Report - UNDP Russia

money value of industrial output) continued togrow until the end of the 1990s in all types of townsand cities, except those with populations in excessof one million.Specific emissions fell in all towns and citieswhen economic growth began (Figure 7.2.2). Moreprosperous businesses carried out reconstruction, andsome of the oldest and most polluting businesses hadclosed down during the crisis period. The share ofcities where specific emissions continued to rise camedown from 50% in 1998 to 28% in 2000. These weremostly towns, accounting for just 5% of the country’surban population (the only exceptions were the citiesof Nizhnevartovsk and Novy Urengoy).However, the negative specific pollutiontrends of the 1990s were not reversed becauseeconomic growth made it necessary to meetelectricity demand by using some of the oldestgenerating capacity, and a growing deficit of naturalgas forced power stations to burn more polluting coaland fuel oil. As a result, specific emissions grew intowns and cities where they were already too high(10-100 times the national average). A widening gapbetween specific pollution indicators of the country’stowns and cities was a hallmark of Russia’s newfoundeconomic growth.Most of the increase in gross and, particularly,specific pollution during the period of economicgrowth was due to obsolete power generating units.Old coal-fired boilers were re-commissioned in 20cities in response to economic growth and the shareof natural gas in generating in these cities declined bybetween 7% and 39%, mostly in favor of coal.Maximum reduction of the share of gas was inSverdlovsk Region at the Serovskaya,Verkhnetagilkaya and Nizhneturinskaya CPPs and theKamensk-Uralskiy CHP.Specific emissions have declined in townsand cities where gas has either completely replacedcoal in power generating (this is the case in Vladimirand Tomsk) or has partially done so (Ivanovo,Novosibirsk, Smolensk, Izhevsk etc.). The same is truein cities with combined gas and fuel oil power stations,which were switched to gas in 1998–2000 (Penza,Kuznetsk (in the Penza Region), Dzerzhinsk, NizhnyNovgorod, Ufa). This reflects overcoming of thesituation in the 1990s, when regions tended to switchto locally produced fuel, even when it was moreexpensive.Widening of the pollution gap betweendifferent territories was also driven by rapid increasein pollution from the oil extraction sector, whichaccounts for a third of all ambient air pollution inRussia (Figure 7.2.3). Khanty-Mansi AutonomousDistrict doubled its emissions in 1998–2003 tobecome the biggest atmospheric polluter in Russia(this title was held by Krasnoyarsk Territory fordecades previously). Oil production in theAutonomous District rose by 37% over the five yearsand emissions from stationary sources rose by 2.1times. Record oil prices led to development of newoil fields in Russia and maximal use of older and lessefficientwells, giving further impetus to gross andspecific pollution levels in oil production centersFigure 7.2.3The average impact index (share of each industry in each type of pollution) in 1995-2004.19952.0Food industry 1.7 0.50.4 2.0Light industry0.55Construction materials1.5industry 3.7 6.3Wood, pulpand paper industry 2.921.0Machine-buildingand metal work industry 4.0 9.1 6Chemical industryPetrochemical industry2.7 17.8Non-ferrous metallurgy20.4Ferrous metallurgyFuel industryElectric power industry15.120.18.876.21.512.719.327.712.7 9.60.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.02.644.620041.7Food industry 0.9 0.50.2 1.0Light industry 0.55Construction materials1.9industry2.8 7.5Wood, pulpand paper industry 1.823.51.7Machine-building 2.0and metal work industry7.9 3Chemical industry2.4Petrochemical industry19.910.9Non-ferrous metallurgy19.67.825.7Ferrous metallurgy13.210.830.3Fuel industry37.111.3Electric power industry19.512.1 5.90.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0Share in industrial emissionsShare in industrial dischargesShare in industrial solid waste13139