Report - UNDP Russia

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Box 7.2. Environmental sustainability of Russian citiesThe environmental situation in a city,particularly its air quality, is of prime importance forthe well-being of its inhabitants. Out of 56 Russiancities where emissions in 1990 exceeded 100thousand m.t.p.a., only 25 still had high levels ofpollution by 2008. These include major productioncenters for copper, nickel and some other nonferrousmetals, where the environmental situation isof great concern: Norilsk (Krasnoyarsk Region),Monchegorsk and Zapolyarniy (Murmansk Region),Mednogorsk (Orenburg Region), Bratsk andKrasnoyarsk. Norilsk has been the biggest source ofatmospheric emissions in Russia in recent decades,with volumes between 2.540 million tonnes (in1987) and 1.957 million tonnes (2008). Thetechnologies used cause Norilsk to give off largequantities of flue gases containing sulphur dioxidewhich is not used for production of sulphuric acid.However, although annual emissions at Norilsk are17 times higher than at Monchegorsk, annualindexes show the city’s air to be somewhat cleaner.This is explained by a natural ventilation effect,which is much greater in the Norilsk area. Frequentand strong winds in the Taimyr peninsula, especiallyin winter, make the climate extremely harsh, butthey also save Norilsk from becoming anenvironmental disaster area. Emission volumesdepend on technical and economic factors(industrial layout of the area, scale of production,existence of treatment facilities and other types ofenvironmental protection infrastructure), but selfpurificationis a purely natural characteristic of thelocal environment, determined by geographicallocation, ambient air circulation, specific climate,terrain, soils, vegetation and other natural features.These features can affect environmental conditionsin the area around an industrial site to a greaterdegree than emission volumes.The top 10 emission leaders include suchmetallurgical centers as Novokuznetsk, Lipetsk,Cherepovets, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Orsk,Chelyabinsk and Kachkanar. They are followed bylarge centers with coal-fired power generating, suchas Troitsk in Chelyabinsk Region, petrochemical andoil refining industries (Omsk, Angarsk, Ufa) and areaswhere oil extraction is just beginning (Strezhevoy inTomsk Region). The economic growth period thatended in 2008 saw reduction of emissions in all of theabove-mentioned industrial centers, except Omsk,Novosibirsk and Angarsk, and this has led to decreasein specific pollution values (per unit of production incomparable prices).Analysis of specific pollution figures andtheir progress in 974 towns and cities with totalpopulation of 92.4 million (97% of the total urbanpopulation in Russia) helps to determine mainpollution trends. Differences between cities byspecific pollution levels due to stationary sourcesare as great as 1000 times. Values are lowest inmachine-building, light and food industry centers inEuropean Russia, but they increase further northand east. There are less than 20 cities east of the Uralmountains, which have relatively low specificemissions (less than 5 kg/1000 roubles of industrialproduction in comparable prices, while the averagenational value is 31 kg). These include more than 10oil & gas producing centers in the northern part ofTyumen Region, the diamond producing centre ofMirny, and Yakutsk, which has almost no industryand generates its electricity from natural gas, unlikemost cities in Siberia and the Far East. On average,specific emissions in northern and eastern citieswhere coal accounts for most of power generationare respectively 3.5 or 1.4 times higher than in citieswhere power is generated from gas or fuel oil.Geographical location, climate and coal burning arethe main reasons for increased levels ofanthropogenic pollution in these areas (Figure7.2.1).It is generally believed that type ofindustrial specialization determines levels ofpollution in cities, but this is not necessarily true,since several cities are relatively clean despitehosting potentially dirty industries. Generally,differences between industries are less marked thandifferences within the same industry. Oil extraction,which is potentially the most polluting fuel & energysub-sector, has cities with very low emissions (0.4-0.5 kg/1000 roubles), for instance Kogalym,Langepas, Pyt’-Yakh and Megion in Khanty-MansiAutonomous District, though Khanty-Mansi also hastwo towns (Pokachi and Beloyarskiy), where specificemissions are 70-80 kg/1000 roubles of production,even though the production company at Pokachi –136 National Human Development Report in the Russian Federation 2009
Figure 7.2.1Specific atmospheric emissions in cities and regions of the Russian Federation (kg/1000 roubles of production in comparable prices, 2007)Specific atmospheric emissions fromstationary sources, kg/100 roubles ofproduction in comparable prices of 1997Cities RegionsMore than 10050 – 10010 – 505 – 101 – 5Less than 1Population, thousandsMore than 1000More than 10051 – 10021 – 5011 – 208 – 10Less than 5AbbreviationsMoscow Region Kemerovo RegionLess than 50137
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National Human Development Reportin
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National Human Development Reportin
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors express
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Dear Reader,You have before you the
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PREFACEThis is the 13 th National H
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country’s fuel & energy regions r
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environmental degradation and enhan
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Chapter 1The Energy Sector,the Econ
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By 2008 Russia had increased its sh
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the share of energy in the national
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exported, increased. However, this
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elimination of structural and terri
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• Establishment of competitive me
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number of developed countries, incl
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Although the United Nations Climate
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industrial region of the Urals - Sv
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2.2. Budget capacityand structure o
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(the Federal State Statistics Servi
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Immigration by young and highly ski
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energy regions exacerbate the incom
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Khanty-Mansi and Yamal-Nenets Auton
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the Ministry for Regional Developme
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various other long-term problems in
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is also associated with the fuel an
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Republic of Mordovia 8051 0.732 68.
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Legislative control of impact audit
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Chapter 3Personal Incomes, the Ener
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than any other sources of income -
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Are wages now the main instrument f
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comparison of month-on-month develo
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• The unemployed, people who aree
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Employment in the energy sector acc
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The share of household expenditures
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subsidization practices in the regi
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in power use between regions now de
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Electricity prices for households h
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• Steady decrease in the percenta
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1. The number of graduates with eng
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As well as requiring better fuelcom
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Box 4.1. The village of Kolvain Uss
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continue to use solid fuel for a lo
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Box 4.3. Ambient air pollution andp
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either by large power generating fa
Page 87 and 88: Box 4.6. A city at riskNovocherkass
Page 89 and 90: In order to assess impact of thesee
Page 91 and 92: generation facilities through safer
Page 93 and 94: achieved in developed countries. So
Page 95 and 96: equires 2-6 times more capital inve
Page 97 and 98: government) should set targets and
Page 99 and 100: networks. In 2007 government budget
Page 101 and 102: enhancement is also important. Ener
Page 103 and 104: energy efficiency of the transport
Page 105 and 106: Box 5.1. Programme of the Ministry
Page 107 and 108: educational and informational suppo
Page 109 and 110: mechanism for using national quota
Page 111 and 112: Figure 6.2Share of electricity gene
Page 113 and 114: One of the major benefits of renewa
Page 115 and 116: odies; outdoor air; rocks and soil;
Page 117 and 118: Design and construction of geotherm
Page 119 and 120: Box 6.3. Prospects for nuclear powe
Page 121 and 122: consists of out-dated equipment at
Page 123 and 124: ConclusionThe world’s nuclear pow
Page 125 and 126: 7.1. Impact of the fuel& energy sec
Page 127 and 128: Table 7.5Solid waste from productio
Page 129 and 130: Table 7.7Areas of disturbed and rec
Page 131 and 132: nature of the impact (atmospheric e
Page 133 and 134: Further, the economic cost ofenviro
Page 135 and 136: trends continued the damage would a
Page 137: What the government needs to do ino
Page 141 and 142: money value of industrial output) c
Page 143 and 144: Figure 7.2.4Trends in specific atmo
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 8The Energy Industry and Su
Page 147 and 148: eing equal) it only reflects that p
Page 149 and 150: (MDGs), issued by the UN in 2000. T
Page 151 and 152: 8.4. The energy factorin integral i
Page 153 and 154: Canada, the USA and Great Britain h
Page 155 and 156: Box 8.2. Energy efficiencyindicator
Page 157 and 158: Box 8.4. Energy efficiency rating o
Page 159 and 160: 41 Penza Region 116.0 -35.2 -4.542
Page 161 and 162: Appendix to Chapter 1Table 1.1. GDP
Page 163 and 164: Attachment to Chapter 4Table 4.1Rus
Page 165 and 166: Attachment to Chapter 4Volga Federa
Page 167 and 168: Attachment to Chapter 4Belovo Belov
Page 169 and 170: The previous National Human Develop
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Report - UNDP Russia

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