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National Human Development Reportin
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National Human Development Reportin
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors express
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Dear Reader,You have before you the
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PREFACEThis is the 13 th National H
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country’s fuel & energy regions r
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environmental degradation and enhan
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Chapter 1The Energy Sector,the Econ
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By 2008 Russia had increased its sh
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the share of energy in the national
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exported, increased. However, this
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elimination of structural and terri
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• Establishment of competitive me
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number of developed countries, incl
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Although the United Nations Climate
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industrial region of the Urals - Sv
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2.2. Budget capacityand structure o
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(the Federal State Statistics Servi
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Immigration by young and highly ski
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energy regions exacerbate the incom
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Khanty-Mansi and Yamal-Nenets Auton
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the Ministry for Regional Developme
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various other long-term problems in
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is also associated with the fuel an
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Republic of Mordovia 8051 0.732 68.
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Legislative control of impact audit
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Chapter 3Personal Incomes, the Ener
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than any other sources of income -
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Are wages now the main instrument f
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comparison of month-on-month develo
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• The unemployed, people who aree
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Employment in the energy sector acc
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The share of household expenditures
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subsidization practices in the regi
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in power use between regions now de
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Electricity prices for households h
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• Steady decrease in the percenta
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1. The number of graduates with eng
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As well as requiring better fuelcom
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Box 4.1. The village of Kolvain Uss
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continue to use solid fuel for a lo
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Box 4.3. Ambient air pollution andp
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either by large power generating fa
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Box 4.6. A city at riskNovocherkass
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In order to assess impact of thesee
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generation facilities through safer
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achieved in developed countries. So
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equires 2-6 times more capital inve
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government) should set targets and
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networks. In 2007 government budget
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enhancement is also important. Ener
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energy efficiency of the transport
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Box 5.1. Programme of the Ministry
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educational and informational suppo
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mechanism for using national quota
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Figure 6.2Share of electricity gene
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- Page 117 and 118: Design and construction of geotherm
- Page 119 and 120: Box 6.3. Prospects for nuclear powe
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- Page 123 and 124: ConclusionThe world’s nuclear pow
- Page 125 and 126: 7.1. Impact of the fuel& energy sec
- Page 127 and 128: Table 7.5Solid waste from productio
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- Page 131 and 132: nature of the impact (atmospheric e
- Page 133 and 134: Further, the economic cost ofenviro
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- Page 139 and 140: Figure 7.2.1Specific atmospheric em
- Page 141 and 142: money value of industrial output) c
- Page 143 and 144: Figure 7.2.4Trends in specific atmo
- Page 145 and 146: Chapter 8The Energy Industry and Su
- Page 147 and 148: eing equal) it only reflects that p
- Page 149 and 150: (MDGs), issued by the UN in 2000. T
- Page 151 and 152: 8.4. The energy factorin integral i
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- Page 155 and 156: Box 8.2. Energy efficiencyindicator
- Page 157 and 158: Box 8.4. Energy efficiency rating o
- Page 159 and 160: 41 Penza Region 116.0 -35.2 -4.542
- Page 161 and 162: Appendix to Chapter 1Table 1.1. GDP
- Page 163: Attachment to Chapter 4Table 4.1Rus
- Page 167 and 168: Attachment to Chapter 4Belovo Belov
- Page 169 and 170: The previous National Human Develop