HampshireE. Hartley FSAE.K. HaytonG. LeeProfessor D.M. PalliserD. Phillips FSAProfessor P.A. RahtzDr S. Rees JonesDr L.J. SmithAdvisory CommitteesAccessE.K. Hayton (Chairman), Dr V. Buck, J. Fletcher,S. Hebron, D. Henson, Professor C. Heron, M.Holyoak, M. Ingle, A. Johnson, K. Johnston, DrA.K.G. Jones, J. Lock, Professor P. Lock, S. Maltby,Dr R. Martlew, J. Porteous, H. Richardson, DrP. Stone, M. Viner, J. Ward, Ms L.Watson (LEArepresentative)HistoricalProfessor D.M. Palliser (Chairman), V.E. Black,Professor R.B. Dobson, G.C.F. Forster, Dr R.A.Hall, L. Hampson, Professor P.D.A. Harvey, F.P.Mee (Secretary), Professor J.D. Pollard, Dr S. ReesJones, Professor D.W. Rollason, Dr W.J. Sheils, S.Thomas, Dr N. Tringham, B. WilsonPalaeoecologyProfessor T.P. O’Connor (Chairman), P. Baker,M. Baldwin, Professor D. Brothwell, Dr K.Dobney, Dr A.K.G. Jones, Dr H. Kenward, C.McDonnell, Dr S. Mays, I. PanterCollectionsP. Howard, R. Kilburn, Dr A.J. Mainman,C. McDonnell, J.A. Spriggs, Dr D. TweddleStaff PanelExploration DivisionDr R.A. Hall (Chairman), K. Bettsworth, K.Hunter-Mann, C. McDonnell, P. NicholsonExplanation DivisionP. Nicholson (Chairman), K. Bettsworth, P Bruce,S. Cain, R. Carver, S. MaltbyOther ServicesAuditors: Barron and BarronSolicitors: Rollits35