Report - UNDP Russia

As well as requiring better fuelcombustion technologies, sustainabledevelopment of the energy sector also needs totake account of sustainable developmentcapabilities and environmental capacity ofspecific geographical regions. Attention must bepaid to the specific conditions, in which fuel oiland coal combustion is to be increased, includingstate of the environment and public health inlocations, where investment projects are to beimplemented. Top management of the recentlydismantled power monopoly, Unified EnergySystems (UES) understood this: Anatoly Chubaisthe CEO of UES, referred to replacement ofnatural gas by fuel oil as “technological,economic and environmental barbarism” 3 . In2006 increased burning of fuel oil led to increaseof atmospheric emissions by 11%.Environmental pollution occurs rightalong the chain from extraction, transportation,processing of fuel resources to production ofheat and power. The victims are people living insmall settlements adjacent to generatingfacilities, but also populations in cities, whereemissions by the energy sector and industrialfacilities are compounded by rapidly increasingtraffic emissions.4.1. Environmental pollutionin areas of fuel resourceextraction and transportationExtraction of fuel resources is one of themain causes of atmospheric pollution,contributing 27.1% of all stationary emissionsand exceeding emissions by the metallurgysector 4 . Main sources of emissions in fuelextraction are in the Khanty-Mansi AutonomousDistrict, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District,Komi Republic, Kemerovo and OrenburgRegions (Table 4.1). Coal-mining cities and coalburningindustries are the leaders in solidatmospheric emissions: coal-mining Vorkuta(33,700 tonnes per year), Cherepetskaya powerstation in the town of Suvorov, Tula Region(33,500 tonnes per year). Vorkuta is also amongthe biggest emitters of hydrocarbons andvolatile organic compounds, together with fourcities in Kemerovo Region (Novokuznetsk,Mezhdurechensk, Leninsk-Kuznetsky andProkopyevsk), and two cities in the KomiRepublic (Ukhta and Inta).4.1.1. Extractionand transportationof crude oil. Pollutionof drinking water sourcesdue to pipeline accidentsRussia’s oil deposits are spread aroundthe country: in the Baltic, Timan-Pechora,Barents-Karsk, Okhotsk, Caspian, Yenisei-Khatanga, North-Caucasus, Volga-Urals, Lena-Tunguska, Lena-Vilyui, West-Siberian, Anadyr-Navarin and other oil & gas provinces. Totallength of oil pipelines owned by Transneft (theTable 4.1Total atmospheric emissions in extraction of fueland energy resources, 2007TerritoryKhanty-MansiAutonomous DistrictEmissions, thousand tonnesper year2085Kemerovo Region 798Yamal-NenetsAutonomous District789Orenburg Region 453Komi Republic 392Tomsk Region 246Samara Region 173Nenets AutonomousDistrict1363Environmental Aspects of Power Industry – Environmental Policy of RAO UES and its implementation – Conference speech, June 16 th ,20074Annual digest of ambient air emissions in cities and districts of the Russian Federation in 2007, R&D Institute for ambient air protection,St Petersburg, 2008, 204 p.75