tion, they leave a great deal to be desired. Yet in both there are positiveas well as negative features.In <strong>The</strong> <strong>Hungarian</strong> Nationality in Romania, published by the RumanianInstitute <strong>of</strong> Political Sciences, the major merit can be found inthe "Annexes" which are appended to the text. Annex #1 lists theconstitutional, electoral, statutory, civil-criminal, legal definitions <strong>of</strong>the <strong>Hungarian</strong>s' and other nationalities' rights and obligations inpresent-day Rumania. Unfortunately the listing is incomplete. It neglectsto discuss those laws which hinder <strong>Hungarian</strong> economic, educationaland cultural opportunities in Rumania {e.g., Decree-Law 278[May II, 1973] which requires a minimum <strong>of</strong> 25 elementary schoolstudents and 36 high school students to maintain <strong>Hungarian</strong> classes). 2However, it does provide a complete list <strong>of</strong> the positive, symbolicallysignificant general references to majority-minority relations (pp. 2834).Annex #2 provides a list <strong>of</strong> industrial enterprises which have "beencommissioned or developed during the 1966 1975 period" in thosecounties <strong>of</strong> Transylvania which have "a more numerous <strong>Hungarian</strong>population" (pp. 35-38). Unfortunately, the listing has a number <strong>of</strong>shortcomings. First, it fails to differentiate between "commissioned"and actually "developed" enterprises. Secondly, it does not indicatewhat percentage <strong>of</strong> the local <strong>Hungarian</strong> inhabitants actually benefitfrom these enterprises. I ndustrialization in itself is not always a boon tothe local population. It can be, and has been, used to dilute theethnically compact <strong>Hungarian</strong> areas <strong>of</strong> Transylvania (e.g., Cluj-Napoca[Kolozsvar], the largest city in Transylvania, was 84% <strong>Hungarian</strong> in1890; its population has been systematically Rumanianized since 1918,mainly through industrialization and urbanization. Thus, the <strong>Hungarian</strong>s'share <strong>of</strong> the total population was 83.4% in 1910. This percentagehas been reduced to 54.2% by 1930, 50.3% by 1956 and 45% by1966, so that the Rumanians [12.4% <strong>of</strong> the population in 1910] haveactually become a majority <strong>of</strong> the city's inhabitants. <strong>The</strong> population <strong>of</strong>the city grew in these 85 odd years from 30,000 to over 205,000 at thepresent.) ^ Thirdly, the listing gives only Rumanian place names, creatingthe impression that the towns are historically Rumanian. Anyobjective presentation should provide the place names <strong>of</strong> Transylvaniancities in all relevant languages (e.g., Tirgu-Mures [Marosvasarhely],Sibiu [Nagyszeben, Hermannstadt], etc.). Only such a portrayal canreally acquaint people with the actual multi-national tradition anddevelopment <strong>of</strong> the area.Annexes #3 and #4 summarize the publishing opportunities <strong>of</strong> the
<strong>Hungarian</strong>s in Rumania in terms <strong>of</strong> their daily-weekly newspapers aswell as monthly, bimonthly, quarterly and annual periodicals, journalsand yearbooks (pp. 39 45). This provides a pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>of</strong> existing <strong>Hungarian</strong>publications in Rumania. It is a useful listing ins<strong>of</strong>ar that itindicates the age, concern, frequency <strong>of</strong> publication, number <strong>of</strong> copiesand number <strong>of</strong> pages <strong>of</strong> the various papers and periodicals appearing in<strong>Hungarian</strong>. Shortcomings <strong>of</strong> the listing are primarily two. First, it doesnot relate the vital statistics <strong>of</strong> these publications to their previousdevelopment. For example, it does not tell us whether the 25,000 copies<strong>of</strong> Igazsdg (published in Cluj-Napoca [Kolozsvar]) is an improvementover the past or a reduction. <strong>The</strong> same is also true in reference to thenumber <strong>of</strong> pages or the frequency <strong>of</strong> appearance <strong>of</strong> each one <strong>of</strong> thesepublications. In view <strong>of</strong> the cutbacks announced in 1974 because <strong>of</strong> a"paper shortage," it would be interesting to compare the statistics givenfor 1976 with those <strong>of</strong> 1973 or 1969 or 1966. Furthermore, it would beinteresting to compare the ratio <strong>of</strong> cutbacks in minority publicationswith cutbacks among majority publications. A second shortcoming isthat this listing provides place names, again, only in Rumanian.<strong>The</strong> last "Annexes" in <strong>The</strong> <strong>Hungarian</strong> Nationality in Romania (pp.48 52, not numbered) are three press excerpts, two from the <strong>Hungarian</strong>literary weekly Elet es Irocialom (Budapest) and one from Target, thepaper <strong>of</strong> the Fifth General Assembly <strong>of</strong> the Ecumenical Council held atNairobi, Kenya in 1975. <strong>The</strong>se excerpts are direct responses to specificcharges against Rumanian policies relative to freedom <strong>of</strong> publicationand religion. <strong>The</strong> first two excerpts commend Rumanian efforts in thepublishing field, while the third one is a favorable testimony by minoritychurch leaders from Rumania. <strong>The</strong>re is no place to reflect on the specifictestimonies. It is perhaps enough to note two weaknesses. In the case <strong>of</strong>the first two excerpts, the information is provided without any explanation<strong>of</strong> their objective. Thus, in themselves they are incomplete andincomprehensible for an uninitiated audience. In the case <strong>of</strong> the thirdexcerpt, the testimony includes an explanation, but it comes from asource which is obviously constrained and not disinterested. <strong>The</strong>excerpts also suffer from numerous English mistakes in style andcomposition (e.g., "mispresented" instead <strong>of</strong> "misrepresented"on p. 53)and from errors in facts and/or evaluation. For example, on p. 52, it iscontended that: "Religious journals are printed by the ProtestantChurches in <strong>Hungarian</strong> and German languages, for their clergy, fortheir theological schools as well as for their believers." As Annex #4 (p.43) points out, there are only two <strong>Hungarian</strong> language religious publications,Reformat us Szemle and Kereszteny Magveto. <strong>The</strong> former is a
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Canadian-American Review of Hungari
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Canadian-American Review of Hungari
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Canadian-American Review of Hungari
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Canadian-American Review of Hungari
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the best possible settlers who woul
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than a decade later they were follo
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Sociologists have yet to explain sa
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fifteen minutes, and spent the rest
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from the "Canadian poetry" of Icela
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garian community of Western Canada,
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lowed translations from other, more
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which took place in the pages of th
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from teaching in 1968, Kirkconnell
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Magyar poets and writers to the rea
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tive of his helpful attitude and un
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33. Kirkconnell, A Slice of Canada,
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The groaning of the slaves on Egypt
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ecause most such lines are imbedded
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;Two spheres contend with one anoth
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matched it to this feeble hurdy-gur
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NOTES1. The only full-length study
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