Report - UNDP Russia

Pokachevheftegaz – uses 88% of its secondary gas(flaring of secondary gas is often the main source ofpollution from oil production). Some old oilproduction centers, such as Frolovo (VolgogradRegion) and Pokhvistnevo (Samara Region) havespecific emissions that are considerably higher at130-170 kg/1000 roubles.The gas sector causes large amounts ofatmospheric pollution, both in extraction operationsand at compressor stations. Production at compressorstations is modest in money terms (even though theiroverall emissions are comparable with the those fromall stationary industrial sources in Moscow), so specificemissions are hundreds of kg/1000 roubles (at suchlocations as Myshkin and Sosnogorsk). Coalenrichment plants are the major polluters in the coalindustry and specific emissions in areas where lowqualityhard or brown coal is produced (Nazarovo,Kopeysk, Kumertau, Emanzhelinsk, Nyurba,Gremyachinsk) are 5-10 times higher than in areaswhere high-quality coals are mined (Borodinskiy,Berezovskiy).Thermal power production is associated withhigh specific emissions in nearly all parts of thecountry. Indicators depend on various factors,including capacity and type of power station, age ofequipment and, crucially, the type of fuel used.Highest specific emissions (more than 100 kg/1000roubles) are from coal-fired power stations withobsolete equipment (Suvorov, Myski, Verkhniy Tagil).Levels at new stations, which work on natural gas, aremuch lower at 10-12 kg/1000 roubles (Volgorechensk,Dobryanka).Size of urban settlement is a more significantdeterminant of pollution than industrialspecialization. Specific emission values in most citiesare in inverse proportion to their population: thelarger the city, the more likely it is to be included inthe ‘sustainable’ group. Creation of productionfacilities in small towns could thus be viewed astending to increase pollution impacts This contributesto formation of ‘industrial poverty’ areas, whichcombine poor infrastructure (including environmentalinfrastructure), inadequate purification facilities, lackof a skilled labor market and lack of incentives, whichcould attract qualified specialists.Trends in specific emission data areparticularly informative. They show negative changesin the structure of pollution by territories and areuseful in forecasting alterations in environmentalimpact.Pollution volumes declined more slowlythan production volumes in the economic crisisyears of the 1990s. Emissions in 1999 were 58.3%of their level in 1990, exceeding indexes for GDPand industrial production. Waste water dischargeand solid waste declined even more slowly. As aresult, specific emissions (pollution volume toFigure 7.2.2Specific emission trends in urban settlements with different populations, 1995-2008kg/1000 roubles of industrial outputat comparable prices25.020.015.010.05.00.0>1000 500-1000 100-500 50-100