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(by about 1-2% per year, except in 2005, whenthe decline exceeded 4%), the fuel & energysector saw fluctuations between years whenwastewater discharge declined and years whenit increased. There is no convincing explanationfor these fluctuations, which gives reason todoubt accuracy of data presented in NationalReports on the State of the Environment in theRussian Federation.7.3. Environmental impactof the fuel & energyindustry: solid wastegenerationTable 7.5 presents data on solid waste for2002–2004. Data for 2006–2007 are shown in Table7.6 (in a different grouping, as already noted).The coal industry is responsible forthe largest amount of solid waste, whichcontinues to grow at a rate of 16-18%annually. Such rates are not justified bygrowth of output (about 2%) or worseningcoal quality, which could only account for 1-2% of the growth at most. Volumes of solidwaste generated by oil & gas extraction andtransportation pose little or no risk to theenvironment.Many of the indicators presented inNational Reports on the State of the Environmentin the Russian Federation, especially in the lastseven of them, require explanations, which thereports do not give. There is a principle of‘environmental hazard’, which operates in theopposite way to the presumption of innocence incriminal law, and which is often used in proceduresof environmental expertise (audit), environmentalimpact assessment, etc. All doubts about theveracity of data in the official sources should betreated in accordance with this principle, i.e. itshould be assumed that the actual situation iscertainly not better than such data suggest.7.4. Impact of the fuel& energy sectoron the environment:disturbance of landThere is no doubt that oil producerscould have produced the same quantities of oilwithout disturbing such huge tracts of land(Table 7.7 7 ) through more efficient location andexploitation of wells, improvement of reservoirnetworks, use of better pipes, and (particularly)better construction and assembly work duringinstallation of trunk pipelines and reservoirsystems. About 100,000 wells had been drilled bythe mid–1990s in Khanty-Mansi AutonomousDistrict alone [On the State…], a large part ofwhich did not recoup their costs due to mistakesin operation or choice of location. Table 7.7 showsthat the fuel industry, oil & gas pipelineconstruction, and oil & gas geologicalprospecting taken together accounted for 60%of the land, which was disturbed in 2004, andthese industries represented as much as 72% ofthe total in 2007! However, these industries,which are the wealthiest in the national economyand Russia’s main foreign currency earners,accounted for less than 50% of land reclamationin 2004 and less than 60% in 2007. Landreclamation by the oil industry in 2004 was only74% of land disturbed in the same year (the ratiofor the gas industry was less than 57%), and only45% in 2007. This is further proof of disregard forenvironmental problems by the majority of fuelcompanies. By contrast the coal and electricpower industries have fulfilled their landreclamation responsibilities. This is partly due topressure from public environmentalorganizations, local authorities and the generalpublic, since the coal and electricity industries(unlike oil & gas) are located in densely populatedareas. However, growing indifference on the partof government towards environmental issues hasled to a negative trend: in 2007 the coal and7The first data on disturbed and reclaimed lands appeared in the 2004 National Report. The transition from grouping land disturbancedata by industry to grouping it by type of business was not made in the 2005 National Report, therefore a uniform table for 2004-2007cannot be made. Nevertheless, it seems sufficient to give data only for the starting and finishing parts of that period.126 National Human Development Report in the Russian Federation 2009
Table 7.7Areas of disturbed and reclaimed lands in 2004 8IndustryDisturbedlandTotal area ofdisturbed land,end of periodReclaimed land2004 2007 2004 2007 2004 2007Russia 58 219 46 165 892 419 919 034 52 175 29 480Oil extraction 22 372 23 447 94 134 114 373 16 453 10 632Gas industry 6 449 2 811 81 975 84 283 3 641 3 430Coal industry 1 338 1 637 103 622 105 555 2 494 1 160Geological prospecting 4 019 2 425 26 976 29 441 3 700 2 114Peat industry 53 11 59 063 57 254 752 525Oil and gas pipeline construction 1 859 3 027 10 708 13 853 1 466 868Power industry 414 263 26 845 26 848 1 066 36Iron and steel industry 645 221 51 197 51 500 232 42Non-ferrous metallurgy 17 600 6 923 108 360 107 116 16 785 6 392Chemicaland petrochemical Industry120 5 10 035 9 009 554 160Сonstruction materials industry 845 666 49 281 49 242 865 364Railway construction 247 185 4 357 4 469 387 63Road construction 1 020 696 20 092 19 677 1 568 655Agriculture 274 542 121 756 115 922 912 415Forestry 99 1 560 66 233 64 384 179 1 862Construction relating to water bodies andimprovement work70 175 10 301 10 628 24 28Other industries 795 1 571 47 494 55 480 1 097 734power industries disturbed more land than theyreclaimed (though the gas industry met its landreclamation responsibilities in that year).As can be seen, the fuel & energyindustry ranks first among all economic sectorsby the land area, which it disturbs.7.5. Impact of the fuel & energysector on the environment:oil spillsThere are almost no official statistics inRussia on oil spills due to blow-outs and otheraccidents on trunk oil pipelines and at reservoirsystems in oil-producing areas. So the oil industryescapes negative attention, which it mightotherwise attract.Some impression of the frequency andscale of oil spills can be gathered fromfragmentary information in the media, relating toparticular regions and years 9 [Fundamentals of ...,1989; Mazur, 1995; Problems of Geography ...,1996; Solntseva, 1998]. The periodical ‘Neft Rossii’(‘Russian Oil’) has reported that 545 accidentsoccurred on trunk pipelines alone between 1992and 2001 and there was no trend towardsreduction of the average number of accidents8Russia National Environmental Report, 2004. M., ANO The Center for International Projects, 2005, 493 p; Russia National EnvironmentalReport, 2007. M.9For example, the average annual oil product content in the Okhinka River (Sakhalin) in 2000 was 368 times higher than the official limitand the maximum recorded concentration was 640 times above the limit The Russia National Environmental Report, 2000.127
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National Human Development Reportin
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National Human Development Reportin
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors express
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Dear Reader,You have before you the
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PREFACEThis is the 13 th National H
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country’s fuel & energy regions r
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environmental degradation and enhan
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Chapter 1The Energy Sector,the Econ
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By 2008 Russia had increased its sh
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the share of energy in the national
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exported, increased. However, this
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elimination of structural and terri
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• Establishment of competitive me
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number of developed countries, incl
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Although the United Nations Climate
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industrial region of the Urals - Sv
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2.2. Budget capacityand structure o
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(the Federal State Statistics Servi
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Immigration by young and highly ski
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energy regions exacerbate the incom
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Khanty-Mansi and Yamal-Nenets Auton
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the Ministry for Regional Developme
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various other long-term problems in
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is also associated with the fuel an
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Republic of Mordovia 8051 0.732 68.
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Legislative control of impact audit
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Chapter 3Personal Incomes, the Ener
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than any other sources of income -
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Are wages now the main instrument f
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comparison of month-on-month develo
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• The unemployed, people who aree
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Employment in the energy sector acc
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The share of household expenditures
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subsidization practices in the regi
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in power use between regions now de
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Electricity prices for households h
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• Steady decrease in the percenta
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1. The number of graduates with eng
Page 77 and 78: As well as requiring better fuelcom
Page 79 and 80: Box 4.1. The village of Kolvain Uss
Page 81 and 82: continue to use solid fuel for a lo
Page 83 and 84: Box 4.3. Ambient air pollution andp
Page 85 and 86: either by large power generating fa
Page 87 and 88: Box 4.6. A city at riskNovocherkass
Page 89 and 90: In order to assess impact of thesee
Page 91 and 92: generation facilities through safer
Page 93 and 94: achieved in developed countries. So
Page 95 and 96: equires 2-6 times more capital inve
Page 97 and 98: government) should set targets and
Page 99 and 100: networks. In 2007 government budget
Page 101 and 102: enhancement is also important. Ener
Page 103 and 104: energy efficiency of the transport
Page 105 and 106: Box 5.1. Programme of the Ministry
Page 107 and 108: educational and informational suppo
Page 109 and 110: mechanism for using national quota
Page 111 and 112: Figure 6.2Share of electricity gene
Page 113 and 114: One of the major benefits of renewa
Page 115 and 116: odies; outdoor air; rocks and soil;
Page 117 and 118: Design and construction of geotherm
Page 119 and 120: Box 6.3. Prospects for nuclear powe
Page 121 and 122: consists of out-dated equipment at
Page 123 and 124: ConclusionThe world’s nuclear pow
Page 125 and 126: 7.1. Impact of the fuel& energy sec
Page 127: Table 7.5Solid waste from productio
Page 131 and 132: nature of the impact (atmospheric e
Page 133 and 134: Further, the economic cost ofenviro
Page 135 and 136: trends continued the damage would a
Page 137 and 138: What the government needs to do ino
Page 139 and 140: Figure 7.2.1Specific atmospheric em
Page 141 and 142: money value of industrial output) c
Page 143 and 144: Figure 7.2.4Trends in specific atmo
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 8The Energy Industry and Su
Page 147 and 148: eing equal) it only reflects that p
Page 149 and 150: (MDGs), issued by the UN in 2000. T
Page 151 and 152: 8.4. The energy factorin integral i
Page 153 and 154: Canada, the USA and Great Britain h
Page 155 and 156: Box 8.2. Energy efficiencyindicator
Page 157 and 158: Box 8.4. Energy efficiency rating o
Page 159 and 160: 41 Penza Region 116.0 -35.2 -4.542
Page 161 and 162: Appendix to Chapter 1Table 1.1. GDP
Page 163 and 164: Attachment to Chapter 4Table 4.1Rus
Page 165 and 166: Attachment to Chapter 4Volga Federa
Page 167 and 168: Attachment to Chapter 4Belovo Belov
Page 169 and 170: The previous National Human Develop
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Report - UNDP Russia

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