ESCo Definitionen, Konzepte, Erfolgsfaktoren und ... - Biosolesco
ESCo Definitionen, Konzepte, Erfolgsfaktoren und ... - Biosolesco
ESCo Definitionen, Konzepte, Erfolgsfaktoren und ... - Biosolesco
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Juni 2011<br />
<strong>ESCo</strong> <strong>Definitionen</strong>, <strong>Konzepte</strong>,<br />
<strong>Erfolgsfaktoren</strong> <strong>und</strong> Hürden<br />
Geschrieben von<br />
Argyro Giakoumi (agiak@cres.gr) , CRES, Griechenland<br />
Giorgos Markogiannakis (gmarko@cres.gr), CRES, Griechenland<br />
Mit Beiträgen von<br />
Kaija Saramäki, Simo Paukkunen <strong>und</strong> Allard Vermeulen, NKUAS, Finnland, Simon A. Booth,<br />
UREADSE, England, Sabine Putz, SOLID, Österreich, Nikolay Vangelov, ERATO, Bulgarien,<br />
Veljko Vorkapic, EIHP, Kroatien, Hrvoje Hucika, HEP <strong>ESCo</strong>, Kroatien, Philippa Hughes, TVE,<br />
England, Wolfgang Hiegl, WIP, Deutschland, Antonio Pantaleo, Chiara Candelise <strong>und</strong> Alessandro<br />
Leucci, MedEnerg, Italien, Mauro Bertini, CS, Italien, Paola Miglietta, UNI, Italien<br />
1
Das Projekt BIOSOL<strong>ESCo</strong> beschäftigt sich mit Wärme-Contracting als innovativem Ansatz zur<br />
Bereitstellung von Wärme aus Biomasse <strong>und</strong>/oder Solarenergie. BIOSOL<strong>ESCo</strong> wird unterstützt von<br />
der Europäische Kommission durch das IEE Programm (Vertragsnummer IEE/07/264).<br />
Die Verantwortung für den Inhalt dieses Berichtes liegt bei den Autoren. Er gibt nicht die Meinung<br />
der Europäischen Gemeinschaft wieder. Die Europäische Kommission übernimmt keine<br />
Verantwortung für jegliche Verwendung der darin enthaltenen Informationen.<br />
2
Inhaltsverzeichnis<br />
Abkürzungsverzeichnis ........................................................................................................... 4<br />
1 Einleitung .......................................................................................................................... 5<br />
2 <strong>Definitionen</strong>....................................................................................................................... 7<br />
3 Nationaler Hintergr<strong>und</strong> ................................................................................................. 10<br />
3.1 Legislativ-, Finanz-, Vertrags-<strong>und</strong> Marketing-Rahmen ........................................... 10<br />
3.1.1 Rechtlicher Hintergr<strong>und</strong> für TPF <strong>und</strong> <strong>ESCo</strong>s ..................................................... 10<br />
3.1.2 Bestehende Verträge ........................................................................................... 14<br />
3.1.3 Finanzinstitute <strong>und</strong> Schemen .............................................................................. 17<br />
3.2 Technische Rahmenbedingungen .......................................................................... 24<br />
3.2.1 Qualität <strong>und</strong> Monitoring...................................................................................... 24<br />
3.2.2 Geeignete Technologien für BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong>s ......................................................... 27<br />
3.2.3 Verfügbare Softwarewerkzeuge .......................................................................... 28<br />
3.3 Gesammelte Erfahrungen - Lessons learned ......................................................... 30<br />
Referenzen .............................................................................................................................. 31<br />
3
Abkürzungsverzeichnis<br />
BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong> Biomasse <strong>und</strong>/oder Solar <strong>ESCo</strong><br />
CA ESD Concerted Action for the Energy Services Directive<br />
CDM Clean Development Mechanism<br />
ECM Energy Conservation Measures<br />
EPBD Energy Performance Building Directive<br />
EPC Energy Performance Contracting<br />
<strong>ESCo</strong> Energy Saving Company<br />
ESD Energy Service Directive<br />
EU European Union<br />
IEE Intelligent Energy Europe<br />
JI Joint Implementation<br />
M&V Monitoring and Verification<br />
NKUAS North Karelia University of Applied Sciences<br />
NTA Netherlands Technical Agreements<br />
PPPs Public Private Partnerships<br />
RES Renewable Energy Sources<br />
RETs Renewable-energy and Energy-efficient Technologies<br />
ST-<strong>ESCo</strong>s Solar Thermal Energy Service Companies<br />
TPF Third Party Financing<br />
VAT Value Added Tax<br />
WhCs White Certificates<br />
4
1 Einleitung<br />
Die Europäische Union braucht Verbesserungen bei der Energieeffizienz, der Steuerung der<br />
Energienachfrage, in der Förderung erneuerbarer Energien sowie der Reduzierung von<br />
Treibhausgasemissionen. Um diese Probleme anzugehen, setzt sich die Klima- <strong>und</strong> Energiepolitik<br />
der EU drei ambitionierte Ziele für 2020. Das erste Ziel ist die Verminderung der<br />
Treibhausgasemissionen um mindestens 20% (Basisjahr 1990), das Zweite ist die Erhöhung der<br />
Nutzung erneuerbarer Energiequellen auf 20% der gesamten Energieproduktion <strong>und</strong> das dritte Ziel<br />
ist die Reduzierung des Energieverbrauchs um 20% des für 2020 prognostizierten Levels durch die<br />
Verbesserung der Energieeffizienz [26].<br />
2006 verabschiedete die Europäische Kommission einen Aktionsplan zur Energieeffizienz, welcher<br />
Richtlinien <strong>und</strong> Maßnahmen enthält, um den jährlichen Primärenergieverbrauch in der EU bis 2020<br />
um wenigstens 20% zu senken. Der Aktionsplan empfiehlt zudem 10 vorrangige Maßnahmen, die<br />
zum Erreichen des angestrebten Einsparungspotentials sofort initiiert werden sollten. Diese<br />
vorrangigen Maßnahmen decken alle Bereiche ab, in denen Energieeffizienzmaßnahmen umgesetzt<br />
werden können, wie z.B. bei Geräten, Gebäuden, in der Energieerzeugung <strong>und</strong> Verteilung, bei der<br />
Effizienz von Fahrzeugen. Zudem sieht der Aktionsplan Unterstützungsmaßnahmen zur<br />
Erleichterung der Finanzierung von Energieeffizienzmaßnahmen für kleine <strong>und</strong> mittlere<br />
Unternehmen sowie für Energiedienstleistungsunternehmen (Energy Service Companies; <strong>ESCo</strong>s)<br />
vor. Speziell im Bereich der Finanzierung von Energieeffizienzprojekten schlägt der Aktionsplan<br />
die Erarbeitung von Vertragskonzepten <strong>und</strong> die Identifizierung <strong>und</strong> Beseitigung von Barrieren vor,<br />
um die Entwicklung des Marktes für Energiedienstleistungen in den Mitgliedsstaaten zu fördern [2].<br />
Ebenfalls 2006 verabschiedete die Kommission einen “Fahrplan für erneuerbare Energiequellen”<br />
zur Förderung der Erzeugung erneuerbarer Energien <strong>und</strong> 2008 einen zu den Chancen Europas im<br />
Klimawandel, wobei in beiden Dokumenten die Notwendigkeit einer Erhöhung der Nutzung<br />
erneuerbarer Energiequellen auf 20% der gesamten Energieproduktion bis 2020 dargelegt wird.<br />
Neben den zuvor genannten Dokumenten, welche die Rahmenbedingungen der EU Politik<br />
beschreiben, gibt es auch spezifische Direktiven mit konkreten Empfehlungen. Die Direktive zu<br />
Energiedienstleistungen ("Energy Service Directive", ESD (2006/32/EC)) zusammen mit der<br />
Direktive über die Energieeffizienz von Gebäuden (Energy Performance Buildings Directive,<br />
EPBD (2002/91/EC) forcieren den Markt hin zu Energieeffizienzprojekten. Theoretisch sollte die<br />
Umsetzung dieser beiden Direktiven die weitere Entwicklung des <strong>ESCo</strong> Marktes erlauben.<br />
Zusammen mit der Direktive zur Förderung erneuerbarer Energien (2009/28/EC) ist der Markt stark<br />
hin zu erneuerbaren Energiequellen orientiert, nicht nur in der Stromerzeugung sondern auch bei<br />
der Bereitstellung von Wärme <strong>und</strong> Kühlung. Insofern gibt es gute Gründe für <strong>ESCo</strong> Projekte zur<br />
Bereitstellung von Wärme aus erneuerbaren Energiequellen (Biomasse <strong>und</strong> Solarthermie).<br />
Dieser Bericht fasst die Informationen zum Status des <strong>ESCo</strong> Marktes in der EU (27 Länder plus<br />
Kroatien) mit speziellem Fokus auf Biomasse <strong>und</strong>/oder Solarthermie zusammen. Die<br />
zusammengetragenen Informationen stammen aus öffentlichen Quellen <strong>und</strong> Publikationen, früheren<br />
oder aktuellen EU Projekten sowie aus Gesprächen mit Experten. Für jedes Land wurden<br />
gesetzliche, finanzielle, vertragliche, <strong>und</strong> technische Rahmenbedingungen des <strong>ESCo</strong>- <strong>und</strong> speziell<br />
des BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong>-Marktes untersucht.<br />
5
Im Speziellen wurden für jedes Land Informationen zur rechtlichen Gr<strong>und</strong>lage der <strong>ESCo</strong>s <strong>und</strong><br />
Drittfinanzierungen (third-party Finanzierungen, TPF) sowie Informationen zu bereits existierenden<br />
Vertragsvereinbarungen <strong>und</strong> Finanzinstrumenten gesammelt. Zusätzlich sind vorhandene Barrieren<br />
beschrieben, die eine Bildung bzw. Weiterentwicklung des BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong> Markts behindern.<br />
Außerdem sind die bisherige Erfahrungen der Ländern zusammengetragen, die einen gut<br />
entwickelten <strong>ESCo</strong> Markt <strong>und</strong> eine Erfolgsbilanz an BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong> Projekten aufweisen.<br />
Fasst man die Ergebnisse der Recherche verschiedener Länder zusammen, so kann postuliert<br />
werden, dass in vielen europäischen Ländern <strong>ESCo</strong> Projekte, die solarthermische <strong>und</strong>/oder<br />
Biomasse Systeme beinhalten eingeführt wurden, diese aber Unterschiede in Vertragstypen <strong>und</strong><br />
Technologien (Solar <strong>und</strong> Biomasse) aufweisen. Deutschland gehört zu den best entwickelten <strong>ESCo</strong><br />
Märkten in Europa, hat jedoch z.B. sehr wenige Contracting-Projekte welche beides, Biomasse <strong>und</strong><br />
solarthermische Technologien vereinen. Ein Gr<strong>und</strong> dafür ist, dass sich die Installation von<br />
solarthermischen Kollektoren oft als finanziell nachteilig herausstellt, trotz öffentlicher Zuschüsse.<br />
Natürlich gibt es eine Vielzahl von Vertragsakteuren die Biomasse-Contracting zusammen mit<br />
fossilen Energieträgern anbieten, während andere auf Biomasse-Contracting spezialisiert sind. In<br />
anderen Ländern, wie Spanien, wo günstige klimatische Bedingungen für solarthermische<br />
Technologien herrschen <strong>und</strong> der <strong>ESCo</strong> Markt gut entwickelt ist, sind <strong>ESCo</strong> Projekte die<br />
Solarsysteme beinhalten verbreiteter. Es gibt jedoch auch Länder, wie Griechenland <strong>und</strong> Zypern,<br />
die günstige klimatische Bedingungen für solarthermische Technologien haben, jedoch noch keinen<br />
entwickelten <strong>ESCo</strong> Markt aufweisen. Zentrale <strong>und</strong> nordeuropäische Länder haben mehr<br />
Erfahrungen mit Projekten, die Biomasse Heizsysteme realisieren. Finnland z.B. ist ein Land mit<br />
einer großen Anzahl an Biomasse <strong>ESCo</strong>-ähnlichen Projekten.<br />
In allen Ländern gibt es Barrieren, die die Entwicklung des <strong>ESCo</strong> Markts erschweren. Diese<br />
Hindernisse sind vielschichtig, am weitesten verbreitet sind jedoch: administrative Barrieren zur<br />
Einführung von <strong>ESCo</strong> Projekten in den öffentlichen Sektor, Unkenntnis auf der Nachfrageseite aber<br />
auch bei Finanzinstitutionen, ein Mangel an wirtschaftlich bestandsfähigen Finanzierungen, unklare<br />
gesetzliche Texte die Unsicherheit erzeugen <strong>und</strong> technische Probleme, wie der Mangel an<br />
Vertrauen in spezialisierte Technologiesysteme. Einige der Barrieren sind in allen Ländern<br />
gemeinschaftlich zu finden, während sich andere aus den spezifischen Konditionen eines Landes<br />
ergeben.<br />
Analytische Informationen für jedes Land sind im Anhang I dieses Berichtes zu finden. Es ist zu<br />
erwähnen. dass die erste Version dieses Berichtes im Januar 2010, eine überarbeitete Version<br />
jedoch gegen Ende des Projektes (März 2011) entstand, um aktuelle Änderungen der<br />
Mitgliedsstaaten zu erfassen.<br />
6
2 <strong>Definitionen</strong><br />
Ein Energiedienstleistungsunternehmen (Energy Service Company, <strong>ESCo</strong>) ist ein professionelles<br />
Unternehmen, welches Verbrauchern durch ein breites Spektrum an Energiedienstleistungen die<br />
Möglichkeit eröffnet, ihren Energieverbrauch <strong>und</strong> die damit veb<strong>und</strong>enen Kosten zu senken. Diese<br />
umfassende Energiedienstleistung beinhaltet möglicherweise auch Energieanalysen <strong>und</strong> Audits,<br />
Energiemanagement, Projektdesign <strong>und</strong> Einführung, Betrieb <strong>und</strong> Wartung, Energieerzeugung <strong>und</strong><br />
Versorgung, Überwachung <strong>und</strong> Evaluierung sowie Gebäude- <strong>und</strong> Risikomanagement.<br />
Um ein Unternehmen als <strong>ESCo</strong> zu bezeichnen <strong>und</strong> dieses von anderen Unternehmen zu<br />
unterscheiden, die möglicherweise ebenfalls eine der oben genannten Energiedienstleistungen<br />
anbieten (wie z.B. Consultingfirmen, Energieanbieter, Gerätehersteller), muss dieses einige<br />
zusätzliche Besonderheiten neben der reinen Energiedienstleistung aufweisen. Diese zusätzlichen<br />
Merkmale wurden 2005 im Bericht über <strong>ESCo</strong>s von Paolo Bertoldi & Silvia Rezessy beschrieben<br />
[17] <strong>und</strong> sind folgende:<br />
• <strong>ESCo</strong>s garantieren Energieeinsparungen <strong>und</strong>/oder Provisionen auf gleichem Level wie<br />
kostengünstigere Energiedienstleister. Eine Leistungsgarantie kann in unterschiedlicher<br />
Form erfolgen. Sie kann der tatsächlichen Energieeinsparung eines Projektes entsprechen<br />
oder kann festsetzen, dass die Energieeinsparungen ausreichen werden um die monatlichen<br />
Schuldendienstkosten zurückzuzahlen oder um das gleiche Level an Energiedienstleistung<br />
auch für weniger Geld anbieten zu können;<br />
• Die Vergütung der <strong>ESCo</strong>s ist direkt an die erreichte Energieeinsparung geb<strong>und</strong>en;<br />
• <strong>ESCo</strong>s können den Betrieb von Energiesystemen finanzieren oder Finanzierungen durch<br />
Einsparungsgarantien unterstützen;<br />
• <strong>ESCo</strong>s behalten eine führende Rolle in der Messung <strong>und</strong> Überprüfung der Einsparungen<br />
über die Laufzeit der Finanzierung.<br />
<strong>ESCo</strong>s sind zusammen mit Energieleistungsverträgen (energy performance contracting, EPC) <strong>und</strong><br />
Drittfinanzierungen (third-party Finanzierungen, TPF) als Hauptinstrumente <strong>und</strong> verfügbare<br />
Mechanismen zum Erreichen der Energieeffizienz <strong>und</strong> des generellen nationalen<br />
Energieeinsparrichtwert von 9% (für das neunte Jahr der Anwendung dieser Richtlinie) auch in der<br />
Richtlinie über Energiedienstleistungen (Energy Service Directive, ESD; 2006/32/EC) beschrieben.<br />
Die <strong>Definitionen</strong>, die in der Richtlinie über Energiedienstleistungen für <strong>ESCo</strong>, EPC <strong>und</strong> TPF<br />
genutzt werden, sind unten angegeben:<br />
Energiedienstleistungsunternehmen (Energy Service Company, <strong>ESCo</strong>): eine natürliche oder<br />
eine juristische Person, die Energiedienstleistungen <strong>und</strong>/oder andere Energieeffizienzmaßnahmen in<br />
den Einrichtungen <strong>und</strong> Räumlichkeiten eines Verbrauchers erbringt bzw. durchführt <strong>und</strong> dabei in<br />
gewissem Umfang finanzielle Risiken trägt. Das Entgelt für die erbrachten Dienstleistungen richtet<br />
sich (ganz oder teilweise) nach der Erzielung von Energieeffizienzverbesserungen <strong>und</strong> der<br />
Erfüllung der anderen vereinbarten Leistungskriterien;<br />
Energieleistungsverträge (Energy Performance Contracting, EPC): eine vertragliche Regelung<br />
zwischen dem Nutzer <strong>und</strong> dem Erbringer (normalerweise einem Energiedienstleister (<strong>ESCo</strong>)) einer<br />
Energieeffizienzmaßnahme, wobei die Erstattung der Kosten der Investitionen in eine derartige<br />
Maßnahme im Verhältnis zu dem vertraglich vereinbarten Umfang der Energieeffizienzverbesserung<br />
erfolgt;<br />
7
Drittfinanzierung (Third-Party Financing, TPF): eine vertragliche Vereinbarung, an der neben<br />
dem Energielieferanten <strong>und</strong> dem Nutzer einer Energieeffizienzmaßnahme ein Dritter beteiligt ist,<br />
der die Finanzmittel für diese Maßnahme bereitstellt <strong>und</strong> dem Nutzer eine Gebühr berechnet, die<br />
einem Teil der durch die Energieeffizienzmaßnahme erzielten Energieeinsparungen entspricht.<br />
Dieser Dritter kann aber muss kein <strong>ESCo</strong> sein.<br />
Zusätzlich werden in diesem Bericht folgende Begriffe verwendet:<br />
BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong>: Als ein BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong> kann ein <strong>ESCo</strong> bezeichnet werden, das Projekte auf dem Gebiet<br />
der Biomasse <strong>und</strong>/oder Solar Technologie durchführt. Das Projekt beinhaltet möglicherweise<br />
Energieeffizienzmaßnahmen um höhere Einsparungen zu erzielen <strong>und</strong> wird dadurch wirtschaftlich<br />
noch attraktiver. Einige sind reine Biomasse <strong>und</strong> /oder Solar <strong>ESCo</strong> Projekte. In den meisten Fällen<br />
sind die Projekte Energielieferverträge, welche als <strong>ESCo</strong> Projekte bezeichnet werden können.<br />
Eine andere Definition, die als <strong>ESCo</strong> Tätigkeit angesehen werden kann ist:<br />
Wärmeversorgungsunternehmen<br />
In Finnland ist das Wärme Unternehmertum die vorherrschende Form um K<strong>und</strong>en mit Wärme zu<br />
versorgen, wobei einer oder mehrere K<strong>und</strong>en durch einen Unternehmer, einer Unternehmergruppe<br />
oder einer Kooperative versorgt wird/werden. Die Wärme wird am häufigsten durch Waldbiomasse<br />
erzeugt, wie z.B. durch Pellets oder Hackschnitzel. Das Geschäftsmodell der<br />
Wärmeversorgungsunternehmen variiert <strong>und</strong> hat verschiedene Formen. In Finnland gibt es<br />
gegenwärtig (2009) ca. 380 Heizwerke, die von Wärmeunternehmern betrieben werden.<br />
8
Zusätzlich werden im Report folgende Begriffe verwendet:<br />
BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong>:<br />
Als BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong> kann ein Energiedienstleister definiert werden, welcher Projekte im Bereich<br />
Biomasse <strong>und</strong>/oder Solaranlagen durchführt. Um das Projekt wirtschaftlicher zu machen kann das<br />
Projekt auch Energieeffizienz Maßnahmen zur Energieeinsparung beinhalten. Nur wenige Projekte<br />
sind reine Biomasse <strong>und</strong>/oder Solar Contracting Modelle. In den meisten Fällen sind die Projekte<br />
auf Energie-Lieferverträge aufgebaut, welche dann als <strong>ESCo</strong> bezeichnet werden kann.<br />
Andere <strong>Definitionen</strong> welche als <strong>ESCo</strong> bezeichnet werden können sind:<br />
Wärmelieferungsunternehmen<br />
Wärmelieferungsunternehmen ist die dominierende Form der Einzelpersonenunternehmen, welche<br />
Wärme an die K<strong>und</strong>en liefert. Wärmelieferungsunternehmen in weiterst verbreiteten Form sind ein<br />
Unternehmer, mehre Unternehmer oder Genossenschaft, welche einen oder mehrere K<strong>und</strong>en mittels<br />
Fernwärme versorgen. Die Wärme wird meistens aus forstlicher Biomasse, wie zum Beispiel Pellets<br />
oder Hackschnitzel erzeugt. Das verwendete Geschäftsmodell der verschiedenen<br />
Wärmelieferunternehmen variiert <strong>und</strong> hat verschiedene Formen. Zu Zeit (2009) werden ungefähr<br />
380 Heizwerke von Wärmelieferungsunternehmen in Finnland betrieben.<br />
9
3 Nationaler Hintergr<strong>und</strong><br />
In diesen Abschnitt wird ein Überblick über den Hintergr<strong>und</strong> des <strong>ESCo</strong> <strong>und</strong> im speziellen von<br />
BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong> Markt in den 27 EU Mitgliedsländern gegeben. Insbesondere Informationen über<br />
den legislativen, finanziellen <strong>und</strong> vertraglichen Rahmenbedingungen vorgestellt <strong>und</strong> die<br />
wichtigsten technischen <strong>und</strong> nicht technischen Barrieren zur Entwicklung der BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong><br />
Ansätze skizziert. Analytische Informationen separat für jedes Land finden Sie am Ende dieses<br />
Berichts in Anhang I.<br />
3.1 Legislativ-, Finanz-, Vertrags-<strong>und</strong> Marketing-Rahmen<br />
3.1.1 Rechtlicher Hintergr<strong>und</strong> für TPF <strong>und</strong> <strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
Eine allgemeine Überprüfung der ESCO-Märkte in den Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Union<br />
zeigt, dass eine Vielfalt unterschiedlicher Modelle unter den Ländern vorhanden ist, in dem, was<br />
der Contracting-Markt Entwicklung, Struktur <strong>und</strong> Regeln betrifft. In einigen Ländern (z.B.: UK, IE,<br />
GR, FI, PT) gibt es bis jetzt keine ausgeprägtes rechtliches Format für Energiedienstleister, <strong>und</strong> die<br />
Struktur kann in jeder anerkannten Form des lokalen Rechts ausgeführt sein. Auch gibt es keine<br />
besonderen Vorschriften über die Bereitstellung von privatem Kapital der Energiedienstleistern, mit<br />
Ausnahme derjenigen, der Kreditaufnahme <strong>und</strong> Verträge welche generell gültig sind. Zum Beispiel<br />
in Großbritannien <strong>und</strong> Irland, wo in diesem Fall der Vorschlag gilt, dass private GmbH die am<br />
besten geeignete Rechtsform für die meisten Energiedienstleister sein, da es die flexibelste ist.<br />
Mittels der EU Energiedienstleistungsrichtlinie - EDL (2006/32/EG), die für alle EU-<br />
Mitgliedstaaten im Jahr 2006 hinterlegt wurde, wird erwartet den Mangel an entsprechend<br />
rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen auf zu heben, <strong>und</strong> dies zu einer Klärung eines <strong>ESCo</strong> Betriebes <strong>und</strong><br />
somit dem Energiedienstleistungsmarkt in der Entwicklung helfen wird. Die EDL, welche bis Mai<br />
2008 in nationale Recht übernommen werden soll, zielt auf eine kostengünstige Verbesserung der<br />
Energieeffizienz im Endverbrauch durch die Angabe von Zielwerten, Beseitigung von<br />
Marktbarrieren <strong>und</strong> Stimulation des Energie-Service- Markt ab. Wie im Dezember 2008 berichtet<br />
[16] wurde die EDL in sieben Mitgliedsstatten ins nationale Recht aufgenommen, elf<br />
Mitgliedsstatten teilten eine teilweise Umsetzung mit, während neun Mitgliedsstatten keine<br />
Mitteilung diesbezüglich durchführten.<br />
In einigen der Länder, in denen der Energie-Service-Markt bereits entwickelt ist, werden die<br />
Begriffe Energiedienstleister <strong>und</strong> Energiedienstleistungen nicht unbedingt verwendet. Zum Beispiel<br />
sind in Frankreich die Begriffe "Energiedienstleistung" <strong>und</strong> "Energiedienstleistungsunternehmen",<br />
die in Europa bereits üblich waren, erst in späten 1990er Jahren dank der Liberalisierung der<br />
Energiemärkte <strong>und</strong> aufgr<strong>und</strong> der Entwicklung des Energie-Richtlinie <strong>und</strong> der anschließenden<br />
Debatten [7] erschienen.<br />
Auch in Deutschland wird der Begriff <strong>ESCo</strong> kaum verwendet, sondern dieses Geschäftsmodell wird<br />
in Verknüpfung mit Contracting gebracht, um Verwirrung zu vermeiden wurde der Begriff<br />
Contracting in der DIN 8930-5 der gr<strong>und</strong>legender Begriff, mehrere alternative Contracting-<br />
Modelle, Dienstleistungskomponenten, die Preise für Dienstleistungen, Anwendungsbereiche <strong>und</strong><br />
der rechtliche Hintergr<strong>und</strong> definiert.<br />
Einer der wichtigsten legislativen Beschränkungen, die den Contracting-Aktivität im öffentlichen<br />
Sektor in vielen der europäischen Mitgliedstaaten behindert war die Tatsache, dass der Betrieb <strong>und</strong><br />
10
insbesondere der Kauf von der Ausrüstung, sowie die Erbringung von Dienstleistungen<br />
einschließlich Energie Dienstleistungen im öffentlichen Sektor für Private nicht erlaubt waren. Es<br />
wurde eine hohe Anforderungen der <strong>ESCo</strong>s <strong>und</strong> viel Engagement benötigt um komplexe Lösungen<br />
für den privaten Sektor zu entwickeln <strong>und</strong> innovative Lösungen anbieten zu können. Dieses<br />
Problem wurde zum Teil fast in allen EU-Ländern gelöst (zB FR, IT, DE, UK, IE, GR, SI, SP, PT,<br />
CY, RO, SK) <strong>und</strong> Kroatien, wenn Rechtsvorschriften über Public Private Partnerships (PPPs)<br />
gegründet wurden. Natürlich ist das Niveau der gegründeten PPPs zwischen den Mitgliedstaaten<br />
unterschiedlich. PPP ist eine Art "Überbegriff" die ein breites Spektrum von Vereinbarungen<br />
zwischen öffentlichen Institutionen <strong>und</strong> dem privaten Sektor auf dem Betrieb öffentlicher<br />
Infrastrukturen oder die Bereitstellung öffentlicher Dienstleistungen nutzen zu können [19]. Was die<br />
Durchführung von <strong>ESCo</strong> Projekten im öffentlichen Sektor betrifft, unter diesen besonderen <strong>und</strong><br />
formale Vereinbarungen, sind das mehrjährige Konzession Vertragspartner in Bezug auf die<br />
Installation, Betrieb <strong>und</strong> Wartung von gemieteten / ausgelagert energieeffizienter Geräte in<br />
öffentlichen Gebäuden kann theoretisch realisiert werden können.<br />
PPPs ermöglichen im öffentlichen Sektor die Vergütung in regelmäßigen Abständen während des<br />
Projekts an private Unternehmen zu zahlen, <strong>und</strong> ermöglicht, dass die Bezahlung auf Basis von<br />
Performance-Indikatoren vorher im Vertrag festgelegt werden können (statt rein Umsatz basierend).<br />
Zur weiteren Steigerung der Wirksamkeit dieser Regelung sollte die öffentliche Rechnungslegung<br />
ebenfalls überarbeitet werden <strong>und</strong> die Trennung von Betrieb <strong>und</strong> Investitionsbudgets sollten im<br />
Falle von ESCO-Projekten erfolgen. Da es sehr wichtig ist dass die Einsparungen im<br />
Betriebsbudget genutzt werden kann als Abgabe für Investitionen in Energieeffizienzmaßanahmen.<br />
Darüber hinaus sollten die Vorschriften über öffentliche Aufträge überarbeitet werden, um etwa<br />
Kriterien für Energieeffizienz einfließen lassen zu können.<br />
In den baltischen Staaten (Lettland, Estland, Litauen) tragen instabil <strong>und</strong> nicht gut definiert<br />
rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen sowie ungünstige Vergabeverfahren zur Verlangsamung der<br />
Initialisierung des Marktwachstums bei. In Polen behindern Vergabeverfahren die Auswahl der<br />
besten Bieter <strong>und</strong> sind nicht geeignet für langfristige Verträge. Entscheidungsprozesse <strong>und</strong><br />
finanziellen Verfahren innerhalb von Körperschaften des öffentlichen Rechts sind zu kompliziert.<br />
Da <strong>ESCo</strong> Regelungen <strong>und</strong> Verträge eher kompliziert sind, würden Rechtsvorschriften speziell für<br />
Contracting-Leistungen dazu beitragen, gr<strong>und</strong>legenden Unsicherheiten zu überwinden. Darüber<br />
hinaus sollten die öffentlichen Beschaffungsprozesse angepasst werden, um diesen Markt für <strong>ESCo</strong><br />
Service zu öffnen.<br />
In der kroatischen Gesetzgebung werden ESCO-Modelle im Gesetz über die Energieeffizienz in den<br />
direkten Verbrauch (OG 152/08) erwähnt. Das Gesetz definiert eine <strong>ESCo</strong> <strong>und</strong> besagt, dass Gelder<br />
für Energiedienstleistungen durch den Auftragnehmer, z.B. einer ESCO, gewährleistet wird <strong>und</strong><br />
ganz oder teilweise aus eigenen Quellen oder Dritten erbracht werden müssen. Somit tragen die<br />
Vertragspartner oder ein Dritter die Risiken ganz oder teilweise <strong>und</strong> dass die<br />
Energieeinsparungsinvestition durch Einsparungen zurückgezahlt werden soll. Darüber hinaus<br />
formuliert das Gesetz einen Energieeffizienz Vertrag, um Informationen über Dinge wie dem<br />
Energiedienstleistungsk<strong>und</strong>en, die Finanzierung durch Dritte, irgendwelcher Beteiligungen,<br />
Primärenergieverbrauch, garantiert Energieeinsparungen usw. enthält.<br />
Es gibt ein Verfahren für Versicherungssysteme welche in den <strong>ESCo</strong> Projekten einbezogen werden<br />
<strong>und</strong> auch die Versicherung der Geräte wird durch einen Vertrag mit einem Hersteller / Anbieter von<br />
11
Anlagen, welcher die Garantie der installierten Komponenten regelt. Als Zahlungssicherheit,<br />
verwendet HEP ESCO, derzeit der einzige Energiedienstleister in Kroatien, verschiedene<br />
Instrumente je nach Art des K<strong>und</strong>en. Art <strong>und</strong> Anzahl der eingesetzten Instrumente hängt von der<br />
Beurteilung der Zahlungsfähigkeit eines K<strong>und</strong>en ab.<br />
In Finnland hat Motiva eine sehr bedeutende Rolle in Energiefragen. Motiva Oy ist ein staatliches<br />
Unternehmen zur Förderung von Energieeffizienz <strong>und</strong> erneuerbaren Energien. ESCO-Konzept ist<br />
ein Werkzeug, um energieeffiziente Technologien <strong>und</strong> Lösungen implementieren zu können.<br />
Motiva arbeitet zusammen mit den Marktteilnehmern für die Förderung <strong>und</strong> Entwicklung ESCO<strong>und</strong><br />
Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) <strong>Konzepte</strong> in den finnischen Energiemärkten [49].<br />
Motiva fungiert als Bindeglied zwischen Energiedienstleister <strong>und</strong> ihren potentiellen K<strong>und</strong>en durch<br />
die Entwicklung von ESCO-Modellen <strong>und</strong> Werkzeugen <strong>und</strong> die Vermarktung der ESCO-<strong>Konzepte</strong>.<br />
Eine Maßnahme zur Unterstützung war die Schaffung eines Registers von ESCO-Projekten [50].<br />
In Österreich sind die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen für TPF-Projekte die gleichen wie für jeden<br />
andere rechtliche Vertrag. Allerdings können Schwierigkeiten durch die Vergabe von<br />
Leistungsverträgen auftreten. Das Gesetz des öffentlichen Beschaffungswesens regelt die Vergabe<br />
von Aufträgen durch öffentliche Auftraggeber auf der Gr<strong>und</strong>lage eines "Modell-Ansatzes". Im Falle<br />
eines privaten Kaufes der Anlage, kann das Projekt vergeben werden ohne die Verpflichtung <strong>und</strong><br />
Bestimmungen des Gesetzes des öffentlichen Auftragswesens zu beachten. Der allgemeine<br />
Rechtsrahmen für die Vergabe von Aufträgen durch öffentliche Auftraggeber kann als<br />
"überwiegend positiv" beurteilt werden. Gr<strong>und</strong>sätzlich liefern die Bestimmungen für die Vergabe<br />
von Aufträgen keine Hindernisse für die Nutzung von Energiedienstleistungen durch öffentliche<br />
Auftraggeber. Es gibt bestimmte "Problemzonen" jedoch, wie Klassifizieren von Drittfinanzierung<br />
Projekten innerhalb bestimmter Kategorien von Aufträgen. Es wird daher empfohlen, dass die<br />
Aufmerksamkeit auf die relevanten rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen während der<br />
Projektentwicklung gelegt wird.<br />
In Bulgarien, während der Anfangsphase eines Projekts, investierte die ESCO ihr Working Capital<br />
zur Durchführung von Energie-Audits <strong>und</strong> um eine Projekt-Dokumentation zu entwickeln. Alle<br />
diese Kosten waren später in den Kosten enthalten. Die Gefahr jedes Entwicklungszyklus macht das<br />
Projekt teuer <strong>und</strong> riskant für die ESCO. In Übereinstimmung mit dem Gesetz zur Förderung der<br />
Energieeffizienz hat die Regierung die Verordnung № RD-16-347 vom 2. April 2009 entwickelt<br />
<strong>und</strong> verabschiedet über die Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Höhe <strong>und</strong> Zahlung von Förderungen im<br />
Rahmen eines geplanten Energie-Contracting, was zu Energieeinsparungen in Gebäuden - Staats<strong>und</strong><br />
kommunalen Eigentum führen soll (in Kraft seit 14.04.2009) durch das Ministerium für<br />
Wirtschaft <strong>und</strong> Ministerium der Finanzen herausgegeben <strong>und</strong> veröffentlicht im SG. 28 vom 14.<br />
April 2009.<br />
In Rumänien wurde die Energiedienstleistungsrichtlinie (2006/32/EG) in das nationale Recht mit<br />
der Regierungsverordnung Nr. 22/2008 umgesetzt. Es gibt kein anderes Gesetz zur Regelung des<br />
Contracting Marktes, wie z.B. die Bereitstellung von Musterverträgen oder Akkreditierung für<br />
Energiedienstleister, ein Mustervertrag für Energiespar-Contracting (EPC) ist in Vorbereitung [52].<br />
In Slowenien sind Vorschriften im Zusammenhang mit Energiedienstleistungsprojekte im Gesetz<br />
über Public - Private Partnership (OG 127/06) <strong>und</strong> im Gesetz über öffentliche Aufträge (OG<br />
128/06) geregelt.<br />
12
In Frankreich ist ein wichtiger Faktor für die Aufnahme von ESCO Betrieben im privaten Sektor<br />
die Implementierung eines Systems weißer Zertifikate (WCS) im Jahr 2006 (genauere<br />
Beschreibung der Regelung ist in Anhang I ersichtlich).<br />
Die Überprüfung der italienischen Rechtsrahmens zeigt, dass es mehrere <strong>Definitionen</strong> von<br />
Energiedienstleistern gibt <strong>und</strong> eine <strong>ESCo</strong>-Zertifizierung als Notwendigkeit empf<strong>und</strong>en wird.<br />
Insbesondere die Definition der förderfähigen <strong>ESCo</strong>s, um mit weißen Zertifikate auf dem<br />
italienischen Markt mit Energieeffizienz System handeln zu könne, umfasst alle Unternehmen, die<br />
in ihrer konstitutiven Akt erklären auf Energiedienstleistungen im weitesten Sinne tätig zu sein. Aus<br />
diesem Gr<strong>und</strong> werden die meisten dieser Betreiber nicht wirklich als Energiedienstleister<br />
angesehen.<br />
Bis November 2005 listete die Behörde etwa 400 Energiedienstleister auf. Vor kurzem wurde ein<br />
neuer Standard (die Prüfung <strong>und</strong> Zertifizierung von Energieeinsparungen erhalten) hinzugefügt, <strong>und</strong><br />
reduzierte die Zahl auf "nur" 56 Energiedienstleister (Juni '06). Aber die Definition bleibt ziemlich<br />
breit <strong>und</strong> vage, da im Moment nur wenige Energiedienstleister zum Beispiel<br />
Energiedienstleistungsverträge, Drittfinanzierung <strong>und</strong> integrierte Energie-Dienstleistungen liefern<br />
können. In einer solchen Situation besteht die Notwendigkeit, Kriterien sicher zu charakterisieren,<br />
um zu definieren, was ein ESCO ist <strong>und</strong> was die erforderlichen Mindest-Dienste sind, um das<br />
Vertrauen bei den K<strong>und</strong>en <strong>und</strong> den Finanzinstituten zu schaffen.<br />
Ein erster Versuch, einen klaren rechtlichen Hintergr<strong>und</strong> für TPF <strong>und</strong> Energiedienstleister<br />
einzuführen wird durch das Gesetzesdekret Nr. 115/08 ermöglicht, welches die Merkmale <strong>und</strong><br />
Regeln von Energiedienstleistungen <strong>und</strong> Vorgehensweisen von Energiedienstleister anführt.<br />
Der Abschnitt V, Art. 16 des vorliegenden Erlasses führt freiwillige Zertifizierungsverfahren für<br />
Energiedienstleister, Energie-<strong>und</strong> Führungskräfte, welches von einem spezifischen UNI-CTI<br />
(Italienisch thermotechnisches Komitee, zuständig für die Standardisierung) definiert wird. Darüber<br />
hinaus werden, um eine höhere Zuverlässigkeit der Messungen der Energieeffizienz zu erreichen,<br />
weitere Dekrete des Industrieministeriums bezüglich des Verfahrens definiert um die Energie-<br />
Management-Systeme <strong>und</strong> die Energie-Audits selbst zertifizieren zu können.<br />
In Portugal, in dem Nationalen Aktionsplan für Energieeffizienz [51] wird auf die Förderung der<br />
<strong>ESCo</strong>s gesetzt, wo Ausschreibungen <strong>und</strong> Anreize für die Schaffung von Energiedienstleistern<br />
<strong>und</strong> Verträge über Energieeffizienz vorgesehen sind.<br />
In Spanien wurde ein nachhaltiges wirtschaftliches Gesetz im Februar 2011 beschlossen [53].<br />
Eines der Ziele dieses Gesetzes ist es, ein positives Umfeld für das Unternehmertum im <strong>ESCo</strong>-<br />
Sektor zu schaffen. Artikel 102 des Gesetzes stellt eine Definition von <strong>ESCo</strong>s zur Verfügung, die<br />
sehr ähnlich zu dem in der EU - Energiedienstleistungsrichtlinie ist. Nach dieser Definition sollte<br />
das Unternehmen ein gewisses Maß an finanziellem Risiko übernehmen. Das Gesetz besagt, dass<br />
die Regierung einen konkreten Plan zur Förderung von <strong>ESCo</strong>s, Beseitigung von Hindernissen<br />
<strong>und</strong> Erleicheterung von finanziellen Ressourcen entwickeln wird [48].<br />
In Griechenland war eines der Haupthindernisse für die Stagnation der ESCO-Marktentwicklung,<br />
das Fehlen eines Gesetzes für ein ESCO Geschäftsmodel, was im Juni 2010 mit Hilfe der<br />
Abstimmung des Gesetzes 3855/2011 (GOG Ausgabe A'95 /23/06/2020) versucht wurde zu<br />
beseitigen. Dieses Gesetz ist die Umsetzung der EU-Richtlinie 2006/32/EG - "Energy Service<br />
13
Directive - ESD" im griechischem Recht <strong>und</strong> es verdeutlicht den Rechtsrahmen für den Betrieb<br />
eines ESCO. Es erlaubt viele Unternehmen im Bereich erneuerbarer Energie ohne Zweifel im Markt<br />
für Energiedienstleistungen ein zu treten. Es wird erwartet, dass mit diesem Gesetz der<br />
Energiedienstleistungsmarkt sich nach vorwärts bewegen <strong>und</strong> entwickelt wird <strong>und</strong> dass eine Reihe<br />
von Unternehmen, die als Energiedienstleister tätig werden oder tätig sind, als Energiedienstleister<br />
im öffentlichen <strong>und</strong> privaten Sektors beteiligt werden.<br />
Laut dem Gesetz 3855/2010 wurde ein Energiedienstleister-Register erstellt (MD D6/13280, GOG<br />
Ausgabe B'1228/14/06/2011), in denen Unternehmen, die bestimmte Kriterien (Finanz-, Know-how<br />
usw.) erfüllen können registriert werden <strong>und</strong> als Energiedienstleister fungieren.<br />
In Zypern wurde die Gesamtenergieeffizienzrichtlinie noch nicht in nationales Recht umgesetzt <strong>und</strong><br />
bis heute gibt es kein separates Gesetz welches den Umgang mit dem Betrieb eines <strong>ESCo</strong> definiert.<br />
3.1.2 Bestehende Verträge<br />
Die Art der Verträge in den einzelnen Mitgliedstaaten für die Umsetzung von <strong>ESCo</strong> Projekten<br />
reicht von den bekanntesten Programmen wie EPC <strong>und</strong> TPF bis hin zu länderspezifische<br />
Regelungen wie Wärmelieferungsverträge <strong>und</strong> der Chauffage-Verträge verwendet. Nachfolgend<br />
werden einige der bestehenden Art von Verträgen, welche in den verschiedenen Mitgliedstaaten<br />
verwendet werden vorgestellt:<br />
14
In Deutschland beschreibt die deutsche Norm DIN 8930-5 im Wesentlichen zwei Contracting<br />
Schemas:<br />
Werks/Betriebs Contracting<br />
Dieses Schema wird als Energieliefercontracting bezeichnet. In diesem Fall baut, plant, finanziert<br />
<strong>und</strong> entwickelt der Auftragnehmer neue Wärmeerzeugungsmethoden oder übernimmt ein<br />
bestehendes System. Im Laufe der Vertragslaufzeit (in der Regel 10 - 20 Jahre) ist der<br />
Auftragnehmer verantwortlich für Betrieb, Wartung <strong>und</strong> Betreuung der Anlagen. Er kauft<br />
Primärenergie ein <strong>und</strong> verkauft Wärme an den K<strong>und</strong>en. Energieeinsparungen sind natürlich Teil<br />
dieser Projekte, da neuen oder renovierten Kessel effizienter arbeiten. Der K<strong>und</strong>e zahlt in der Regel<br />
einen Basispreis an den Auftragnehmer, welecher die Investitionskosten einschließlich der<br />
Rückzahlung des Kredits <strong>und</strong> Wartung der Anlagen abdeckt. Diese kostengünstige Komponente ist<br />
flexibel in Bezug auf die Erhöhung der durchschnittlichen Gehälter. Der zweite Teil der<br />
monatlichen Zahlung richtet sich nach dem Energieverbrauch.<br />
In den meisten Fällen hat der K<strong>und</strong>e höhere Gesamtwärmekosten nach dem Contracting Projekt, da<br />
ja keine Investitionskosten angefallen sind. Jedoch erreichen die meisten K<strong>und</strong>en signifikante<br />
Geldbeträge wenn die Kosten für alternative Lösungen mit (z.B.: Projektumsetzung durch den<br />
K<strong>und</strong>en selbst) vergleichsweise kalkuliert werden. Die Energieeinsparungen sind natürlich<br />
Bestandteil solcher Projekte: Der Auftragnehmer gibt die Wärmeerzeugungskosten nicht an den<br />
K<strong>und</strong>en weiter, da dieser nur für die verbrauchten kWh Wärme festgesetzte Preisbasis zahlt (die<br />
kWh Preise sind flexible <strong>und</strong> richten sich nach den Brennstoffkosten). Der Auftragnehmer wird<br />
daher versuchen am effizientesten Wärme zu produzieren. Allerdings sind jedoch<br />
Energieeffizienzmaßnahmen jenseits der Wärmegewinnung bzw. garantierte Energieeinsparung<br />
kaum Bestandteil solcher Projekte.<br />
Dieses Contracting Schema ist daher nicht in absoluter Übereinstimmung mit dem <strong>ESCo</strong> Definition<br />
von Bertoldi et al., 2005 [17]. Es ist auch nicht nur die reine Bereitstellung von<br />
Energiedienstleistungen, da der Auftragnehmer nicht alle Wärme Produktionskosten an den K<strong>und</strong>en<br />
weitergibt <strong>und</strong> deshalb eine gewisses finanzielles <strong>und</strong> technisches Risiko auf sich nimmt. Die<br />
Effizienz der Wärmeerzeugung ist ein entscheidender Aspekt in diesem Schema, da es die<br />
finanziellen Gunsten des Auftragsnehmer erhöht.<br />
Diese Regelung ist von großer Bedeutung in Deutschland: Zirka 84% aller Contracting-Projekte<br />
fallen in diese Kategorie [22].<br />
Energy Performance Contracting (EPC)<br />
EPC (Einsparcontracting) wurde in Deutschland nach der Definition von Bertoldi et al. 2005 [16]<br />
eingeführt. In Deutschland umfasst dieses Schema selten die Installation von neuen<br />
Wärmeproduktions- Technologien bzw. Anlagen. Allerdings gibt es Projekte, die Eigenschaften des<br />
EPC- <strong>und</strong> Anlagen-Contracting kombinieren aber die Investition jedoch, z. B. in neue Biomasse-<br />
Kessel, wird in der Regel nicht durch Energieeinsparungen zurückgezahlt.<br />
EPC wird ebenfalls am italienischen Markt verwendet, wo es jedoch weder durch anteilmäßige<br />
bzw. garantierte Energieeinsparungen oder Energiedienstleistung Contracting definiert ist, wo die<br />
Zahlung des K<strong>und</strong>en sich rein auf die verbrauchte Wärmemenge bezieht.<br />
15
In Lettland bieten nur zwei Unternehmen Contracting in From eines EPC an, während mehr als 40<br />
Unternehmen mit Energie-Lieferverträge arbeiten.<br />
In Schweden gibt es auffindbare Referenzen auf beide Seiten, Energiedienstleister <strong>und</strong> EPCs, aber<br />
die Mehrzahl der bestehenden Formen sind EPCs.<br />
Zwei <strong>ESCo</strong> Unternehmen bieten EPC <strong>und</strong> HDC (heating delivering contract), also<br />
Wärmelieferungsverträge, auf den bulgarischen Markt an. Der Vertrag kommt durch die<br />
gemeinsame Nutzung der erwarteten garantierten Einsparungen zustande. Der<br />
Wärmelieferungsvertrag wird durch einen Energiedienstleister auf den bulgarischen Markt<br />
angeboten. Laut dem Vertrag zahlt der K<strong>und</strong>e 30% weniger pro kWh Wärme, im Vergleich zu dem<br />
davor benutzten Brennstoff.<br />
In Schweden werden die Anzahl von aktiven Energiedienstleister auf 27 geschätzt, welche auf den<br />
Energie Contracting Markt tätig sind. Die Mehrzahl bietet Verträge in Form von EPCs an.<br />
Chauffage Vertrag<br />
Der so genannte "Chauffage Vertrag" ist ein in Frankreich häufig verwendete Vertrag, welcher den<br />
Betrieb ohne ausdrückliche Verpflichtung zur Durchführung der Energieeffizienz Investition<br />
beinhaltet. Unter einem Chauffage Vertrag sichert der Auftragnehmer einen optimalen Betrieb eines<br />
bereits bestehenden Systems <strong>und</strong> muss eine vereinbarten Komfort (z. B. Temperatur, Feuchtigkeit)<br />
zu geringeren Kosten für den K<strong>und</strong>en erbringen, wenn die Bedingungen unverändert bleiben. Der<br />
Auftragnehmer kann seine Gewinne durch Investitionen in energiesparende Geräte oder durch<br />
preisgünstigen Kraftstoff erhöhen, wodurch die Kosten reduziert werden können. Diese Arten von<br />
Verträgen in Frankreich sind in der Regel langfristig <strong>und</strong> beinhaltet die Verpflichtung, Probleme zu<br />
analysieren <strong>und</strong> bei Bedarf Verbesserung des Systems mit den Verb<strong>und</strong>enen Investitionskosten<br />
durchführen.<br />
Die französischen Betreiber haben das Chauffage Vertrags-Modell zu einigen anderen europäischen<br />
Ländern “exportiert”. Darunter befinden sich Belgien, Italien, Spanien, Großbritannien, Mittel- <strong>und</strong><br />
Osteuropa.<br />
Auch in Spanien ist diese Art des Vertrages mit gemeinsamen Energieeinsparungen das meist<br />
verbreitete Modell des Energie Contracting [48].<br />
Wärme - Lieferverträge<br />
Wärme Lieferverträge werden in vielen europäischen Ländern als Dienstleistung von ESCO-<br />
Unternehmen oder Unternehmen, die bereit sind als Energiedienstleister tätig zu sein, angeboten. In<br />
einigen Ländern, wie Finnland, sind Wärme Lieferverträge weit entwickelt <strong>und</strong> es gibt im<br />
Wesentlichen fünf verschiedene Arten von Geschäftsmodellen für den Verkauf von Wärme, die im<br />
Folgenden beschrieben werden:<br />
• Geschäftsmodell, bei dem der K<strong>und</strong>e Eigentümer der Wärme-Anlage <strong>und</strong> das Unternehmen<br />
nur das Heizwerk betreibt. Der K<strong>und</strong>e trägt das gesamte Investitionsrisiko. Dies ist das<br />
häufigste Wärmelieferungs Geschäftsmodell in Finnland.<br />
16
• Geschäftsmodell, bei dem sowohl das Unternehmen Besitzer <strong>und</strong> Betreiber des Heizwerkes<br />
ist <strong>und</strong> Wärme an den K<strong>und</strong>en liefert. Das Unternehmen trägt damit das gesamte<br />
Anlagerisiko. Dieses Geschäftsmodell kommt häufiger in Finnland vor.<br />
• Geschäftsmodell, bei dem ein großes Unternehmen das Heizwerk besitzt <strong>und</strong> die<br />
Tochtergesellschaft (oder private Person) dieses betreibt. Das große Unternehmen trägt das<br />
ganze Investitionsrisiko <strong>und</strong> das Einkommen der Tochtergesellschaft (oder privat Person) ist<br />
nicht sehr hoch.<br />
• <strong>ESCo</strong> - Geschäftsmodell, welches in Finnland nicht sehr häufig vorkommt.<br />
• Franchising - Geschäftsmodell. Einige Unternehmen haben dieses Geschäftsmodell in<br />
Finnland versucht, aber sie haben es nicht geschafft, einen echtes Geschäftsmodell auf zu<br />
bauen.<br />
Es gibt einige wenige verfügbar Vertragsmodelle bzw. Musterverträge in Finnland welche die<br />
Verantwortung eines Wärmelieferungsunternehmens definieren. Diese Vertragsmodelle können als<br />
Basis für die Definition der Verantwortlichkeit der Unternehmen, des K<strong>und</strong>en <strong>und</strong>/oder des<br />
Brennstofflieferanten. Solche Musterverträge können auch für die Preisbildung der<br />
Wärmelieferung verwendet werden.<br />
3.1.3 Finanzinstitute <strong>und</strong> Schemen<br />
Einer der entscheidenden Parameter für die Entwicklung des ESCO-Markt ist die<br />
Projektfinanzierung. Um <strong>ESCo</strong> Projekte umsetzen zu können sollte ein Beteiligter in der Lage sein<br />
diese Projekte finanzieren zu können. In einigen Ländern, in denen große Energiedienstleister<br />
existieren (z.B.: FR) wird die Finanzierung der Projekte vom eigenen Unternehmenskapital getätigt.<br />
Zum Beispiel sind Energiedienstleistungsunternehmen in Frankreich große Unternehmen, die die<br />
finanziellen Mittel zur Finanzierung von Projekten wenn nötig haben, damit die Rolle der Banken<br />
[6, 13, 17] begrenzt ist. In anderen Ländern, wo entweder noch kein <strong>ESCo</strong> Markt entwickelt ist,<br />
oder es nur kleine Energiedienstleister am Markt aktiv sind, ist es notwendig Finanzinstitute zur<br />
Finanzierung der Projekte zu haben. Leider sind in einigen Ländern (z.B.: GR) die Finanzinstitute<br />
nicht vertraut mit dem Konzept von ESCO-Projekten, <strong>und</strong> eine Projektfinazierung dadurch<br />
schwierig. Während in anderen Ländern, wie in Ungarn, die Drittfinanzierung von Banken kein<br />
Problem darstellt, da die Banken bereit sind Leistungsverträge zu finanzieren, zumindest für<br />
etablierte Akteure im Bereich der Energiedienstleistungen. TPF ist nicht sehr verbreitet in<br />
Schweden, da die Mehrheit der K<strong>und</strong>en öffentlicher Stellen sind, welche die Finanzierung aus<br />
eigenen Quellen liefern können. Somit besteht keine Notwendigkeit für die Kreditvergabe von<br />
Finanzinstituten.<br />
Im Allgemeinen sind die Contracting-Programmen mit zuverlässigen langfristigen Rückfluss von<br />
Geldern attraktiv für Finanzinstitute, vor allem wenn der K<strong>und</strong>e dem öffentlichen Sektor angehört.<br />
Allerdings müssen die Banken eine Reihe von Risiken berücksichtigen [15]:<br />
• Nicht nur der Zahlungsfähigkeit des Auftraggebers stellt ein Risiko da (nicht im öffentlichen<br />
Sektor), die Zuverlässigkeit des Auftragnehmers muss auch berücksichtigt werden. Diese<br />
Risiken werden minimiert, wenn sich Vertragspartner auf eine große Anzahl von Verträgen<br />
beziehen können <strong>und</strong> die Risiken verteilt werden.<br />
• Die Brauchbarkeit der Verträge muss beurteilt werden, dies kann schwierig sein, da die damit<br />
verb<strong>und</strong>enen Verträge sehr kompliziert sind. Fragen der Preisanpassung, Eigentumsverhältnisse,<br />
17
Verteilung von Aufgaben <strong>und</strong> Risiken für die Vertragspartner müssen gelöst werden. Daher<br />
sollten die Banken in die Vertragsgestaltung in einem frühen Stadium aufgenommen werden um<br />
Probleme zu minimieren.<br />
• Haftung, Garantie <strong>und</strong> Versicherung<br />
Die Banken haben oft nicht das Know-how um den technischen Aufbau von Anlagen zu bewerten<br />
<strong>und</strong> insbesondere Energieeinsparpotentiale <strong>und</strong> technischen Risiken abzuschätzen.<br />
In vielen Ländern wurden finanzieller Programme <strong>und</strong> Mechanismen, um Projekte in den Bereichen<br />
Energieeffizienz <strong>und</strong> erneuerbare Energieträger zu unterstützen entwickelt. Diese finanziellen<br />
Programme werden meistens in Form von Zuschüssen oder zinsgünstigen Krediten aufgebaut. Viele<br />
der Fördermechanismen fokussieren Energieeffizienz, während andere auch die erneuerbaren<br />
Energien mit einbeziehen. Nachfolgend einige der vorhandenen finanziellen Regelungen in den EU-<br />
27 Ländern:<br />
Belgien<br />
• In Belgien existieren eine Reihe von Unterstützungsmechanismen. Zum Beispiel der erhöhte<br />
Investitionsabzugsbetrag für Energie sparende Investitionen ("Verhoogde investeringsaftrek<br />
voor Energiebesparende Investeringen") ist ein finanzieller Anreiz von der B<strong>und</strong>esregierung<br />
(Föderaler Öffentlicher Finanzdienst), um die Wiederherstellung bestehender Anlagen zu<br />
verbessern <strong>und</strong> die Nutzung erneuerbarer Energiequellen zu fördern. Ab 2009 dürfen Firmen<br />
15,5% von ihrem steuerpflichtigen Gewinn abziehen. Man kann diesen Zuschuss bei der<br />
flämischen Energie-Agentur (VEA) beantragen. Es besteht auch die Ökologieprämie<br />
("Ecologiepremie"), welche Investitionen niederer Umweltbelastungen auf<br />
Produktionsprozesse, auch die Umwandlung von Biomasse durch Verbrennung, Pyrolyse <strong>und</strong><br />
Vergasung unterstützen.<br />
Der Ökologieprämie gilt nur, wenn der Nutzen für die Umwelt die Anforderungen der<br />
Regierung übertrifft. Die Vergütung für kleine <strong>und</strong> mittlere Unternehmen beträgt 35% der<br />
zusätzlichen Kosten ihrer Investitionen. Große Unternehmen erhalten 25% der zusätzlichen<br />
Kosten ihrer Investitionen. Der Investitionsabzugsbetrag ("investeringsaftrek") ist ein<br />
Steuervorteil, der für Energiesparmaßnahmen gilt. Heutzutage können 14,5% (ohne<br />
Mehrwertsteuer - MwSt) von der Ergebnisentwicklung der Gesellschaft, die eine niedrigere<br />
Gewinnsteuer (derzeit r<strong>und</strong> 33%) ergibt abgezogen werden. Schließlich gibt es die<br />
Unterstützung der flämischen Landwirtschaft Investment Fonds (Vlaams<br />
Landbouwinvesteringsfonds - VLIF): Landwirte können 40% ihrer Investitionskosten für<br />
Biomasse-Umwandlung durch die VLIF zurück erstattet werden <strong>und</strong> auch die Green Energy<br />
Certificates ("Groenestroomcertificaten") übermittelt werden:<br />
Jedes Jahr sind Energieversorger verpflichtet, einen bestimmten Anteil von grüner Energie zu<br />
liefern. Ein Green Energy Zertifikat belegt, dass sie ihre Verpflichtungen erfüllt haben. Durch<br />
die Erzeugung grüner Energie, kann man eine Green Energy Certificate für jede erzeugte MWh<br />
an der flämischen Verordnungseinheit für den Strom-<strong>und</strong> Gasmarkt (- VREG Vlaamse<br />
Reguleringsinstantie voor de Elektriciteits-en Gasmarkt) beantragen. Man kann dieses Zertifikat<br />
an einem Energieversorger gegen einen Mindestpreis verkaufen, welche die flämischen<br />
Regierung mit 80 € garantiert. KWK-Zertifikate ("Warmtekrachtcertificaten") sind von dem<br />
18
gleichen Prinzip wie Green Energy Certificates. Für einen bestimmten Anteil sind<br />
Energieversorger verpflichtet, Strom <strong>und</strong> Wärme aus Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung zu liefern, für die<br />
sie eine KWK-Zertifikat erhalten. Wenn sie dies nicht tun, erhalten sie eine Geldstrafe 45 € pro<br />
Zertifikat. KWK-Zertifikate können bei der VREG angefordert werden.<br />
Frankreich<br />
• In Frankreich werden Zuschüsse <strong>und</strong> Subventionen von den regionalen Gremien der ADEME -<br />
die Französisch Umwelt <strong>und</strong> Energiemanagement-Agentur vergeben. Darüber hinaus erstellt<br />
ADEME in Zusammenarbeit mit der französischen Entwicklungsbank ein Gutschrift-System zu<br />
Gunsten von Energie-Management (FOGIME - Fonds de Garantie des Investissements de<br />
Matrise de l'Energie), die Garantiefonds für Darlehen über Investitionen in nachhaltige <strong>und</strong><br />
erneuerbare Energien im privaten Sektor vergibt.<br />
• In den letzten Jahren (hauptsächlich aufgr<strong>und</strong> der zunehmenden Zahl an neuen Akteuren im<br />
Energiemarkt Frankreichs) haben die Finanzinstitute Erfahrung in der Finanzierung von<br />
Energieeffizienz-Projekte erworben. Unter Berücksichtigung von garantierten Einsparungen von<br />
<strong>ESCo</strong>s <strong>und</strong> Energiespar-Contracting, wodurch jetzt beispielsweise das Risiko der garantierten<br />
Einsparungen über die Einsparungen [47] gedeckt werden kann.<br />
Ungarn<br />
• Die ungarische Energy Saving Credit F<strong>und</strong>/German Coal Aid Revolving F<strong>und</strong> (GCARF), die<br />
ursprünglich von der Regierung der B<strong>und</strong>esrepublik Deutschland finanziert <strong>und</strong> von dem<br />
ungarischen Ministerium für Wirtschaft, Finanzen gegründet wurde, finanziert Energieeffizienz-<br />
Projekte. Der Fond vergibt Darlehen, die einen günstigen Zinssatz haben, 1/3 von dem<br />
Basiszinssatz der Ungarischen Nationalbank. Die Amortisationszeit des Darlehens beträgt bis zu<br />
6 Jahren. Industriebetriebe, Kommunen <strong>und</strong> Fernwärme-Unternehmen kommen für dieses<br />
Darlehen in Frage. Förderfähige Technologien umfassen Energieumwandlung, Heizung,<br />
Beleuchtung, erneuerbare Energien, usw. Die maximale Höhe des Darlehens beträgt 80% der<br />
Investition <strong>und</strong> Kriterien werden an die gesamten Kosteneinsparungen <strong>und</strong> Energieeinsparung<br />
geb<strong>und</strong>en. Der Fonds wird von der ungarischen Energiezentrum[24, 30] verwaltet.<br />
In den vergangenen Jahren haben die Weltbank <strong>und</strong> die International Finance Corporation auch<br />
<strong>ESCo</strong>s in Ungarn gefördert, durch ihre Energieeffizienz-Ko-Finanzierungsprogram (HEECP),<br />
die einen Teil des Kredits durch Bürgschaften finanziert. Das Programm endete im Jahr 2001,<br />
aber es gelang damit das ESCO-Modell einen sehr nützlichen Ansatz zur Verbesserung der<br />
Energieeffizienz [33, 40] hatten. Ab März 2009 können erneuerbare Energien Applikationen<br />
Mitteln aus den Strukturfonds der EU „Umwelt-<strong>und</strong> Energietechnologie operationelles<br />
Programm ("Környezet és Energia Operativ Program" - KEOP) erhalten.<br />
Dies gilt für lokale Wärme-<strong>und</strong> Kälteversorgung aus erneuerbaren Quellen (KEOP 2009/4.2.0)<br />
<strong>und</strong> Wärme <strong>und</strong> / oder Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Quellen (KEOP 2009/4.4.0) [29]<br />
mittels den Einsatz von Biomasse, Biogas, Geothermie, Solarenergie, Wasser, Windenergie <strong>und</strong><br />
Kombinationen davon. Die Finanzierung ist möglich für die Projekt Vorbereitung, Verwaltung,<br />
immaterielle Vermögenswerte <strong>und</strong> Sachanlagen. Der Zuschuss kann für 10-60% der Kosten<br />
ausmachen, bis ca. € 3,3 Mio. (1000 Mio. HUF). Die Zuschüsse stehen sowohl für öffentliche<br />
<strong>und</strong> private Akteure zur Verfügung. Im Mai 2009 gewährte die Europäische Bank für<br />
Wiederaufbau <strong>und</strong> Entwicklung (EBRD) ein Darlehen an die Raiffeisen Bank Zrt. um den<br />
kommunalen Bereich zu finanzieren. Die Kredite werden an Gemeinden, kommunale<br />
19
Malta<br />
Unternehmen <strong>und</strong> Energieeinsparungs Unternehmen weitergeleitet. Das Ziel der Darlehen ist es,<br />
die Energieeffizienz im kommunalen Bereich in Ungarn zu verbessern [38].<br />
• Das Energie Subventionsschema (unter Energieservicerichtlinie 2006/32/EG) ist auf Malta<br />
verfügbar, wo Projekte prozentuell bezogen auf die Gesamtinvestition unterstützt werden.<br />
Niederlande<br />
• Der Energy Investment Nachlass ("Energie-investeringsaftrek" - EIA) ist eine steuerliche<br />
Regelung in den Niederlanden, um Investitionen in Energieeinsparung <strong>und</strong> nachhaltige Anlagen<br />
zu stimulieren. Jedes Jahr wird eine neue Energie-Liste freigegeben, in der die<br />
Energieeinsparung Norm <strong>und</strong> alle Beispiele für Energieeinsparung <strong>und</strong> nachhaltige Anlagen<br />
aufgelistet werden. Im Jahr 2008 konnte die EIA einen 44% Abzug aus allen genehmigten<br />
Investitionen, mit einem Mindestanlagebetrag von 2.100 € <strong>und</strong> einem Maximum von €<br />
110.000.000 nachlassen.<br />
In den Niederlanden gibt es auch die Verordnung zur Stimulation der Nachhaltigen Energie<br />
Produktion ("Stimuleringsregeling Duurzame Energieproductie" - SDE), welche eine staatliche<br />
regulierte Produktion von sauberer <strong>und</strong> nachhaltiger Energie ist, u.a. zur fördern ist Windkraft,<br />
Photovoltaik, BHKW <strong>und</strong> Biomasse, <strong>und</strong> die finanzpolititsche Umwelt Investment Abzug<br />
("Milieu-investeringsaftrek" - MIA) <strong>und</strong> Willkürliche Abzug von Umweltinvestitionen<br />
("Willekeurige Afschrijving Milieu-investeringen" - Vamil), unter denen Unternehmer<br />
gewinnbringend in umweltfre<strong>und</strong>liche Technologien investieren können. Alle Umwelt-<br />
Investitionen, die Anspruch auf MIA <strong>und</strong> / oder Vamil sind, werden auf der kombinierten MIA<br />
<strong>und</strong> Vamil Liste ("Milieulijst") aufgeführt.<br />
Das Ministerium für Wohnungswesen, Raumordnung <strong>und</strong> Umwelt passt diese Liste jedes Jahr<br />
an, um diese an politischen Prioritäten <strong>und</strong> aktuelle Marktentwicklungen anzupassen.<br />
Schließlich gibt es die Grüne Investitions-<strong>und</strong> Finanzierung (Groen beleggen Financieren<br />
en): das ist ein Programm zur Unterstützung umweltfre<strong>und</strong>liche Projekte durch die<br />
Erleichterung billiger Bankkredite. Die Regelung erfolgt durch die Finanzierung privater<br />
Investoren <strong>und</strong> Sparer, die im Gegenzug steuerlichen Vorteile erhalten. Die Energieforschungs<br />
Subventionen ("Energie-OnderzoekSubsidies" - EOS): bietet Unternehmen <strong>und</strong> Forschungs<strong>und</strong><br />
Bildungseinrichtungen finanzielle Hilfe an. Das Programm unterstützt die Entwicklung der<br />
Kenntnisse <strong>und</strong> ihre Anwendungen in vielen anderen Möglichkeiten. Und das Umwelt<br />
Förderkonzept ("MilieuSteunKader" - MSK): Es gibt eine Grenze für den Gesamtbetrag der<br />
finanziellen Unterstützung, welche als Umweltinvestitionen erlaubt wird <strong>und</strong> diese von der<br />
Regierung erhalten. Die beiden wichtigsten Gr<strong>und</strong>sätze sind: 1) ein Projekt kann nicht für mehr<br />
als 40% seiner gesamten Investitionskosten (Investitionszuschuss maximal) subventioniert<br />
werden, <strong>und</strong> 2) während der Laufzeit, kann ein Projekt nicht mehr Zuwendungen erhalten als<br />
der Gesamtbetrag der Investitionen (Ausbeutung Zuschuss maximal) beträgt.<br />
Slowenien<br />
• Obwohl es keine besondere staatliche Regelung für die Finanzierung von<br />
Energiedienstleistungsprojekten in Slowenien gibt, wurde ein Umweltentwicklungsfond (Eco<br />
F<strong>und</strong>) von der Republik Slowenien nach den Vorgaben des Umweltschutzgesetzes vom Juni<br />
1993 als zentrales Instrument für die Finanzierung von Umweltinvestitionen etabliert. Der Eco<br />
20
F<strong>und</strong> bietet Darlehen für Umweltschutz Investitionen zu günstigen Zinssätzen (zinsgünstige<br />
Darlehen), darunter Kredite für Umweltschutz Dienstleistungen, Anlagen <strong>und</strong> Technologien für<br />
den Umweltschutz, <strong>und</strong> umweltfre<strong>und</strong>liche Produkte etc.<br />
Schweden<br />
• Zuschüsse, die von der Regierung in Schweden gegeben werden, zählen Investitionszuschüsse<br />
für Solaranlagen <strong>und</strong> Zuschüsse für den Umbau von Heizungsanlagen. Der Zuschuss für<br />
Solaranlagen kann für Wohngebäude <strong>und</strong> bestimmten gewerbliche Gebäuden für Heizung <strong>und</strong><br />
Warmwasser geltend gemacht werden. Der Zuschuss für die Umstellung der Heizungsanlage ist<br />
für den Wechsel von elektrischen Heizungen zu einer anderen Form der Heizung<br />
(Wärmepumpen, DH oder Biokraftstoff Heizung) möglich [23].<br />
Italien<br />
• In Italien sind die wichtigsten Anreize in Bezug auf Solarthermie <strong>und</strong> Biomasse-<br />
Heizungsanlagen die Kapitalkosten - Subventionen (zur Verfügung zu bestimten Gelegenheiten<br />
auf Gr<strong>und</strong>lage von Förderungen auf nationaler, regionaler oder kommunaler Ebene), weiße<br />
Zertifikate, 55% Steuerrabatt <strong>und</strong> die Mehrwertsteuer kann auf 10% reduziert werden. Unter<br />
den anderen Ländern werden spezifische Anreize für erneuerbare Wärme in Form von<br />
Kapitalkosten Subventionen durch die POI-Energia (Programma Operativo Interregionale,<br />
www.poienergia.it) <strong>und</strong> des Kyoto-Fonds (www.cassaddpp.it) angeboten, mit dem Ziel, die<br />
Wettbewerbsfähigkeit nachhaltigen erneuerbarer Wärme zu erhöhen.<br />
Portugal<br />
• In Portugal sind einige Finanzierungsschemas über den portugisischen Effizienzplan<br />
möglich[8].<br />
Spanien<br />
• In Spanien ist die Fremdfinanzierung über IDEA ein etabliertes Instrument, um die<br />
Energieeffizienz in Gebäuden zu erhöhen. Die Rahmenbedingungen sind geeignet <strong>und</strong> die<br />
Nachfrage <strong>und</strong> das Angebot von TPF Dienstleistungen wächst [45].<br />
• Die Projekt-Finanzierung wird hauptsächlich von Banken durchgeführt, aufgr<strong>und</strong> der<br />
Wirtschaftskrise wurden vor kurzem Projekte mittels eigenen Mitteln der <strong>ESCo</strong>s oder aus<br />
verschiedenen Förderungen finanziert. <strong>ESCo</strong> Markt wird direkt oder indirekt über verschiedene<br />
nationale <strong>und</strong> regionale Programme wie Estrategia de Ahorro y eficiencia Energetica E4<br />
(nationalen Energieeffizienz-Strategie) <strong>und</strong> E4 + unterstützt, wo Energie-Audits <strong>und</strong> Energie<br />
Interventionen teilweise subventioniert werden [48].<br />
Rumänien<br />
• Die Europäische Bank für Wiederaufbau <strong>und</strong> Entwicklung (EBRD) unterstützt die<br />
Verbesserung der Energieeffizienz im öffentlichen Sektor in Rumänien, mit einer Investition in<br />
Energiesparmaßnahmen in allen rumänischen Gemeinden. Ein 10 Millionen Euro Darlehen an<br />
die Corporate EnergoBit ESCO, eine Tochtergesellschaft der EnergoBit Group SA, wird<br />
verwendet um Energieeffizienz-Projekte vor allem in der rumänischen kommunalen Sektor zu<br />
21
finanzieren. Es werden Projekte für die Durchführung von Energieeinspar- <strong>und</strong><br />
Möglichkeitsstudien zur Beurteilung der Installation von energieeffizienten<br />
Straßenbeleuchtung, die Einführung kombinierter Wärme-<strong>und</strong> Stromerzeugung sowie die<br />
Implementierung kleinen KWK-Projekte für K<strong>und</strong>en aus der Industrie unterstützt [46] .<br />
Kroatien<br />
• In Kroatien ist der Umweltschutz <strong>und</strong> Energieeffizienz-Fond der erste <strong>und</strong> einzige<br />
außerbudgetäre engagierten Stiftung für die Finanzierung von Projekten, Programmen <strong>und</strong><br />
Maßnahmen des Umweltschutzes, der Energieeffizienz <strong>und</strong> Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien.<br />
Das primäre Ziel des Fonds ist die Umsetzung des politisch strategieschen Umweltschutzes.<br />
Dies wird durch finanzielle Unterstützung für Umweltschutz Investitionen <strong>und</strong> Projekte, für<br />
Energieeffizienz <strong>und</strong> Nutzung erneuerbarer Energiequellen erreicht. Der Fond beteiligt sich<br />
auch an der Kofinanzierung von Programmen, Projekten <strong>und</strong> ähnlichen Aktivitäten auf dem<br />
Gebiet des Umweltschutzes, der Energieeffizienz <strong>und</strong> Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien,<br />
organisiert <strong>und</strong> finanziert von internationalen Organisationen, Finanzinstitutionen <strong>und</strong> andere<br />
juristische Personen in Kroatien. Somit stellt der Fonds selbst den wichtigsten Partner <strong>und</strong><br />
Anbieter von Finanzierungen für Projekte im Bereich Energieeffizienz <strong>und</strong> erneuerbare<br />
Energien in Kroatien da.<br />
• Neben dem Umweltschutz <strong>und</strong> Energieeffizienz-Fond, spielt die Kroatische Bank für<br />
Wiederaufbau <strong>und</strong> Entwicklung (HBOR) eine bedeutende Rolle in der Finanzierung. HBOR<br />
führte ein Programm zur Finanzierung der Vorbereitungen von erneuerbaren Energien Projekte.<br />
Kredite wurden für die Projektvorbereitung <strong>und</strong> die Entwicklung der Projekt-Dokumentation<br />
entwickelt. Einer der Ziele des Programms ist es, den Einsatz erneuerbarer Energieträger zu<br />
fördern.<br />
• HEP ESCO is the implementing agency for the Energy Efficiency Project Croatia and is<br />
currently the key market creator for energy efficiency projects. The Energy Efficiency Project<br />
Croatia was initiated by the World Bank’s International Bank for Reconstruction and<br />
Development (IBRD) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) in collaboration with<br />
Hrvatska Elektroprivreda D.D. (national electricity company) and Croatian Reconstruction and<br />
Development Bank (HBOR). For this purpose Hrvatska Elektroprivreda D.D. and/or HEP<br />
ESCO received a loan by the World Bank in the amount of €4.4 million and a GEF grant in the<br />
amount of $5 million. The main goal of the grant is to support the development of the market<br />
for renewable energy sources in Croatia and create an encouraging atmosphere for investments<br />
in RES projects. Another part of the GEF grant in the amount of $2 million is managed by<br />
HBOR for issuing partial guarantees for EE projects financed by commercial banks. The total<br />
value of the Energy Efficiency Project Croatia, with participation of international and domestic<br />
banks, such as Erste & Steiermarkishe Bank d.d., Privredna Banka Zagreb d.d., Raiffeisenbank<br />
Austria d.d., Splitska Banka d.d., Zagrebačka Banka d.d. and KfW, is estimated at $40 million<br />
over a six-year period.<br />
• HEP ESCO ist die Durchführungsstelle für die Energie-Effizienz-Projekt in Kroatien <strong>und</strong> ist<br />
derzeit der wichtigste Unterstützer für Energieeffizienz-Projekte. Die Energieeffizienz-Projekte<br />
wurden in Kroatien von der Internationalen Bank der Weltbank für Wiederaufbau <strong>und</strong><br />
Entwicklung (IBRD) <strong>und</strong> der Global Environment Facility (GEF) in Zusammenarbeit mit<br />
Hrvatska Elektroprivreda dd (nationale Elektrizitätsgesellschaft) <strong>und</strong> der kroatischen<br />
Wiederaufbau-<strong>und</strong> Entwicklungsbank (HBOR) initiiert. Zu diesem Zweck hat Hrvatska<br />
Elektroprivreda d.d. <strong>und</strong>/oder HEP ESCO ein Darlehen von der Weltbank in Höhe von 4,4 Mio.<br />
€ <strong>und</strong> einem GEF Zuschuss in Höhe von 5 Mill. $ erhalten. Das Hauptziel dieser Subvention ist<br />
22
es, die Entwicklung des Marktes für erneuerbare Energien in Kroatien zu unterstützen <strong>und</strong> eine<br />
ermutigende Atmosphäre für Investitionen in EE-Projekte zu schaffen. Ein weiterer Teil des<br />
GEF-Zuschuss in Höhe von 2 Mill. $ wird durch HBOR für die Ausstellung teilweise<br />
Garantien für erneruerbarer Energieprojekte verwaltet, welche von kommerzielen Banken<br />
finanziert werden. Der Gesamtwert des Energieeffizienz-Projektes in Kroatien, mit Beteiligung<br />
von internationalen <strong>und</strong> inländischen Banken, wie z. B. Erste & Steiermarkishe Bank d.d.,<br />
Privredna Banka Zagreb d.d., Raiffeisenbank Österreich d.d., Splitska Banka d.d., Zagrebacka<br />
banka d.d. <strong>und</strong> der KfW, wird mit 40 Millionen $ über einen Zeitraum von sechs Jahren<br />
veranschlagt.<br />
Bulgarien<br />
• Dank der bulgarischen Energieeffizienz <strong>und</strong> erneuerbare Energien Kreditlinie - BEERECL<br />
(http://beerecl.com), welches von einem Kreditinstitut der Europäischen Bank für<br />
Wiederaufbau <strong>und</strong> Entwicklung (EBWE), der bulgarischen Regierung <strong>und</strong> der Europäischen<br />
Union angeboten wurde, haben die bulgarische privaten Unternehmen möglicherweise<br />
Anspruch auf die Unterstützung für ihre Bedürfnisse <strong>und</strong> können eine Investition in<br />
Energieeffizienz oder erneuerbare Energien tätigen. Die Kreditlinie übermittelt zu den<br />
geborgten Darlehen bis zu EUR 2,5 Mio., Förderunggkredite bis zu 15% <strong>und</strong> eine kostenlose<br />
Beratung.<br />
• ProCredit Bank Bulgaria) offers to its client’s business energy efficiency loans. The Industrial<br />
Energy Efficiency program of the Bank is implemented with the support of the European<br />
Union, Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau – KfW (German development bank), whose seat is in<br />
Frankfurt (Germany) and Counsil of Europe Development Bank – CEB whose seat is in Paris<br />
(France). The consultants on this programme are Grontmij, Carl Bro Group and Bulgarian<br />
Consulting Centre.<br />
• ProCredit Bank Bulgarien (http://www.procreditbank.bg) bietet seinen K<strong>und</strong>en Darlehen für<br />
Energieeffizienz Projekte. Das Industrie Energie Effizienz Programm der Bank wurde mit<br />
Hilfer der europäischeb Union, Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau – KfW (Deutsche<br />
Entwicklungsbank) aus Frankfurt (Deutschland) <strong>und</strong> dem Konsil der europäischen<br />
Entwicklungsban aus Paris eingeführt. Die Berater für dieses Programm ist die Grontmij Carl<br />
Bro Gruppe <strong>und</strong> das bulgarische Beratungszentrum.<br />
23
3.2 Technische Rahmenbedingungen<br />
3.2.1 Qualität <strong>und</strong> Monitoring<br />
BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong> sowie <strong>ESCo</strong> Tätigkeiten sind erfolgsabhängige Projekte, welche eine standardisierte<br />
Kontrolle <strong>und</strong> Prüfungsmaßnahmen benötigen. Für Energieeffizienzprojekte gibt es das<br />
Internationales Protokoll für Leistungsmessung <strong>und</strong> -überprüfung (International Performance<br />
Measurement and Verification Protocol, IPMVP), ein Modell welches weltweit zur Messung <strong>und</strong><br />
Evaluierung von Energieeffizienzprojekten genutzt wird. In Übereinstimmung mit Vine et al., 2005<br />
[14] ist die Normierung von Messwerten <strong>und</strong> Verifizierung eine der wichtigsten Maßnahmen für die<br />
Entwicklung des <strong>ESCo</strong> Markts.<br />
In den folgenden Paragraphen sind einige der vorhandenen Mess- <strong>und</strong> Überprüfungsregelungen<br />
verschiedener Mitgliedstaaten beschrieben.<br />
In Malta wurden keine Qualitätsstandards <strong>und</strong> Standardprozeduren für das Monitoring durch private<br />
oder öffentliche Akteure eingeführt um Zugang zu Fördergeldern oder Zertifizierungssysteme zu<br />
erhalten, da Energieeinsparungs- <strong>und</strong> Energieeffizienzmaßnahmen in Übereinstimmung mit dem<br />
Mechanismus für eine umweltverträgliche Entwicklung (Clean Development Mechanism, CDM)<br />
<strong>und</strong> der Joint Implementation (JI) Regelung von der Regierung vorgenommen werden.<br />
In Deutschland hängt der flexible Anteil der Vertragskosten hauptsächlich von dem Verbrauch von<br />
Wärme ab. Übereinstimmend mit der AVBFernwärmeV muss der Wärmeverbrauch durch<br />
kalibrierte Wärmezähler gemessen werden. Die Zähler müssen alle 5 Jahre kalibriert werden. Es<br />
wird das Volumen an fließendem Wasser sowie die Temperaturen in Flusslinie <strong>und</strong> Rückfluss<br />
gemessen. Andere Mittel der Messung werden nicht angewandt <strong>und</strong> Abweichungen von dieser<br />
Methode müssen ausdrücklich von beiden Vertragspartnern vereinbart werden [4]. Die Abrechnung<br />
kann monatlich oder jährlich erfolgen <strong>und</strong> die Zähler müssen regelmäßig abgelesen werden. Wenn<br />
die Abrechnung jährlich erfolgt kann der Auftragnehmer Vorauszahlungen verlangen, deren Höhe<br />
von dem Verbrauch der vorherigen Zahlungsperiode abhängt [4].<br />
In anderen Ländern, wie in Ungarn, ist ein Mangel an geeigneten Methoden zur Messung des<br />
Energieverbrauches ein großes Problem. Eine Verifizierung des früheren <strong>und</strong> neuen Verbrauches ist<br />
jedoch wichtig um eine Energieeinsparung nach der Implementierung eines <strong>ESCo</strong> Unternehmens zu<br />
belegen.<br />
In Belgien findet das Monitoring wie folgt statt:<br />
• Richtlinie über die Energieeffizienz von Gebäuden (Energy Performance Directive,<br />
“Energieprestatieregelgeving”): Ab dem 1 Januar 2006 müssen alle Wohnungen, die neu<br />
gebaut oder renoviert werden, bestimmte Kriterien der Wärmeisolierung, Energieeffizienz<br />
(Isolation, energiesparende Heizungsinstallation, Belüftung, etc.) <strong>und</strong> für ein ges<strong>und</strong>es<br />
Raumklima erfüllen. Verschärfte Bestimmungen werden ab 1 Januar 2010 in Kraft treten.<br />
• Audit Pakt: Unternehmen, die am Audit Pakt teilnehmen, führen ein Energie Audit durch<br />
um ihr Energiesparpotential anzuzeigen. Sie verpflichten sich zudem zu energiesparenden<br />
Maßnahmen. Als Ausgleich befreit die Regierung diese Unternehmen von zusätzlichen<br />
Energie- <strong>und</strong> CO2- Reduktionsauflagen.<br />
24
• Benchmarking Pakt: Um dem Benchmarking Pakt beizutreten, muss ein Unternehmen einen<br />
jährlichen Energieverbrauch von mehr als 0,5 PJ aufweisen. Diese Unternehmen vergleichen<br />
ihre Energieeffizienzmaßstäbe mit anderen großen Energieverbrauchern. Aus diesen<br />
Erkenntnissen können neue Energieeffizienzziele gesetzt werden. Solche Unternehmen<br />
erhalten von der Regierung Ausgleichszahlungen.<br />
In den Niederlanden:<br />
• Das Protokoll zum Monitoring Duurzame Energie (Protokoll zum Monitoring erneuerbarer<br />
Energien) bietet eine Methode, um die Menge aller genutzten erneuerbaren Energiequellen<br />
zu messen <strong>und</strong> diese in Relation zur gesamten Energiemenge zu setzen. Dieses Protokoll<br />
wurde von SenterNovem entworfen <strong>und</strong> wird vom CBS (“Centraal Bureau voor Statistiek”:<br />
Statistik Niederlande) genutzt. CBS liefert Daten an das Wirtschaftsministerium, welches<br />
seinerseits diese Daten für die Erstellung der politischen Ziele nutzt. Die jüngste<br />
Aktualisierung stammt aus dem Jahr 2006, eine neue Version wird 2009 herauskommen.<br />
• Auch das Protokoll zum Monitoring Energiebesparing (Protokoll zum Monitoring Energieeinsparungen)<br />
wurde von SenterNovem in Kooperation mit dem CPB (“Centraal<br />
Planbureau”: Niederländische Büro für wirtschaftspolitische Analysen), dem RIVM<br />
(“Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu”: Staatliches Institut für Volksges<strong>und</strong>heit<br />
<strong>und</strong> Umwelt) <strong>und</strong> dem ECN (“Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland”: Energieforschungszentrum<br />
der Niederlande) entworfen. Ziel ist die Überwachung der Energieeinsparungen.<br />
• Zudem gibt es die Nederlandse Technische Afspraken (Niederländischen technischen<br />
Absprachen - NTA) des Ministeriums für Wohnbau, Raumplanung <strong>und</strong> Umwelt, welche<br />
sich auf den Anteil biogener Elemente in sek<strong>und</strong>ären Brennstoffen fokussieren. NEN<br />
(“NEderlandse Norm”: Niederländische Norm) ist das nationale Institut für Normen. Die<br />
NTA-Normen sind ein produkt der NEN. Es gibt verschiedene Normen für die Verwendung<br />
erneuerbarer Energiequellen. Erst kürzlich erklärte Normen sind NTA 8080:2009<br />
“Nachhaltigkeitskriterien für Biomasse im Namen ernergiepolitischer Ziele“ <strong>und</strong> NTA<br />
8003:2008 „Klassifizierung von Biomasse für Energiezwecke“.<br />
In Bulgarien führen Energiedienstleistungsunternehmen, die Messungen <strong>und</strong> Verifikationen<br />
durchführen, typischerweise kleinere Energiedienstleistungsvertragsprojekte durch. Die <strong>ESCo</strong>s <strong>und</strong><br />
der K<strong>und</strong>e schließen häufig vertragliche Vereinbarungen ab, die die erwartete Energieeinsparung,<br />
die Meßmethoden, das kurz- <strong>und</strong> langfristige Management <strong>und</strong> die<br />
Ausgleichszahlungen/Entschädigungsverfahren beinhalten. Diese Projekte haben möglicherweise<br />
lange Entwicklungs- <strong>und</strong> Konstruktionsphasen. Die <strong>ESCo</strong> Mitarbeiter müssen möglicherweise eine<br />
beträchtliche Zeit an einem individuellen Standort verbringen, sowohl vor als auch nach der<br />
Installation von Energiesparmaßnahmen, um den Erfolg der erwarteten Energieeinsparungen sicher<br />
zu stellen. Projekte, in denen die <strong>ESCo</strong> primäre Verantwortung für die Messung <strong>und</strong> Verifikation<br />
hat, gibt es allerdings nur wenige pro Jahr.<br />
Auch in Bulgarien ist das Monitoring <strong>und</strong> Verifizieren (M&V) von Energieeinsparungsstandards<br />
ein wichtiger Faktor zur Entwicklung von Energiesparmaßnahmen (ECM, Energy Conservation<br />
Measures). M&V Standards bestimmen die spezifische Energieeinsparung beider beteiligter Partner<br />
des ECM. Um Energiemanagement-Verträge ausführen zu können, ist die Einführung von EU<br />
M&V Standards unerlässlich. Diese M&V Standards können folgende Vorteile bringen:<br />
� Kenntnis über den Nettobetrag an Energieeinsparungen <strong>und</strong> Energiekosten;<br />
� Einhaltung der Wartungsstandards <strong>und</strong> Garantieleistungen zur Gerätewartung;<br />
� Verbesserte Verlässlichkeit der <strong>ESCo</strong> Energieeinsparungs-Garantie;<br />
25
� Die K<strong>und</strong>en können die Verbesserungen angemessen beurteilen.<br />
In Italien sind Qualitäts- <strong>und</strong> Monitoring-Aspekte entscheidend für <strong>ESCo</strong>s <strong>und</strong> damit für<br />
BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong>s, da der Gewinn der <strong>ESCo</strong>´s von den erzielten Energieeinsparungen abhängt. Die<br />
gesetzliche Verordnung 115/2008 definiert hier nicht nur die quantitativen Parameter die zu<br />
überwachen sind, sondern auch die nötigen Vertragsmodalitäten zwischen <strong>ESCo</strong> <strong>und</strong> dem K<strong>und</strong>en.<br />
Bezogen auf die Definition des Energieleistungsvertrages „Plus“ erklärt die Verordnung, dass<br />
<strong>ESCo</strong>s freiwillig Zertifizierungen durchführen müssen (ISO 9001 <strong>und</strong> eine Zertifizierung wie im<br />
Gesetz 46/90 vorgesehen). Das soll sicherstellen, dass die Unternehmen das nötige technische <strong>und</strong><br />
Management Know-how mitbringen. In Zukunft sollen internationale <strong>ESCo</strong><br />
Zertifizierungsstandards (ISO 16001) eingeführt werden.<br />
Um Energiesparzertifikate (white certificates, WhCs) zu erhalten, ist auch das Monitoring<br />
definiert. Wie zuvor beschrieben, sollte jede Endnutzer-Energieeffizienzmaßnahme dokumentiert<br />
<strong>und</strong> durch die AEEG zertifiziert werden, um die entsprechenden WhCs zuordnen zu können.<br />
Insbesondere bei solarthermischen Projekten kann einer standardisierten Prozedur gefolgt<br />
werden, um die Energieeinsparungen durch Installation entsprechender Solarpanels abschätzen<br />
zu können. Diese Prozedur erlaubt die Einschätzung der Einsparung ganz einfach durch die<br />
Fläche (m 2 ) der Solarpanels, den Typ des Radiators, die Klimazone <strong>und</strong> die ausgetauschte<br />
Heizquelle. Bezogen auf Biomasseboiler <strong>und</strong> Biomasse Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung (KWK) wurde<br />
durch die AEEG eine Reihe analytischer Prozesse definiert um die Energieeinsparung von Bio-<br />
Wärme beurteilen zu können, hauptsächlich im Rahmen kleiner KWK Systeme <strong>und</strong> Fernwärme.<br />
Jedoch sollte erwähnt werden, dass die Beurteilung der Energieeinsparung in diesem Fall<br />
komplexer ist <strong>und</strong> spezifische Messungen nötig sind. Zudem ist zu erwähnen, dass die<br />
Zertifizierungsprozeduren für Biomasse Fernwärme <strong>und</strong> Biomasse Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung im<br />
Moment nicht anwendbar sind [25].<br />
Die in Italien in der legislativen Verordnung (LV) 115/2008 vorgesehenen Qualitäts- <strong>und</strong><br />
Kontrollmaßnahmen im Rahmen des Energieleistungsvertrages sind:<br />
• das Energielabel von Gebäuden ist definiert durch die LV 192/2005, in welcher der<br />
Energiebedarf des Gebäudes <strong>und</strong> die anzuwendende Messungen zur Verbesserung des<br />
Energieprofils beschrieben sind. Die Beurteilung des Energielabels muss gemäß UNI TS<br />
11300 erfolgen <strong>und</strong> kann mithilfe kommerzieller Software durchgeführt werden, die<br />
durch die CTI (Comitato termotecnico Italiano) oder UNI (Ente nazionale Italiano di<br />
Unificazione) zertifiziert wurde <strong>und</strong> einen maximalen Fehler von +/- 5% in der<br />
Abschätzung des Energiebedarfes aufweist;<br />
• quantitative Parameter, die für die Kalkulation der Effektivität der Energiedienstleistung<br />
genutzt werden, sollten klar festgelegt werden; zudem sollte die Korrelation zwischen<br />
den Messparametern <strong>und</strong> der Menge an gelieferter thermischer Energie definiert werden;<br />
die an den Endnutzer gelieferte Energie sollte zumindest jährlich dokumentiert werden<br />
mit einzelnen Messungen für jeden Nutzer.<br />
Die HEP ESCO in Kroatien bieten keine Garantieleistungen in ihren Projekten an, da dieses Modell<br />
(inklusive Monitoring, Wartung, IT Service etc.) für den K<strong>und</strong>en zu teuer ist. Daher werden<br />
Überwachungsmaßnahmen nach Projektumsetzung nicht durchgeführt. In diesen Projekten werden<br />
gewöhnlich nur die Stromrechnungen der K<strong>und</strong>en zur eigenen Information überwacht.<br />
26
3.2.2 Geeignete Technologien für BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
Welche Technologie geeignet ist, um BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong> Projekte zu realisieren, hängt vom Stand der<br />
Technik <strong>und</strong> der Marktreife des Energiesystems in den einzelnen Ländern ab. In den meisten<br />
Ländern hat das Biomasse <strong>und</strong> Solar Energiesystem ausreichende technologische Reife erlangt,<br />
jedoch variiert die Marktreife stark zwischen den verschiedenen Mitgliedsstaaten.<br />
Für BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong>`s in Finnland ist die Technologie nicht das Problem. Dort gibt es technische<br />
Lösungen für Solarsysteme <strong>und</strong> Energiesysteme die flüssige Biobrennstoffe nutzen. Finnland hat<br />
entsprechende Technologien <strong>und</strong> etliche Produzenten, speziell für Heizsysteme die auf Biomasse<br />
basieren Der Unterschied zwischen finnischen <strong>und</strong> europäischen Biomasseboilermärkten ist, dass<br />
die europäische Systeme integrierte Systeme sind. In Finnland sind Boiler <strong>und</strong> Brenner sowie<br />
anderes Equipment gewöhnlich separate Geräte, während in Zentraleuropa die Boiler meist<br />
integriert sind. Zudem sind die finnischen Fertigungslösungen in Finnland umfangreich im Einsatz<br />
<strong>und</strong> funktionieren gut. Die Solarsysteme sind aufgr<strong>und</strong> der klimatischen Bedingungen nicht sehr<br />
weit verbreitet. Die Heizperiode beträgt ca. neun Monate, von August-September bis April-Mai.<br />
Während dieser Zeit ist die Sonneneinstrahlung nicht hoch genug um Solarwärme als einzige<br />
Wärmequelle zu nutzen. Diese kann während der Sommerzeit für die heimische<br />
Brauchwasserbereitung genutzt werden, ist aber nicht ausreichend als einzige Wärmequelle.<br />
In Hinblick auf die technologischen Rahmenbedingungen auf Malta, so befinden sich Biomasse <strong>und</strong><br />
solarthermische Anlagen im „erste Phase“-Status <strong>und</strong> Ausrüstung <strong>und</strong> Instrumente müssen<br />
überwiegend aus anderen Ländern importiert werden<br />
Contracting-Projekte, die Biomasse <strong>und</strong> solarthermische Technologien vereinen sind selten in<br />
Deutschland. Die Installation von solarthermischen Kollektoren ist meist finanziell von Nachteil<br />
trotz staatlicher Subventionen. Zudem sind die Unternehmer meist entweder auf Boiler- oder<br />
Kollektor-Technologien spezialisiert. Nur wenige <strong>ESCo</strong>s nutzen beide Technologien<br />
gleichermaßen. Viele Vertragsakteure erklären, dass sie Biomasse-Contracting zusätzlich zum<br />
Contracting mit fossilen Energieträgern anbieten, während andere auf Biomasse-Contracting<br />
spezialisiert sind. Biomasse-Heizwerke, die mit Hackschnitzel oder Holzpellets betrieben werden,<br />
zeigten sich finanziell attraktiv wenn die Vertragspartner einer langen Vertragsdauer (20 Jahre)<br />
zustimmten. Lange Amortisationszeiten sind nötig um die höheren Investitionskosten für<br />
Biomasseboiler auszugleichen. Nach 20 Jahren bieten die geringeren Kosten für Holzbrennstoffe<br />
einen signifikanten finanziellen Vorteil im Vergleich zu fossilen Brennstofftechnologien. Zudem<br />
sind Biomasseboiler häufig so konstruiert die Heizgr<strong>und</strong>last abzudecken, während effiziente<br />
Gasboiler (oder umgebaute bereits existierende fossile Brennstoffboiler) Spitzenlasten abdecken.<br />
Schwedens Biomasse- <strong>und</strong> Solartechnologie nutzt überwiegend Pellets <strong>und</strong> Hackschnitzel für die<br />
Raumheizung <strong>und</strong> Warmwasserbereitung sowie Solarkollektoren für das Heizungswasser.<br />
Im Jahr 2005 war die Mehrheit der <strong>ESCo</strong>s Tätigkeiten in Ungarn auf das Heizen <strong>und</strong> die<br />
Heißwasseranwendungen fokussiert <strong>und</strong> erneuerbare Energien machten nur 9% aus. Daher gibt es<br />
Potenzial den erneuerbaren Energiesektor mit Hilfe von <strong>ESCo</strong>s deutlich auszubauen.<br />
In Griechenland sind solarthermische Systeme in Privathaushalten <strong>und</strong> im Tertiärsektor weit<br />
verbreitet <strong>und</strong> wirtschaftlich rentable Technologien können leicht in energiesparende <strong>ESCo</strong> Projekte<br />
integriert werden. Andererseits sind Biomasse Systeme nicht sehr weit verbreitet <strong>und</strong> es gibt nur<br />
wenige Anwendungsgebiete.<br />
27
Bulgarien ist auf verschiedene Technologien fokussiert (Solar, Biomasse, Hybrid). Vorläufige<br />
Untersuchungen zeigen, dass es geeignete Biomasse <strong>und</strong> Solar Technologien, Steuerungs- <strong>und</strong><br />
Fernüberwachungsysteme sowie vorliegende Leitfäden für Betrieb <strong>und</strong> Wartung etc. für<br />
BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong> Anlagen gibt.<br />
Bezogen auf solarthermische Systeme in Kroatien sind Vakuumkollektoren effizienter als<br />
Flachkollektoren, jedoch auch um 40% teurer. Aus diesem Gr<strong>und</strong> werden dort gewöhnlich<br />
Flachkollektoren verwendet. Während der Sommerperiode werden ca. 90%, während der<br />
Wintermonate ca. 10% der verbrauchten Wärmeenergie durch Solarkollektoren geliefert Es wird<br />
geschätzt, dass in den küstennahen Gebieten 60-70% mehr Wärme durch Solarkollektoren<br />
produziert werden kann als in den festländischen Gebieten Kroatiens. Daher ist die Platzierung von<br />
Sonnenkollektoren in küstennahen Gebieten sehr geeignet, vorrangig in Gebäuden die das ganze<br />
Jahr genutzt werden <strong>und</strong> einen erhöhten Wärmeverbrauch auch in den Sommermonaten aufweisen,<br />
wie z.B. Hotels <strong>und</strong> Krankenhäuser.<br />
Der Biomasse Markt hat sich in Kroatien dagegen noch nicht sehr weit entwickelt. Im Moment<br />
kann nur holzartige Biomasse zu Heizzwecken verwendet werden. Der größte Teil des kroatischen<br />
Waldes befindet sich im Inland, welches für die Nutzung holzartiger Biomasse am günstigsten ist.<br />
Im Inland ist auch die Mehrzahl der Holzverarbeitungsindustrie angesiedelt, dessen Holzreste zu<br />
Heizzwecken verwendet werden könnten. Drei Rohstofftypen werden in Betracht gezogen: Pellets,<br />
Hackschnitzel <strong>und</strong> Holzscheite. In Kroatien gibt es sieben größere Pellet-Produzenten <strong>und</strong> alle<br />
exportieren den größten Teil der produzierten Pellets. Holz-Hackschnitzel können bei der Croatia<br />
forest Ltd, der nationalen Gesellschaft für Forstwirtschaft gekauft werden, wobei lange<br />
Vertragslaufzeiten abgeschlossen werden sollten, welche jedoch ein Problem bezogen auf die<br />
automatische Rohstoffzufuhr darstellen. Daher sollten Biomasse-Projekte mit Unternehmen aus<br />
dem Forstsektor oder in Kooperation mit Croatian forests Ltd durchgeführt werden bzw. nahe der<br />
Holzverarbeitungsindustrie angesiedelt sein.<br />
3.2.3 Verfügbare Softwarewerkzeuge<br />
Zur Simulation <strong>und</strong> Monitoring-Evaluation sowie zur wirtschaftliche Bewertung <strong>und</strong> flexiblen<br />
Optimierung von Solar- <strong>und</strong> Biomasse-Anlagen wurde in verschiedenen europäischen Ländern eine<br />
Vielzahl an Software Tools entwickelt. Einige dieser Tools sind für verschiedene Länder gleich,<br />
wie z.B. die Software, die im Rahmen des Intelligent Energy Europe (IEE)-finanzierten Projektes:<br />
“Development of pilot Solar Thermal Energy Service Companies (ST-<strong>ESCo</strong>s) with high replication<br />
potential“ entwickelt wurde.<br />
Das ST-<strong>ESCo</strong> Software Tool wurde für eine schnelle technische <strong>und</strong> wirtschaftliche Bewertung von<br />
potenziellen solarthermischen <strong>ESCo</strong> Projekten entwickelt. Es beinhaltet das Energetische Modul,<br />
ein Simulationswerkzeug basierend auf der TRNSYS Software mit einer benutzerfre<strong>und</strong>lichen<br />
Oberfläche, bei der der Nutzer alle technischen Daten des solarthermischen Systems zur<br />
Berechnung der Energieproduktion einfügen kann sowie das Ökonomische Modul, welches die<br />
ökonomischen, finanziellen <strong>und</strong> vertraglichen Analysen durchführt, basierend auf den Ergebnissen<br />
oder der Bewertung der Energieausbeute. Die ST-ESCO Software ist auf der Website des Projektes<br />
erhältlich [34]. Im Folgenden sind einige in den verschiedenen Ländern erhältliche Software Tools<br />
aufgelistet. Viele dieser Tools sind gleich in Leistung <strong>und</strong> Interessengebiet.<br />
28
• In Bulgarien gibt es die ERATO-2005 Software, welche auf Biomasseenergie-Audits,<br />
Machbarkeitsstudien <strong>und</strong> Monitoring spezialisiert ist [43] <strong>und</strong> das ökonomische Software<br />
Tool ENSI (Energy Saving International) [44].<br />
• In Deutschland bieten Energieagenturen <strong>und</strong> Verbände verschiedene gr<strong>und</strong>legende Tools<br />
zur ökonomischen Bewertung an. Ein Beispiel ist das Contracting-Tool, welches von der<br />
Energieagentur Nordrhein-Westfalen angeboten wird [39].<br />
• In Portugal ist das SOLTHERM Software Tool zur technischen <strong>und</strong> ökonomischen<br />
Beurteilung von solarthermischen Anwendungen erhältlich [8].<br />
• Alle finnischen Berichte <strong>und</strong> Tools sowie Informationsmaterial, welches im Rahmen des<br />
Cubenet / Eurocontract–Projektes erstellt wurde, können auf der Motiva Website<br />
heruntergeladen werden [35]. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse aus Sicht des finnischen<br />
nationalen Projektplans sowie die Ziele des Eurocontract-Projektes sind im “ESCO-guide”<br />
für Kommunen (ESCO-opas) <strong>und</strong> in den Berichten “Kunnallinen ESCO-menettely“ (ESCO<br />
Service für Kommunen), „ESCOn sopimusohjelmamalli“ (Ausschreibungsdokumente),<br />
„Puhallinenergiansäästön laskenta“ (Energiesparkalkulationen für Fans), „Riskinjako<br />
Makro-Meso-Mikro“ (Risikomanagement), <strong>und</strong> „Säästölaskelma“ (Kalkulationen für<br />
Energieeinsparungen) zu lesen.<br />
Dieses Material wurde in einem Projekt genutzt, bei dem vier finnische <strong>ESCo</strong>s Kommunen<br />
kontaktiert haben, um ihren Service zu vermarkten <strong>und</strong> das Personal in der<br />
Serviceflexibilität von <strong>ESCo</strong>s, z.B. in Sanierungsprojekten zu schulen. Das Projekt wird von<br />
Motiva koordiniert <strong>und</strong> wird auch vom Handels- <strong>und</strong> Industrieministerium finanziert.<br />
Motiva schätzt, dass die <strong>ESCo</strong>s bis Ende 2007 (Projektende) 40-50 Kommunen besucht<br />
haben werden<br />
Zudem gibt es seine Software, die für die Simulation der Wirkung von Wärmekraftwerken<br />
entwickelt wurde [36].<br />
Im Rahmen eines Biohaus-Projektes wurde ein Rechner zur Simulation von Heizsystemen<br />
für kleinere Häuser entwickelt [37].<br />
• In Italien gibt es neben verschiedenen Software Tools für erneuerbare Energienquellen,<br />
inbesondere für BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong>, folgende Tools: die „RETScreen Clean Energy Project<br />
Analysis“ Software [41], ein einzigartiges Entscheidungsunterstützungstool, welches durch<br />
Mitwirken zahlreicher Experten der Regierung, Industrie <strong>und</strong> Wissenschaft entwickelt<br />
wurde. Die kostenlose Software kann weltweit zur Bewertung von Energieproduktion <strong>und</strong><br />
Einsparung, Kosten, Emissionsreduktion, finanzieller Wirtschaftlichkeit <strong>und</strong> Risiko<br />
verschiedener Arten von erneuerbarer Energie <strong>und</strong> energieeffizenter Technologie (RET)<br />
genutzt werden. Die Software (erhältlich in verschiedenen Sprachen) beinhaltet zudem<br />
Produkt, Projekt, Hydrologie- <strong>und</strong> Klimadatenbanken, ein detailiertes Benutzerhandbuch<br />
<strong>und</strong> einen Fallbeispiel-basierenden Trainingskurs auf Fachhochschul/Universitäts-Level<br />
inklusive eines Engineering e-Lehrbuches. Die “Polysun Solar thermal Simulation” [42],<br />
welche die Abschätzung der Energieproduktion <strong>und</strong> die wirtschaftliche Machbarkeit von<br />
Solarsystemen erlaubt, ist gedacht für Nutzer, die Flexibilität im Design des<br />
solarthermischen Systems mitbringen. Polysun ermöglicht die Kalkulation von<br />
Solarerträgen sowie Energieeinsparungen <strong>und</strong> gibt eine akkurate Kostenanalyse.<br />
29
• Die HEP <strong>ESCo</strong> in Kroatien nutzt ökonometrische Programme um die Kosten für<br />
Vorbereitung <strong>und</strong> Umsetzung eines Projektes zu kalkulieren. Zudem haben sie in vier<br />
Schulen zentrale Überwachungs-Betriebssysteme (Centralni-Nadzorni-Upravljački system –<br />
SNUS) installiert. Diese bestehen aus der SCADA Software, der ein Modul zur<br />
Überwachung, Mitteilung <strong>und</strong> Überprüfung der Einsparungen beigefügt ist.<br />
Betriebsanzeigen sind auf dem Zubehör installiert, was einen Datenempfang in Echtzeit<br />
ermöglicht.<br />
3.3 Gesammelte Erfahrungen - Lessons learned<br />
Die Erfahrungen, die von erfahrenen Ländern (wie Deutschland <strong>und</strong> Belgien) gesammelt werden<br />
konnten sind hier zusammengefasst:<br />
• Energieagenturen (<strong>und</strong> andere Organisationen) bieten z.B. Kommunen ihre Expertise <strong>und</strong><br />
Unterstützung an, um Contracting-Projekte zu realisieren, was wichtig für die verstärkte<br />
Aufnahme von Contracting-Projekten ist;<br />
• Ein gut organisierter Contracting-Geschäftssektor ist notwendig, um Informationen zu<br />
Contracting-Projekten bereitstellen zu können, Lobby-Arbeit zu betreiben, um Gesetze<br />
anzupassen <strong>und</strong> <strong>Definitionen</strong> <strong>und</strong> Prozeduren zu standardisieren, um Empfehlungen<br />
auszusprechen <strong>und</strong> dem Sektor Instrumente an die Hand zu geben. In Deutschland führen vier<br />
Verbände diese Aufgaben durch; 1<br />
• Die Etablierung eines klaren gesetzlichen Rahmens, in dem alle vertragsrelevanten Details<br />
reguliert werden, wird als wichtig angesehen, da Unklarheiten, die aus einem unklaren<br />
Rechtsstatus resultieren das größte Hindernis in der verstärkten Aufnahme von Contracting-<br />
Projekten darstellen;<br />
• Unternehmer, die die gesamte Palette an Technologien <strong>und</strong> Brennstoffen anbieten können,<br />
abhängig von der Projektsituation, das effektivste Konzept liefern;<br />
• Contracting ist bei kleineren Projekten mit geringen Investitionen meist nicht durchführbar; Der<br />
Zusammenschluss von Gebäuden ist ein probates Mittel um das Projektvolumen zu erhöhen;<br />
• Standardisierte Messungen <strong>und</strong> Überprüfungsverfahren sind notwendig;<br />
• Projektrisiko-Vorhersagen <strong>und</strong> klare Risikoanalysen sind notwendig;<br />
• Eine stärkere Sensibilisierung der Öffentlichkeit für <strong>ESCo</strong> Projekte <strong>und</strong> deren ökonomische <strong>und</strong><br />
ökologische Vorteile ist nötig<br />
1 VfW (www.energiecontracting.de); ESCO Forum im ZVEI (www.zvei.org); PECU (www.pecu.de); Forum<br />
Contracting (www.forum-contracting.de).<br />
30
Referenzen<br />
[1] “20 20 by 2020 - Europe’s climate change opportunity”, Communication from the Commission,<br />
COM(2008) 30 final.<br />
[2] “Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential”, Communication from the Commission,<br />
COM(2006) 545 final.<br />
[3] “An Assessment of on Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) Worldwide”, WEC ADEME project on<br />
energy efficiency policies, Diana Ürge-Vorsatz, Sonja Köppel, Chunyu Liang, Benigna Kiss, Gireesh<br />
Goopalan Nair, Gamze Celikyilmaz, Central European University, 2007<br />
[4] Alter, M., Contracting-Verträge richtig gestalten - Messung <strong>und</strong> Abrechnung; Rechtsanwälte Strunz,<br />
Winkler, Alter<br />
[5] “Renewable Energy Road Map – Renewable energies in the 21 st century: building a more sustainable<br />
future”, Communication from the Commission, COM(2006) 848 final.<br />
[6] ADEME 2003.<br />
[7] ADEME 2006.<br />
[8] ADENE 2009, persönlicher Kontakt mit Marco Correia <strong>und</strong> Pedro Mateus.<br />
[9] Andrea Renda and Lorna Schrefler, “Public – Private Partnerships National Experiences in the European<br />
Union”, Centre for European Policy Studies, Brüssel 2006.<br />
[10] Asko Puhakka, North Karelia University of Applied Sciences: “Business models of heat<br />
entrepreneurship” erhältlich unter:<br />
http://www.northernwoodheat.net/htm/news/Scotland/tomintoulconf/askopuhakka.pdf<br />
[11] Benigna Kiss, Paolo Bertoldi and Silvia Rezessy: “Latest developments of the <strong>ESCo</strong> industry across<br />
Europe”, Conference proceedings, eceee Summer Studies 2007<br />
http://www.eceee.org/conference_proceedings/eceee/2007/Panel_2/2.225/<br />
[12] Business models of heat entrepreneurship, Asko Puhakka, North Karelia University of Applied<br />
Sciences, http://www.northernwoodheat.net/htm/news/Scotland/tomintoulconf/askopuhakka.pdf<br />
[13]<br />
[14]<br />
Dupont <strong>und</strong> Adnot, 2004.<br />
Edward Vine, “An international survey of the energy service company (<strong>ESCo</strong>) industry”, Energy Policy<br />
33, 691-704, 2005.<br />
[15] Herter, Contracting aus Bankensicht, SAB Sächsische AufbauBank, 2006.<br />
[16] Implementing the Energy Services Directive 2006/32/EC: State of Play,Anita Eide, Energy Efficiency<br />
Unit, Experten-Workshop, Dena, Berlin, 10. Dezember 2008.<br />
31
[17] Paolo Bertoldi, Silvia Rezessy, European Commission, DG JRC, Institute for Environment and<br />
Sustainability, renewable Energies Unit, “Energy Service Companies in Europe”, Status Report 2005.<br />
[18] Paolo Bertoldi, Benigna Boza-Kiss, Silvia Rezessy, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, JRS<br />
Scientific and Technical Reports: “Latest Development of Energy Service Companies across Europe –<br />
A European ESCO Update”, 2007.<br />
[19] “Public – Private Partnerships National Experiences in the European Union”, Andrea Renda and Lorna<br />
Schrefler, Centre for European Policy Studies, Brüssel 2006.<br />
[20] REACT - Renewable Energy Action – Altener 2002-157,<br />
http://www.senternovem.nl/mmfiles/Biomass%20Heat%20Entrepreneurship_tcm24-116958.pdf<br />
[21] REACT - Renewable Energy Action – Altener 2002-157,<br />
http://www.senternovem.nl/mmfiles/Biomass%20Heat%20Entrepreneurship_tcm24-116958.pdf<br />
[22] Stoppa, F., Wärmecontracting, Verband für Wärmelieferung (VfW), 2009.<br />
[23] Swedish Energy Agency, Energy in Sweden 2008.<br />
[24] http://ase.org/contenct/aticle/detail/1292<br />
[25] http://www.autorita.energia.it/ee/schede.htm<br />
[26] http://ec.europa.eu/climateaction/docs/climate-energy_summary_en.pdf<br />
[27] http://ec.europa.eu/climateaction/docs/climate-energy_summary_en.pdf<br />
[28] http://europeandcis.<strong>und</strong>p.org/.../SLF%20Loan%20Guarantee%20Note%20Draft%20v1.5.doc<br />
[29] http://www.business2hungary.hu/engine.aspx?page=Itdh_Priority_Sectors_Renewable_Energy<br />
[30] http://www.energiakozpont.hu/index.php?p=181<br />
[31] http://www.energiateolisuus.fi<br />
[32] http://www.esd-ca.eu/CA-ESD/CA-ESD-Introduction<br />
[33] http://www.sefi.unep.org/fileadmin/media/sefi/docs/publications/RiskMgt_full.pdf<br />
[34] http://www.stescos.org/<br />
[35] http://www.motiva.fi/fi/toiminta/escotoiminta/cubenet/<br />
[36] http://www.knowenergy.net/lampokeskus/<br />
32
[37] http://www.biohousing.eu.com/heatingtool/Default.asp?lang=eng<br />
[38] http://www.ebrd.com/new/pressrel/2009/090604.htm<br />
[39] http://www.energieagentur.nrw.de/contracting/<br />
page.asp?InfoID=6368&rubrik=&termin=&TopCatID=&RubrikID=<br />
[40] europeandcis.<strong>und</strong>p.org/.../SLF%20Loan%20Guarantee%20Note%20Draft%20v1.5.doc,<br />
[41] www.retscreen.net<br />
[42] www.solarenergy.ch<br />
[43] www.erato.bg<br />
[44] http://www.ensi.no/software<br />
[45] http://www.st-escos.info/short_report_st/short_es.pdf<br />
[46] http://www.ebrd.com/pages/news/press/2011/110721.shtml<br />
[47] Marino A., Bertoldi P., Rezessy S., Boza-Kiss B.‘A snapshot of the European energy service market in<br />
2010 and policy recommendations to foster a further market development’ Energy Policy39 (2011)<br />
6190–6198.<br />
[48] Angelica Marino, Paolo Bertoldi, Silvia Rezessy, “Energy Service Companies Market in Europe –<br />
Status Report 2010”, Institute for Energy, Joint Research Centre.<br />
[49] EPC markets and ESCO business in Finland. 2007. Motiva<br />
[50] http://www.motiva.fi/julkinen_sektori/tuet_ja_rahoitus/esco-palvelu/esco-hankerekisteri/<br />
[51] „Portugal Efficiency 2015” version for public consultation- Februar 2008 erhältlich unter:<br />
http://www.adene.pt/NR/rdonlyres/1A510789-1032-4180-8A7B-<br />
798B0DDA2F92/828/Portugal_EnergyEfficiencyPlan2015Support.pdf<br />
[52] personal contact: Corneliu Rotaru, Romanian Agency for Energy Conservation – ARCE, 2009<br />
[53] http://www.mondaq.com/unitedstates/article.asp?articleid=124286<br />
[54] Energy Efficiency Profile: Spain, Odyssee, June 2011<br />
http://www.odyssee-indicators.org/publications/country_profiles_PDF/esp.pdf<br />
33
1 Austria<br />
Annex I<br />
1.1 Legislative, financial, contractual and marketing framework<br />
The Austrian TPF/EPC-market can be characterised as a market which has already passed the startup<br />
phase, grows gast but still has to grow and to develop in order to become a standard market with<br />
standard procedures.<br />
1.1.1 Legal backgro<strong>und</strong> for TPF and <strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
In order to attain the ambitious goal to reduce emissions of the six "Kyoto-greenhouse gases" by 13<br />
% by the target period 2008 to 2012 as compared to the 1990 values, the National Council adopted<br />
an "Austrian Climate Strategy 2008/2012" (http://www.accc.gv.at/englisch/e-strategie.htm),<br />
combining the efforts on the part of<br />
the Federal Government and the Laender into a co-ordinated strategy. The Climate Strategy is the<br />
basis for different special programmes.<br />
In Austria the legal framework conditions for TPF projects are the same as for every other legal<br />
contract. However, difficulties can occur by awarding performance contracts. The law of public<br />
procurement regulates the award of contracts by contracting authorities on the basis of a ”model<br />
approach”. In case of a private purchaser, the project in question can be negotiated and awarded<br />
without the obligation to observe the provisions of the law of public procurement.<br />
The measures taken in connection with a more efficient supply and utilisation of energy are various<br />
and diverse. This results in a variety of different implementation "models" and consequently leads<br />
to a range of different goods and services offered. This in turn determines the type and number of<br />
the parties involved, the required contracts and the types thereof, the financing terms, equipment<br />
ownership and future purchase options etc.<br />
The general legal framework for contract awarding by public clients can be assessed as<br />
“predominantly positive”. On principle, the regulations for awarding contracts do not provide any<br />
obstructions for the use of energy services by public clients. There are certain “problem areas”,<br />
however, such as classifying Third Party Financing projects within certain categories of orders. It is<br />
therefore recommended that attention is paid to the relevant legal framework during the<br />
organisation of the project.<br />
The law of public procurement is the dominating law within the legal framework conditions for<br />
Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) and Third Party Financing (TPF). At least public<br />
authorities, who want to increase the energy efficiency of their buildings and who were the main<br />
target group for EPC and TPF until now, have to follow this Law.<br />
However, among public authorities the phenomenon of legal uncertainty frequently occurs with<br />
regard to the award of performance contracts. The law of public procurement regulates the award of<br />
contracts by public authorities on the basis of a “model approach”. In case of a private purchaser,<br />
the project in question can be negotiated and awarded without the obligation to observe the<br />
provisions of the law of public procurement.
The framework conditions for a broad application of the concept of TPF/EPC in the public building<br />
sectors are comparably favourable: On the one hand nearly all public authorities face the problem<br />
that only very limited and by far not sufficient means of financing are available for the necessary<br />
replacement, modernisation and optimisation investments – even when they are cost-effective. The<br />
target of the Maastricht criteria puts increasingly narrow limits on public budgets. On the other hand<br />
a number of studies and realised projects show that energy services could be provided in a much<br />
more efficient way by means of modern heating systems, energy management systems, thermal<br />
insulation, efficient lighting etc. Energy saving potentials in public buildings are up to 50% and<br />
more and a considerable share of it can be implemented cost-effectively. However, these energy<br />
saving potentials are only put into practice to a small extent. TPF/EPC offers a promising solution<br />
to this dilemma.<br />
This backgro<strong>und</strong> given a broad set of information and marketing initiatives – starting in about 1996<br />
and done by a lot of different players, i.e. energy agencies, ministries, consumer associations,<br />
banks, associations of building owners etc. – the concept of TPF/EPC was presented to a relatively<br />
large share of building owners, where a mjor focus has been on municipalities. For example: Each<br />
municipality in Austria received a 20- pages-brochure indicating the general concept and<br />
opportunities of TPF/EPC and also describing successful projects in Austria.<br />
Furthermore various activities have been developed, which target towards setting up resources for<br />
advising potential TPF/EPC-customers that are interested in the application of TPF/EPC for the<br />
energetic improvement of their buildings. Only to give some examples:<br />
– E.V.A., the Austrian Energy Agency, worked out TPF/EPC-guidelines, that deal with the issues<br />
of project design, building selection, tender procedures, design of TPF/EPC-contracts etc. in detail.<br />
These guidelines are targeted mainly at the use of consultants that are en gaged in advising<br />
interested (public) building owners;<br />
– From the Internet-Website of E.V.A. a list of ESCOs can be downloaded. This list, which<br />
includes priority activities of the ESCOs as well as references, is aimed at improving the market<br />
transparency and at making easier the access of potential TPF/EPC-customers to suppliers. At the<br />
moment the list includes about 35 companies, of which, however, only 8 to 12 offer TPF/EPC in a<br />
comprehensive way (integration of energy supply and demand). The other companies offer their<br />
services only in the field of heat delivery and energy supply contracting.<br />
– Advice and direct consultancy in concrete projects has turned out to be even more important than<br />
written guidelines and other supporting material. This is also true for public building authorities,<br />
which usually lack time and sometimes also expertise to busy themselves with TPF/EPC in theory<br />
and practice. This backgro<strong>und</strong> given, in Austria a – so far small but existing – network of<br />
consultants, that are able to support potential and interested TPF/EPC-clients, has developed during<br />
the last 3 to 4 years. The core of this network consists of energy agencies at the national as well as<br />
at the regional and local level, but includes also some departments of public administrations (e.g. in<br />
Styria and in Vienna).<br />
Legal Backgro<strong>und</strong> Austria<br />
As refers to EPC in public buildings there exist still some uncertainties regarding the<br />
question of how to award energy performance contracts correctly according to the legal norms of<br />
public tendering. It is important to stress that although there are some national and sometimes also<br />
regional differences concerning this issue, it is most important to comply with Community Law, i.e.<br />
the European Directive on Public Tendering.
In 1999 E.V.A., the Austrian Energy Agency, has called for a legal opinion7 on the compatibility of<br />
energy performance contracting models with the general legal framework for awarding contracts in<br />
the field of public administration with special focus on Community Law.<br />
As the results show, the general legal framework for contract awarding by public clients can be<br />
assessed as "predominantly positive." On principle, the regulations for awarding contracts do not<br />
provide any obstructions for the use of energy performance contracting by public clients. There are<br />
certain "problem areas", however, such as classifying energy performance contracting projects<br />
within certain categories of orders. It is therefore recommended that attention is paid to the relevant<br />
legal framework during the organisation of the project.<br />
In order to be able to take advantage of a competition of prices and ideas, it is suggested, in<br />
particular for larger projects, that a "two-step procedure" is applied when awarding energy<br />
performance contracts.<br />
Step 1: To publicly assess the field of potential applicants before starting the actual awarding<br />
procedure. In this way, the client will both get to know the tenderers on the<br />
market and be able to eliminate non-suitable tenderers at the same time. This helps to reduce the<br />
work regarding the assessment of in-coming offers (Step 2).<br />
Step 2: Inviting suitable companies to submit a tender and subsequent start of contract negotiations.<br />
Financial institutions and schemes<br />
The very first biomass tri-generation plant in Austria was built in Ried/Upper Austria for the<br />
companies Fischer GmbH and FACC GmbH and produces heat, cooling and electricity from<br />
biomass for the companies' production of ski and aeroplane components. About 26,000 MWh heat,<br />
1,000 MWh cooling and 2,500 MWh electricity are generated from biomass annually. Financing<br />
was done by a third party financing scheme, the total investment amounted to 3,634,000 €.<br />
Project in Graz:<br />
The pilot project realised in the City of Graz can be classified as a medium scale project, where the<br />
building owner shifted the major part of responsibilities with respect to energy management to an<br />
outside company (“outsourcing intensity”). The final output of the project is a completely “new”<br />
building which is operated and maintained by the <strong>ESCo</strong> <strong>und</strong>er the aspect of high energy efficiency.<br />
The <strong>ESCo</strong> has to guarantee the saving effect, which it promises in its offer during the whole<br />
duration of the contract.<br />
Due to the high share of necessary refurbishment measures it is clear, that energy savings can<br />
refinance only a part of the necessary investments, which have been to a considerable part<br />
predefined by the building owner himself. The approach chosen, however, ensures an optimal costbenefit<br />
relation with respect to investment cost and their effects on the running (energy) costs.
Figure 1.1 TPF-Model of the Webling/ Jaegergr<strong>und</strong> schools, Graz.<br />
Figure 1.2 Contractual relationships.<br />
Calculation of Energy Savings<br />
In order to avoid later discussions, the tariff conversion from electrical to district heating had been<br />
anticipated in the baseline setting. Thus, much of the saving potential was already accounted for in<br />
the baseline, which was set to 58,939 Euro (original energy cost on the basis of electrical heating<br />
was 84,000 Euro, 20% VAT included). Energy savings are later calculated from the invoices of the<br />
heat and power providers. The energy quantities of the heating invoices <strong>und</strong>ergo a correction for<br />
climate changes (climate correction). The quantities are then multiplied by the reference prices of
the baseline year (price correction). Changes in the usage of the building (e.g. changes in opening<br />
times, evening classes etc.) are taken into consideration on a negotiation basis, if their estimated<br />
influence on energy costs exceeds 700 Euro.<br />
Figure 1.3 Calculation of energy savings.<br />
1.1.2 Barriers<br />
Insurance Schemes in Austria<br />
One typical insurance package includes all damages by windstorm, fire and hailstorm. This package<br />
is usually always included in an ESCO insurance model. It is not very expensive and covers a high<br />
damage event. Another typical type of insurance is an insurance against vandalism (malicious<br />
destruction of the solar plant or its components).<br />
The insurance value of these two packages should be equal to the nominal value of the system, i.e.<br />
equal to the total investment cost of the solar plant.<br />
Usually, solar thermal plants are also insured against lightning. This type of insurance is often a first<br />
loss insurance, so the cost of a claim can be defined between the insurance holder (the <strong>ESCo</strong>) and<br />
the insurer. For first-loss covers, no <strong>und</strong>erinsurance is possible in the case of damage (waiver of<br />
<strong>und</strong>erinsurance on part of the insurer).<br />
For the lightning insurance, it is particularly important for the <strong>ESCo</strong> to assert that the solar system<br />
supplier has provided all necessary electrical and / or electronically means of protection for the<br />
solar system!<br />
An insurance against flood damages is only needed in areas which are easily affected by<br />
in<strong>und</strong>ations, but in those cases it generally makes sense to sign such insurance, so this can be an<br />
insurance type often signed by an <strong>ESCo</strong>.<br />
As every company will probably already have, a public liability insurance is important also for solar<br />
thermal <strong>ESCo</strong>s. This insurance covers all damages to a third party.<br />
However, it might be worth also including insurance coverage against environmental damage or<br />
loss (some environmental damage done directly to air, water, soil,…), roof damage (in case the<br />
solar system is placed on top of some building roof) and gradual loss (i.e. all damages by long-term<br />
action of some detrimental event on the system leading to gradual or also sudden failure).<br />
Usually, public liability insurances can be easily included in an insurance pool that contains this<br />
same type of insurance for more than one solar plant. Of course, in this case, the insurance sum has<br />
to be adapted to the new situation.
In other cases, it results to be cheaper to sign a separate insurance policy for every single plant, and<br />
not for a whole bunch of plants. This might be the case for the windstorm, fire and hailstorm<br />
insurance.<br />
A type of insurance which can be quite important for an <strong>ESCo</strong> is a loss-of-use insurance, in the case<br />
no energy can be delivered by the solar plant due to some system malfunction of failure. This type<br />
of insurance covers all ongoing costs of the company or the solar plant. But – more important – it<br />
also covers the loss of profit for not being able to sell energy.<br />
In the occurrence of the event insured, most insurances cover the additional work and expense (and<br />
financial outlay) that the <strong>ESCo</strong> has to bear in order to supply energy to the customer. The<br />
importance of this fact depends on the contents of the energy supply contract. Thus, a loss-of-useinsurance<br />
is much more important if the <strong>ESCo</strong> is committed to deliver a certain amount of energy to<br />
the customer, i.e. the <strong>ESCo</strong> has a delivery obligation. The loss-of-use-insurance is less important if<br />
the <strong>ESCo</strong> has only agreed upon a right to deliver the solar energy to the customer.<br />
In the former case (commitment of delivery), in the damage event, the <strong>ESCo</strong> would have to take<br />
over all the additional costs for supplying the amount of energy to the customer which has been<br />
agreed upon in the energy supply contract. In the latter case (right to deliver), the <strong>ESCo</strong> damage is<br />
limited to a loss of earnings and maybe to some technical disadvantage due to the collector<br />
stagnation, but the <strong>ESCo</strong> does not need taking over the costs for the energy supply to the customer.<br />
1.2 Technical framework<br />
1.2.1 Quality and monitoring<br />
The contracting partner is bo<strong>und</strong> to four contractual guarantees, explained in the following:<br />
1. Quality<br />
2. Comfort (Heating)<br />
3. Cost reduction<br />
4. On investment in worth and structure<br />
1. Guaranty on quality<br />
Quality is essential to the conception of Thermoprofit®. Quality checks are present at several stages<br />
of the contract. In a first stage, during the bidding procedure, the tendering documents contain<br />
detailed engineering plans and descriptions of the most sensible parts of the project, of which the<br />
building owner deems necessary to define the execution standards by himself. These execution<br />
standards are not left to the free choice of the contractor.<br />
In addition, the contractor provides information about the products he will use and the subcontractors<br />
he intends to work with. In a second stage, the way in which the construction works<br />
become part of contract negotiations and is fixed by protocols. In a third stage, after signing the<br />
contract, the contractor submits detailed engineering plans for every construction measure, which<br />
have to be approved by the building owner before going into execution. The building owner agrees<br />
to the plans by countersigning them. They later become annexed to the contract. The building<br />
owner has a veto option if the plans or quality standards do not match the descriptions fixed in the<br />
tendering documents or during contract negotiation. In a last stage, construction quality is checked<br />
by the building owner during site visits and a formal hand-over is done.<br />
2. Guaranty on comfort
Comfort standards are guaranteed by the contract. Penalties ensure that prescribed room<br />
temperatures are kept and emergency services are provided in cases of breakdowns.<br />
3. Guaranty on cost reduction<br />
A financially guaranteed cost reduction is a key element in the Thermoprofit® contract. By signing<br />
the contract, the contractor guarantees a certain amount of energy costs to be saved. The guaranty is<br />
fixed with reference to the baseline. The baseline resumes the original energy costs during a<br />
representative year and contains the reference energy prices for the contract time.<br />
Besides the height of the annual contracting rate, the financial guaranty on energy cost reduction is<br />
the second most important selection criterion for the offers..<br />
After completion of all construction works, the contractor must reach the cost reduction he had<br />
guaranteed. If he fails to do so, his contracting rate is lowered by a penalty. The penalty corresponds<br />
to the amount of energy costs he failed to save (see Figure 6 below).<br />
In turn, if the contractor surpasses his energy saving guaranty, he is rewarded by a bonus- share on<br />
the extra amount saved.<br />
4. Guaranty on investment in worth and structure<br />
At the moment the contract is signed, detailed plans do not exist for every construction measure the<br />
partners have negotiated. However, the result of negotiations should be a clear conception of the<br />
construction works and the desired products, sub-contractors and quality standards. Thus, it is<br />
possible to the contractor to assess his investment by costs and structure.<br />
The contractor now gives a guaranty on the amount he intends to invest in each of the following<br />
categories:<br />
• for hardware (e.g. material, machines, buildings)<br />
• engineering services<br />
• other services (e.g. motivation measures like classes on energy saving, emergency services,<br />
etc.)<br />
The investment amount is later audited by the building owner by checking the plans for each<br />
measure (as stated above, the engineering plans have to pass his approval before coming to<br />
execution). The engineering plans contain all necessary detailed cost and price information,<br />
allowing the building owner to asses the worth of the investment9. If the building owner should<br />
come to the conclusion that investment cost of the measure is not corresponding, in value or quality,<br />
to what was initially agreed upon, he may check the detailed prices and refuse to countersign the<br />
plans as long as the matter has not been cleared. It is also possible to the building owner to refuse to<br />
sign the hand-over after completion of the investment in cases the execution is not achieved with<br />
the predefined quality standards.<br />
As long as the engineering plans/drawings and hand-over documents are not countersigned, the<br />
investment does not count as contract fulfilment. In consequence, the contracting rate is lowered by<br />
the share of hardware investments the contractor fails to fulfil (see example in the Figure below).
Figure 1.4 Contractual Investment guaranty.<br />
Methodology for billing the solar yield<br />
In Austria, the solar yield of solar thermal plants is measured with the aid of ultrasonic heat meters<br />
installed in the systems. To actually measure the solar energy delivered to the customer, the heat<br />
meter is installed in the secondary circuit (i.e. after the heat exchanger solar to the customer). The<br />
ultrasonic heat meters are the technical state of-the-art today: they contain no moving parts, are<br />
therefore non-wearing and have long durability, and that means little maintenance costs for the<br />
<strong>ESCo</strong>.<br />
In district heating solar plants, the energy delivered to the customer is automatically measured by<br />
means of a tele-monitoring system. Then, it is charged to the customer by means of an energy bill<br />
about once every month (in summertime) or once every 2 months (in wintertime). A fully-automatic<br />
billing program would be a desirable development.<br />
There are three different schemes for billing the solar energy between the customer and the <strong>ESCo</strong>.<br />
Most schemes which are implemented in real projects follow one of these schemes or a mix of<br />
these:<br />
Energy price only: the customer pays a certain energy price per kWh of solar thermal energy. The<br />
energy is usually billed once every month or once every two months. This means that the payback<br />
for the <strong>ESCo</strong> works only by means of the energy sold, and a big share of the customer’s payments<br />
arrive in summertime. Usually, for domestic hot water the <strong>ESCo</strong> and the customer agree for a<br />
different summer and winter price (summer price higher, as conventional boiler systems have lower<br />
efficiency in summertime, thus specific end energy prices are higher). Usually for space heating the<br />
energy price is every month the same. This scheme is generally favourable for the customer.<br />
Monthly amount charged to customer2: MA = SEm × SEPh<br />
Energy price and basic price: Additionally to the cost per kWh, the customer is also charged a basic<br />
monthly price which he is asked to pay regardless of the energy delivered. In return, the energy<br />
price for the kWh of solar energy is lower. This model
provides some more security for the ESCO as it will get the monthly payments in any case.<br />
Moreover, the ESCO gets some money out of the system also in wintertime, when the earnings<br />
based on the solar energy output are close to zero.<br />
Monthly amount charged to customer3: MA = BP + SEm × SEPl<br />
Energy price and connection fee: Similar to the installation fees which a customer is charged for<br />
being connected to a district heating net, in this scheme the customer pays (some share or 100% of)<br />
the installation cost of the system. This amount of money is often denominated a connection fee and<br />
may be calculated based on the kWh delivered per year or based on the installed collector area and<br />
system design. In return, the energy price for the customer is reduced, so the ESCO needs to<br />
perform a very thorough economic feasibility calculation.<br />
Monthly amount charged to customer: MA = SEm × SEPl<br />
Connection fee has to be paid once at the delivery of the solar plant. The solar energy price is<br />
usually linked to the consumer price index (general index which reflects the course of the inflation);<br />
this does generally not create any problems in the financial negotiations. With the current<br />
development of the world’s primary energy prices in mind, it is also a good idea to link the solar<br />
energy price to the price of oil or gas. Here is one possible model: the oil price of a defined date is<br />
taken as reference, and every month (or every year) the oil price increase is measured relating to the<br />
reference date. The solar energy price may be increased by a certain percentage<br />
of this oil price increase.<br />
1.2.2 Software tools available<br />
Programmes like PolySun, TSOL or TRNSYS allow to produce more refined correlations between<br />
the expected system yield, the radiation, the load and other relevant quantities. Such correlation<br />
allows better assessing the actual efficiency of solar heating systems. This kind of verification can<br />
be automated and implemented into the controller software.<br />
1.3 Lessons learned<br />
One practical technical aspect learned is the following: the person responsible for the maintenance<br />
(from the <strong>ESCo</strong>’s side) should have relatively easy access to the plant (e.g. up to 100 km distance).<br />
Delegate this responsibility to a third person is possible only if he is an expert on solar thermal<br />
plants. The same is valid for the operational responsibility: count on a third person (e.g. a technician<br />
from the End-user’s side) for crucial technical operational aspects, could generally create problems.<br />
One “lesson learned” concerning formal aspects is that there must be a guarantee in an <strong>ESCo</strong><br />
contract in the case the End-User is unable to pay (e.g. bankrupted). This problem could be<br />
overtaken with a “Bank Guarantee” initially provided by the End- User. From a technical point of<br />
view, the most common example of failure is an incorrect freezing protection. This is, most often,<br />
strongly connected with the stagnation protection of solar thermal plants. What happens during<br />
stagnation (i.e. the condition of available solar radiation but no thermal load), in brief, is that the<br />
antifreeze primary loop liquid becomes a vapor and, consequently, the pressure increases. If the<br />
system is not designed properly, some relief valves may open (due to the high pressure), thus<br />
resulting to some loss of antifreeze liquid. If there is an automatic refill valve (as unfortunately<br />
happens in many solar systems), this will cause the introduction of water into the primary circuit,<br />
thus decreasing dramatically its antifreezing properties. The correct dimensioning of the solar plant
components in order to face stagnation, the absence of any automatic refill valve in the primary<br />
circuit and the use of the correct antifreeze liquid are the measures to take in order to avoid the<br />
above problem.
2 Baltic countries: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania<br />
ESCO markets in the Baltic Countries are hardly developed and information therefore is hard to<br />
come by. The JRC reports 1,2 basically are the only published source of information.<br />
The number of active ESCOs and the level of activity in these countries are hard to estimate<br />
because of confusion concerning different definitions of ESCO concepts and a trend to call a wide<br />
range of companies “ESCO”. Many companies offer energy audits or other consultancy services<br />
and are characterized as ESCO.<br />
According to the JRC reports (2005 and 2007) there were:<br />
• 3-5 companies offering ESCO-related services in Lithuania (2005). In 2007, 6 ESCOS or<br />
ESCO-type companies were working in Lithuania;<br />
• 20 companies offering general energy services in Estonia (2005). In 2007, 2 companies<br />
offering ESCO services as a minor business area. These two companies are the only entries<br />
available in the JRC ESCO database 3 ;<br />
• More than 40 companies working with energy delivery contracts and two companies<br />
offering EPC in Latvia (2007).<br />
The ESCO and DH sectors are often mixed in terms of definition. There are several international<br />
companies present in the markets but they are mainly involved in DH projects. Especially Dalkia is<br />
present in all three countries with a number of subsidiaries. Litesko is one of these subsidiaries in<br />
Lithuania, having signed long-term DH leasing contracts with 7 towns and a total investment of<br />
€ 8.7 million 4 .<br />
Another publication 5 lists several companies with “a certain experience” in Delivery Contracting or<br />
EPC:<br />
• Energiasäästubüroo (www.energiaaudit.ee) and SEIT (www.seit.ee) in Estonia;<br />
• SIA Wesemann, SIA Sinhro (www.sinhro.lv) and SIA Ekodoma (www.ekodoma.lv) in<br />
Latvia;<br />
• UAB E-energija (www.e-energija.lt) and UAB Naujoji siluma (www.newheat.lt) in<br />
Lithuania.<br />
However, comprehensive descriptions of relevant reference projects are not available and therefore<br />
the achieved level of ESCO experience remains unclear.<br />
The overall backgro<strong>und</strong> is similar in the three countries: There is a basic awareness of energy<br />
efficiency issues and Governmental support programmes are in place. On the other hand,<br />
knowledge concerning the rather complicated ESCO schemes is limited at the customers´side.<br />
Especially in Estonia ESCOs face the additional problem that low-interest loans are available to<br />
1<br />
Bertoldi, P. & Rezessy, S.; Energy service companies in Europe – Status report 2005; JRC; 2005.<br />
2<br />
Bertoldi, P. et al.; Latest Development of Energy Service Companies across Europe - A European ESCO Update; JRC;<br />
2007.<br />
3<br />
http://sunbird.jrc.it/energyefficiency/ (accessed June 2009).<br />
4<br />
Štreimikienė, D et al.; Review of instruments for promotion of energy efficiency in Lithuania; Lithuanian Energy<br />
Institute; 2007.<br />
5<br />
Herdová, B. et al.; Financial resources manual; IEE project CF-SEP (Commercial Finance for Sustainable Energy<br />
Projects);
housing associations and that municipalities are able to finance efficiency project with e.g.<br />
structural f<strong>und</strong>s.<br />
Banks in these countries are basically interested in financing ESCO projects so that financing is not<br />
the major barrier to further uptake of ESCO schemes. It is more the lack of example projects and<br />
therefore established processes that hinder the market development. Unstable and not well defined<br />
regulatory frameworks as well as unfavourable procurement procedures contribute to slowing the<br />
initialisation of market growth.
3 Belgium<br />
3.1 Legislative, financial, contractual and marketing framework<br />
3.1.1 Legal backgro<strong>und</strong> for TPF and <strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
Belgium’s Kyoto Protocol objective states a greenhouse gases emission decrease of 7.5% between<br />
2008 and 2012 compared with their 1990 levels. The Flemish Government have decided that by<br />
2010, 6% of all gross energy consumption should be generated from renewable energy sources. No<br />
objective concerning heat from renewables has been outlined, neither by the Federal Government,<br />
nor the Flemish Government.<br />
In 2004, Flanders has translated its Kyoto Protocol emission targets into the REG Decree. The REG<br />
Decree creates a framework for the promotion of sensible energy use, the use of renewable energy<br />
sources and so-called flexibility mechanisms. A result of the REG Decree is the Energy Plan,<br />
which contains a list of measures to reduce energy use of organisations with an annual energy use<br />
exceeding 0.1 PJ.<br />
3.1.2 Financial institutions and schemes<br />
The VEA (Flemish Energy Agency) carry out the Flemish government’s sustainable energy<br />
policies. Their most important tasks are stimulating sensible energy use and contributing in the<br />
execution and support of policy. The VEA are an independent agency cooperating with the Flemish<br />
Department of Environment, Nature and Energy (LNE).<br />
The VREG (Flemish Regulation Entity for the Electricity and Gas market) are a Flemish<br />
government entity that take care of the regulation, control and promotion of the transparency of the<br />
electricity and natural gas market in the Flemish Region. The VREG are connected to the Flemish<br />
Department of Environment, Nature and Energy (LNE) as well.<br />
For biomass and solar heat related enterprising, there are a number of financial support<br />
mechanisms. The VEA web site contains a very practical search engine for grants:<br />
http://www.energiesparen.be/subsidies/subsidiemodule. Unfortunately, the web site is in Dutch<br />
only.<br />
The Raised Investment Deduction for Energy Saving Investments (“Verhoogde Investeringsaftrek<br />
voor Energiebesparende Investeringen”) is a financial incentive from the Federal Government<br />
(Federal Public Service Finance) to improve the recovery of existing installations and to promote<br />
the use of renewable energy sources. For 2009, companies are allowed to deduct 15.5% from their<br />
taxable profit. One can apply for this grant at the VEA.<br />
The Ecology Premium (“Ecologiepremie”) is remitted to investments that reduce the environmental<br />
burden on production processes, also biomass conversion by incineration, pyrolysis and<br />
gasification. The Ecology Premium applies only if the environmental benefit exceeds the<br />
government requirements. The remuneration for small and medium-sized enterprises is 35% of the<br />
extra costs of their investments. Large enterprises receive 25% of the extra costs of their<br />
investments.<br />
Investment Deduction (“Investeringsaftrek”) is a tax benefit that applies to energy saving measures.<br />
To date, 14.5% (excluding VAT) can be deducted from the company’s profit, which yields a lower<br />
profit tax (currently aro<strong>und</strong> 33%).<br />
Support of the Flemish Agriculture Investment Trust (VLIF): Farmers can have 40% of their<br />
biomass conversion investment costs remitted by the VLIF.
Green Energy Certificates (“Groenestroomcertificaten”): Every year energy suppliers are obliged to<br />
deliver a certain share of green energy. A Green Energy Certificate proves that they have met their<br />
obligations. By generating green energy, one can request a Green Energy Certificate for every<br />
generated MWh at the VREG. One can sell the certificate to an energy supplier against a minimum<br />
price, guaranteed by the Flemish Government, of €80.<br />
Cogeneration Certificates (“Warmtekrachtcertificaten”) are of the same principle as Green Energy<br />
Certificates. For a certain share, energy suppliers are obliged to deliver energy and heat from<br />
cogeneration, for which they receive a Cogeneration Certificate. If they fail to do so, they receive a<br />
€45 fine per certificate. Cogeneration Certificates are to be requested at the VREG. The primary<br />
energy offset is calculated with regard to a thermal and electric reference recovery, which depends<br />
on the type of fuel.<br />
3.2 Technical framework<br />
3.2.1 Quality and monitoring<br />
Energy Performance Directive (“Energieprestatieregelgeving”): From 1 January 2006 onwards, all<br />
dwellings for which building or renovating requests are filed, have to meet a certain level of thermal<br />
isolation, energy performance (isolation, energy-saving heating installation, ventilation, etc.) and a<br />
healthy indoor climate. Tightened conditions will come into force on 1 January 2010.<br />
Audit Convenant: Companies that join the Audit Convenant accept an energy audit to indicate their<br />
energy-saving potential. They also engage in profitable energy-saving measures. As a<br />
compensation, the Flemish Government exempts these companies from additional energy and CO2<br />
reduction requirements.<br />
Benchmarking Convenant: To join the Benchmarking Convenant, a company has to have an annual<br />
energy consumption over 0.5 PJ. These companies benchmark their energy efficiency measures to<br />
other big energy consumers. From the findings, new energy efficiency objectives will be drawn.<br />
Companies receive compensation from the government for this procedure.
3.2.2 Appropriate technology for Bio-Sol-<strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
The next statistics should give an indication of recent use of thermal energy from biomass and solar<br />
panels in Flanders. In a 2009 research on sustainable energy in Flanders in 2007, conducted by<br />
VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), the following numbers regarding green heat<br />
production have come forth:<br />
warmte<br />
Thermal energy (GJ) With regard to total heat<br />
production (%)<br />
Green heat production by<br />
3,073,847 8.2<br />
cogeneration installations<br />
Energy and heat sector 1,131,454 5.8<br />
DIY producers 1,942,393 10.8<br />
• Industry 1,736,518 10.5<br />
• Tertiary sector 92,566 47.5<br />
• Agriculture 113,309 9.6<br />
Green heat production by<br />
6,653,940 1.6<br />
thermal installations only<br />
Biomass installations in<br />
industry/tertiary<br />
sector/households/agriculture<br />
6,338,044 1.5<br />
• Industry 3,042,267 1.6<br />
• Tertiary sector 40,859 0.1<br />
• Households 2,848,707 1.7<br />
• Agriculture 406,212 1.7<br />
Heat pumps 277,890 100<br />
Heat pump boilers 339 100<br />
Solar boilers 37,667 100<br />
Total green heat production 9,727,787 2.1<br />
Table 3.1 Green heat production – Flanders, 2007<br />
Table 1 displays the amount of thermal energy produced by different ways of production, and their<br />
shares with regard to the total heat production per production type in Flanders in 2007. A large<br />
share, 47.5%, of all thermal energy produced by cogeneration installations in the tertiary sector, is<br />
generated from biomass. The amount of thermal energy produced in absolute terms, 92,566 GJ, is<br />
rather small (3%) compared tot the total amount of green heat production by cogeneration<br />
installations, 3,073,847 GJ. Solar boilers, for instance, produce 37,667 GJ. This barely amounts to<br />
0.01% of Flanders’ total heat production (all fuels, also non-renewables), which is 436,006 TJ,<br />
displayed in table 2. It also shows that in Flanders most of the heat is generated by conventional<br />
fuels like gas (46%) and petroleum products (27%). Biomass, which practically all green heat is<br />
generated from, takes a marginal position of 2%. 32% of all green heat is produced by cogeneration<br />
installations. The remaining 68% is produced by installations that produce heat only from biomass,<br />
heat pumps, heat pump boilers, and solar boilers. Because of large waste incineration plants, 8.2%<br />
of all heat produced is green heat.
Fuels Heat production<br />
TJ %<br />
Solid fuels 55,599 12<br />
Petroleum products 126,107 27<br />
Gas 214,843 46<br />
Other fuels 53,892 12<br />
Biomass 9,412 2<br />
Waste recuperation 2,837 1<br />
Total 463,006 100<br />
Table 3.2 Total heat production – Flanders, 2007.<br />
Table 3 displays the important positions of waste and wood as fuels of green heat production by<br />
cogeneration. Together, they comprise more than half of all heat production.<br />
Fuel Heat production<br />
GJ %<br />
Bio-oil 418,538 14<br />
Biogas 372,465 12<br />
Sludge 534,365 17<br />
Wood 661,066 22<br />
Waste 1,087,413 35<br />
Total 3,073,847 100<br />
Table 3.3 Fuels of green heat production by cogeneration – Flanders, 2007.<br />
1.6% of all installations that produce heat only deliver green heat. Most of this share comprises<br />
wood incineration (hence table 4).<br />
Fuel Heat production<br />
GJ %<br />
Biogas 64,243 1<br />
Wood 6,022,688 90<br />
Waste 251,113 4<br />
Heat pumps 277,890 4<br />
Heat pump boilers 339 0<br />
Solar boilers 37,667 1<br />
Total 6,653,940 100<br />
Table 3.4 Fuels of green heat production by thermal installations only – Flanders, 2007<br />
However, none of the statistics above shows the number of production units installed. This, and<br />
their recent years’ trends could indicate what technologies are gaining popularity and might be<br />
clever to invest in. The development of green energy production influences green heat production if<br />
cogeneration is applied. From the same VITO report, it is made clear that especially the use of<br />
biomass has spiked up in Flanders. Table 5 shows that energy production from biomass has risen<br />
from 11,300 MWh in 2001 to 842,487 MWh in 2007. The number of production units has increased
from 20 in 2004 to 49 in 2007. Solar energy production has grown from 300 MWh to 5,560 MWh<br />
over the same timespan. 438 solar units were present in 2001, while this number has risen to 3,876<br />
in 2007. How many of these units are cogeneration installations is not mentioned.<br />
Green energy production in Flanders<br />
MWh<br />
1800000<br />
1600000<br />
1400000<br />
1200000<br />
1000000<br />
800000<br />
600000<br />
400000<br />
200000<br />
0<br />
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007<br />
Figure 3.1 (VREG, ODE Flanders, VEA)<br />
biogas<br />
biomass<br />
waste incineration<br />
solar energy (pv)<br />
wind energy<br />
hydropower<br />
MWh 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007<br />
Hydropower 3,000 2,700 1,900 1,926 2,283 2,079 2,740<br />
Wind energy 34,700 56,300 58,900 95,044 154,443 237,492 281,376<br />
Solar energy (pv*) 300 500 400 656 1,300 3,122 5,560<br />
Waste incineration 133,600 139,800 131,300 135,268 159,523 208,184 256,120<br />
Biomass 11,300 71,600 110,100 194,885 427,080 806,807 842,487<br />
Biogas 41,600 58,200 133,900 199,179 222,406 173,375 252,094<br />
Total 224,500 329,100 436,500 626,958 967,035 1,431,059 1,640,377<br />
Table 3.5 Green energy production in Flanders (*pv: photovoltaics).<br />
2004 2005 2006 2007<br />
Hydropower 7 7 11 12<br />
Wind energy 26 31 34 38<br />
Solar energy (pv) 438 620 1,153 3,876<br />
Waste incineration 7 8 9 9
Biomass 20 25 35 49<br />
Biogas 22 22 27 27<br />
Table 3.6 Number of production units in Flanders.<br />
Although heat from renewable energy sources is generated on a very small scale (2.1%) compared<br />
to Flanders’ total heat production, this number is on the rise as Flanders has emission targets to<br />
fulfil. Biomass is by far the most prominent renewable energy source, and waste and wood<br />
incineration are the most ab<strong>und</strong>ant technologies. The number of solar panels has been increasing<br />
rapidly over the last years. These are small units however; the amounts of solar energy and heat<br />
production take only slight shares of the entire renewable energy sources production, both<br />
electricity and heat.<br />
(All data provided by VITO, 2009).<br />
3.3 Lessons learned<br />
According to the managing director of a Flemish <strong>ESCo</strong>, there are a few conditions for a successful<br />
biomass project in Belgium:<br />
• The third party must be able to secure the biomass influx. Without a sufficient amount of<br />
resources, there will be no project.<br />
• The location of the project must have enough working hours. If the resources are not used,<br />
there will be no project either.<br />
Projects are successful from 100 kWth, but preferably from 1 MWth, and rather with an installation<br />
that generates both energy and heat. In Belgium, there’s always third party financing for such<br />
projects.<br />
Sources<br />
VEA (Flemish Energy Agency), Flemish Department of Environment, Nature and Energy (LNE),<br />
ODE Flanders (Organisation for Sustainable Energy), VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological<br />
Reearch)<br />
http://www.ond.vlaanderen.be/ENERGIE/pdf/Brochure%20Duurzame%20Energie%202007.pdf<br />
http://www.bapdriver.org/doku.php/national_actions_plans<br />
http://www.erec.org/fileadmin/erec_docs/Projcet_Documents/RES_in_EU_and_CC/Belgium.pdf<br />
http://www.energiesparen.be<br />
http://www2.vlaanderen.be/economie/energiesparen/doc/brochure_bioenergie.pdf<br />
http://publicaties.vlaanderen.be/docfolder/14103/brochure%20premies%202009%20mei%20lage%<br />
20kwaliteit%20(2).pdf<br />
http://www.emis.vito.be/EMIS/Media/Rapport_inventaris_duurzame_energie_2007_FINAAL_04_<br />
09.pdf
4 Bulgaria<br />
4.1 Legislative, Financial, contractual and marketing framework<br />
4.1.1 Legal backgro<strong>und</strong> for TPF and <strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
Related legal backgro<strong>und</strong> in the public and the private sector for TPF and <strong>ESCo</strong>s. Insurance<br />
schemes required.<br />
The legal framework in Bulgaria especially for public and private sectors (strategies, legislation,<br />
regulations, available grants or other financial sources) related to the Deliverable D2.2 is presented<br />
bellow.<br />
Energy efficiency (EE) has been among the Government priorities in the last 8-10 years, while<br />
renewable energy sources (RES) and <strong>ESCo</strong>’s are becoming a priority only since January 2007,<br />
when Bulgaria joined EU. The current Energy Strategy of Bulgaria gives high priority to EE, but<br />
not to RES and <strong>ESCo</strong>’s. The new Energy Strategy of Bulgaria, expected to be adopted by the<br />
Parliament in the next couple of months, gives high priority to both energy efficiency and<br />
renewable energy.<br />
The Government has adopted the following programmes on the development of EE and RES:<br />
• National Long-term Programme for Promotion of Renewable Energy 2005-2015<br />
• National Long-term Programme for Energy Efficiency till 2015<br />
• First National Action plan for Energy Efficiency 2008-2010<br />
• National Short-term Programme for Energy Efficiency<br />
• Biomass Action Plan<br />
Unfortunately, the implementation of these programmes (judging from the previous experience) is<br />
quite poor.<br />
A Law on Energy Efficiency was adopted in 2004. The Law regulates mainly EE in buildings in<br />
relation to the Buildings Directive (EPBD).<br />
A National Action Plan for renewable energy by 2020 has prepared and presented to the EU<br />
Commission in June 2010 as a part of common requirements to the all EU member states. The next<br />
ordinances, regulations and additional legislation initiatives in the field of RES policy<br />
implementation are expected.<br />
A Law on renewable energy was adopted in May, 2011 by the government of Bulgaria. In this low<br />
are presented the rules for using RES including solid biomass, liquid biofuels for heating, domestic<br />
hot water preparation and combined heat and power generation. But this low does not provide any<br />
benefits and subsidizing schemes for RES-heating and solar energy in residential, public and<br />
industrial sector in the country. The missing legislation promoting RES for heating is the main<br />
problem related to RES promotion in Bulgaria. The most likely reason for ignoring RES-heating is<br />
the lack of strict EU requirements (i.e. Directives) in this regard.<br />
A Law on RES, Alternative Fuels and Biofuels was adopted in 2007 and it regulates satisfactory<br />
RES-electricity and biofuels, but it does not provide any stimuli to RES-heating and solar energy.<br />
The missing legislation promoting RES-heating is the main problem related to RES promotion in<br />
the country. The most likely reason for ignoring RES-heating is the lack of strict EU requirements<br />
(i.e. Directives) in this regard.
Generally, the competition on the Bulgarian <strong>ESCo</strong>’c market is chaotic. The <strong>ESCo</strong>’s business<br />
models implementation have serious competition in comparisons with natural gas, electricity and<br />
heavy fuel oil project for hot water production by reason of National policy absence .<br />
For the purpose of encouraging the use of ESCO’s services in the design, supply, and installation of<br />
this heating system, it is recommended to develop a model of a standard contract for provision of<br />
such type of services. That is in conformity with Art. 9, it. 2 of the Directive on Energy End- Use<br />
Efficiency and Energy Services. The requirements to the energy providers of the same Directive are<br />
expected to boost the demand for ESCO’s services related to increased energy efficiency.<br />
The regulatory framework in Bulgaria is poorly developed. Regarding the biomass heating<br />
technologies, there are no standards concerning the combustion process scheme. The standards<br />
regulate the parameters of exhaust gases and the system overall efficiency. The following standards<br />
are enforced:<br />
• BDS EN 303-1:1999. Heating boilers. Heating boilers with forced draught burners.<br />
Terminology, general requirements, testing and marking<br />
• BDS EN 303-5:1999. Heating boilers. Heating boilers with forced draught burners. Heating<br />
boilers for solid fuels, hand and automatically fired, nominal heat output of up to 300 kW.<br />
Terminology, requirements, testing and marking<br />
• BDS 17396 – 1997 – Technical requirements and test methods for furnaces used for heating<br />
(burning solid fuels)<br />
• BDS 3872 – 1999 – Requirements, marking, and testing methods for cooking stoves<br />
(burning solid fuels).<br />
Regarding the biomass fuels, the only national standard is BDS ISO 1928:2000 Solid mineral fuels<br />
- Determination of gross calorific value by the bomb calorimetric method and calculation of net<br />
calorific value. As the name indicates, this standard is designed for mineral fuels, but due to the<br />
absence of a specific standard is used for biomass fuels too. The Bulgarian producers of biomass<br />
fuels use the following foreign standards:<br />
• ASTM 1288 – Standard test method for the durability of biomass pellets<br />
• CEN/TS 15210-1:2005 – Solid biofuels - Methods for the determination of mechanical<br />
durability of pellets and briquettes - Part 1: Pellets<br />
• CEN/TS 15210-2:2005 – Solid biofuels - Methods for the determination of mechanical<br />
durability of pellets and briquettes - Part 2: Briquettes<br />
• DIN 51731 – Testing of solid fuels – compressed untreated wood – requirements and testing<br />
• DIN 51731:1996. Testing of solid fuels - Compressed untreated wood - Requirements and<br />
testing<br />
• DIN 51749 – Determination of the fuel carbon content<br />
• ONORM M 7135:2000: Compressed wood or compressed bark in natural state - Pellets and<br />
briquettes - Requirements and test specifications<br />
• SN 166000:2001. Testing of solid fuels - Compressed untreated wood - Requirements and<br />
testing<br />
• SS 187120:1998. Biofuels and peat – Pellets – Classification.<br />
In Bulgaria there are actual BDS standards for solid biofuels which are accepted and presented by<br />
the Bulgarian institute for standardization in 2010 as follows:
� БДС EN 14961-1:2010 – Solid biofuels. Specifications and categories of fuels. Part 1:<br />
General Requirements.<br />
� БДС EN 14961- 2:2011 – Solid biofuels. Specifications and categories of fuels. Part 2:<br />
Wooden pellets for non-industrial needs.<br />
� БДС EN 14961- 3:2011 – Solid biofuels. Specifications and categories of fuels. Part 3:<br />
Wooden briquettes for non-industrial needs<br />
� БДС EN 14961-4:2011 – Solid biofuels. Specifications and categories of fuels. Part 4:<br />
Wooden shavings for non-industrial needs.<br />
БДС EN 14961-5:2011 – Solid biofuels. Specifications and categories of fuels. Part 5: Fire wood<br />
for non-industrial needs.<br />
In the future, development of new standards and normative methods will be required, thus revealing<br />
opportunities for the development of new technologies and a methodology for biomass analysis and<br />
development of databases for the proximate and ultimate analysis. Such steps are already taken by<br />
some of the European countries. Austria, Sweden, and Germany have developed national standards<br />
for analysis and evaluation of the properties of biomass pellets and other biomass fuels. These<br />
standards are well defined and could be enforced in Bulgaria. This opinion is also shared by the<br />
companies that produce wood pellets, because the pellets should cover specific requirements and<br />
only through such standards their production could be on the market without causing problems and<br />
client complains<br />
The Government of Bulgaria (and perhaps most measures apply to the rest of the EU Member<br />
States) shall implement the following measures:<br />
• Offer State and/or local subsidy programmes (as mentioned in the above section)<br />
• Develop standards for biomass fuels (there are no such at the moment).<br />
• Develop standards and quality labels for biomass utilization technologies.<br />
• Better education on biomass fuel production, biomass energy utilization technologies, and<br />
heat pumps, through inclusion of these subjects in the curriculum of students in relevant<br />
subjects in State Universities.<br />
• Set higher requirements for the heating/cooling technologies (in terms of energy efficiency<br />
and renewable energy utilization) in new buildings and the refurbished ones, in relation to<br />
EC Buildings Directive.<br />
• Introduce more sustainable forestry practices and limit the biomass fuel outside EU, so that<br />
the wood fuel price remains predictable and competitive.<br />
Research in the field of biomass wood fuels and combustion technologies<br />
The application of biomass boilers utilizing biomass fuels is economically viable in Bulgaria and<br />
the other EU Member States. These technologies are mature and competitive for decades already.<br />
On the other hand, the research is still ongoing in the fields of automation, efficiency improvement,<br />
and emissions reduction. In Bulgaria, research in these directions is done primarily by the respective<br />
research departments of the companies engaged with the design and manufacturing of these<br />
technologies. The largest such company is Erato Holding. Additionally, technological research is<br />
carried out by the Technical Universities in the country.<br />
At EU level, research in this area is f<strong>und</strong>ed by the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), where<br />
Area Energy.4.2 Biomass focuses, among the others, on improving the performances of small scale<br />
biomass boilers/stoves and their exhaust systems in order to achieve very low levels of pollutants
emissions at highest efficiencies and low cost. Additionally, cross-cutting issues include the<br />
adjustment of combination biomass energy boiler for heating and heat pumps for heating and<br />
cooling for ever reduced energy demand of passive or even plus-energy houses and thermal storage<br />
4.1.2 Existing contracts<br />
Different <strong>ESCo</strong> business models are presented in this section.<br />
A. Energy Performance Contracting<br />
It is a contract scheme between three partners:<br />
• <strong>ESCo</strong>;<br />
• Customer;<br />
• Financial Institution - Bank.<br />
The Customer is obliged to pay the project costs as typically, it borrows from a third party, which<br />
most often is a bank or a leasing company and due to the energy savings guaranteed by the <strong>ESCo</strong>,<br />
repays the cost of the borrowed capital. The <strong>ESCo</strong> <strong>und</strong>ertakes a responsibility for ensuring a<br />
minimum energy savings achieving and if a certain minimum turns out to be exceeded by the<br />
Customer, and then the former compensates the latter for the surplus margin effect. In case the<br />
opposite happens, i.e., the Customer reaches extra economies in comparison with the initially<br />
stipulated, and then it pays to the <strong>ESCo</strong> the sum of the shortage margin. Thus, the <strong>ESCo</strong> takes on<br />
the risks related to the project fulfillment instead of the Customer. But the f<strong>und</strong>ing institution<br />
evaluates the credit risk with the Customer. This kind of Contract is suitable for Customers, which<br />
have better opportunities to borrow than the <strong>ESCo</strong>.<br />
B. Energy Contracting<br />
These Contracts have two parties:<br />
• <strong>ESCo</strong>;<br />
• Customer.<br />
The <strong>ESCo</strong> f<strong>und</strong>s the project completion and the customer repays it by means of monthly<br />
installments, which include also the cost of the consumed energy. This energy is measured through<br />
a certified gauge. Once the purchasing price is repaid, the customer becomes owner of the<br />
contracted equipment.<br />
C. Public-private partnership<br />
These Contracts have two parties:<br />
• <strong>ESCo</strong>;<br />
• Municipality.<br />
First of all both <strong>ESCo</strong> and municipality are signed contract for the Public-private partnership. The<br />
municipality participate with your own contribution for guarantee of the land of thermal plant<br />
construction. The <strong>ESCo</strong> invests all costs (excluding costs for land) for the project implementation.<br />
The municipality buildings pay on monthly base the consumed energy.<br />
Payment schemes:<br />
1. The thermal energy paid by the energy users (customers) in the objects for 1 kWh supplied<br />
thermal energy is by 30% lower, compared to the average price of 1 kWh day tariffs of the
electricity by low voltage, according to the current bulletin of the electricity distribution companies<br />
in Bulgaria.<br />
2. The thermal energy paid by the customers in the objects for 1 kWh supplied thermal energy is by<br />
30% lower, compared to the price of 1 kWh of the light fuel oil, according to the current bulletin of<br />
the Bulgarian petroleum company Lucoil Jsc.<br />
4.1.3 Financial institutions and schemes<br />
Preliminary identification of appropriate financial institutions. Related financial schemes usually<br />
adopted and requirements (conditions, guarantees etc) from the financial institutions.<br />
The most popular financial institutions are commercial banks. The related financial scheme is debt<br />
financing to the <strong>ESCo</strong> borrower. The main conditions are as follows:<br />
• The project to be eligible (according to the bank). For example EBRD facility in Bulgaria<br />
through BEERECL – Bulgarian energy efficiency and renewable energy credit line. The<br />
BEERECL has requirement for the projects eligibility.<br />
• Grant component which the borrower will get from EBRD - 20% of the total project costs to<br />
be include in the loan disbursement after the project completion. The received Grant shall be<br />
used for repayment of the loan and will be taken as own equity in the project<br />
• Minimize of project risk.<br />
• Small scale project financing with the total loan value of 2 million EUR.<br />
• Loan maturity – up to 7 years from the signing of the financial documents<br />
Pledge in the amount of 150% from the project loan;<br />
4.1.4 Barriers<br />
Identification of the reasons for the weak development of BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong>s operations up to now, as<br />
well as remaining barriers:<br />
• Access to the capital;<br />
• Weak awareness and experience;<br />
• M&V issues - problems<br />
• Conflict with the conventional procurement process;<br />
• Complex legal and contractual terms;<br />
• Conflict in the public sector between <strong>ESCo</strong>’s and conventional fuels suppliers;<br />
4.2 Technical framework<br />
4.2.1 Quality and monitoring<br />
Quality and monitoring certifications needed in each participating country. Examine those aspects<br />
of measurement and verification (M&V) that are crucial for BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
Energy Services Companies managed measurement and verification activities typically apply to<br />
small scale energy service contract projects. The <strong>ESCo</strong>’s and participant will often enter into<br />
contractual agreements that include expected energy savings, how savings are measured, who is<br />
responsible for near term and long-term project management, and compensation procedures. These<br />
projects may have long development and construction cycles.
<strong>ESCo</strong>’s personnel may spend a considerable amount of time on an individual site before and after<br />
ECM installation to ensure that expected outcomes have a high likelihood of success. Projects in<br />
which the <strong>ESCo</strong>’s has primary responsibility for measurement and verification often represent no<br />
more than a few score of participants per year, depending on the utility program size.<br />
The M&V – energy savings standard is one crucial factor to develop EMC. M&V standard<br />
determines the specific energy savings of both participated parties in EMC. For the implementation<br />
of the energy management contract, it is prerequisite to create EU M&V standard. This M&V<br />
standard can achieve the following benefits:<br />
• Clearly knowing to the net amount of the energy saving and energy costs;<br />
• Guaranteeing and keeping operational performance of the improvement equipment<br />
maintenance;<br />
• Enhancing the reliability of <strong>ESCo</strong>’s guarantee to the energy savings;<br />
• The customers can appropriately appraise the improvement benefits when it is unable to<br />
make the guarantee for <strong>ESCo</strong>’s.<br />
Thermal energy delivered to the customers <strong>und</strong>er energy contracting. A measuring device (heat<br />
meter), which has been duly certified and metrologically licensed, is used to measure the total<br />
amount of consumed energy. The actually supplied quantity of thermal power are measured and<br />
invoiced to the energy consumers.<br />
4.2.2 Appropriate technology for BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
Bio-<strong>ESCo</strong>’s plants – appropriate technology<br />
The biomass boiler plant use wood chips as a fuel. The wood chips are stored in a separate<br />
warehouse, located next to the biomass boiler. The wood chips are fed automatically from the<br />
warehouse to the boiler hopper by a screw conveyor with different length. From the boiler hopper<br />
the biomass is transported in the boiler chamber by an internal screw. The combustion of wood<br />
chips takes place in the burning chamber. The generated hot water is fed into insulated heat<br />
accumulator. The boiler is equipped with a primary combustion air system, dimensioned for a full<br />
cauterization in the primary combustion. For combustion of the flue gases a secondary combustion<br />
air system is foreseen. On the display of the control panel it is possible to read the current boiler<br />
output, load and all other relevant parameters. The control panel is fitted with PLC control. The<br />
system consists of a temperature sensor and flow meter in the forward flow pipe from the boiler,<br />
temperature sensor in the return flow pipe to the boiler, O2-probe (as an option) in the flue gas<br />
channel, frequency converter for the feeding screw gear motor, frequency converters for motors on<br />
all combustion air fans, frequency converter for the flue gas fan and the required programming in<br />
the control panel. The system works in the following way: the desired forward flow temperature is<br />
pre-set on the control panel. If the actual forward flow temperature is lower than the pre-set value,<br />
the fuel supply and the amount of combustion air are automatically regulated upwards. If the actual<br />
forward flow temperature is higher than the pre-set value, the fuel supply and the amount of<br />
combustion air are automatically regulated downwards. The dampers and frequency regulators<br />
receive a signal from the control panel about the optimum settings allowing the adjustment to take<br />
place automatically. The fuel supply is automatically adjusted using the frequency regulated gear<br />
motor, which receives a signal from the control panel for the optimum speed of the transport screw.<br />
The primary side is supplied with circulation pumps, fittings and a heat accumulator. The hot water<br />
by the heat accumulator with a temperature of 75 о С is transported to the distributing water collector<br />
by means of circulating pump. The heating units in the rooms are supplied with hot water from the
distributing water collector. A returned water collector collects the water used by the heating units<br />
that has a temperature of 60 о С. The water is fed from the returned collector into the water heating<br />
boiler by means of a circulating pump. All facilities of the boiler station are equipped with control<br />
and safety valves as well as with control, measuring and automated devices.<br />
Bio-Sol-<strong>ESCo</strong>’s plants – energy cabin<br />
The biomass energy boiler and the auxiliary process equipment are situated in a 20-foot metal<br />
container – energy cabin with thermal insulation. The hot water boiler is compact one, made of<br />
steel, with cast iron burner and panel with control devices, and is equipped with an automated fuel<br />
feeding device for wood chips or wood pellets and fire safety system. A system for automated<br />
regulation of the heat supply is also implemented. New thermal insulation of the water pipe network<br />
will be installed. An additional pipe connecting the energy cabin with the existing pipe network of<br />
the internal heating installation of the building will be built. Furthermore, a chimney for the<br />
separation of the exhausted gases will be constructed.<br />
Completed solar installation for generation of hot water for everyday necessities on the roof of<br />
energy cabin will be constructed. The system has automatic regulation and control for parallel work<br />
with the biomass boiler.<br />
<strong>ESCo</strong>’s shall be encouraged to promote more actively this technology. It is recommended to<br />
develop for them a model of a standard contract for provision of such type of services. The<br />
Directive on Energy End- Use Efficiency and Energy Services gives strong incentives to energy<br />
providers to contract <strong>ESCo</strong>’s to implement appropriate technologies.<br />
4.2.3 Software tools available<br />
There are two software tools available. These tools comprise to:<br />
1. ERATO-2005 specialised software for biomass energy audits, feasibility studies and<br />
monitoring<br />
2. ENSI – Energy Saving International - Economic software<br />
These tools cover the following areas:<br />
• Solar and Biomass plants simulation and monitoring –evaluation<br />
• Economic evaluation tools<br />
• Flexible optimisation tools<br />
4.3 Lessons learned<br />
Lessons learned from successful experiences and frequent faults of the past attempts. List of traps to<br />
be avoided<br />
• Organisational and managing process improvement;<br />
• Improvement of the <strong>ESCo</strong>’s project management methodology;<br />
• Additional mechanisms and tools for project development;<br />
• Project risk forecast and clear risk analysis;<br />
• Deep project monitoring.
5 Cyprus<br />
In Cyprus the <strong>ESCo</strong> market has not been yet developed. Nevertheless there are a few energy<br />
advisors and consultant companies offering advice for energy savings in buildings and industry<br />
[Bertoldi, 2010]. Some of these companies offer within their range of activities <strong>ESCo</strong> projects<br />
(http://www.nec-group.com/ ), while by internet search one <strong>ESCo</strong> appears as the first <strong>ESCo</strong><br />
established in Cyprus, but no projects appear in the website yet (www.atiraenergy.com).<br />
Solar thermal applications is a promising sector for Cyprus due to the favourable climatic<br />
conditions and the already developed market.<br />
The Energy Performance Directive (ESD) has been transposed into national legislation with Law<br />
31/2009 (3/4/2009) but up until now there is no separate Law dealing with the operation of an<br />
<strong>ESCo</strong>. The identified barriers are low awareness among end users and lack of standardized<br />
documents and procedures, especially for projects in the public sector.<br />
[personal contact: Kyriakos Kitsios, Cyprus Energy Agency – CEA, 2009, 2011]<br />
Sources<br />
Paolo Bertoldi, Benigna Boza-Kiss, Silvia Rezessy, Institute for Environment and Sustainability,<br />
JRS Scientific and Technical Reports: “Latest Development of Energy Service Companies across<br />
Europe – A European ESCO Update”, 2007.<br />
http://www.nec-group.com/<br />
www.atiraenergy.com<br />
Personal contact: Kyriakos Kitsios, Cyprus Energy Agency – CEA, 2009, 2011
6 Czech Republic<br />
The last Population and housing census from 2001 shows the key numbers of the housing and<br />
dwellings stock in the Czech republic. Total number of residential dwellings is 4 366 293, from<br />
which are 3 827 678 permanently occupied. Total number of houses is 1 969 568, from which are 1<br />
630 705 permanently occupied.<br />
The rate of family houses from the total sum is 1 407 248, the rest of the housing stock – 223 457 -<br />
represents permanently occupied multi-family houses.<br />
The share of dwellings in multi-family houses represents about 60%, i.e. 2,3 mio of dwellings. The<br />
panel (prefabricated) building stock represents 31% of the total, i.e. 1 165 000 dwellings in the<br />
Czech Republic.<br />
The structure of the ownership of the permanently occupied dwellings in the Czech Republic is<br />
shown in the figure:<br />
Figure 6.1 Ownership of the permanently occupied dwellings in the Czech Republic.<br />
Rental dwellings - percentage of:<br />
• municipal buildings: 76%<br />
• buildings of private enterprises: 6%<br />
• personally owned rental buildings: 14%<br />
• combined and other: 4%<br />
The average age of the rental buildings is about 32 years. Between 1959 and 1969 have been<br />
annually built about 40 000 dwellings, in the period of 1970 – 1980 there have been built 60 000<br />
dwellings per year, the next decade the number came down back to 40 000 and the last decade is the<br />
number of finished dwellings rather small – from 4 000 till 12 000!<br />
In the period of 1960 – 1990 there have been discarded about 1 million of old flats! The net increase<br />
of the dwellings was quite low!
The average living floor area of one flat in the residential building block is 39 m², the average living<br />
floor area per capita is less than 16 m ².<br />
Specific heating energy consumption of the residential building blocks range from 55 to 400<br />
kWh/m²a. The value depends on the construction period of the building as well as the behaviour of<br />
the tenants in relation to the possibility to influence the payment for the space heating. The worst<br />
conditions represents the construction period between 1960 – 1983 (prefabricated blocks with the<br />
low thermal insulation, pure quality of the construction as well). All payments for the heating based<br />
on the real energy consumption represent very strong incentive and decrease the heat consumption<br />
even if the building (envelope) construction shows high thermal losses.<br />
Average cost for the space heating depends on the:<br />
• price of the heat ca €25/MWh to €65/MWh (average price is €43/MWh)<br />
• energy consumption ca 55 to 400 kWh/m²a (average cons. 200 kWh/m²a)<br />
and range from 1,5 to 11,0 €/m²a. Average heating cost is €8,6/ m²a.<br />
6.1 Legislative, financial, contractual and marketing framework<br />
The following graph shows the Czech part of the European Energy consumption.<br />
Figure 6.2 Chech percentage in the European Energy Consumption.<br />
6.1.1 Legal backgro<strong>und</strong> for TPF and <strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
Privately owned rental households have the state regulation rents. Tenants of these households have<br />
no incentive to invest into the building improvement as well \as the owner. This segment of the<br />
building sector represents old building before the 1948 and does not relate to the framework project<br />
anymore.<br />
The municipal household sector, which is rapidly decreasing by the privatization, has quite bad<br />
position in relation to the long term investment decisions. New owners of the privatized flats must<br />
at first establish common legal person (mostly it is co-operative or so called consortium of coowners<br />
of the building) and only the whole building (block of flats) can be privatized. This creates
unpleasant situation because of different interests and different view on the future of the property,<br />
which fact is given by the different structure of the current occupants of privatised flats. There is not<br />
very much willingness for the movement in the Czech Republic, if its not necessary for serious<br />
reason. Therefore the structure of the tenants and consequent owners is very mixed.<br />
Management of apartment buildings is governed by several different laws and act, depending on<br />
dwelling type and ownership.<br />
The management and decision framework for the co-operatives is established by the Co-operative<br />
Law, which describes the roles of the individual dwelling owners (=shareholders), co-operative<br />
board and co-operative members meetings. In most cases, the building manager (the specialized<br />
maintenance and service company) is hired for the “daily management” of the property inclusive<br />
accounting of the co-operative.<br />
The final decision is taken by the members meeting, the top body of the co-operative. This meeting<br />
charges the board (or directly the chairman which can be in the position of the board if the legal<br />
person / co-operative is rather small) to execute the conclusions. The board delegate the work to the<br />
real manager of the property, which is in most cases the specialized maintenance and service<br />
company. The board is responsible for the quality of the service and maintenance, but the<br />
qualification of the board members mostly does not comply with the professional level needed for<br />
decision. Technical regulations concerning the space heating and the thermal conditions and<br />
characteristics of buildings are specified in the National Building Standard. The building code<br />
applies primarily to newly constructed buildings as well for reconstructed buildings.<br />
Czech Energy Agency (CEA) presentation to legal situation for contracting (CEA has gone to bust,<br />
therefore only a copy of internet presentation)
Figure 6.3 Czech Energy Agency (CEA) presentation – slide1.
Figure 6.4 Czech Energy Agency (CEA) presentation – slide 2.<br />
Figure 6.5 Czech Energy Agency (CEA) presentation – slide 3.
Figure 6.6 Czech Energy Agency (CEA) presentation – slide 4.<br />
6.1.2 Financial institutions and schemes<br />
For usual maintenance expenses, a budget is allocated by the tenants to the company.<br />
For major investments the approval, mostly of the 2/3 of the owners is required (the percentage can<br />
vary and it is defined in the co-operative statutes).<br />
Both long and short term budgeting in co-operative is prepared by the co-operative board and<br />
approved by the annual meeting of members (i.e. households living in the building). In practice all<br />
major refurbishment require a decision buy the members meeting. Minor refurbishment within an<br />
approved maintenance budget can be decided by the board.<br />
Major refurbishment is decided separately and financed either through direct payments by the<br />
owner-occupiers or through bank loans. In case of bank loan financing the owner-occupiers pay<br />
their share back through a special “financing fee”, defined similarly to the maintenance fee in
€/m²/month. The willingness to take a bank loan is very low and is not favourite among the building<br />
owners.<br />
Co-operative refurbishment financing relies mainly on their own financing sources: saved money,<br />
banks or other commercial finance institutions.<br />
Governmental financing and support for housing production and refurbishment is administrated by<br />
the State F<strong>und</strong> for the Household Development <strong>und</strong>er the Government Act No.299/2001 of the<br />
Ministry of the Local Development and represents decreasing the interest rate of the commercial<br />
loan for the reconstruction of the prefabricated residential buildings.<br />
Two possibilities for energy feeding:<br />
• energy rates<br />
• certificatess<br />
Figure 6.7 Czech Energy Agency (CEA) presentation – slide 5.<br />
6.1.3 Barriers<br />
Access to financing of energy efficiency is a major barrier in Czech Republic and specific support<br />
mechanisms have to be developed.<br />
Co-financing is especially important at the beginning of ESCOs' activities, since at that stage the<br />
ESCO industry is largely unknown, but subjected to similar, or even stricter treatment when seeking<br />
financing than other customer. Since ESCOs in developing countries often are not set up by utilities<br />
or other large companies, but independently, they need guarantees enabling them to receive credits<br />
from banks as well as financial support. Other financial support mechanisms may include partial<br />
risk guarantees, loan loss reserve f<strong>und</strong>s, special purpose f<strong>und</strong>s or interest credits.
Because of limited budgets Czech is not able on their own to create guarantee f<strong>und</strong>s and other<br />
support mechanisms for ESCOs. Grants are widely used as a mechanism for supporting ESCOs as<br />
well as, more rarely, loans. They may be issued as unsecured interest-free loans for SMEs.<br />
Since international or national f<strong>und</strong>s are usually not granted for a long term, it is of crucial<br />
importance to create a local banking system open for EPC financing.<br />
As presented above, the major problems for banks in Czech is lack of knowledge about EPC, high<br />
initial costs and uncertainty about the credit-worthiness of ESCOs and their clients, limited<br />
<strong>und</strong>erstanding of the logic of ESCO projects.<br />
The transition from public f<strong>und</strong>ing through subsidies or loans to commercial financing is however<br />
not easy since the former can usually give better conditions than the latter, and they might even<br />
compete with each other. For this reason, withdrawing public loans or f<strong>und</strong>s as soon as the<br />
commercial banks are able and willing to engage in EPC is very important otherwise, the support<br />
programmes will only finance less profitable projects, which banks do not want to take on. One<br />
option would be not to give loans or grants not ESCOs, but to set up guarantee facilities for (local<br />
or national) banks and financial institutions.<br />
Main barriers summarized:<br />
• Less experience in financing and f<strong>und</strong>ing of projects<br />
• Liberalisation of the electricity market<br />
• Lack of knowledge of EPC to banks and investors<br />
• Energy exclusive rights<br />
• Determined deeding fees<br />
• F<strong>und</strong>ing conditions<br />
Minimum requirements for existing buildings (Article 6): Minimum requirements for the thermal<br />
quality of building components are defined in the building codes by U-values (CSN 73 0540).<br />
These requirements apply in reconstruction and modernization of buildings or their components.<br />
The methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings in terms of the heating energy<br />
demand includes the thermal characteristics, the position and orientation of buildings, the outdoor<br />
and indoor climate, passive solar systems and natural ventilation.<br />
Energy performance certification (Article 7): There is no obligatory certificate for the building<br />
stock in the Czech Republic. Activities and results related to the mandatory energy auditing belongs<br />
to the Energy law, seems to be the useful basement for the process of development the obligatory<br />
certification methodology leading to the „labeling“ of buildings in near future.<br />
Inspection of boilers (Article 8): Regulations about the obligatory inspection of boilers have been<br />
adopted from the EU directive.<br />
For the better and faster implementation of the framework conditions the following activities and<br />
needs should be accelerated:<br />
• definition and wide awareness of the energy certificate of buildings (households);<br />
• relationship between the existing network of the state certified ernergy auditors and required<br />
independent authorized experts to carry out energy certification;<br />
• legal framework development in order to incorporate energy performance requirements for<br />
refurbishment projects, energy certification as part of dwelling/property sales.
7 Denmark<br />
7.1 Legislative, Financial, contractual and marketing framework<br />
7.1.1 Legal backgro<strong>und</strong> for TPF and <strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
The Green Tax Package, introduced in 1996 includes an additional tax on space heating and hot<br />
water in the industry. If the company has made an agreement about energy efficiency the tax is<br />
smaller. Heat and power produced with biomass or renewable energy sources receives a surcharge<br />
from the client. 6<br />
No electrical heating is allowed to be installed in new buildings, only central heating is allowed.<br />
7.1.2 Existing contracts<br />
There are only a few <strong>ESCo</strong> in the Danish market 7 . A network of <strong>ESCo</strong>s was formed in early 2009<br />
in Denmark, to improve the general public’s knowledge of ESCOs in Denmark.<br />
The few <strong>ESCo</strong> operations in Denmark have mostly been financed by the customer, and there was no<br />
information available on biomass/solar <strong>ESCo</strong>s.<br />
Four different business models in Denmark were fo<strong>und</strong> 8 :<br />
ESCO is responsible for whole operation, where the <strong>ESCo</strong> is responsible for all parts of the<br />
operations, from financing, to operation<br />
ESCO responsible for energy renovation and operation, where the <strong>ESCo</strong> does not finance the<br />
project, but only makes the necessary adjustments to the building and/or equipment or renovates the<br />
building and operates the project<br />
ESCO responsible for operation, where the client finances and performs the necessary changes or<br />
renovation, and the <strong>ESCo</strong> only operates the heat plant<br />
ESCO as consultant, where the <strong>ESCo</strong> is in the role of an advisor in the project<br />
7.1.3 Financial institutions and schemes<br />
Did not find any.<br />
7.1.4 Barriers<br />
General knowledge of <strong>ESCo</strong>s, lack of monitoring and verification, financing institutions are<br />
unaware of appropriate financing tools.<br />
6<br />
http://www.sparenergi.dk/graphics/publikationer/energibesparelser_uk/EnergyEfficiency/Green_taxes.pdf<br />
7<br />
Bertoldi, S. et al, Latest Development of Energy Service Companies across Europe - A European ESCO Update. JRC.<br />
2007<br />
8<br />
http://www.savingtrust.dk/public-and-commerce/are-you-responsible-for/energy-in-a-municipality/energyservices/types-of-energy-service-agreement
8 Finland<br />
8.1 Legislative, Financial, contractual and marketing framework<br />
8.1.1 Legal backgro<strong>und</strong> for TPF and <strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
In Finland Motiva has very significant role in energy issues. Motiva Oy is a state owned company<br />
promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. ESCO concept is a tool to get energy<br />
efficient technology and solutions implemented. Motiva works together with market actors for<br />
promoting and developing ESCO and Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) concepts in Finnish<br />
energy markets. 9<br />
Motiva’s national work package in the Eurocontract project is linked to the national study:<br />
”Lifecycle Models for Indoor Environment and Building Services - CUBENet”. 10 A number of<br />
market actors, engineering companies, municipalities, public bodies, private companies and<br />
organisations etc. are committed to the CUBENet project f<strong>und</strong>ing. The target of that project is to<br />
create new service models for new buildings and renovation projects where the contractors would<br />
be responsible for the building engineering solutions and systems for a longer period than normally<br />
in building projects and would take responsibility of the management, maintenance and indoor<br />
quality (including energy costs) of the building.<br />
11Motiva acts as a link between ESCOs and their potential clients by developing ESCO models and<br />
tools and marketing the ESCO concept. One action to support that was the creation of an ESCO<br />
project register 12 . In that register seven companies are now listed having utilized the ESCO concept<br />
in Finland in their business. Apart from those six companies two energy utilities have applied the<br />
ESCO procedure in projects dealing with secondary heat recovery from an industrial plant to a<br />
municipal district heating system in one case and replacing oil with wood fuel in heating a building<br />
complex in the other case. 13<br />
8.1.2 Existing contracts<br />
In Finland there are basically five different kinds of business models for selling heat:<br />
1. Business model where the client owns the heating plant and the company only runs the<br />
heating plant. The client carries themselves whole investment risk. This is the most common<br />
heat business model in Finland.<br />
2. Business model where the company owns the heating plant and the company runs the<br />
heating plant. The company carries themselves whole investment risk. This is coming more<br />
common business model in Finland.<br />
3. Business model where the very big company owns the heating plants and the sister company<br />
(or private person) runs the heating plant. The big company carries themselves whole<br />
investment risk and the income of the sister company (or private person) is not very big.<br />
9 EPC markets and ESCO business in Finland. 2007. Motiva<br />
10 http://www.motiva.fi/julkinen_sektori/tuet_ja_rahoitus/esco-palvelu/cubenet<br />
11 EPC markets and ESCO business in Finland. 2007. Motiva<br />
12 http://www.motiva.fi/julkinen_sektori/tuet_ja_rahoitus/esco-palvelu/esco-hankerekisteri/<br />
13 EPC markets and ESCO business in Finland. 2007. Motiva
4. ESCO – business model, not very common in Finland<br />
5. Franchising – business model. Few companies has tried this business model in Finland, but<br />
they have not succeeded to create a real business.<br />
In North Karelia University of Applied Sciences (NKUAS) has developed a contract model for<br />
cases where company (who owns the heat plant) sells heat to the customer. There is also a heat<br />
selling contract model made in Energiateollisuus ry. 14<br />
In Finland ESCO company and customer can use general “Conditions for sale”. 15<br />
8.1.3 Financial institutions and schemes<br />
When starting the introduction of the ESCO concept In Finland it was considered, more or less, as a<br />
tool for the implementation of energy saving measures identified and reported in connection with<br />
energy auditing. This is a consequence of the fact that a lot of energy audits in different client<br />
categories have been carried out in Finland during the past ten years. Most of the audits have been<br />
actions in implementing the Voluntary Energy Conservation Agreements. Energy auditing is<br />
supported by the Finnish government and is linked to the national energy and climate strategy. In<br />
the public sector about 50 % of the whole building volume has this far been audited this far and the<br />
total number of the audited public and commercial buildings was 4300 at the end of the year 2005.<br />
The average economic energy saving potential of 17 % in heat and fuels and 7 % in electricity has<br />
been reported in the auditing reports. About two thirds of the saving measures proposed in the<br />
reports have been implemented according to Motiva’s separate studies and clients response. The<br />
high implementation rate is easy to believe because the average pay back time of all reported energy<br />
saving measures is relatively short: about 80 % of the energy saving potential reported is possible to<br />
achieve within a shorter than 2 years pay back time in municipalities and in the public sector (see<br />
picture 1 below). This means that most clients normally prefer to implement the saving measures by<br />
themselves rather than by utilising an ESCO service. 16 This point is can act like a barrier to the<br />
broading of BioSol Esco`s (or ordinary ESCO`s).<br />
BioSolEsco`s can apply financial support from the ministry of employment and economy. Normally<br />
support is 20 % from the investment cost of the ESCO.<br />
8.1.4 Barriers<br />
In 2009 in Finland we have only one BioSolEsco client (city of Jämsä, two cases) and one<br />
BioSolEsco (Enespa Oy).<br />
ESCO business has been growing in Finland but not to meet the expectations following the early<br />
information from foreign ESCO and EPC markets and the growth of this business. Lately we have<br />
noticed that our expectations have been unrealistic in our country probably because:<br />
• The energy auditing program subsidized by the government and combined to the Voluntary<br />
Energy Conservation Agreements has been one of the most important tools to improve<br />
energy efficiency in the county. As far as the energy auditing program and the ESCO<br />
concept work as complementary tools to each other both concepts can be expected to have<br />
growing markets. 17<br />
14 www.energiateolisuus.fi<br />
15 For example YSE 98, NLM 94, KSE 95<br />
16 16 EPC markets and ESCO business in Finland. 2007. Motiva<br />
17 EPC markets and ESCO business in Finland. 2007. Motiva
• Until now the ESCO concept has been strictly focused on improving energy efficiency in<br />
Finland. In many other countries EPC projects tie energy efficiency activities and renovation<br />
needs closely together. In some countries energy projects or energy related activities are<br />
called ESCO activities much more deliberately than the practise is in Finland and this is why<br />
much higher growth rates can be shown there in this business area. 18<br />
• The energy saving potential in foreign countries seems to be much higher than in Finland.<br />
To create EPC business in the markets, where the expected saving potential is relatively low<br />
is challenging and leads to tough requirements in verification and utilisation correction. 19<br />
• In the Finnish renovation projects the driving forces are normally the needs to modernize the<br />
spaces suitable for new or increased services in the building or to replace old architectural or<br />
technical systems by new ones which would normally bring about improvements in comfort<br />
levels etc. In general the insulation of building envelope is already good or it is not normally<br />
economical to improve that in existing buildings only for energy saving reasons. Normally<br />
only relatively few remarkably inefficient technical systems or structural deficiencies can be<br />
fo<strong>und</strong> in the buildings. 20<br />
• Combining the ESCO/EPC concept with renovation needs in Finland seems to mean that<br />
indoor climate conditions, building services etc. will be often improved compared with the<br />
reference situation and that the consumption of energy (heat and especially electric energy)<br />
and the consequent costs decrease only marginally or might even increase. A common<br />
tendency in the Finnish building renovation projects today is that when replacing old HVAC<br />
systems with new ones, at the same time indoor air cooling systems are installed. This again<br />
increases consumption of electric energy - even if new energy efficient control were<br />
installed in the same time in order to regulation of the supply air flow into some spaces in<br />
the building. All this means that new ESCO/EPC concepts and solutions should be created<br />
for renovation projects, where energy efficiency (not necessarily energy cost saving) would<br />
be guaranteed and verified. 21<br />
We believe that the EPC markets, as exist abroad, are limited in our country and there are not major<br />
barriers to that - if we do not accept a relatively high level of energy efficiency as a barrier. Our<br />
<strong>und</strong>erstanding of the high efficiency is partly based on the statistical results of the energy auditing<br />
program where energy auditors report the proposed economical energy saving measures in auditing<br />
reports to the clients. The results reported especially for the service sector show relatively small<br />
saving potential over a 2-year pay-back time. This has naturally raised some questions and has been<br />
openly discussed in Finland for some years. The ESCO business has been marketed widely in<br />
Finland and the government gives financial support to the ESCO investment projects. There is room<br />
also for ESCO business focusing strictly on energy efficiency improvements (as we have seen<br />
especially in our industrial success projects) but e.g. the lack of knowledge and slowness in<br />
adapting new methods are hindering the growth of applying the concept in areas where it could be<br />
utilized more widely. Unlike in some countries where EPC is applied, we in Finland often face the<br />
needs for verifying the annual energy savings not by comparing the annual energy costs of the<br />
whole building or plant but of the systems to be included in the individual ESCO project. And this<br />
we do not regard as a minor issue in ESCO concept marketing. 22<br />
18 EPC markets and ESCO business in Finland. 2007. Motiva<br />
19 EPC markets and ESCO business in Finland. 2007. Motiva<br />
20 EPC markets and ESCO business in Finland. 2007. Motiva<br />
21 EPC markets and ESCO business in Finland. 2007. Motiva<br />
22 EPC markets and ESCO business in Finland. 2007. Motiva
We have to remember that in 2008 there was about 400 BioSolEsco-like companies in Finland.<br />
BioSolEsco-like company means companies, who are selling wood or/and peat base heat to the<br />
customers. 23<br />
8.2 Technical framework<br />
8.2.1 Quality and monitoring<br />
8.2.2 Appropriate technology for BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
Our opinion is that technology is not a problem in Finland for BioSolEsco`s. There are technical<br />
solutions available for solar systems and for systems which uses soli fuels. It is totally different<br />
issues are the prises of the Bioheating systems and bio fuels competitive to the other solutions.<br />
8.2.3 Software tools available<br />
All the reports, tools and the most important material created in Cubenet / Eurocontract –project can<br />
be downloaded in Motiva web page. 24 . The most important results in the view of Finnish national<br />
project plan and targets in Eucontract project are the “ESCO-guide” (ESCO-opas) for municipalities<br />
and the report “ESCO Service for Municipalities” (Kunnallinen ESCO-menettely).<br />
• ESCO-opas (pdf, 437 KB) (= ESCO guide)<br />
• Kunnallinen ESCO-menettely (pdf, 618 KB) (= ESCO service for municipalities)<br />
• ESCOn sopimusohjelmamalli (pdf, 155 KB) (= tendering documents)<br />
• Puhallinenergiansäästön laskenta (xls, 30 KB) (= Energy saving calcultion for fans)<br />
• Riskinjako Makro-Meso-Mikro (xls, 30 KB) (=risk handling)<br />
• Säästölaskelma (xls, 30 KB) (= calculation for energy savings)<br />
• Success Factors (xls, 36 KB) (in Finnish)<br />
The material has been also utilized in a project where four Finnish ESCO’s have contacted<br />
municipalities marketing the service and training the staff to <strong>und</strong>erstand the ESCO service<br />
flexibility e.g. in renovation projects. The project is coordinated by Motiva and it has got f<strong>und</strong>ing<br />
also from the Ministry of Trade and Industry. Motiva expects that the ESCO’s have visited dozens<br />
(40-50) of municipalities till the end of the year 2007, when the project is scheduled to end.<br />
There is also available a software which is developed for simulation of action of heat plant. 25<br />
In Biohousing – project is developed a calculator for simulating small scale house heating system. 26<br />
8.3 Lessons learned<br />
For municipalities the new Energy Efficiency Agreement, the agreement period starting in the year<br />
2008 (it has started already), will state in the agreement documents e.g that the municipality (the<br />
quotation below freely translated from Finnish):<br />
23 Työtehoseura 2009. Unpublished database.<br />
24 http://www.motiva.fi/fi/toiminta/escotoiminta/cubenet/<br />
25 http://www.knowenergy.net/lampokeskus/<br />
26 http://www.biohousing.eu.com/heatingtool/Default.asp?lang=eng
• “will use new procedures to get energy efficient solution to be implemented in renovation<br />
projects and in new building contracts and if necessary, independent on its own investment<br />
budget<br />
• will find the necessary knowledge and <strong>und</strong>erstanding to be able to utilize ESCO service in<br />
investments<br />
• finds out the possible obstacles in energy efficiency decisions in its own administrative and<br />
decision making processes and tries to solve the revealed problems<br />
• when beginning new investments takes into account the option to utilize ESCO service<br />
when the scarce financing sources will hinder cost effective investments to come true” 27<br />
Referring to the previous quotation in the Energy Conservation Agreement there will become still a<br />
great call for information and training about ESCO service among municipalities, despite the fact<br />
that Motiva has already started a focused and intensified info dissemination work like described<br />
previously in this text.<br />
After Eurocontract project Motiva will continue its work to enhance the penetration of energy<br />
services to the energy markets depending on the future resources and our clients commitments<br />
focused on ESCO service. 28<br />
27 EPC markets and ESCO business in Finland. 2007. Motiva<br />
28 EPC markets and ESCO business in Finland. 2007. Motiva
9 France<br />
Energy services (public lighting, gas and electricity distribution, district heating) in the form of<br />
outsourcing public services in France dates back into the 19th century (Dupont and Adnot 2004).<br />
The success of these and other “delegated management” services (waste and water management,<br />
transport, telecommunication) financially strengthened the private companies involved in these<br />
businesses, thus creating the basis of the French ESCO model (Dupont and Adnot 2004).<br />
The French market is well developed and among the most developed markets in Europe (although<br />
based on the peculiar, but long established French ESCO model – as discussed below and in next<br />
sections) and it experienced a stable market growth between 2007 and early 2011. It is quite<br />
concentrated market, as is it largely dominated by about 10 very large companies, generally<br />
subsidiaries of main energy utilities though working independently from them. Earlier they were<br />
referred to as “expolitant de chauffage” while they are now more often defined as ESCOs. New<br />
actors have been entering the market and currently approximately other 100 smaller ESCOs<br />
companies operate in the energy market (Marino et al 2011). The new actors which are mainly large<br />
facility management and operation companies who provide financing in addition to traditional heat<br />
ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) services, manufacturers of building automation & control<br />
systems (mainly multinational) who provide the EPC services fo<strong>und</strong> in other European countries and<br />
local consultancies (Marino et al 2011, Bertoldi et al 2007). The most common ESCOs operations are<br />
district heating, CHP, public buildings, facility management and private non residential buildings<br />
(Marino et al 2011). French ESCOs mostly provide complex solutions, in contrast to ESCOs in<br />
other European countries.<br />
9.1 Legislative, Financial, contractual and marketing framework<br />
9.1.1 Legal backgro<strong>und</strong> for TPF and <strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
In France, the action plan ‘‘Le Grenelle de l’environnement’’ has created an <strong>ESCo</strong> market in the<br />
public sector with public–private partnerships and private investments. France National Renewable<br />
Energy Action Plan sets a target of the share of renewable energies to be 27 % in electricity sector,<br />
33 % in heating/cooling sector and 10,5 % in transport sector by 2020. The “Grenelle de<br />
l’Environnement” is the basis for the action plan of renewable energies in France. The Grenelle de<br />
l'environnement is an open multi-party debate in France that brings together representatives of<br />
national and local government and organizations (industry, labour, professional associations, nongovernmental<br />
organizations) to define the key points of public policy on ecological and sustainable<br />
development issues for the coming five years. The "Loi Grenelle 1" (implemented in August 2009)<br />
is the resulting framework policy and introduced the following main commitments, in relation to<br />
ESCOs activities here targeted 29 :<br />
• Building and housing: generalization of standards of low consumption in new housing and<br />
public building, plus setting up incentives for the renovation of housing and building<br />
heating.<br />
• Energy: development of renewable energy to achieve 20% of total energy consumption by<br />
2020, ban on incandescent lamps by 2010, project of a tax based on goods and services<br />
energy consumption ("carbon tax").<br />
29 http://www.legrenelle-environnement.fr, http://www.iea.org/textbase/pm/index.html
The f<strong>und</strong>ing and the detailed rules for the implementation of the provisions of the Loi Grenelle 1<br />
were specified in the Finance Law of the 2009. The Finance Law 2009 contains various provisions<br />
to increase support of renewable energy. Some of the primary measures are:<br />
• Eco-loans (0% loan for energy-efficient renovation (Art. 99)<br />
• The creation of a zero-interest loan programme for major renovation activities. The aim is<br />
for energy savings to allow repayment of the loan's capital. Activities that can be covered<br />
<strong>und</strong>er the loan include:<br />
-Thermal insulation for roofs, exterior walls, and exterior glass surfaces;<br />
-Installation, regulation or replacement of heating or hot water systems;<br />
-Installation of heating or hot water systems using renewable energy.<br />
The loan amount is limited to EUR 30 000.<br />
In 2010 the Parliament adopted ‘Le Grenelle 2’ which further regulated the implementation of the<br />
‘Grenelle de l’environment’, presents the concrete actions needed to reach the defined 2020 targets<br />
in six main sectors: buildings and urbanisation, transport, energy and climate, biodiversity, health<br />
and governance. Measures specific to buildings and energy efficiency include: thermal regulations<br />
for the 2012 (implemented by end of 2011 in public buildings), the provision of the eco-loans and<br />
the obligation of display of energy certificates on buildings and the definition of the second WCS<br />
obligation period (up to December 2013 – see below). ADEME (French environment and energy<br />
management agency) is the national agency in charge of implementing renewable energy and<br />
sustainable development policy.<br />
An important driver for uptake of ESCOs operation in private sector has been the implementation of<br />
a White Certificate scheme (WCS) in 2006 (more detailed description of the scheme is provided in<br />
section 9.1.1). Under the WCS energy savings obligations are imposed on energy suppliers in the<br />
residential and service sectors. They comply with these obligations by returning an equivalent<br />
number of certificates. End use energy saving actions are rewarded with certificates (<strong>und</strong>er certain<br />
eligibility requirements). End-use actions are eligible for all energy carriers and all sectors except<br />
for the installations already covered by the European Emission Trading Scheme (ETS). So far 139<br />
types of standardized actions were defined and validated covering all sectors (industry, residential,<br />
transport and tertiary) and many end-uses or technologies (insulation, efficient boilers, etc.).<br />
The 1st period of the WCS run from 2006 to 2009 and delivered more than 65 TWh of energy<br />
savings (above the previously set target of 54 TWh). 550 000 high-performance heating systems<br />
(condensing boilers, heat pumps) and 340 000 thermal insulation of buildings have been<br />
implemented totalling in 3.9 billion euros invested in energy saving operations and a reduction of<br />
GHG emissions of 1,83 Mt CO2 per year (Leinekugel T. 2012). The second WCS obligation period<br />
started in January 2011 and is due to end in December 2013.<br />
The building sector is the sector where white certificates are easiest to obtain, and since the<br />
beginning of the scheme, most action has been seen in residential buildings (over 80% of energy<br />
savings within the scheme 30 ); the sector is also encouraged to reach certain goals for low-income<br />
households. The Energy efficiency in the industrial sector is almost neglected, apart from the ETS.<br />
The ADEME, together with TOTAL, launched in 2011 the 6th tender for research projects on<br />
energy efficiency in industry 31 .<br />
30 http://www.climatepolicytracker.eu/france<br />
31 http://www.climatepolicytracker.eu/france
The terms ”energy service” and “energy service company”, common in Europe, appeared in France<br />
only in late 1990s thanks to the liberalization of energy markets and due to the development of the<br />
European Directive on Energy End-use Efficiency and Energy Services and the subsequent debates<br />
(ADEME 2006). Energy service provision has developed in France since, but one of the most<br />
important legislative restrictions that has impeded complex ESCO activity in the public sector is<br />
that operation and particularly purchase of equipment in the public sector is not allowed to be<br />
designated to private entities, only in the scope of very special and formal public-privatepartnership<br />
(PPP) agreements. Therefore, the Government Order of 17 July 2004 on PPP creates<br />
the possibility to draw up PPP contracts where a concession scheme is not available and where<br />
traditional procurement contracts (marchés publics) cannot be implemented because of the legal<br />
restriction to have separate contracts for each phase of the design, construction and operation of a<br />
project. The new Order also allows the public sector paying the private company’s remuneration<br />
periodically during the project, and allows that payment being based on performance indicators<br />
previously set out in the contract (instead of being purely revenue based).<br />
French energy policy is based on a strong tradition of public service and specialization in a given<br />
sector. As an example, EDF was not authorized to manage activities that are not directly and<br />
naturally linked to its main fields. It was not allowed selling a mix of energy and services, which<br />
therefore led to the very early introduction of the logic of unb<strong>und</strong>ling and thus to the creation of<br />
companies able to bear the financial risk of operations, and this is a key factor in the ESCO industry’s<br />
development.<br />
Previous and current sector specific policy initiatives and regulations are as follow.<br />
Biomass<br />
Some important programs related to biomass-to-energy routes are discussed in the following.<br />
• 1995- 1999: le Programme Bois Energie et Développement Local (PBEDL) was focused on<br />
11 selected regions and concentrated on the promotion of collective/ industrial bio-heating<br />
systems, and on the support of wood supply companies.<br />
• 2000- 2006: le Programme Bois Energie (PBE), was launched by ADEME with the view of<br />
developing industrial and district heating by encouraging the rational utilization of wood<br />
wastes. It covered all France.<br />
• Measures to raise awareness, promote best practices and provide information on collective/<br />
industrial heating as well as integration of domestic wood heating have been introduced<br />
overtime.<br />
• Financial support for Collective/Industrial biomass plants:<br />
– Investment subsidy<br />
– ADEME (selection on energetic efficiency by euro/ tep ratio). Collective/ industrial :<br />
max 30 % of investment cost. Wood supply companies: max 30 % of investment cost.<br />
– Others publics subsidies:<br />
– FOGIME : garanty f<strong>und</strong> for loans concerning investment in rational use of energy,<br />
– FIDEME : investment f<strong>und</strong> to support companies involved in rational use of energy<br />
projects,<br />
– FCPR 3E (Emertec Energie Environnement) : risk capital f<strong>und</strong> for innovative companies<br />
in energy/ environment fields
In 2010, France tendered 250 MW of biomass installed capacity, distributed between 32 Combined<br />
Heat and Power (CHP) plants and another 200 MW for plants no smaller than 12 MW was closed in<br />
February 2011. France targets a total installed capacity of 2,300 MW by 2020 (IEA/IRENA 2012).<br />
It should be noted that the biomass wood fuel market in France is one of the more successful<br />
examples of exploitation of renewable energy sources in the country over the past decade, with<br />
biomass used mostly for heating apartment blocks.<br />
Solar thermal<br />
In 1999, for the metropolitan areas of France, ADEME has launched “Helios 2006 ” or “Plan<br />
Soleil”.This medium-term solar thermal development plan (six years), aimed to the installation of<br />
50.000 domestic solar thermal systems by 2006. The ADEME subsidies were available everywhere<br />
in metropolitan areas and were sometimes complemented by regional or local f<strong>und</strong>ing (30 to<br />
100%). The ADEME subsidies vary for a SDHW system from 690 to 1.150 Euro, depending on the<br />
size of the system. In metropolitan areas, 100 SDHW systems were installed in 1999, 800 in 2000<br />
and 2.600 in 2001.The area of newly installed collectors rose from 3.600 in 2000 to 12.000 in<br />
2001.The industry target for 2010 is more than 100.000 newly installed systems, equalling 480.000<br />
m 2 .<br />
Besides DHW, a promising market for solar thermal in metropolitan areas is active solar space<br />
heating (Combined system). So far, only one company (Clipsol) sold its combi-systems with<br />
ADEME f<strong>und</strong>ing in 5 regions. 250 systems were sold in 2001 (about 4.500 m 2 of collector areas).<br />
The incentive scheme changed in 2002, and the market for combined systems increased. At least 5<br />
companies offer combined systems in France. The industry target for combined systems in 2010 is<br />
more than 12.000 systems installed, equivalent to 180.000 m 2 of collector area.<br />
Building sector<br />
The main programmes and legislation in force for energy efficiency and renewable energy in<br />
buildings are as follows:<br />
• Thermal Regulations on new buildings in the residential sector – these have been revised<br />
regularly since a 1974<br />
• Thermal Regulations on new buildings in new commercial buildings – these have become<br />
more stringent since 1989.<br />
The aim of both regulations is to reduce energy consaumption by 40% for the commercial and<br />
tertiary sector and by 15% for the residential sector. As regards households and tertiary sector, the<br />
thermal building code was reinforced as of July 2005 for both households and the service sectors.<br />
This should determinate average energy savings of 15%, compared to 2000 standards. In 2006,<br />
6456 buildings have been audited for a total of 49.000 buildings since 2000. This measure has been<br />
completed by demonstration projects and by OPATB program (energy efficiency of residential and<br />
tertiary building). The total subsidies dedicated to these measures reached 19 M Euros in 2006.<br />
Policy measures aimed at houses built before 1975 has been put in place since 1975. There are<br />
many programmes in place to support retrofitting of housing. On 25 April 2006, France announced<br />
a series of public-private research partnerships, including three to reduce dependence on petroleum<br />
products and mitigate climate change. Projects slated to receive substantial public f<strong>und</strong>ing from the<br />
Agency for Industrial Innovation (AII), included a €88 million programme to improve energy<br />
efficiency in buildings through improvements in insulation, heating, lighting and ventilation. Since<br />
2006-2007, the energy performance audit of household or building is mandatory for sale hiring and<br />
construction.
New buildings in the tertiary sector and new public buildings may not use more than 50 kWh/m²<br />
after mid-2011. For privately-owned new homes, this limit will become effective by the end of<br />
2012.<br />
In March 2011, the ministry published 16 recommendations to help reach the target for the building<br />
sector of reducing energy demand by 38% by 2020 and realising the thermal renovation of 400,000<br />
flats per year from 2013 onwards. How these measures will be achieved cannot be judged yet.<br />
Plans for the future include making energy audits mandatory, strengthening thermal insulation<br />
guidelines and increasing the levels of information available to owners, buyers and all categories of<br />
professionals involved in the building sector.<br />
Biomass district heating status<br />
There are several examples of biomass heating applications in various regions aro<strong>und</strong> France:<br />
• Dole, in the Jura Mountains in eastern France, has a 3.2-MW biomass-fired boiler delivering<br />
hot water and heating to 1 800 dwellings and various larger public and private buildings.<br />
This supplies more than one third of the energy required by the area, and uses 12 000 tonnes<br />
of wood residues annually.<br />
• In Normandy, a 2-MW wood-fired boiler plant supplies heating to 470 houses, a college, a<br />
school and a sports centre. The project involved the construction of a heating network,<br />
which was developed by a heating company.<br />
• In Bourgogne, a district heating system due for renovation was refurbished with an 8-MW<br />
wood-fuelled boiler. This provides heat for up to 3 500 homes, and also provides a market<br />
for waste wood from local sawmills.<br />
9.1.2 Existing contracts<br />
The current contracts of facility management are concentrated primarily in the tertiary sector.<br />
However the deregulation of the electricity market has created a new market of the offer of service<br />
in France while making it possible for new actors to offer a service of advice focused on the energy<br />
provisioning at the upstream of the meter.<br />
Traditionally, the “contract of operation” model dominated the French ESCO market. It should be<br />
emphasized that the French market cannot be fully associated with the definitions usually applied<br />
elsewhere in Europe. Originally it was based on the combined operation and maintenance contract of<br />
heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and differentiated four basic elements<br />
(ADEME 2006, Dupont and Adnot 2004):<br />
• P1: purchasing of fuel;<br />
• P2: daily operation;<br />
• P3: complete and complex maintenance;<br />
• P4: f<strong>und</strong>ing for new (energy efficient) equipments.<br />
It was necessary to separate the 4 items in the public sector in order to be able to contract separate<br />
companies for the different tasks, to apply different VAT rates, and to be able to keep the elements<br />
separated in the bookkeeping (Dupont and Adnot 2004). This coding and the demand of public<br />
accounting for fixed results for a fixed price largely determined the features of energy performance<br />
contracting (EPC) in France. For all the P1 contracts presented, a clause of profit sharing can be<br />
integrated e.g., the sharing of energy savings, based on a previously defined heating consumption (the<br />
market central commission in the register of the general technical specifications (Collection Marchés<br />
Publics n°2008) defines the formulas of profit sharing). Profit sharing involves all actors but, as opposed
to a fixed price operation, decreases the payback time for the operator when he decides to invest his own<br />
money in the facilities of the customer.<br />
The so called “Chauffage contract” is a contract widely applied in France, which includes operation<br />
without explicitly committment to carrying out energy efficiency investment. Under a Chauffage<br />
contract, the contractor ensures optimal operation of an already existing system and must provide an<br />
agreed comfort level (for instance temperature, humidity) at a lower cost for the client if conditions<br />
remain unchanged. The contractor can increase its profits by investing in more energy saving equipment<br />
or by procuring cheaper fuel, thus reducing the costs. These types of contracts in France are usually<br />
long-term and include the obligation to analyse problems and identify needs for improvement in the<br />
system, and to carry out the investment. The French operators have ‘exported’ the Chauffage contract<br />
model to several other European countries, including Belgium, Italy, Spain, the UK, and Central-<br />
Eastern Europe.<br />
The first formalized contract including third-party financing (TPF) in France was signed in 1983.<br />
This was primarily designed for financing energy saving investments in order to overcome clients’<br />
aversion to high perceived risk of improvements that in reality were cost-effective, but not<br />
acknowledged as such by the clients (Dupont and Adnot 2004). However, TPF model did not<br />
particularly spread in France due to the strength of the traditional “contract of operation” model. In<br />
presence of TPF, the ESCO provides the financing and carries out investments aiming at cutting<br />
running costs. The investment is reimbursed through the savings obtained and the company offers a<br />
threefold service:<br />
• The financing<br />
• The technical realization<br />
• A guarantee of results<br />
The essential clause allowing TPF in the public Markets is the clause of "Control of energy savings<br />
with guarantee of result" (GR-ME): if the operator proposes actions reducing energy use, it can<br />
finance them on the future benefits. The contracts with obligation of results put strong responsibility<br />
onto the company which must fulfill successfully the conditions agreed in the contract. Thus, the<br />
company gives its estimate on operational budgets, its guarantee on the quality of service and wellbeing<br />
in the buildings, on the availability of steam or compressed air in the industry, on the<br />
maintenance of the materials, and the compliance with the code of practice. Indeed the guarantee of<br />
the results implies a perfect knowledge of the installations but also, very often, significant<br />
investments in time for the knowledge, commissioning and adjustment of the installations. The<br />
contract of results can be only a contract of long duration.<br />
9.1.3 Financial institutions and schemes<br />
The strength of the traditional “contract of operation” model and the regulatory constraints that do<br />
not facilitate ESCOs activities in the public sector have slowed down the development of TPF in<br />
France. Moreover, as previously introduced, France ESCOs marjet is dominated by few large<br />
companies that have the financial means to finance projects if necessary, thus the role of banks is<br />
limited (ESCO Status Report 2005,EC DG JRC 2005; Dupont and Adnot, 2004; ADEME, 2003).<br />
As of 2006, 60% of the ESCO projects are financed by ESCOs themselves, 30% of the projects<br />
using TPF, while 10% of the projects are paid for by the clients.
Therefore, the high concentration of the ESCOs market and the size of the major ESCOs companies<br />
operating in France had led to the prevalence of an ESCO model in which the financier and the<br />
operational company coincide.<br />
In the recent years (partly due to the increase number of new actors operating in the France energy<br />
market) financial institutions have acquired experience in financing energy efficiency projects and<br />
in taking into consideration the guaranteed savings offered by some <strong>ESCo</strong>s and energy performance<br />
contracting, for example they now can offer to cover the risk of the guaranteed savings by insuring<br />
the savings (Marino et al 2011).<br />
Grants and subsidies are available from the regional bodies of ADEME. Furthermore, ADEME, in<br />
cooperation with the French development bank, created a Crediting System in Favour of Energy<br />
Management (FOGIME), which is a guarantee f<strong>und</strong> for loans for investments in sustainable energy<br />
and renewables in the private sector..<br />
9.1.4 Barriers<br />
Public procurement regulations are a significant barrier to ESCOs development in France. As<br />
discussed in previous sections the legally regulated contractual agreements for project development<br />
in the public sector are seen as a major hurdle for the introduction of energy performance<br />
contracting (Marino et al 2011). It has long been claimed by ESCOs that the engagement of the<br />
private sector to provide complex solutions for the public sector would be beneficial and could<br />
determinate innovative solutions.<br />
The Government Order of 17 July 2004 on PPP has helped in this respect, but in order to further<br />
increase the effectiveness of the new regulation, public accounting rules should also be revised and<br />
the separation of operation and investment budgets should be overcome in case of ESCO projects,<br />
where it is very important that the savings in operation budgets could be used as a levy for<br />
investments in energy efficiency. Moreover, public procurement rules should be revised to allow<br />
including energy performance criteria. The public sector should be required by law to improve its<br />
energy performance in order to increase energy savings significantly on the one hand, and to serve<br />
as a guideline to the other sectors on the other hand.<br />
For a long time, while the market of CHP has increased very quickly in Europe, centralized<br />
electricity production and administrative authorisations in France have slown down the<br />
development of co-generation by independent producers and by Electricité de France. CHP units<br />
were authorised in only a very few cases. In 1994, only 570 CHP units (3,000 MW) were operated,<br />
mainly in industries, while the CHP potential was estimated between 5,000 and 10,000 MW by<br />
officials, and over 15,000 MW by equipment suppliers. However, such barriers have been removed<br />
and CHP have grown considerably in France. The main line of expansion is out-sourced cogeneration<br />
where HVAC operators provide full service and guarantees to the host company at<br />
reduced price for heat. The case of co-generation is now exemplary of EPC in France : 1) cogeneration<br />
is becoming the dominant ‘Trojan horse’ used by new independent producers for<br />
obtaining some market shares in France; 2) its development has led to the development of a series<br />
of new services for sizing, financing, building and operating CHP units.<br />
Other common barriers identified are:<br />
• Trust and skepticism on the clients’ side and little <strong>und</strong>erstanding of the opportunities of ESCO<br />
projects and EPC offer;
• High perceived risk of the ESCO investment, lack of expertise and experience on the financial<br />
market;<br />
• Non-supportive procurement rules;<br />
• Accounting problems (investment vs. operating costs);<br />
• Lack of ”off-balance sheet” solutions;<br />
• Public budgeting rules (”pressure to spend”);<br />
• Reluctance to outsource;<br />
• Administrative hurdles, high transaction costs;<br />
• Split incentives.<br />
9.2 Technical framework<br />
9.2.1 Quality and monitoring<br />
As in other countries, measurement and verification (M&V) is the key for effective tradable<br />
certificates mechanism applied to the promotion of energy efficiency in end-use sectors. If savings<br />
cannot be measured they need to be calculated by comparing measurements of energy use and/or<br />
demand before (i.e. the baseline energy use) and after implementation of the saving measure.<br />
However, baseline conditions can change after the energy efficiency measure has been<br />
implemented. Such changes could include changes of baseline conditions, equipment performances,<br />
and external conditions (e.g. weather conditions). Clearly a methodology to verify and certify the<br />
projects and their savings is a requirement for an effective M&V system. Various systems are in<br />
place; each with different levels of accuracy and costs. These range from engineering methods<br />
based on detailed calculations that are calibrated with onsite data to end-use metering where energy<br />
use is actively measured with specialized equipment and expertise. The more sophisticated the<br />
method, the higher the costs. There is no overall preferred method for all projects.<br />
Clearly extensive and complicated M&V can be too costly for the small and medium-size projects.<br />
Parties have therefore developed ex-ante M&V protocols that pre-define saving factors for each<br />
type of project. Using these methods the costs of M&V – and therewith total certification costs – are<br />
significantly lowered. Three countries have successfully developed and tested a number of ex ante<br />
formulae covering most of small and medium size projects. All calculations have been dealt with in<br />
statistical manner.<br />
No matter whether ex-ante or ex-post methods are used, harmonisation of the verification process is<br />
crucial to avoid uncertainty, duplication of effort and a potential loss of credibility in the market.<br />
9.2.2 Software tools available<br />
French energy efficiency (Ee) system achieved significative results:<br />
• Industry sector most successful in reducing its energy consumption, transport and housing<br />
sectors lags behind;<br />
• EE efforts voluntarily implemented for decades by industry<br />
• New energy price surge accelerating EE investment.<br />
• ETS and PNAQ carbon markets : strong incentive effect on EE initiatives<br />
• New French government highly committed to sustainable development. French public<br />
opinion and financial institutions now very sensitive to Sustainable Development.<br />
• SD is now a significant part of business development and reporting to stock exchange<br />
From these assumptions, best practice list can be developed, in order to identify success causes of<br />
French system and to diffuse them in other countries:
• Large political “dialogue” (Grenelle) on sustainable development launched for 3 months<br />
with support of high level personalities (Nobel prizes MM. Stern & Al Gore) to finalize<br />
government action program.<br />
• Financial institutions very keen to purchase firms with high tech energy efficiency or RE<br />
technologies.<br />
• French banks setting up special guichetsand loan facilities for energy efficiency investment<br />
in industry and housing.<br />
• Importance of a clear political commitment towards energy efficiency (carrot & stick).<br />
• Key role of a suitable legal, fiscal and regulatory framework encouraging energy efficiency<br />
with field verification of enforcement.<br />
• High energy prices and competition essential to motivate energy efficiency investment.<br />
• Specialized energy service companies and financial packages needed to guarantee by<br />
contract the expected savings.<br />
• Suitable legal frameworks and sophisticated energy performance contracts needed to protect<br />
business partners in ESCOs contracts.<br />
• Corporate image and internal ethics play a decisive role for environment protection and<br />
energy efficiency investment in large industries.<br />
• National and regional energy efficiency centers play a decisive role especially for small &<br />
medium size companies.<br />
• International climate debate and issues regarding long term world energy supply key<br />
elements to move large companies towards energy efficiency<br />
• Importance of professional associations to promote EE among participants and dialogue<br />
with government.<br />
• Financing of good energy efficiency projects or renewable energy not a problem, all large<br />
banks have developed special departments to provide services.<br />
• Energy efficiency services becoming a major business sector with a large growth potential.<br />
Annex: French white certificate trading system<br />
In France a national policy based on White Certificates trading was put in practice, mainly focused<br />
on household and tertiary sectors, with a complementary role to other existing instruments, such as<br />
regulations, tax credit, etc, and which could be based on encouraging the market parties towards<br />
mobilization of their demand/supply, with no involvement of subsidies.<br />
The main drivers which <strong>und</strong>erlie White Certificates policy instrument in France are essentially:<br />
• Need to reach e important energy savings, in particular in residential and tertiary sectors<br />
• Limits of traditional public instruments, which are very often not adapted<br />
• Lack of public money to implement energy savings programmes<br />
• The expected advantages are :<br />
• Economic efficiency<br />
• Direct relationship between obliged parts, the energy suppliers, and the energy end-users<br />
• Open scheme: the energy suppliers can propose measures not planned yet<br />
• New means of financing energy efficiency projects : between 500 and 1000 M€ over three<br />
years<br />
• Instrument adapted into liberalized energy markets<br />
The mandatory targets of the herein considered French scheme involve for the first three years<br />
period some 54 TWh of energy consumed. The saving actions must be performed in the three years
period 2006-2008. Within this period, there are no annual deadlines to be respected, and the targets<br />
will be verified only at the end.<br />
The overall target will be shared among the different energy sources covered, and among the<br />
obliged actors, depending on their market share. Obligation concerns a very wide collection of<br />
subjects: energy suppliers in the fields of electricity, natural gas, LGP, domestic fuel (not for<br />
transports), cooling and heating.<br />
As a rule, the total energy savings targets are shared among suppliers on the basis of annual sales<br />
beyond a fixed threshold.<br />
This threshold depends on the kind of supplied energy:<br />
• in case of suppliers of electricity, natural gas and heating or cooling, the threshold proposed<br />
t is 0.4 TWh in the year and for LPG 0,1TWh ;<br />
• in case of domestic fuel suppliers, there is no threshold: the obligation occurs “from the first<br />
litre”, according to a specific request of the professional organization.<br />
The amount of the targets over an obliged entity is proportional to its assessed sales volume.<br />
An annual adjustment system is considered to account for variations in market shares (increase,<br />
decrease, new entries). All the domestic fuel suppliers are entrusted with individual obligation;<br />
chance will be granted to transfer these obligations to a professional consortium structure. The<br />
collective structure will be in charge of the implementation of the sum of the obligations of the<br />
components.<br />
All end-use sectors are eligible. Energy substitution of fossil energies with renewable energies is<br />
eligible, but only in few selected cases, such as heat production and sanitary hot water production.<br />
Pre-approval for the eligibility of a technology is not mandatory but possible. Standardized projects<br />
are encouraged, since they are considered eligible by default.<br />
There are some definitely not eligible technologies, such as installations implied in the CO2<br />
abatement UE Directive, savings from only substitution between fossil fuels, installations required<br />
to fulfill the regulations in force.<br />
Any operator can make savings projects and get certificates. A threshold of savings exists for an<br />
operator to be eligible. At present, the threshold is 1 GWh. Residential fuel suppliers can cope with<br />
difficulties in reaching the threshold: possibility (not obligation) exists for them of gathering<br />
together into a collective professional structure. Operators must show that they comply with criteria<br />
for additionality. These criteria depend on the obliged/non-obliged features of the operator<br />
performing the energy saving project:<br />
The kind of the eligible projects is as open as possible to allow for compliance with target in the<br />
widest and most concurrent way. As an illustration, here’s a list of potential actions:<br />
• substitution with low energy light bulbs<br />
• loft insulation<br />
• use of double glazing<br />
• installation of heating control mechanisms<br />
• replacement of domestic appliances with more efficient equipment<br />
• replacement of boilers or water heaters by more efficient equipment or thermal renewable<br />
energy equipments<br />
• fitting of insulating jackets to water heaters<br />
• boiler maintenance<br />
• creation of wood-fired heating systems for district heating or in industry<br />
The White Certificates are negotiable property titles (White Certificate = n saved kWh, according to<br />
the standard evaluation procedures described above). They are delivered by a National Public Body<br />
(DRIRE - Directions Régionales de l'Industrie de la Recherche et de l'Environnement).
The White Certificates must be returned by the obligated parties to the delivering Body (Minister of<br />
industry) at the end of the compliance period, according to the relevant apportionments; after<br />
returning, clearance of these titles will occur. Before this date, the market will reconcile possible<br />
lack and excess of titles through a gradual and continuous exchange. Price of transactions will<br />
depend on the market but an upper limit is given by the value of the penalty for non-compliance<br />
(2c€/kWh : payment of the penalty cancels the obligation). The Responsible of the National<br />
Certificates Registry will publish the yearly average price of transaction for Certificates.<br />
Elementary Energy Efficiency actions involving products or widely exploited services are pointed<br />
in each sector (residential/tertiary sectors, industry, transport). Standardized methodologies are<br />
being set up for saving calculation. These methodologies are based on fast and straightforward userfriendly<br />
procedures without complex details. Lump evaluation of energy savings are established for<br />
each action, expressed in kWh of final energy, cumulated and present-worthed over the life of the<br />
product (the so called CUMAC) :<br />
CUMAC = EE * DV *Ca<br />
where :<br />
EE = annual energy savings, DV = lifetime of the action, Ca = discount factor.<br />
The savings are cumulated over the time life of an equipment by actualizing the annual savings with<br />
a discount rate of 4 %.<br />
Sources<br />
• Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie (ADEME). 2006. Current situation<br />
of the Energy Efficiency Services market in France. Country Overview. EUROCONTRACT<br />
project.<br />
• Bertoldi P., Berrutto V., De Renzio M, Adnot J.,Vine E. ‘How are EU ESCOs behaving and<br />
how to create a real ESCO market?’ Proceedings ECEEE conference 2003
• Bertoldi P., Boza-Kiss B., RezessyLatest S. ‘Development of Energy Service Companies<br />
across Europe- A European ESCO Update’ Institute for Environment and Sustainability,<br />
JRC. EUR 22927 EN - 2007<br />
• Dupont, M.,Adnot,J.,2004.’Investigation of actual energy efficiency content of ‘‘energy<br />
services’’ in France .In: Bertoldi,P., Atanasiu,B.(Eds.), Proceedings of International<br />
Conference on Improving Energy Efficiency in Commercial Buildings<br />
IEECB’04),Frankfurt(Germany),21–22April2004.OfficeforOfficial Publications of the<br />
European Communities, Luxembourg.<br />
• IEA/IRENA (2012) ‘Global renewable energy policy and measures database’ available at:<br />
http://www.iea.org/textbase/pm/index.html Accessed: March 2012<br />
• Leinekugel, T. 2012 ‘The French white certificates scheme. Second target period: key issues<br />
and expectations’Presentation of the Ministère de l'Écologie, du Développement durable,<br />
des Transports et du Logement. Available at:<br />
http://www.iea.org/work/2012/pepdee/Leinekugel%20Session%204A%20.pdf<br />
• Marino A., Bertoldi P., Rezessy S., Boza-Kiss B.‘A snapshot of the European energy<br />
service market in 2010 and policy recommendations to foster a further market development’<br />
Energy Policy39 (2011) 6190–6198
10 Germany<br />
10.1 Legislative, Financial, contractual and marketing framework<br />
10.1.1 Legal backgro<strong>und</strong> for TPF and <strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
The term <strong>ESCo</strong> is hardly used in Germany. Instead, this business model is referred to as<br />
Contracting. In order to prevent confusion concerning the terms describing contracting, the<br />
DIN 8930-5 “Contracting” (2003) defines the basic terms, several alternative contracting schemes,<br />
service components, pricing for services, application areas and the legal backgro<strong>und</strong>.<br />
Heat contracting is legally equal to district heating, as long as the heat producing device is owned<br />
and maintained by a party (in this case: contractor) different than the building owner. 32 Along the<br />
BGB, the general regulations on district heating apply (AVBFernwärmeV). 33<br />
Furthermore, laws regulating service contracting and heat delivery have to be considered.<br />
In the residential sector the regulations on heat cost allocation to tenants (HeizkostenV 34 ) is of<br />
relevance while public bodies have to follow the regulations on the commissioning of public<br />
contracts (VGV 35 ).<br />
10.1.2 Existing contracts<br />
Several reports (e.g. 36 ) state that more than 500 ESCO´s are active in the German market. Only a<br />
fraction of these companies, however, is relevant to this project. Some companies are basically<br />
utilities providing district heating and others are specialized in industrial customers. Most<br />
companies state that they are also providing heat from biomass or solar thermal but reference<br />
projects are not published. Many companies are clearly specialized on natural gas technologies.<br />
The German Norm DIN 8930-5 describes two main contracting schemes:<br />
Plant / Operation contracting<br />
This scheme is referred to as Energieliefercontracting (Energy supply contracting). In this case, the<br />
contractor plans, finances and constructs new heat production devices or takes over an existing<br />
device. Over the contract duration (typically 10 – 20 years) the contractor is responsible for plant<br />
operation, maintenance and attendance. He buys primary energy and sells heat to the customer.<br />
Energy savings of course are part of these projects since new or refurbished boilers work more<br />
efficiently. The customer usually pays a basic price that covers the contractor’s investment costs,<br />
including loan repayment. The basic price also has a component covering plant maintenance. This<br />
cost component is flexible regarding the increase of average salaries. The second part of the<br />
monthly payment depends on energy consumption.<br />
In most cases, the customer has higher total heating costs after the contracting project, since no<br />
investment had to be paid for before the contracting project. However, most customers save<br />
significant amounts when the costs of alternative solutions (i.e. project implementation by the<br />
32 Kramer, D.R.; Energieeinsparung im Mietwohnsektor durch Wärme-Contracting; ZUR 6/2007.<br />
33 AVBFernwärmeV: Verordnung über allgemeine Bedingungen für die Versorgung mit Fernwärme; available at:<br />
http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/b<strong>und</strong>esrecht/avbfernw_rmev/gesamt.pdf<br />
34 HeizkostenV: Verordnung über die verbrauchsabhängige Abrechnung der Heiz- <strong>und</strong> Warmwasserkosten; available<br />
at: http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/heizkostenv/index.html<br />
35 VGV: Verordnung über die Vergabe öffentlicher Aufträge; available at:<br />
http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/vgv_2001/index.html<br />
36 Bertoldi, P. et al.; Latest Development of Energy Service Companies across Europe; JRC; 2007.
customer) are calculated for comparison. The energy saving aspect of course is part of these<br />
projects: The contractor does not allocate his heat production costs to the customer who pays only<br />
the heat consumed on a kWh price basis (kWh prices are flexible depending on fuel prices). The<br />
contractor therefore will see to produce heat in the most efficient way. However, energy efficiency<br />
measures beyond heat production or guarantees regarding energy (cost) savings are rarely part of<br />
these projects.<br />
This contracting scheme therefore is not in absolute compliance with the ESCO definition given by<br />
Bertoldi et al. (2005). 37 It is also not mere energy service provision, since the contractor does not<br />
allocate all heat production costs to the customer and therefore takes certain financial and technical<br />
risks. The efficiency of heat production is a crucial aspect in this scheme as it increases the financial<br />
benefit of the contractor.<br />
The significance of this scheme is significant in Germany: Aro<strong>und</strong> 84 % of all contracting projects<br />
fall into this category. 38<br />
Energy Performance Contracting (EPC)<br />
EPC (Einsparcontracting) is implemented in Germany as defined by Bertoldi et al. (2005). 36 In<br />
Germany, this scheme rarely includes the installation of new heat production devices. However,<br />
there are projects that combine EPC characteristics and Plant Contracting but then the investment,<br />
e.g. in new biomass boilers, is usually not repaid by energy cost savings.<br />
Heat supply contracts need to address the following issues 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 :<br />
• Contractual partners and object of agreement<br />
• Definition of contractual partners; Description of buildings to be supplied (including layout<br />
of boiler room and property borders); Definition of the duties of each partner;<br />
• Reference to AVBFernwärmeV<br />
• Serves as the basis for the contract; Limits contract duration to 10 years; Longer contract<br />
durations must be agreed upon separately;<br />
• Heat delivery<br />
• Minimum heat delivery; Heat output; Hand-over point; Quality of heat medium;<br />
• The right to use the property or installation room; Accession rights;<br />
• Ownership<br />
• Ownership of installations during contract duration; Securities for the contractor;<br />
• Accountability<br />
• In case of interruption of heat delivery; General liability insurance; Warranties;<br />
• Energy monitoring<br />
• Number and quality of heat counters;<br />
• Contract duration;<br />
• Including contract extensions and legal succession; Termination rights;<br />
• End of contract<br />
• Deconstruction of installations; Transfer of installations to the customer;<br />
• Pricing and payment<br />
• Basic prices and kWh prices; Price adjustment; Starting prices; Payment schedule; Payment<br />
method; Contract violations; Billing modalities;<br />
37 Bertoldi, P & Rezessy, S.; Energy Service Companies in Europe; JRC; 2005.<br />
38 Stoppa, F.; Wärmecontracting; Verband für Wärmelieferung (VfW); 2009.<br />
39 VfW; Leitfaden für die Ausschreibung von Energielieferung; 2000.<br />
40 Fricke, N.; Gestaltung von Wärmelieferungsverträgen; AGFW.<br />
41 Kralemann, M.; Wärme aus Holz als Dienstleistung; 3N.<br />
42 Neusinger, U.; Energie-Contracting für Kommunen; Rödl & Partner.
• Necessary insurances<br />
10.1.3 Financial institutions and schemes<br />
In general, contracting schemes with reliable long-term backflow of f<strong>und</strong>s are attractive for<br />
financing institutions, especially when the customer belongs to the public sector.<br />
However, banks have to consider a number of risks: 43<br />
• Not only the customer’s solvency poses a risk (not in the public sector); The contractor’s<br />
reliability has to be considered as well; These risks are minimized when contractors can<br />
refer to a large number of contracts and risks are divided;<br />
• The viability of contracts has to be assessed; This can be difficult since the related contracts<br />
are very complicated; Issues concerning price adjustment, ownership structures, distribution<br />
of duties and risks to the contract partners have to be solved; Banks should be included in<br />
the contract design at an early stage in order to prevent problems;<br />
• Liability, warranty and insurance;<br />
• Banks often do not have the know-how to assess the technical setup of installations,<br />
especially energy saving potentials and technical risks can hardly be verified;<br />
“Forfaiting” is one way to increase the security for the bank: The contractor sells future receivables<br />
to the bank. Risks in the public sector can be further minimized by “non-recourse forfaiting”,<br />
meaning that the municipality pays the bank independently from e.g. the contractor’s<br />
malperformance. In doing so, loan conditions can be improved significantly.<br />
In principle, all banks are potential partners for contracting projects. Especially (semi-) public banks<br />
have a lot of experience in financing RE projects, including energy efficiency and contracting<br />
projects. Examples would be the banks owned by the federal states (Landesbanken) or banks with a<br />
social or environmental backgro<strong>und</strong> (Aufbau- <strong>und</strong> Umweltbanken).<br />
It is important to note that contracting projects with RE technologies are also eligible in RE<br />
promotion programmes granting subsidies or low-interest loan. The KfW credit programmes are the<br />
most prominent examples. 44<br />
10.1.4 Barriers<br />
• The concept of contracting is not well known; Especially insecurities concerning long<br />
contract durations and complicated contracts intimidate potential customers;<br />
• Contracting costs are seen as additional costs and potential customers prefer<br />
implementing their projects themselves;<br />
• One main barrier in the residential sector is that all tenants have to agree with the<br />
implementation of contracting projects unless this option was already foreseen by the<br />
initial rent contract;<br />
• Complicated commissioning procedures in the public sector: bidding process; contractor<br />
has to deal with a number of different contacts (several authorities and hierarchy levels);<br />
• Bid invitations often do not state exactly what the customer needs / wants; Customers<br />
expectations often are too high; In other cases the bid invitations give too many<br />
specifications;<br />
• Evaluation and comparison of bids can be a problem;<br />
43 Herter; Contracting aus Bankensicht; SAB Sächsische AufbauBank; 2006.<br />
44 www.kfw-foerderbank.de
• Not all contracting related details are clearly regulated by law.<br />
10.2 Technical framework<br />
10.2.1 Quality and monitoring<br />
The flexible portion of the contracting costs depends mainly on the consumption of heat. According<br />
to AVBFernwärmeV, heat consumption has to be measured using calibrated heat counters. The<br />
counters have to be calibrated every five years. They measure the volume of flowing water as well<br />
as temperatures in the flow line and the backflow. Other means of measurement are not to be<br />
applied and deviations from this method have to be agreed upon explicitly by the contract<br />
partners. 45<br />
Billing can be done monthly or annually and meter-reading needs to be done accordingly and on a<br />
regular basis. If billing is done annually the contractor can claim advance payments whose amount<br />
depends on the consumption in the previous billing period.<br />
10.2.2 Appropriate technology for BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
Contracting projects combining biomass and solar thermal technologies are rare in Germany. The<br />
installation of solar thermal collectors often proofs to be financially disadvantageous even when<br />
public subsidies are granted. Furthermore, contractors are often specialized in boiler or collector<br />
technologies. Only few equally use both technologies.<br />
Many contracting actors state that they offer biomass contracting in addition to contracting with<br />
fossil fuels, while others are specialized in biomass contracting. Biomass heating fuelled with wood<br />
chips or wood pellets have shown to be financially attractive when the contract partners agree on<br />
long contract durations (20 years). Long amortisation times are necessary to balance higher<br />
investment costs for biomass boilers. After 20 years the lower costs for wood fuels provides<br />
significant financial advantages compared to fossil fuel technologies.<br />
Biomass boilers often are designed to cover the basic heat load while efficient gas boilers (or<br />
refurbished existing fossil fuel boilers) cover the peak loads.<br />
10.2.3 Software tools available<br />
Several basic economic evaluation tools are provided by energy agencies and associations. One<br />
example is the contracting-tool provided by the energy agency in Nordrhein-Westfalen. 46<br />
10.3 Lessons learned<br />
• According to several studies the potential for contracting and energy saving is huge in<br />
Germany and widely un-tapped;<br />
• A well organized contracting business sector is necessary to provide information on<br />
contracting scheme, to do lobbying in order to adapt laws, to standardize definitions and<br />
procedures, to provide advice and to provide tools to the sector. In Germany, four<br />
associations are performing these tasks;47<br />
• Energy agencies (and other organisations) providing expertise and assistance to e.g.<br />
municipalities in implementing contracting projects are crucial for increasing the uptake<br />
of contracting schemes;<br />
45 Alter, M.; Contracting-Verträge richtig gestalten - Messung <strong>und</strong> Abrechnung; Rechtsanwälte Strunz, Winkler, Alter.<br />
46 Available at: http://www.energieagentur.nrw.de/contracting/page.asp?InfoID=6368&rubrik=&termin=&TopCatID=&RubrikID=<br />
47 VfW (www.energiecontracting.de); ESCO Forum im ZVEI (www.zvei.org); PECU (www.pecu.de); Forum<br />
Contracting (www.forum-contracting.de).
• Many contract related details remain to be clearly regulated by law; Uncertainties<br />
resulting from unclear legal status are a main barrier to contracting uptake;<br />
• The eligibility of contractors in national and regional support programmes (subsidies;<br />
loans) is important to boost the development of the RE contracting sector;<br />
• Contractors offering the whole array of technologies and fuels can provide the most<br />
efficient concept depending on the project situation;<br />
• Contracting is often not applicable in smaller projects with low investments; The<br />
pooling of buildings is an appropriate tool to increase project volumes;
11 Greece<br />
11.1 Legislative, financial, contractual and marketing framework<br />
11.1.1 Legal backgro<strong>und</strong> for TPF and <strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
The status of the Greek <strong>ESCo</strong> market is still considered to be negligible and has not been deployed<br />
yet either in the public, or in the private sector; although there is a large energy conservation<br />
potential mainly in the building sector (public administrative buildings, hospitals, hotels, sports<br />
centres etc), as well as in other sectors such as the industrial.<br />
In June 2010 one of the main barriers of the stagnation of the ESCO market development, which<br />
was the absence of a law for the ESCO business operation, was overcome with the voting of Law<br />
3855/2011 (GOG Issue A’95/23/06/2020). This law is the transposition of the EU Directive<br />
2006/32/EC – “Energy Service Directive - ESD” into Greek legislation, and it clarifies the<br />
legislative framework for the operation of an ESCO and allows to many companies, active in the<br />
RE/SE field, to enter without doubts into the energy services market. It is expected that with this<br />
law the energy service market will move forward and be developed and that a number of companies<br />
that already act as ESCOs or are willing to act as ESCOs, will be involved in energy projects both<br />
in the public and private sector.<br />
According to Law 3855/2010 an <strong>ESCo</strong> registry was also created (MD D6/13280, GOG Issue<br />
B’1228/14/06/2011), where companies that fulfil certain criteria (financial, expertise etc) can be<br />
registered and act as <strong>ESCo</strong>s.<br />
Besides the voting of Law 3855/2010, there has been a former development in 2005, when the<br />
Greek government issued the Law 3389/2005 on Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) which includes<br />
multi-year concession contracting regarding the installation, operation and maintenance of<br />
leased/outsourced energy efficient equipment in buildings. The new provision of PPP framework<br />
provides a field to boost, through further implementing acts and administrative mandates, the<br />
ESCOs business activity in the public sector. With this Law, Public Authorities are set free to<br />
cooperate (“Partnership Contracts”) with Private Bodies for the construction of works or the<br />
provision of services in areas of their jurisdiction. The Law applies to the construction of hospitals,<br />
schools, even road networks and also to the provision of services, including energy services [Market<br />
Analysis - Greece, reported by CRES, 2007 Eurocontract IEE project].<br />
In February 2011, a national program with the title: “Performing EPC in the public sector” was<br />
launched. This program is implemented by CRES and is co-financed <strong>und</strong>er the NSRF 2007-2013.<br />
In the framework of this program, CRES will support the preparation and the implementation<br />
procedure of selected EPC pilot projects in buildings of the Public and the Broader Public Sector.<br />
This program, aims at accelerating the development of the Energy Service market in Greece, by<br />
applying rules of healthy competition, for the implementation of pilot projects, that will highlight/<br />
bring forward the benefits of such a cooperation, and will set an example for the implementation of<br />
future EPC projects in other buildings of the Public Sector, which present high Energy saving<br />
potential.
More specifically, in the framework of this program, the implementation of energy saving measures<br />
is foreseen, through EPC pilot projects in five (5) buildings of the Public Sector, with the technical<br />
and scientific support of CRES towards the participating Parties. The outcomes of this program will<br />
prescribe the operation framework of the ESCO market as far as the implementation of energy<br />
projects in the Public Sector is concerned, and will contribute in identifying the technical,<br />
procedural and legislative parameters and conditions for implementing this type of Contracts and<br />
Projects<br />
11.1.2 Existing contracts.<br />
Practically speaking, the <strong>ESCo</strong> applications in Greece are very few and there are only few<br />
companies in the Greek market, which occasionally act as Energy Service Companies.<br />
As of 2009 there are two companies active in the Greek energy service market, Helesco SA and<br />
COFELY Hellas SA. The first one is an engineering consulting company with its core business<br />
focused on the provision of energy services, while the second one is a small national facility and<br />
energy management company (subsidiary of GDF Suez) providing facility management of<br />
installations and working with the <strong>ESCo</strong> concept as a side business (Bertoldi, 2010).<br />
In the past only a few <strong>ESCo</strong> attempts have been made where mainly solar thermal projects were<br />
involved. Apart from CRES, only two companies (SOLE LTD and SOL ENERGY HELLAS Inc.)<br />
have made efforts in order to act as <strong>ESCo</strong>s, in applications which regarded a mixture of energy<br />
efficiency and solar systems, thus resulting more attractive financially. [Market Analysis - Greece,<br />
reported by CRES, 2007 Eurocontract IEE project].<br />
The record of <strong>ESCo</strong> projects in Greece up to now consists of only few attempts that have been made<br />
from some companies in order to play the role of an ESCO for the application of TPF schemes:<br />
case (Achaia Claus - winery): CRES was responsible for the tele-monitoring equipment<br />
design / procurement, as well as for issuing the «solar bills». For this project the role of the<br />
<strong>ESCo</strong> was played by the solar system manufacturer (SOLE LTD).<br />
• 1 st<br />
• 2 nd<br />
case (Mevgal- dairy): CRES played the role of the ESCO.<br />
SOL ENERGY HELLAS Inc. has performed only one project (in a hotel) with the TPF method and<br />
several others with the GRS method (Guaranteed Solar Results).<br />
The contracts of the first two projects (industrial) were in the form of Build, Own, Operate and<br />
Transfer (BOOT) while the third one (hotel) was in the form of Build, Operate and Transfer (BOT).<br />
In the case of GRS the supplier of the solar installations provides the user with a bank guarantee<br />
linked with the monitored performance of the systems.<br />
The structure of the existing contracts is the following:<br />
• For the two installations (winery and hotel) for which the System providers / manufacturers<br />
played the role of the <strong>ESCo</strong>, the user paid no money for the installation of the systems, but<br />
paid the manufacturer the amount of energy supplied by the system, based on a fixed rate<br />
per kWh decided upon before the installation of the system. For the industrial project, the<br />
Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES), <strong>und</strong>ertook the monitoring of the system,<br />
which determined the energy supplied by the system, while for the hotel the system
performance was monitored by the installer. When the user paid the initial investment of the<br />
system back, the system became the exclusive property of the user.<br />
• For the industrial project (dairy industry), where CRES played the role of the <strong>ESCo</strong>, the<br />
structure of the contract was based on the provisions of the draft law "TPF of Energy<br />
Investments for Energy Saving, Cogeneration & Independent Generation of Electrical<br />
or/and Thermal Energy from RES".<br />
In the framework of the ST-ESCOs IEE project, in which CRES also participated, there has been an<br />
effort to implement solar thermal applications through <strong>ESCo</strong> projects.<br />
Aiming at this direction, two calls for interest, one for end-users and one for ST-ESCO developers,<br />
were published. More than 24 end-users (industries, hospitals, hotels, sport centers, etc) as well as<br />
20 possible ST-ESCOs developers have expressed their interest to further investigate the possibility<br />
of realizing relevant projects. Some of the first lessons learned from this procedure were that<br />
developers were somehow reluctant to proceed since several issues related to the financing of the<br />
projects were vague, while at the same time it seemed more feasible that ST-ESCO projects should<br />
better be accompanied by other measures.<br />
Eight pre-feasibility studies were prepared, where all the main parameters from the technical side<br />
(plant components and energy yield) as well as from the economic one (terms of contract and<br />
benefits) were examined. The highest obstacle for the realization of the studies was the fact that the<br />
40% National subsidy mechanism has been interrupted and has not been reactivated since then.<br />
However, for two of the studies (Papageorgiou Hospital in Thessaloniki and Theotokos Elderly<br />
house in Konitsa) it was estimated that the realization phase could start even without the subsidies.<br />
For the Papageorgiou hospital case study, a simplified call for tenders was prepared in order to<br />
accelerate the procedure for an ST-ESCO agreement, while at least one company (AXIMA) was<br />
seriously evaluating the possibility to <strong>und</strong>ertake the role of the ESCO before the reactivation of the<br />
National subsidies procedure. Unfortunately in the end the two parties were not able to reach an<br />
agreement, so the project was not implemented.<br />
In what concerns the study of Konitsa, it was examined to implement a combination of solar and<br />
biomass applications. Unfortunately neither this study was implemented.<br />
In general in Greece till now there is no model contract available for <strong>ESCo</strong> projects.<br />
11.1.3 Financial institutions and schemes<br />
The financial institutions are not familiar with energy efficiency and <strong>ESCo</strong> projects, resulting in the<br />
lack of commercially viable project financing due to conservative lending practices.<br />
Low awareness, not good <strong>und</strong>erstanding of how an <strong>ESCo</strong> operates, no previous experience, many<br />
ambiguities for the whole <strong>ESCo</strong> procedure leading to uncertainty.<br />
11.1.4 Barriers<br />
The barriers of the <strong>ESCo</strong> development in Greece were also examined in the framework of the<br />
EUROCONTRACT IEE project, in which CRES has participated. The scenery has not changed<br />
much since then and most of the barriers that were documented in that project still exist. Of course
in view of the transposition of the ESD into Greek legislation, some of the f<strong>und</strong>amental barriers of<br />
the Greek <strong>ESCo</strong> market are expected to be overcome. These barriers comprise to:<br />
• The missing of a legal consolidation of <strong>ESCo</strong>s.<br />
• Till now there is no <strong>ESCo</strong> association, although there are a lot of companies, already<br />
involved in implementing energy saving measures that would like to act as <strong>ESCo</strong>s.<br />
• The project financing, investment, design, construction and insurance mechanism is not well<br />
defined and there are no guidelines available up to now.<br />
Besides these barriers that are expected to be regulated from the new law, there are additional<br />
barriers that are more market oriented and are mentioned below:<br />
• The end-users both in the public and private sector, are willing to enter only into short-term<br />
contracts of 2 or 3 years maximum, so energy projects with payback periods of 10 or more<br />
years, which are common periods for <strong>ESCo</strong> projects, cannot easily be accepted among the<br />
end-users.<br />
• The great majority of the companies which plan on acting as <strong>ESCo</strong>s in the future, are<br />
companies with no credit history and limited own resources, so its most likely that they<br />
won’t be able to invest in the project they recommend and may only enter the energy service<br />
market and implement energy projects if they guarantee the savings, and the end users/<br />
clients assure the financing on their own.<br />
• The financial institutions are not familiar with energy efficiency and <strong>ESCo</strong> projects,<br />
resulting in the lack of commercially viable project financing due to conservative lending<br />
practices.<br />
• Biomass applications are not very well developed in Greece. There is low awareness among<br />
end users in what concerns this technology (e.g. pellets boilers) and there are also some<br />
legislative barriers since it is not allowed in the two major cities of Greece (Athens and<br />
Thessaloniki) to have central heating systems with biomass boilers (according to PD<br />
103/1993/B-369).<br />
11.2 Technical framework<br />
11.2.1 Software tools available<br />
ST-<strong>ESCo</strong> software tool is available for the technical and economical analysis of solar thermal<br />
applications. The software tool starts with a simplified interface that leads the user to enter data in<br />
the Energetic Module –called EnMo and Economic Module – celled EcMo. The Energetic Module<br />
is a simulation tool based on TRNSYS, with a user friendly interface where the user can introduce<br />
all technical data referred to the solar thermal system. The Economic Module is the one that does<br />
the economic, financial and contractual analysis, based on the EnMo results or other energetic<br />
results coming from any other energetic software.<br />
(http://www.stescos.org/tool.htm)<br />
11.2.2 Lessons learned<br />
Although there is not much experience from implementing <strong>ESCo</strong> projects in Greece, some lessons<br />
have been learned both from the few existing operations and the former IEE projects such as ST-<br />
ESCOs and EUROCONTRACT that dealt with implementing <strong>ESCo</strong> projects. The gained
experience shows that the technical solutions applied in an <strong>ESCo</strong> project should be as simple as<br />
possible without, however, sacrificing the systems’ reliability.<br />
The contract between the <strong>ESCo</strong> and the end-user has to be clear and simple but should cover,<br />
possibly, all aspects concerning billing, end-user consumption along the future, insurance and risks<br />
management.<br />
In case there is a heat supply contract, it should contain all technical prerequisites and conditions<br />
that are requested in order to assure a so<strong>und</strong> operation and the expected energy efficiency from the<br />
measures applied. The contract must fix the minimum amount of energy that the customer is going<br />
to use and provisions have to be taken for the case that less energy is consumed by the customer<br />
than the minimum amount that is agreed in the contract. In case of lower consumption, either a<br />
basic price or a penalty fee may be charged to the customer. In some cases it might be sensible to<br />
fix a profile for the range of the consumed energy over the year. This could be helpful for matching<br />
and optimization between the available and the consumed energy.<br />
Concluding, it should be stated that the most crucial aspect, towards the gradual developments of<br />
ESCO contracts in Greece, is the formulation of a well structured policy and legal framework,<br />
whereas with the implementation of measurable targets, criteria and certified bodies, such<br />
instruments will be able to operate as parts of an overall medium-long term energy policy strategy.
12 Hungary<br />
12.1 Legislative, Financial, contractual and marketing framework<br />
12.1.1 Legal backgro<strong>und</strong> for TPF and <strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
Hungary has a feed-in tariff for small-scale renewable energy (below 6MW) heat for district heating<br />
and single buildings 48 and a f<strong>und</strong>ing scheme to increase the use of renewable (see 3.1.3). Third<br />
party financing from banks is not an issue in Hungary, as the banks are willing to finance<br />
performance contracts, at least to established actors in the field of energy services.<br />
12.1.2 Existing contracts<br />
There are about 30 <strong>ESCo</strong>s in Hungary, and in 2005 50% of the <strong>ESCo</strong> operations were done in heat<br />
and hot water, and 9% in renewable energy (overlapping exists). The <strong>ESCo</strong>s are equipment<br />
suppliers, engineer eperforming <strong>ESCo</strong> activities and subsidiaries of financial institutions. Utility<br />
based <strong>ESCo</strong>s are a growing part of the <strong>ESCo</strong>s. 49<br />
Several different business models in Hungarian <strong>ESCo</strong>s were fo<strong>und</strong> 50 :<br />
• A specific company is established for the project, and app 80% of the investment is<br />
financed by a loan, the heat energy is used by the owners of the company, and if there is<br />
excess heat and/or electricity, it is sold to the public grid<br />
• The <strong>ESCo</strong> invests in the heat plant, has long contracts with the clients. The heat energy price<br />
will be significantly lower than previously and the electricity price a little lower (if CHP).<br />
The client can lease the area of the plant to the ESCO and create income from it.<br />
12.1.3 Financial institutions and schemes<br />
The Hungary Energy Saving Credit F<strong>und</strong>/German Coal Aid Revolving F<strong>und</strong> (GCARF), financed<br />
initially by the German Federal Republic Government and established by the Hungarian Ministry of<br />
Economic Affairs, finances energy efficiency projects. The f<strong>und</strong> grants loans, which have a<br />
preferential interest rate; 1/3 of the basic interest of the Hungarian National Bank. The payback time<br />
of the loan is up to 6 years. Industrial companies, municipalities and district heating companies are<br />
eligible for the loans. Eligible technologies include energy transformation, heating, lighting,<br />
renewable, etc. The maximum amount of the loan is 80% of the investment and criteria is tied to the<br />
total cost savings and energy savings. The f<strong>und</strong> is administered by the Hungarian Energy Centre 51<br />
In previous years, the World Bank and International Finance Corporation have also f<strong>und</strong>ed <strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
in Hungary through their The Hungary Energy Efficiency Co-Financing Program (HEECP), which<br />
48 Kiss, Benigna in Urge-Vorsatz, Diana: An assessment of Energy Service Companies (<strong>ESCo</strong>s) Worldwide. 2007.<br />
49 Kiss, Benigna in Urge-Vorsatz, Diana: An assessment of Energy Service Companies (<strong>ESCo</strong>s) Worldwide. 2007.<br />
50 Rodics, gergely, <strong>ESCo</strong>s in the Hungarian energy market. 2004 Presentation<br />
51 http://ase.org/contenct/aticle/detail/1292 and http://www.energiakozpont.hu/index.php?p=181
provided partial credit guarantees. The programme ended in 2001, but it succeeded to make the<br />
<strong>ESCo</strong> model a very useful approach for improving energy efficiency. 52<br />
As of March 2009, renewable energy applications can receive f<strong>und</strong>ing from the EU Structural<br />
f<strong>und</strong>s (KEOP 2009/4.2.0 and KEOP 2009/4.4.0 53 ) Local heat and cooling supply from renewable<br />
sources and Heat and/or electricity production from renewable sources for use of biomass,<br />
biogas, geothermal, solar, water, wind energy and combinations of them. The f<strong>und</strong>ing is available<br />
for project preparation, management, intangible assets and tangibles. The subsidy can account for<br />
10-60% of the costs, up to app 3,3 MEUR (1000 million HUF). The grants are available for both<br />
public and private actors.<br />
In May 2009 The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, EBRD, granted a loan to<br />
Raiffeisen Bank Zrt. To finance the municipal sector. The loans will be forwarded to municipalities,<br />
municipal companies and energy saving companies. The target of the loans is to increase the energy<br />
efficiency in the municipal sector in Hungary. 54<br />
12.1.4 Barriers<br />
The relatively low price of fossil energy is a barrier in the Hungary as well is in most Eastern<br />
European countries. Small <strong>ESCo</strong>s have trouble financing especially the pre-implementation phase<br />
as no income is generated during the backgro<strong>und</strong> studies and baseline data gathering. They do not<br />
have the capital for the app 20% own financing of the projects. Large, established <strong>ESCo</strong>s do not<br />
have this problem, as they have the equity and capital for the own f<strong>und</strong>ing part. Another barrier is<br />
that the <strong>ESCo</strong> concept is not well known in Hungary. The problem in the municipal sector is the<br />
commitment of the municipal officers to long term contracts, and the public procurement<br />
procedures take a long time and may not be assessed on energy saving criteria but only the price.<br />
The incentives of the building owner and the user do not necessarily meet, and the investment is not<br />
made based on this. 55<br />
The absence of baseline data as a whole is a barrier in Hungary , as the electricity invoicing has<br />
been based on estimates and no verified consumption numbers can be given for the buildings. This<br />
restricts proving the energy savings, which are the basis of the <strong>ESCo</strong> operation. 56<br />
12.2 Technical framework<br />
12.2.1 Quality and monitoring<br />
A lack of appropriate energy consumption measuring is a problem in Hungary. The verification of<br />
the previous and new consumption is necessary to prove the savings in energy after the<br />
implementation of an <strong>ESCo</strong> operation.<br />
52 europeandcis.<strong>und</strong>p.org/.../SLF%20Loan%20Guarantee%20Note%20Draft%20v1.5.doc and<br />
http://www.sefi.unep.org/fileadmin/media/sefi/docs/publications/RiskMgt_full.pdf<br />
53 http://www.business2hungary.hu/engine.aspx?page=Itdh_Priority_Sectors_Renewable_Energy<br />
54 http://www.ebrd.com/new/pressrel/2009/090604.htm<br />
55 Kiss, Benigna in Urge-Vorsatz, Diana: An assessment of Energy Service Companies (<strong>ESCo</strong>s) Worldwide. 2007.<br />
56 Berrutto et al. Developing an <strong>ESCo</strong> industry in the European Union. 2004
12.2.2 Appropriate technology for BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
In 2005 the majority of <strong>ESCo</strong> operations in Hungary were focused on heating and hot water<br />
applications and renewable accounted for only 9%. There is an opportunity for the renewable<br />
energy sector to increase its share of <strong>ESCo</strong> operations.
13 Ireland<br />
13.1 Legislative, Financial, Contractual and Marketing Framework<br />
13.1.1 Legal Backgro<strong>und</strong> for ESCOs<br />
There is no particular required legal format for an ESCO<br />
The constitution can be any of the recognised formats in Irish law as follows:<br />
(not sure for Irish but generally similar to UK for company law)<br />
• Public Limited Company<br />
• Private Company Limited by shares<br />
• Private Company Limited by guarantee<br />
• Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)<br />
• Community Interest Companies<br />
• Industrial and Provident Society<br />
• Trust<br />
• Unincorporated Association<br />
It is suggested that Private Limited Company would be the most appropriate vehicle for most<br />
ESCOs as it is the most flexible. Whether it is limited by shares or guarantee will depend on the<br />
aims of the ESCO.<br />
Third Party Finance (TPF) is deemed to be any finance provided by a party other than the ESCO<br />
itself and may be commercial (eg banks or other private investors) or public (eg grant f<strong>und</strong>ing).<br />
There are no particular rules relating to the provision of private finance of ESCOs in the UK save<br />
those that apply to borrowing and contracts generally.<br />
Many ESCOs are likely to be regulated entities for State Aid purposes. Any sources of public<br />
f<strong>und</strong>ing must abide by the State Aid rules as laid down by E C Treaty. Various exemptions are<br />
available and include:<br />
De Minimus<br />
Environmental Protection<br />
The definition of State Aid is not confined to direct f<strong>und</strong>ing and can include a variety of other<br />
benefits including low interest loans, rate rebates, loan guarantees etc etc<br />
13.1.2 Existing Contracts<br />
By definition contracts between ESCOs and their energy users are likely to commercially<br />
confidential.
Purchase of energy (heat and power) from an ESCO by a public authority (eg local authority,<br />
prisons, National Health Board etc) will be subject to Public Procurement Rules.<br />
All contracts should address certain basic principles:<br />
• Duration<br />
• Price and price revision<br />
• Payment<br />
• Security of supply<br />
• Default by either party<br />
13.1.3 Financial Institutions and Schemes<br />
Finance almost impossible to obtain from financial institutions means a dependence on investment<br />
f<strong>und</strong>s and private investors. This requires time and financial proficiency to obtain.<br />
Fiscal incentives currently available include:<br />
Enhanced Capital Allowances (for qualifying technologies)<br />
Feasibility and capital grants (from SEI grants sections – eg. Reheat scheme)<br />
Grants<br />
Renewable Heat Deployment Programme (ReHeat)<br />
Combined Heatand Power Deployment Programme<br />
Support for Exemplar Energy Efficiency Projects (SEEEP)<br />
13.1.4 Barriers<br />
• Conventional fuel prices at low point<br />
• Lack of confidence in technologies<br />
• Lack of knowledge among many private investors<br />
• Potentially low and slow rates of return<br />
• Legislative pressures for new Build, but new Build almost completely slowed<br />
• Insufficient government financial incentives or misdirected<br />
• Lack of <strong>und</strong>erstanding of <strong>ESCo</strong> options by public and private clients<br />
• Lack of long-term Credit worthy customers<br />
• An <strong>ESCo</strong> contract is best negotiated between <strong>ESCo</strong> and client. This is difficult with Public<br />
procurement process.
14 Italy<br />
In this section the Italian backgro<strong>und</strong> for <strong>ESCo</strong>, and BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong> in particular, is reviewed. In<br />
particular, the report aims to assess the legislative, financial, contractual framework and to<br />
investigate the main technical and non technical barriers towards the development of Bio-Sol-<br />
ESCOs approaches in Italy. The overview is carried out by means of a comparative assessment<br />
of policy measures put into practice, literature review of exemplar projects developed so far,<br />
interviews with stakeholders and main actors in the ESCO business.<br />
A list of interviewed people and references to useful reports and surveys for the Italian case are<br />
provided in attachment.<br />
14.1 Legislative, Financial, contractual and marketing framework<br />
14.1.1 Legal backgro<strong>und</strong> for TPF and <strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
In Italy, specific policy measures related to energy efficiency, renewable energy and energy<br />
management were implemented since the energy crises of 1973 and 1978. It could be useful to<br />
differentiate the legislative framework between measures before and after 2004, which is the<br />
year when the existing energy efficiency support measures (the so-called White Certificate<br />
scheme) were put into practice. Among the others, it is possible to list the following laws:<br />
• Law 10/1991 which pioneered in the field of reduction in energy consumption and in the<br />
renewable energy sources;<br />
• CIPE 6 resolution n° 137/1998: “Guidelines for national policies and measures for the<br />
reduction of greenhouse gasses emissions”;<br />
• Presidential Legislative Decree 412/93 about energy efficiency and rationale use of<br />
energy; it introduces the first definition of “heat sevice”, and defines the technical rules<br />
to design, install, operate and manteinance thermal energy plants;<br />
• Legislative Decree 16 March 1999, n. 79 (n° 79/99) which concerns the liberalization<br />
and unb<strong>und</strong>ling of the electricity sector, and introduce a market system to support<br />
renewable electricity (tradable green certificates);<br />
• Legislative Decree 23 May 2000, n. 164 (n° 164/00),which regards the liberalization of<br />
the gas sector;<br />
• Decrees of 24 April 2001 of the Minister of Industry, which define the quantitative<br />
targets for energy efficiency in the electricity (Article 9, Legislative Decree n. 79/99) and<br />
gas sector (Legislative Decree n. 164/2000);<br />
• Law 120/02: ratification of the Kyoto Protocol and definition of the National Allocation<br />
Plan and of the measures to fulfill the requirements of CO2-eq reduction;<br />
• CIPE resolution 123/02: revision of the guidelines for national policies and measures for<br />
the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions. Among the others, energy efficiency and<br />
solar thermal energy are promoted by this resolution;<br />
• Legislative decree (DL) 273/04: urgent dispositions for the application of 2003/87/CE<br />
directive, in matter of greenhouse gasses emission’s credits exchange inside the<br />
European Community;<br />
• Energy Efficiency Decrees (DM 20/7/04) : these Ministry Decrees introduced a framework<br />
(also known as energy saving certificates or white certificates mechanism) for promoting
energy efficiency and energy savings in end-users. The Decrees introduce a fixed quota of<br />
energy savings to be achieved by electricity and natural gas distribution grid operators<br />
(DGO), by means of end-users energy efficiency measures, and a market system based on<br />
the trading of energy efficiency certificates in order to fulfill this mandatory issue. ESCOs<br />
and GDOs are entitled to partecipate to this energy efficiency market. Further details of this<br />
mechanism are provided in Annex 1;<br />
• Legislative Decree 192/05, transposition of European Directive 91/2002 (Energy<br />
performance in buildings). The law introduces a mandatory energy labelling for new and<br />
refurbished buildings, together with energy consumption limits and use of renewable energy<br />
in buildings; in particular, the use of solar thermal energy is made compulsory for new<br />
public buildings in the measure of the 50% of the water heating consumption. For private<br />
buildings, construction criteria must comply with solar thermal plants installation<br />
requirements in order to facilitate a possible integration into the building structure;<br />
• Legislative Decree 311/06, which complements and clarifies some assumptions made by<br />
the previous LD 192/05 and introduces new rules to stimulate the use of renewable energy<br />
in the building sector;<br />
• Law 296/06, that defines, among the others, the technical parameters to implement energy<br />
efficiency in the buildings in ottemperance with the Legislative Decree 192/05 and<br />
modifications;<br />
• Legislative Decree 20/2007, which introduces the net-metering option for high efficiency<br />
CHP plants until 200 kWe and and provides a set of comprehensive measures to promote<br />
high-efficiency cogeneration based on a useful heat demand through the White Certificates<br />
system;<br />
• Legislative Decree 115/08, transposition of the European Directive 2006/32/CE related to<br />
end-user energy efficiency and energy services; this law introduces the definition of some<br />
key concepts as "energy performance contracting, ESCOs, third party financing, heat<br />
service contract”; moreover, the law defines monitoring and programming tools to achieve<br />
energy efficiency targets, sets up simplified permitting procedures to facilitate the energy<br />
services approach and remove administrative barriers, incentivates the dissemination of<br />
third-party financing, introduces a framework for energy services and energy efficiency, in<br />
particular in the public sector, defines the procedures for qualification and certification for<br />
ESCOs and for energy consumption measurement and billing. Further details of this<br />
legislative decree are provided in Annex 2;<br />
• Ministry Decree 11-03-2008, which is related to the primary energy consumption for<br />
heating and measurements of the energy performance indices in buildings;<br />
• Law 244/07 (so-called “Legge Finanziaria 2008”) and Law 185/08 (so-called Legge<br />
Finanziaria 2009) these laws introduced some important actions to promote end-user<br />
energy efficiency, and in particular a tax allowance equal to the 55% of the full costs of<br />
energy efficiency measures implemented into existing buildings; among the others, these<br />
measures can be based on solar thermal panels and/or biomass boilers and /or other high<br />
efficiency heating or hot water production systems. In particular, the eligible measures for<br />
building heating should be able to reduce the yearly primary energy consumption by at least<br />
20%; the demand sector where these measures can be implemented are both the industrial,<br />
domestic, public and residential, including swimming pools, sporting facilities, nursing<br />
homes and hospitals, schools and universities. In (Agenzia Entrate, 2009) the detail of all<br />
the tax allowances available for energy efficiency measures and revewable energy projects<br />
is reported;
• Presidential Legislative Decree 59/09, which defines technical specification about<br />
materials transmittance, including energy saving calculations, measurement and<br />
monitoring procedures, in agrement with LD 192/05, that have to accomplish with<br />
standards (UNI/TS 11300).<br />
In addition, some municipalities have introduced the so-called “Solar Ordinances”, i.e. local<br />
building regulations which impose solar thermal domestic hot water as mandatory in all new<br />
private buildings.<br />
For public procurement, the legal framework is essentially given by the Legislative Decree<br />
157/95 and its subsequent modifications, including Legislative Decree 65/00, transposition of<br />
EC/92/50 on public procurement, which regulates the tendering for service contracts. The most<br />
important provision related to ESCOs contacting is the limitation imposed on the incidence of<br />
the capital investment over the total contract value, which must be inferior to 50%.<br />
Concerning the private sector, the heat service contract is an important issue, introduced with the<br />
DPR 412/93 (and subsequent modifications and integration). The ministerial memorandum<br />
273/98 of Finance Ministry and the 103/E/98 resolution defined: i) the heat service contract<br />
technical and legal requirements; ii) the VAT rate reduction to the 10% (instead of 20%) for the<br />
heat for domestic uses sold through the “heat service” contract. This last VAT rate reducion was<br />
recently limited also to the heat service provided by district heating and/or renewable energy.<br />
A more exhaustive detail of the Italian legislative framework is proposed in the ENEA web site<br />
(Enea, 2009), where the procedures to obtain the 55% tax allowances for energy saving measures<br />
are also described. In Annex 3 and 4, the details of the tax allowance procedure for the case of<br />
biomass boilers and solar thermal plants are reported.<br />
The review of the Italian legislative framework shows that there are several definitions of<br />
<strong>ESCo</strong>s, and the ESCO’s certification is perceived as a necessity. In particular, the definition of<br />
<strong>ESCo</strong> eligible to trade the white certificates in the Italian energy efficiency market system<br />
includes all the companies that declare in their costitutive act to be focused on energy services in<br />
a broad sense. For this reason, most of these operators are not really acting as <strong>ESCo</strong>s.<br />
Up to November ’05 the Authority list counted about 400 ESCOs. Recently a new standard (the<br />
audit and certification of obtained energy savings) has been added that reduced the number to<br />
“only” 56 ESCOs (June ’06). But the definition remains quite wide and vague; at the moment<br />
just few ESCOs can supply (for example) Energy Performance Contracts, Third Party Financing<br />
and integrated energy services. In such situation there is the necessity to characterize sure criteria<br />
in order to define what an ESCO is and what are the minimum services required, in order to<br />
create confidence among the customers and the financial institutions.<br />
A first attempt to introduce a clear legal backgro<strong>und</strong> for TPF and <strong>ESCo</strong>s is represented by the<br />
Legislative Decree n° 115/08, which specifies the characteristics and rules of energy services<br />
and <strong>ESCo</strong>s approaches.<br />
The section V, art 16 of this Decree introduces a voluntary certification procedures for <strong>ESCo</strong>s,<br />
and energy managers, to be defined by a specific standard from UNI-CTI (Italian termotechnical<br />
Commitee, in charge of this standardization issue). Moreover, in order to achieve higher<br />
reliability of energy efficiency measurements, further Industry Ministry Decrees should define<br />
the procedures to certify the energy management systems and the energy audits themselves.<br />
As regards technical standards for <strong>ESCo</strong>s, CEN and CENELEC created a first technical<br />
commettee in 2002, CEN/CLC BT/JWG Energy management (now dissolved), in charge of the
definition of the priorities in the energy management standards. This commettee produced a final<br />
report in April 2005. Successively, two CEN/CENELEC task forces and one sector forum were<br />
established, in order to further the previous works and develop new stardard frameworks. At<br />
national level, in 2006 the Energy management Group (GGE UNI-CEI), coordinated by the CTI<br />
was established. The task forces in operation are described in the following.<br />
- CEN/CLC TF 189 “Energy Management - General requirements and qualification<br />
procedures” coordinated by CTI. This Task Force is composed by 4 project teams (PT). The PT<br />
Energy Efficiency Services coordinated by Italy with the partecipation of France, Germany,<br />
Great Britain, Sweden, Norway. This PT is in charge of the standard CSF23002 - Energy<br />
Efficiency Services - Definitions and essential requirements, aimed at the establishment of<br />
guidelines for certification schemes, energy service providers qualification and, in turn, develop<br />
the market for high quality energy services. The PT Energy management systems is coordinated<br />
by the Swedish standards office (SIS) and it is developing the standard EN 16001 - Energy<br />
management systems - Requirements with guidance for use. The PT Energy managers,<br />
established in 2008, is in charge of the definition of the qualification standards for energy<br />
managers. So far, this PT is focused on the assessment of the existing standards. The fourth PT is<br />
called Benchmarking methodologies, and it is coordinated by the Deutch standards office (NEN),<br />
being in charge of the general benchmarking methodologies to achieve a more effective energy<br />
management.<br />
- CEN/CLC TF 190 “Energy efficiency and saving calculation” coordinated by (NEN). Also in<br />
this case there are several PT, such as the Expert Group "Bottom-up calculations" and "Topdown<br />
calculations" focused on the general methodologies to compute the national energy savings<br />
as required by art 15 of Directive 2006/32/CE.<br />
In addition, the CEN/CENELEC Sector Forum “Energy Management” (SFEM), coordinated<br />
by the French standards office (AFNOR) has been established. SFEM represents the link among<br />
the European standards offices, the European Commission, stakeholders, energy management<br />
operators.<br />
Recently, the Italian ISO launched another working group, the ISO PC 242 "Energy<br />
Management", coordinated by the US and Brazilian standards offices (ANSI and ABNT), in<br />
charge of the definition of a standard for energy management systems like the CEN/CENELEC<br />
TF 189 (EN 16001).<br />
At national level, the CTI, together with CEI (Italian termothecnical commettee) is coordinating<br />
the Italian Energy Management Group, which is in charge, among the others, of the definition of<br />
standards for <strong>ESCo</strong>s certification, including aspects such as the skills, competencies and specific<br />
acrivities of <strong>ESCo</strong>s. In fact,<br />
Despite of this, we can observe that the Italian legislative framework, even if characterized by an<br />
innovative market mechanism to support energy efficiency and energy savings (the tradable<br />
white certificates system), presents several crucial issues to be solved, namely the poor reliability<br />
of policy measures, the high delays in putting into practice the general energy policy strategies<br />
and support measures by specific laws, the high complexity of permitting issues and<br />
administrative procedures (which are not simplified by specific legislation as expected), the<br />
absence of clear definitions for ESC0s and energy services and the lack of effective support<br />
systems for renewable heat, cogeneration and district heating.<br />
As regards in particular the solar thermal sector, the most relevant barrier in Italy is the absence<br />
of long term financial incentive programmes, national or regional, opened to the solar thermal<br />
ESCO market. The incentives have been so far limited and discontinuous: no long-term financial
incentives for solar thermal technologies are present, and there is a lack of national coordination.<br />
Some regional subsidies exist but they are mostly intended for the final user and the national<br />
incentive programme is opened to gas distributing ESCO only.<br />
This kind of incentives was so far not sufficient to assure a stable market growth and there has<br />
not been a real industry development.<br />
Moreover, in the field of public procurement, administrations face the problem of establishing<br />
suitable selection criteria in the tendering for heat service contracts. As regards renewable<br />
energy, the absence of a clear regulation about the “renewable” heat service contract in this field,<br />
together with a general lack of knowledge or misperception of the renewable thermal technology,<br />
have discouraged so far public administrations in <strong>und</strong>ertaking investments in renewable heat.<br />
Recent updates: the Legislative Decree 28/2011<br />
The targets of energy efficiency and renewable energy penetration in Italy stated by the National<br />
Action Plan in June 2010 are particularly ambitious, with a target percentage of renewable<br />
energy of 17% by 2020 on the total national energy consumption. In this context, the role of<br />
biomass is particularly relevant, since the total biomass energy should increase from 1.8 MTOE<br />
to 5.6 MTOE by 2020, with a major contribution of biomass heating.<br />
In order to facilitate the penetration of renewable energy, the Legislative decree 28/2001, the socalled<br />
Romani Decree, introduced important innovations in the framework of renewable energy<br />
subsidies and energy efficiency measures.<br />
In particular, this Decree reforms the incentives for renewable electricity, introducing a feed-in<br />
tariff for power plants up to a defined scale and a bid incentivation system for larger plants. This<br />
mechanism should substitute the green certificate scheme after 2012. Apart from this, several<br />
measures to facilitate the penetration of renewable heating are introduced, such as:<br />
• Art 11: Mandatory use of renewables in new buildings and main refurbishment;<br />
Semplified authorizative procedures for renewable heating in buildings<br />
• Art 28: Feed in tariff for small scale renewable thermal energy, and in particular for solar<br />
thermal and biomass heating, also including small scale energy efficiency measures; this<br />
subsidy measure could highly push up the market of renewable thermal energy ESCOs in<br />
Italy, even if it still has to be put into practice;<br />
• Art 29: Revision of white certificates mechanism, with an extended timeline for specific<br />
energy efficiency measures that present a lifetime higher than the 5 years of the current<br />
legislation, and in particular the energy savings achieved by cogeneration investments<br />
are entitled of white certificates for 8 years, as stated by a Decree of Ministry of Industry<br />
in august 2011<br />
• Art 21: Incentives for bio-methane fed into gas network, that could be used for heating or<br />
cogeneration near to the energy demand, while producing the bio-fuel at the premises of<br />
biomass resources; this measure could also incentivize new ESCO schemes and<br />
investments in biomass heating and integration into existing energy systems, such as<br />
combined use of bio-methane and natural gas into domestic boilers of centralized CHP<br />
systems;<br />
• Art 22: Special f<strong>und</strong> for new district heating networks, and simplifications in permitting<br />
issues<br />
• Art 32: Special f<strong>und</strong> for technological and industrial development including rational use<br />
of energy and energy efficiency measures coupled to major refurbishments
In particular, subsidy measures for small scale renewable energy plants, in the form of feed in<br />
tariff introduced by art 28 of Decree 28/2011, are charged on natural gas bill and are defined by<br />
specific contracts between GSE (gestore sistema elettrico) and plant owner, based on renewable<br />
heat or saved energy. As already explained, a further decree of Ministry of Economic<br />
Development within 6 months was expected to put into practice the subsidy measure, but it is<br />
still missing. In order to be eligible for the incentive, a minimum technical performances is<br />
required (as described in the annex 2 of Dlg 28/2011). The rationale behind these measures is to<br />
guarantee a fair remuneration of investment and operational costs of the renewable projects, by<br />
means of an incentive duration of 10 years, at constant amount over the timeline. It is expected<br />
that the incentives will be differentiated according to scale and technology, however the delays<br />
in the introduction of such scheme do not allow a proper development of the market and<br />
investments from the operators.<br />
Summary of ESCO developments in Italy<br />
In Italy there are about 100-150 ESCO, even if no registry for detailed data is available, and 90%<br />
of ESCOs are small enterprises (often manufacturers of energy efficiency technologies or<br />
renewable energy devices). 9 ESCOs dominate the market, that are linked to the facility<br />
management sector, as further discussed in the chapter. There are also 3 main associations<br />
(AGESI, ASSOESCO and FEDERESCO) where some data about state of ESCO in Italy were<br />
collected. The most relevant field of operations of ESCO are industry, residential and tertiary<br />
buildings, street lighting, co-generation, renewable energy generation. In particular, biomass<br />
ESCOs are diffused in Northern Italy (district heating), and most of the exemplar esco operations<br />
proposed for Italy are referred to these applications. On the contrary, Solar thermal Escos are still<br />
at infancy.<br />
Summary of barriers and comments on recent trends<br />
Technical barriers in Italy<br />
Among the others, the main technical barriers for the development of small-medium scale<br />
renewable heating operations in Italy, performed by ESCO approaches, are:<br />
• Heating measurement<br />
• Technologies reliability, mostly for CHP plants, while solar thermal and biomass<br />
combustion are reliable technologies<br />
• Air emission levels, in the case of biomass, and ashes discharge, that can be a major issue<br />
in small and residential applications<br />
• Know-how about installation and plants dimensioning (in particular in the case of<br />
biomass-solar integration, where there is lack of specific know-how)<br />
• Storage-logistics and biomass supply and handling (mainly in urban areas and where<br />
space is a constraint)<br />
Non- technical barriers in Italy<br />
It is clear that the main barrier towards the development of ESCO schemes is given by<br />
supporting measures unreliability, which is confirmed by the delay in the introduction of the<br />
feed-in tariff for renewable heating stated by Decree 28/2011. Moreover, difficult public
procurement rules in case of projects involving the public sector are another major constraint, as<br />
also confirmed by the case study proposed in the Province of Benevento (Airola), related to solar<br />
thermal heating for a block of public buildings. Moreover, authorizations are other major<br />
barriers, and the recently introduced Decrees also aim to simplify these procedures in order to<br />
overcome these barriers. Finally, financing issues are highly relevant, in particular in case of<br />
small ESCO and start-up companies with limited credit scores. Specific financial products<br />
should be also available for biomass plants, that present annual biofuel supply costs and where<br />
the biomass supply and related price should be secured with proper contracts, in particular if the<br />
ESCO is not also he biomass producer.<br />
Biomass specific barriers<br />
Some of the biomass-specific barriers regard the biomass markets reliability and quality<br />
standards, the social acceptability and permitting issues, the VAT systems in operation in Italy.<br />
In particular, according to the Resolution n° 124/E of tax Agency 6° may 2009, VAT on wood<br />
chips is set at 20% instead of 10% applied in EU’s countries, and this different VAT system<br />
hinders the EU trade and limits the fair competition. Moreover, credit access represents the key<br />
factor to develop heat biomass sector. In addition, specific financial products for biomass plants<br />
are not available on the market, and companies are obliged to take out short loan (5-10 years)<br />
even if the plant allowance period is 15-20 years<br />
Another relevant aspect is the competing use of biomass for electricity, since the incentive for<br />
electricity generation from biomass is very high in comparison to heat generation. The Italian<br />
incentives for biomass electricity are feed in tariff for plants up to 1 MWe of 280 Eur/MWh or<br />
quota system (green certificates) with coefficient 1.8 for plants above 1 MWe (to be substituted<br />
with bid system in 2013). This higher incentive for electricity is not justified by increased<br />
environmental and energetic benefits in comparison to thermal energy production, since the only<br />
electricity generation from solid biomass is not a sustainable route in comparison to only heat or<br />
CHP. It is expected that new incentives for electricity from biomass will introduce mandatory<br />
energy efficiency levels to be achieved in order to be eligible for the support. This factor could<br />
increase the interest in renewable biomass heating coupled to CHP with ESCO approaches.<br />
Solar specific incentives<br />
The specific barriers towards the solar thermal heating are the small size of projects and high<br />
transaction costs, the recent high development of PV plants in Italy (that achieved by end 2011 a<br />
generation higher than 10 GWh with and installed power above 10 GWp). In fact, the very<br />
profitable feed-in tariff for PV plants does not allow a development of the solar thermal sector.<br />
Another crucial issue is the need to secure the energy demand, since the solar thermal investment<br />
is repaid by the energy sold to the customer, and the operation costs are very limited, which is<br />
not the case for biomass plants, where the fuel must be purchased to produce energy.<br />
Finally, landscape constraints can be also a barrier, in particular when the solar thermal plants<br />
are integrated into buildings. Solar thermal cooling is also a very promising technology, in<br />
particular in southern Europe climate conditions, but it is still at infancy.
<strong>ESCo</strong>s and Bio-sol-<strong>ESCo</strong> markets in Italy<br />
The italian <strong>ESCo</strong>’s market is characterized by a large number of companies which present<br />
various and different business models.<br />
The first ESPCo started to operate in Italy in the early 80’s by providing “heat service” to public<br />
buildings and being also in charge of the boilers and infrastructures manteinance. Some TPF was<br />
conducted, mostly in the service sector. During this period, several CHP plants were installed in<br />
hospitals. In 1984, the association of heat supply companies (ASSOCALOR) was established. In<br />
the middle of 90’s, ASSOCALOR changed its name to AGESI (the Italian energy service<br />
industry association).<br />
The results of the IEE f<strong>und</strong>ed research project ST-ESCOs (www.stescos.org) concluded that<br />
most of the ESCOs are SME, and about 70% has less then 15 employees, and the average<br />
turnover is below 2.500.000 €/ year for 80% of the recorded ESCOs.<br />
Their customers are mainly Public Administrations (21%), Small and Medium enterprises (21%)<br />
and Industry (19%). Still at a low level, but with the higher growth rate, is civil sector (both<br />
tertiary and residential).<br />
Less than 50% of the Italian ESCOs implemented projects dealing with renewable energy and<br />
about 10% developed some solar thermal installations (mostly little plants, less than 15 m 2 ).<br />
Most of the ESCO applications are related to electricity, both end-use efficiency and generation<br />
(see also IEA DSM). In fact the most profitable area of ESCOs business regards electric<br />
components (in particular repowering of electric engines and lighting, in the public and private<br />
sectors). Regarding heat energy services, the main share of the market are large users (mostly<br />
public administration and hospitals), where the refurbishment of thermal plants and the<br />
installation of co-generators are the most implemented actions (due to high cost-efficiency).<br />
Nowadays <strong>ESCo</strong>’s activities are implemented by means of various approaches. In particular<br />
there are some large ESPCos that own a major white certificates market share, or some private<br />
companies, with small number of project developed, that operate like a M<strong>ESCo</strong>. These<br />
companies implement only energy efficiency actions (no heat service), and are mainly located in<br />
the North of Italy. Among these, there are also some public-private joint ventures, that<br />
sometimes operate like a CR<strong>ESCo</strong>.<br />
The main Italian <strong>ESCo</strong>s involved in the heat service for large consumers (hospitals, public<br />
sector, aggregate of residential consumers and also industrial thermal energy consumers) are<br />
Cofathec, Siram (Delkia Group), Fenice, Manutencoop, ABB, CPL Concordia. These companies<br />
often offer a global energy service, including cogeneration of heat and power. They are<br />
characterized by an high know-how in the energy field, high credit rate in order to be financed by<br />
banks, and economies of scale because of the development of several similar projects for<br />
different customers. Recently also Property Managment, Real Estate and Global Service<br />
Companies (for istance, Pirelli RE and Romeo gestione) are approaching the energy service<br />
sector, enforced by their strong financial capacities, customer portfolios and management skills.<br />
The services they offer are: energy managment (heat, cool, lighting services), but also facility<br />
managment (cleaning, reception, security, representative services) and property managment<br />
(rent, mainance and building managment).<br />
Other operators are energy utilities and electricity distributors, in most cases with a strong<br />
presence on the territory, such as Hera Group (Emilia Romagna Region), Acea (Rome), Ageas<br />
(Campania Region), SEA (Valle d’Aosta Region), A2A and ASM Brescia (Lombardia Region).<br />
These operators are, in some cases, owners of urban district heating systems for residential
customers, but in some cases they also manage <strong>ESCo</strong>s operations in the premises of industrial<br />
firms, near to a large heat and power demand.<br />
The main activities of these companies are based upon cogenerative and district heating projects,<br />
and they can develop from 1 up to 3 project per year with a medium rate of investment of 0.1 up<br />
to 2 mln euro and a medium installed power of 0.5 – 2 MW.<br />
Another category of <strong>ESCo</strong>s is represented by manufacturers of boilers (Riello), solar thermal<br />
plants (Costruzioni Solari), and other devices, that are registered as <strong>ESCo</strong>s in order to trade the<br />
WhC produced by the installation of their products. These companies commonly do not properly<br />
operate as <strong>ESCo</strong>s as from the definition of the EC Directive.<br />
Moreover, there are several other SME acting like <strong>ESCo</strong>s in the Italian market, that are able to<br />
propose a wide range of energy services and energy efficiency investments.<br />
These companies have a 1-10 milion euro year turnover, and in most cases are out of biggest<br />
public procurement. The main barriers are, in this case, (1) the limited access to equity, (2)<br />
limited know-how and skilled uman resources, (3) difficulty to apply a complete custom<br />
satysfaction system, (4) difficulty to achieve economies of scale.<br />
Emerging <strong>ESCo</strong>s are also some engineering companies, usually SME, focused on enegy audits<br />
and on the development of energy saving measures. They follow the project from the audit stage<br />
towards engineering and building, using subcontract to fill out the work.<br />
An overview of the <strong>ESCo</strong>s registered in the AEEG web site and entitled for WhC trading is<br />
reported in the AEEWG web site (http://www.autorita.energia.it/cgibin/elenco_rep_public?OPERAZIONE=6&HEADER=1).<br />
As regards, finally, the specific biomass heating service, most of the <strong>ESCo</strong>s operating in this<br />
sector are located in North Italy, and a comprehensive overview of most of the biomass district<br />
heating plants is provided by FIPER (Federazione Italiana Produttori Energia Rinnovabile), an<br />
association of district heating plant operators with some 550 MWt of district heating plants and<br />
250 MWt of biomass boilers installed by 2008, 82 boilers, 735 km of district heating pipeline,<br />
108.000 customers, thermal and electric power generation respectively of 585 and 48,75<br />
GW/year.
Subsidies available<br />
The main incentives regarding BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong>s are summarized in Table 1.<br />
Subsidies available Solar<br />
Thermal<br />
Solar<br />
Cooling<br />
Biomass Biomass/solar<br />
district heating<br />
Capital cost subsidies (i) X X X X<br />
White certificates (ii) X X X X<br />
55% tax discount (iii) X X X X (iv)<br />
Tax Credit (v) X<br />
V.A.T. reduced to<br />
10%(vi)<br />
X X X X<br />
Table 13.1. Incentives available for solar thermal and biomass heating systems.<br />
(i) available time to time on the basis of national, regional or community level f<strong>und</strong>s;<br />
(ii) in the case of solar thermal a stardard procedure is available, while in the case of biomass<br />
district heating or CHP an analytical procedure should be followed;<br />
(iii) 55% Tax Discount is end-user subsidy that doesn’t compete to <strong>ESCo</strong>s;<br />
(iv) only available for heat exchangers and other end-user infrastructures;<br />
(v) a heating plant fueled by biomass or geothermal source may receive a tax credit in<br />
recognition of the avoided emissions of carbon dioxide. The facility granted to the district<br />
heating networks consist of a fixed fee (L. 448/98, L. 418/01). The incentive is assigned to the<br />
heat produced by biomass fuel, and it consists of a fixed amount of € 2.5 cents / kWht;<br />
(vi) District heating energy supply and other renewable energy sources can advantage of VAT<br />
rate of 10% (L. 296/06, DPR633/72); in the caase of heat generation, the reduced VAT rate is<br />
recognized to generating plants fueled by renewable sources or to cogeneration plants (as defined<br />
by the Authority Del. 42/02). In this case, an "energy performance service" contract is required,<br />
that meets the requirements established by the Department of Revenue of the Ministry of Finance<br />
(Circ. 273/98). In the case of a district heating supply, most of these requirements are implicitly<br />
satisfied.<br />
Among the others, specific incentives for renewable heating in the form of capital cost subsidies<br />
are offered by the POI Energia (Programma Operativo Interregionale, www.poienergia.it) and<br />
Kyoto f<strong>und</strong> (www.cassaddpp.it ), aiming to increase the competitiveness of sustainable<br />
renewable heating.<br />
14.1.2 Existing contracts<br />
The typologies of <strong>ESCo</strong>s contracts applied in the Italian market are basically the EPC (Energy<br />
Performance Contracting), which is characterized by shared or guaranteed savings, and the<br />
ESC (Energy Service Contracting), where the payment is commonly based on the amount of<br />
energy consumed. These typologies are reported in Figure 1.<br />
The Energy Service contracts payment scheme can be based on days – celsius degree, fixed fee,<br />
time fee, or heated space (m 3 or m 2 ).<br />
The ESC has been used in Italy since 80’s, mainly in the case of hospitals, public buildings,<br />
residential district heating and so on. This kind of contract is still widely implemented, as also<br />
results from the case studies reported. Mixed ESC/EPC contracts are also possible, on the basis
of the presence of some performance parameters and/or on the capacity of the <strong>ESCo</strong> to take some<br />
financial risks. It is the case, for instance, of the Bari main Hospital (Policlinico of Bari) case<br />
study, where Siram installed a 2 MWe natural gas fired CHP district heating plant, in order to<br />
serve the heat/cool and electricity demand of the hospital. In this case, an ESC (billing based on<br />
heated m 3 ) is coupled to an EPC (CHP plant built by the <strong>ESCo</strong> with investment cost repayment<br />
based on the sale of electricity). Nowadays, ESC Energy Service contracts are becoming more<br />
complex, including further services such as insurance to unexpected events (mainly required to<br />
increase the bankability of the project, so decreasing the deby/equity ratio or the cost of capital).<br />
Figure 13.1 <strong>ESCo</strong>s Energy contracts in the Italian market.<br />
Although Energy Supply Contracts are widely used by ESPCos, the EPC is being applied more<br />
and more, expecially after the Legislative Decree 115/2008.<br />
Under an EPC arrangement, an <strong>ESCo</strong> develops, implements and finances (or arranges financing<br />
of) an energy efficiency project or a renewable energy project, and uses the stream of income<br />
from the cost savings, or the renewable energy produced, to repay the costs of the project,<br />
including the costs of the investment. Essentially the ESCO will not recover all of its costs unless<br />
the project delivers all of the energy savings guaranteed.<br />
The EPC can be classified as Shared Savings, Guarantee Savings, First Out or Pico (Public<br />
Internal Contracting) and Project Financing, which are mainly used in public procurement.<br />
Under a guaranteed savings contract the ESCO guarantees a certain level of energy savings and<br />
in this way shields the client from any performance risk. The performance related to level of<br />
energy saved, and the value of energy saved is guaranteed to meet debt service obligations down<br />
to a floor price. In this case, the ESCO carries performance risk and the energy-user/customer<br />
carries credit risk. Moreover, ESCO can do more projects without getting highly leveraged, and<br />
there is a more comprehensive project scope due to lower financing costs.<br />
In the case of Shared Savings, the cost savings are split for a pre-determined length of time in<br />
accordance with a pre-arranged percentage. In this case the prerformance is related to the cost of<br />
energy saved and the value of payments to ESCO is linked to the energy price. This contract
favours large ESCOs, while small ESCOs become too leveraged to do more projects, and it<br />
favours projects with short payback due to higher financing costs.<br />
Another very frequent type of contract in Italy is the ‘chauffage’ contract, where an ESCO takes<br />
over complete responsibility for the provision to the client of an agreed set of energy services<br />
(e.g. space heat, lighting, motive power, etc.). This arrangement is a type of supply contracting<br />
and represents a form of energy management outsourcing. Sometimes the ESCO in a chauffage<br />
arrangement also takes over full responsibility for fuel/electricity purchasing. The fee paid by the<br />
client is calculated on the basis of its existing energy bill minus a percentage saving (in the range<br />
of 5-10 %). Sometimes a fee may be charged per square meter of conditioned space. Thus the<br />
client is guaranteed an immediate saving relative to its current bill. The ESCO takes<br />
responsibility for providing the improved level of energy service for a reduced bill. The more<br />
efficiently and cheaply it can do this, the greater its earnings: chauffage contracts give the<br />
strongest incentive to ESCOs to provide services in an efficient way. This is the case, for<br />
instance, of the case study of the heat service contracts of University of Bari.<br />
Such contracts may have an element of shared savings in addition to the guaranteed savings<br />
element to provide incentive for the customer. For instance, all savings up to an agreed figure<br />
would go to the ESCO to repay project costs and return on capital; above this savings will be<br />
shared between the ESCO and the customer.<br />
Another variation is the ‘first out’ approach whereby the ESCO is paid 100 % of the energy<br />
savings until the project costs, including the ESCO profit, are fully paid. The exact duration of<br />
the contract will actually depend on the level of savings achieved: the greater the savings, the<br />
shorter the contract.<br />
A BOOT (Build-own-operate-transfer) model may involve an ESCO designing, building,<br />
financing, owning and operating the equipment for a defined period of time and then transferring<br />
this ownership across to the client. This model resembles a special purpose enterprise created for<br />
a particular project. Clients enter into long term supply contracts with the BOOT operator and<br />
the service charge includes capital and operating cost recovery and project profit. BOOT<br />
schemes are becoming an increasingly popular means of financing CHP projects. This is the case<br />
of some Italian ESCO that propose distributed CHP generation systems (in most cases natural<br />
gas or liquid biomass fired) installed at the premises of industrial firms, to serve their<br />
heat/cool/electricity demand. The ESCO investment is often repaid <strong>und</strong>er “BOOT” contracts,<br />
and the plant ownership is transferred to the energy consumer when the investment costs are paid<br />
(commonly after 4-6 years).<br />
The Project Financing is most used for complex projects, such as the construction of large power<br />
plants. The PF is a quite complex and expensive form of financing, based on accurate technical<br />
and economic assessment (due diligence) of the project itself rather than the financial capacity of<br />
the promoters. The loan must be fully guaranteed by the project cash flows, and this requires the<br />
management of a complex set of contracts in order to minimize risks. The magnitude of<br />
minimum investment is therefore high, usually in millions of euros.<br />
The advantages of this form of contracting, used in the field of public utility for the development<br />
of water resources, natural gas concessions, cogeneration plants, district heating, are:<br />
• Efficiency: all the actors involved in PF have an interest to focus on the efficiency of the<br />
work, since the cash flows finance the investment;<br />
• PF allows financing great projects with low expenses, which is particularly relevant for<br />
public administration.
The energy supply contract defines all the important issues between the ESCO (the energy<br />
supplier) and the customer (the energy consumer). An energy supply contract is always an<br />
integral part of an ESCO project. It fixes several important topics that are related to the risk<br />
accepted by the ESCO in acquiring the project.<br />
The main topics to be covered by the energy supply contract are: i) the subject of the contract<br />
(heat/power supply and related quality of service provided); ii) the duration of the contract; iii)<br />
property of the plant and manteinance/operations responsabilites; iv) billing systems and energy<br />
measurements; v) property structure of the areas affected by the installations; vi) obligations to<br />
deliver/supply the energy, imncluding min/max values; vii) insurance schemes.<br />
There are three different schemes for billing the thermal energy between the customer and the<br />
ESCO. Most schemes which are implemented in real projects follow one of these schemes or a<br />
mix of these:<br />
Energy price only: the customer pays a certain energy price per kWh of thermal energy. The<br />
energy is usually billed once every month or once every two months. This means that the<br />
payback for the ESCO works only by means of the energy sold.<br />
Usually, for residential demand and district heating systems the ESCO and the customer agree<br />
for a different summer and winter price (summer price lower, as the demand is lower).<br />
Energy price and basic price: Additionally to the cost per kWh, the customer is also charged a<br />
fixed fee, which takes into account also manteinance costs. This model allows more security for<br />
the ESCO as it will get the payments in any case.<br />
Energy price and connection fee: In this case the customer pays a percentage of the installation<br />
cost (both for the thermal generation plant and/or for the distric heating or the connection to the<br />
heat pipeline). This fee may be calculated on the basis of the kWh delivered per year or on the<br />
installed power. In return, the energy price for the customer is reduced, so the ESCO needs to<br />
perform a very thorough economic feasibility calculation.<br />
The delivered energy price is usually linked to the consumer price index (general index which<br />
reflects the course of the inflation or the fossil fuel price).<br />
14.1.3 Financial institutions and schemes<br />
Suitable financial instruments could help to overcome barriers, namely the limited and<br />
sometimes difficult access to financing opportunities for ESCOs. This is particularly relevant in<br />
the case of new ESCOs, with limited credit rate.<br />
In the case of solar thermal plants and small biomass fired installations, due to the size of the<br />
projects, financing is mainly a business for local banks. Financial instruments can support<br />
renewable ESCOs in several manners, such as: i) establishing suitable f<strong>und</strong>s or making access to<br />
existing f<strong>und</strong>s easier in order to establish financing opportunities for ESCOs; ii) reducing the<br />
risks for banks providing financing through public liabilities; iii) subsidy f<strong>und</strong>s that are available<br />
for renewable heat services.<br />
Several financing sources are possible: private banks and lending institutions, venture capital<br />
firms, equity f<strong>und</strong>s, strategic partnerships (e.g. utilities, engineering firms and equipment<br />
manufacturers).<br />
The dedicated financial services offered by banks to the ESCOs in Italy are growing fast,<br />
because of the strong interest in renewable energy investments, energy efficiency programs and<br />
sustainable development by banks, increased by the presence of quite encouraging incentives.<br />
Quite often financial institutions propose financial schemes designed specifically for energy<br />
service companies. It should be noted that the banks offer financial schemes very different from<br />
each other, and sometimes different offices of the same bank propose different financial solution.
Hovewer, these services are absolutely not effective in removing the financial barriers towards<br />
the establishment of <strong>ESCo</strong>s business, in particular in the case of low investment projects, as they<br />
are considered too much riskky or not enough profitable. In fact, even where there are proposals<br />
for f<strong>und</strong>ing apparently well established, in practice the access to credit is quite difficult.<br />
In most cases, the real guarantees or the equity required by the banks to the <strong>ESCo</strong>s are not<br />
compatible with their limited financial resources.<br />
Some of the most important financial services offered to ESCOs by Italian banks are reported in<br />
the following.<br />
Intesa-San Paolo: this financial service (in cooperation with EIB F<strong>und</strong>s, European Investment<br />
Bank) is focused on material investment (buildings, machinery and equipments). The eligible<br />
operators are SMI and /or Companies operating in the area of energy / environment and<br />
infrastructures, including investments aimed at diversifying energy sources and / or improving<br />
use of energy or environmental protection and /or using renewable sources.<br />
The max loan amounts to to 50% of expenses (VAT excluded), with a maximum of 12.5 million,<br />
with a minimum equity of 25% of the cost of the program. The nominal rate can be fixed or<br />
variable, with a duration of 5, 8 or 10 years. Personal or real guarantees are always required.<br />
LeasEnergy: this type of leasing proposed by Intesa Leasing is committed to renewable and<br />
cogeneration energy plants. It allows flexibility as regards frequency of payments, and it also<br />
ensures fast and simple operations to shorten the implementation time of the project.<br />
Leasing Energia: this scheme supports investments of industrial agro-industral, services and<br />
tourism inverstors which intend to establish facilities for the production / sales of energy from<br />
renewable sources.<br />
Moreover, there is a general agreement between Cooperative Credit Banks / Rural Casses and<br />
the Government aimed to promote renewable energy sources. It provides access to credit for<br />
energy efficiency actions and renewable sources plants. The financial service may vary<br />
depending on the bank, with a maximum loan of 200.000 €, max duration of 10 years, nominal<br />
annual rate equal to the Euribor plus a 1% spread.<br />
The financial service proposed by Banca Etica Energy Projects is tailored for private operators<br />
and enterprises which want to develop an energy efficiency action or build a renewable energy<br />
source plant. It is also dedicated to <strong>ESCo</strong>s, infact we can read in a note of the “Banca Etica”<br />
proposal that “it should reward <strong>ESCo</strong>s’ activities for their innovative character, in order to break<br />
financial barriers and promote energy efficiency and sustainable development”. In this case, the<br />
max loan: ranges between 10.000 and 200.000 €.
Figure 13.2 Financing services available from Banca Etica (www.bancaetica.it).<br />
“Energy Save” is the financial service of “Monte dei Paschi di Siena” dedicated to energy<br />
efficiency and renewable energy plants, and in particular to <strong>ESCo</strong>s activities. The max loan is up<br />
to 100% of the investment, subject to a due diligence approved by bank. Among the other<br />
guarantees, a suitable insurance scheme is always required, together with real guarantees from<br />
the investor and often a direct repayment of the loan by the project cash flows (this is required<br />
ihn most of the financial services described).<br />
“Progetto Spazio Energia” is a specific financial service of Banca Pololare di Ancona dedicated<br />
to public and private operators who defined an industrial corporate program to execute energy<br />
savings or renewable projects. The projects f<strong>und</strong>ed are cogeneration and trigeneration plants,<br />
renewable source plants, pellet production plants, heat/power distribution grids. The minimum<br />
investment is 25.000 €, with loans up to 100% of investment.<br />
In conclusion, it appears clear that the lack of interest from financial institutions should be<br />
overcome. So far, ESCOs have mostly implemented projects using their financial bases, but this<br />
limits the size of the ESCO market strongly. Banks should be informed, and encouraged to<br />
participate in third-partyfinancing.<br />
14.1.4 Barriers<br />
The assessment of the Italian Bio-Sol <strong>ESCo</strong>s state of the art allowed identifying some existing<br />
barriers, as reported in the following.<br />
Policy and administrative issues<br />
• Complex administrative issues are by far one of the main barriers towards the<br />
development of <strong>ESCo</strong>s approaches.<br />
• In public sector, there is a very promising energy demand for ESCO’s services and<br />
low energy efficiency, but a public call is often required and the complex<br />
administrative procedures are one of the main barriers; in particular, a preliminar<br />
assessment and techno-economic feasibility study is always required to prepare the
public call for energy services, but the public sector has a poor know-how to carry out<br />
this study and in most cases no f<strong>und</strong>s are available to outsource this to ESCOs, and<br />
what commonly happens is that an <strong>ESCo</strong> has to spend time and money to carry out<br />
the preliminar feasibility study taking the risk to loose the successive public<br />
competition to put into practice the feasibility study and carry out the project.<br />
• A major drawback to ESCOs in the public sector is that public sector regulations are<br />
not suitable for EPC. Tender procurements are traditionally price-based (based on<br />
initial investment cost) and energy performance (lifecycle costs) does not form the<br />
primary decision basis, which would be important for an ESCO project. Chauffagetype<br />
contracts are preferred. In this case, however, no energy saving guarantee per se<br />
is given and the savings are not monitored, although savings are normally realized.<br />
• Subsidies are an important and structural measure to make the diffusion of good<br />
practices and the growth of the renewable heatsector easier. One of the main barriers<br />
for the Bio-Sol-<strong>ESCo</strong>s development has been the lack of support measures towards<br />
renewable heat in Italy. It’s very important that the measures are active for a<br />
medium/long period (in order to attract investors along years and not only for short<br />
and limited periods) and insert in wider programmes; simple criteria to calculate the<br />
subsidy should be preferred, in order to assure a wider participation to the scheme by<br />
the final users and also a faster (and therefore cheaper) assessment of the requests;<br />
�coordination at national level is also necessary: even if the development of the single<br />
measure can be carried out by local administrations, the criteria to achieve the f<strong>und</strong>,<br />
the bureaucratic procedures and the targets should be decided at national level.<br />
• The missing of a legal consolidation of <strong>ESCo</strong>s is another issue 8partially solved by<br />
the Law 115/2008).<br />
Financial issues<br />
• The bankability of the ERSCos operations is a main issue, since the credit system<br />
appears generally stagnant and with poor interest in the ESCOs business. In fact, it is<br />
perceived as too much risky of scarcely profitable, in particular in the case of low<br />
investments and small <strong>ESCo</strong>s; quite often very high guarantees and/or high equity are<br />
required to <strong>ESCo</strong>s to have access to credit, and securing the loans repayment is always<br />
required; moreover, banks often require complex and expensive procedures (“due<br />
diligence”) to provide the loans to <strong>ESCo</strong>s.<br />
Contract issues<br />
• It is difficult to measure the energy savings which are caused by the energy efficiency<br />
measures implemented and those ones which are caused by energy consumer changes<br />
(behaviour, load increase or decrease, etc) and that should be not considered when<br />
calculating the ESCO revenues; the set up of suitable algorithms could be particularly<br />
complex.<br />
• The space required by the solar thermal collectors could be a barrier, in particuilar<br />
when they are installed in urban areas, where the space has a value; moreover, in<br />
most cases an auxiliary boiler is required to meet the load demand during winter, so<br />
that the Esco should also face the operational issues of thermal plant management,<br />
fuel supply and so on.
• In some cases the final energy consumers could be sceptic about the reliability and<br />
quality of energy services provided by the ESCO, and proper guarantees of good<br />
operation should be provided by the <strong>ESCo</strong> to the final consumer.<br />
Other barriers<br />
• The low heat demand in Southern Italy causes a poor interest in the heat service and/<br />
or district heating in these Regions; one option could be the development of cooling<br />
systems, but they are quite expensive and difficult to integrate with solar thermal or<br />
biomass facilities.<br />
• In the domestic and tertiary sector, energy efficiency investments for insulation<br />
systems are very expensive and should be carried out by the buildings owners, and<br />
not by the ESCO.<br />
• Solar thermal plants are commonly suitable for low temperature heat, and this could<br />
be a barrier when high temperature heat is required, such as in the industrial and agroindustrial<br />
sector, even if a solar based pre-heating system could be a good<br />
compromise also in this case.<br />
• Solar thermal heat production is affected by high seasonality, and since the produced<br />
heat can be stored for a limited amount of time, a proper plant sizing and the<br />
knowledge of the laod pattern are major issues; in the case of biomass fired boilers,<br />
this issue is by far less relevant, but in every case it could be appropriate to installa<br />
integrating systems for heat peak loads, on the basis of the specific typology of heat<br />
demand.<br />
• In the case of energy efficiency measures implemented together with the<br />
heating/cooling services, there is a trade off between the interest of the <strong>ESCo</strong> in<br />
selling the energy and in achieving energy savings; in this case, the contracts and the<br />
ESCO revenue should be composed by a first part based on the energy sold and with<br />
a discount on respect to the baseline (cost of energy of the ex-ante situation) and a<br />
second part based on the energy savings.<br />
• The space required for biomas storage can be a problem in the case of biomass<br />
heating plants, in particular in urban areas, where the space has an higher value; the<br />
emission levels of biomas heating plants in comparison to gas fired boilers could be a<br />
disadvantage (in particular as regards particulate, NOx and CO emission levels); the<br />
biomas supply could be particularly comples, and biomass-Esco schemes can be more<br />
promising when the Esco is vertically integrated, being also in charge of the biomass<br />
production, pre-treatment and storage.<br />
• The high costs of pipelines and installation in case of refurbishment for district<br />
heating is by far one of the main barriers towards the development of the district<br />
heayting service, together with the extremely complex administrative procedures for<br />
the end-users connection to the pipeline.<br />
• In Italy there is a high competition with natural gas, which is widely available and a<br />
gas fired district heating system is cheaper than a solar thermal or biomass fired<br />
district heating system.<br />
• Absence of national high replicability projects for BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong>s for small-medium<br />
scale plants, and absence of information about success cases.<br />
14.2 Technical framework<br />
Technical framework related to BioSolEsco’s activities is connected to technical aspects and state<br />
of the art of implemented renewable technologies, (solar thermal and biomass).
These energy souces are suitable for space heating and hot sanitary water, but also summer air<br />
conditioning (cooling). District heating technology is also connected with heat supply services<br />
and it uses a centralized system to achieve economies of scale and higher efficiency.<br />
14.2.1 Quality and monitoring<br />
Quality and monitoring aspects are crucial for Escos, and thus for BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong>s, considering that<br />
<strong>ESCo</strong>’s earnings are based on the achieved energy savings.<br />
In particular, the Legislative Decree 115/2008 defines not only the quantitative parameters to be<br />
monitored, but also the necessary contracts characteristics between <strong>ESCo</strong> and customer.<br />
In particular, according to the definition of energy performance contract “Plus”, this LD states<br />
that the <strong>ESCo</strong>s have to accomplish with a voluntary certification (at the moment ISO 9001 and a<br />
certification as in the Law 46/90).<br />
This should ensure that the company has the necessary technical and managing know-how. In the<br />
future, an international <strong>ESCo</strong> certification standard (ISO 16001) should be introduced, as already<br />
discussed.<br />
So far the quality and monitoring issues related to energy performance contract required by the<br />
Legislative Decree 115/2008 (Annex II) are, in particular:<br />
• energy label of the building as defined by LD 192/2005, explicitating the energy<br />
requirements of the building, and the measurements to be taken in order to improve its<br />
energy performance. The energy label calculations must be executed in compliance with<br />
UNI TS 11300, and can be performed using commercial softwares that are certified by<br />
CTI or UNI (national technical unification body) having a maximum error of +/- 5% in<br />
the estimate of the energy requirements;<br />
• the quantitative parameters used to calculate the effectiveness of the energy services<br />
should be clearly explicitated; moreover, the correlation between the measured<br />
parameters and the amount of thermal energy delivered should be explicitated;<br />
• the energy supplied to the final consumer should be reported at least yearly, with single<br />
measurements for each consumer.<br />
Monitoring issues are also defined in order to access to white certificates. As introduced before,<br />
every end-user energy efficiency measure should be reported to and certified by the AEEG in order<br />
to be assigned the related WhCs. In particular, as regards solar thermal projects, a standardized<br />
procedure can be followed, in order to estimate the energy savings arising from the installation of<br />
these panels. This procedures allows estimating the savings simply by means of the m 2 of solar<br />
panels, the typology of radiators, the climate zone of the area of installation, and the substituted<br />
heating source. As regards biomass boilers and biomass CHP, there are a couple of analytical<br />
procedures defned by the AEEG to estimate the energy savings of bio-heat, which are in particular<br />
related to small cogenerative systems and district heating. However it should be noted that the<br />
energy savings assessment is, in this case, more complex and specific measurements are required.<br />
Morevoer, it should be noted that, at the moment, the certification procedures for biomass district<br />
heating and biomass cogeneration are not appliable. Further details can be fo<strong>und</strong> at the AEEG web<br />
address:<br />
(http://www.autorita.energia.it/ee/schede.htm,).
14.2.2 Appropriate technology for BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
14.2.3 Software tools available<br />
The ST-ESCO software tool was developed for a quick assesment of potential solar thermal ESCOs<br />
applications within the IEE f<strong>und</strong>ed project ST-ESCO. It includes the Energetic Module, a<br />
simulation tool based on TRNSYS, with a user friendly interface where the user can introduce all<br />
technical data referred to the solar thermal system and calculate the energy production, and the<br />
Economic Module, that carries out the economic, financial and contractual analysis, based on the<br />
results or energetic yield assessment.<br />
Among the other softwares for renewable sources, and in particular for BioSol <strong>ESCo</strong>, there are:<br />
• The RETScreen Clean Energy Project Analysis Software, which is a unique decision<br />
support tool developed with the contribution of numerous experts from government,<br />
industry, and academia. The software, provided free-of-charge, can be used worldwide<br />
to evaluate the energy production and savings, costs, emission reductions, financial<br />
viability and risk for various types of Renewable-energy and Energy-efficient<br />
Technologies (RETs). The software (available in multiple languages) also includes<br />
product, project, hydrology and climate databases, a detailed user manual, and a case<br />
study based college/university-level training course, including an engineering etextbook.<br />
• Polysun Solar thermal Simulation, which allows estimating the energy production and<br />
economic feasibility of solar systems; it provides users with flexibility in the design of<br />
solar thermal systems. Polysun enables to figure out yields and energy savings and get<br />
an accurate cost analysis.
15 Luxemburg
16 Malta<br />
During the 1980s and 1990s Malta experienced a growth of energy supply, markets and distribution.<br />
The energy scene has changed rapidly during this last decade with prices for fuel increasing<br />
substantially. Malta’s accession to the EU is leading to developments in the energy market and<br />
establishment of more environmental measures.<br />
Consumption of electrical energy has been increasing steadily. This can be attributed to a number of<br />
factors including growth in economic activity and higher standards of living. Electricity demand has<br />
increased from 1,603 GWh in 1995 to 2,263 GWh in 2005. The production of energy from fossil<br />
fuels is the main source of environmental pollution. In 2007, the electricity sector was the largest<br />
contributor to National Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions with a share of 88.7 % of gross<br />
national emissions, followed by the waste sector that contributed 6.6% to overall emissions. These<br />
indicators come from two reports that the Malta Environment and Planning Authority (MEPA)<br />
recently submitted to the European Commission <strong>und</strong>er the EU Decision No. 280/2004/EC. The<br />
reports also indicate that from 1990 to 2007, the GHG emissions in Malta have increased by 49 %<br />
with CO2 being the most significant contributor to this increase. Data indicate that on average, per<br />
capita emissions have risen from aro<strong>und</strong> 5.5 tonnes per head in 1990 to 7.3 tonnes per head in 2007.<br />
These trends reflect the socio-economic changes that have taken place over these past two decades,<br />
resulting in an increased demand for energy, with more waste generated and energy consumed for<br />
transport. Despite this national trend, Malta contributes only aro<strong>und</strong> 0.1 % to the overall EU-27<br />
GHG emissions.<br />
16.1 Legislative, Financial, contractual and marketing framework<br />
16.1.1 Legal backgro<strong>und</strong> for TPF and <strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
In recent years, Malta Government has introduced a number of measures in order to reduce the<br />
emissions of electricity generation. Technical modifications were made in order to increase the<br />
efficiency of the power plants. Coal consumption was reduced gradually and the introduction of low<br />
sulphur heavy fuel oil in 2004 reduced sulphur dioxide emissions.<br />
Efforts are <strong>und</strong>erway to assess both the potential and applicability of renewable energy sources.<br />
Renewable energy has led to a conceptual shift in energy policy in order to obtain at least partial<br />
relief from volatility in prices and scarcity of domestic products. Renewable energy is regarded and<br />
promoted as an investment for the future. To date, Government has been considering the aspects of<br />
affordability and competitiveness for the sector. Government has, directly or through its agencies,<br />
conducted several studies in connection with specific renewable energy technologies both up to and<br />
post-2010.<br />
Large, land-based solar farms are not considered an attractive option mainly because of their<br />
footprint and the impact of their hardware on the local landscape. More cost-effective uses of solar<br />
energy are perceived to lie in water heating and in the medium term in cooling. In the interest of<br />
promoting the mix of PV and solar thermal energy generation, Government has introduced various<br />
measures of support, including capital grants for solar installations (solar thermal water heaters and<br />
PV panels) in private households. Government has also put an exemption from excise duty on the<br />
biomass content in bio-diesel and such measures are expected to be reviewed following an<br />
assessment of the results achieved.
Overall, Government is continuing with the implementation of support schemes to promote the<br />
adoption of a mix of appropriate technologies at all levels, while considering the costs of<br />
implementation and maintenance of these technologies and related financing aspects.<br />
Figure 16.1<br />
Although Malta does not have emission reduction targets <strong>und</strong>er the Kyoto Protocol, it is still bo<strong>und</strong><br />
to adopt and implement policies and measures that directly or indirectly lead to limitations or<br />
reductions of emissions of greenhouse gases.<br />
To date, the two power generation plants currently in operation in Malta are the only installations<br />
falling within the scope of the Directive 2003/87/EC. In fact, as a non-Annex I party signatory to<br />
the Kyoto Protocol, Malta is eligible to participate in Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)<br />
projects as a host of such projects. The Malta Environment and Planning Authority has been<br />
designated as the Designated National Authority (DNA) in this respect.<br />
To date, the DNA has received one project proposal, for a landfill gas recovery and utilisation<br />
project to be set up at Ta’ Zwejra landfill, by WasteServ Malta. The objective of the project is the<br />
collection and destruction of methane generated at the Ta’ Zwejra landfill where municipal solid<br />
waste is deposited.<br />
The Project Design Document submitted indicates that an annual average emission reduction of<br />
approximately 19 ktonnes of CO2 equivalent is expected. It should be noted that the project has not<br />
yet been registered with the CDM Executive Board and thus no reduction credits have been issued.<br />
All emission savings taking place in Malta are due to domestic action and do not constitute the<br />
“offsetting” of local emissions by emission reduction activities taking place in other countries.<br />
In December 2008, Malta expressed its intention to change its status <strong>und</strong>er the UN Framework<br />
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), apart from technical measures aimed at improving the<br />
efficiency of the electricity generating infrastructure and reducing the GHG emissions emitted per<br />
MWh generated, a number of measures have been put in place, or are planned, in order to reduce<br />
the demand on the national grid and to increase the use of renewable energy sources (RES).<br />
The measures described here<strong>und</strong>er include regulatory, technical, economic and voluntary<br />
/information measures:<br />
P&M No. 5 Energy Performance in Buildings Regulations<br />
Implementing Entity National Government (Ministry for Resources and Rural Affairs)<br />
Type of Instrument: Regulatory; Status: Implemented<br />
CCPM Energy performance of buildings (Directive 2002/91/EC)
The objective of the measure is to reduce the wastage of energy and provide adequate<br />
environmental indoor conditions in buildings by the following actions:<br />
• Prescribe limits on U values of external walls, roofs, windows and external doors of all<br />
newly constructed buildings and large buildings that <strong>und</strong>ergo major renovation;<br />
• Prescribe limits on the area of glazing to be used in all newly constructed and large<br />
buildings that <strong>und</strong>ergo major renovation;<br />
• Make better use of solar gain in winter and control solar gain in summer in all newly<br />
constructed buildings and large buildings that <strong>und</strong>ergo major renovation;<br />
• Prescribe requirements for the conservation and reuse of rainwater in all newly constructed<br />
buildings;<br />
• Introduce better controls on artificial lighting in all new buildings and large buildings that<br />
<strong>und</strong>ergo major renovation;<br />
• Introduce minimum requirements for switching controls in the use of water and space<br />
heating appliances;<br />
• Introduce minimum requirements for switching and zoning controls in the use of air<br />
conditioning appliances.<br />
By the powers conferred by article 28 of the Malta Resources Authority Act, the Minister<br />
responsible for Resources and Infrastructure, in October 2006 issued Legal Notice 238 entitled<br />
“Minimum Requirements on the Energy Performance of Buildings, 2006”.<br />
These regulations specified that all new buildings and existing buildings that <strong>und</strong>ergo major<br />
renovation or alteration, and whose building permit application was received by the Malta<br />
Environment and Planning Authority on or after the 2nd January 2007 had to comply with these<br />
regulations. A technical guidance document - Conservation of Fuel, Energy and Natural Resources<br />
(minimum requirements on the energy performance of building regulations, 2006) - was issued as<br />
part of the regulations and is the instrument that gives the parameters and provisions for compliance<br />
to the regulations.<br />
Legal Notice 238 of 2006 was superseded by Legal Notice 261 of 2008 that incorporates the<br />
minimum requirements and implements the Energy Performance Certification of Buildings.<br />
This measure is part of the regulatory requirements imposed by the transposition and<br />
implementation of Directive 2002/91/EC on the Energy Performance of Buildings and will also<br />
complement the national campaign for increased energy efficiency awareness.<br />
It is considered too early to measure the true effects of the implementation of this measure.<br />
Furthermore, the present lack of statistics on the end use of energy in Malta buildings and the lack<br />
of human and financial resources necessary to carry out the detailed reporting needed to obtain this<br />
data make it very difficult to estimate the savings that will be obtained by the introduction of the<br />
above mentioned measures.<br />
Another factor is the link between the building performance and optimum comfort levels; although<br />
many Malta homes are not at present cooled or heated adequately to provide good thermal comfort<br />
throughout the year because of the amount of electricity needed to do so with the current building<br />
stock, this trend may change as the energy performance of buildings improves.<br />
P&M Nos. 9 – 12 Incentive schemes for Energy Efficiency and RES Measures in the Residential<br />
Sector<br />
Implementing Entity National Government (Malta Resources Authority); Type of Instruments<br />
Economic<br />
P&M No.10 Promotion of Solar Water Heaters<br />
Status Implemented
The first grant by Government on solar water heaters was announced in 2005. The rebate of 20% on<br />
the purchase price was capped at a maximum of €116.48 and uptake was rather low. The maximum<br />
rebate was doubled to €232.94 in 2006, with uptake tripling (MRRA, 2008). Up to the end of 2008,<br />
a total of 1665 applications for rebates on solar water heaters had been submitted to the Malta<br />
Resources Authority.<br />
Visits are organised by the Institute for Energy Technology upon application by the home owner. A<br />
technical inspection is made on the installed solar heating system. A pre-defined technical form is<br />
used. Observations made include measuring the azimuth and the inclination of the panels, checking<br />
the water storage tank size and solar panel area, to see if sufficient collector area is available to heat<br />
the water effectively and checking on lagging, insulation, and back-up heating settings. A<br />
questionnaire is also completed to <strong>und</strong>erstand the lifestyle of the users and advise on certain<br />
measures that could save on hot water usage.<br />
Following the visit, an official report is sent to the owner, highlighting the good results as well as<br />
those measures that need to be taken, if any, to improve the performance of the solar system, with<br />
the scope of saving more energy and getting better customer satisfaction.<br />
Under the new scheme for 2009, the Government allocated €2 million for the purchase of solar<br />
water heater where applicants are ref<strong>und</strong>ed two thirds of the cost up to a maximum of €460. It is<br />
calculated that 4,500 families are going to benefit from the scheme 19 MFEI (2008).<br />
P&M No. 16 Information campaign on Energy Efficiency<br />
Implementing Entity National Government (Office of the Prime Minister)<br />
Type of Instrument: Information; Status: Implemented<br />
CCPM End-use efficiency and energy services (Directive 2006/32/EC)<br />
A national educational campaign is currently in operation to increase the level of the general public<br />
and consumers’ awareness on sustainable energy use. The campaign aims to change consumers’<br />
behaviour towards more sustainable energy use and to educate consumers through dissemination of<br />
information and knowledge on Malta’s dependency on conventional energy generation, measures<br />
that may be implemented to reduce this dependency, including policies, measures and support<br />
mechanisms, and the benefits of sustainable energy use to the environment and society as a whole.<br />
The educational campaign will address the following key issues:<br />
1. Energy efficiency and conservation of electricity;<br />
2. Micro-generation through renewable energy sources and promotion of solar thermal<br />
systems;<br />
3. Energy efficiency in transport;<br />
4. Energy performance in buildings.<br />
16.1.2 Existing contracts<br />
Considering the early situation regarding ESCOs and Third Party Financing, no schemes of energy<br />
performance contracts are used in Malta. Probably ESCOsschemes are not suitable in the Malta<br />
framework and they need to be implemented as part of an integrated system that is not yet ready to<br />
come in force. By now Malta made some efforts to decrease the GHG emissions in energy sector,<br />
including emissions from fuel combustion activities, i.e. Public electricity and heat production,<br />
manufacturing industries and construction, transport and commercial/residential.
16.1.3 Financial institutions and schemes<br />
Since there are no ESCOs in Malta and Energy Market is regulated by Government, financing<br />
energy savngs or solar-biomass power plants are not yet developped as in other Countries.<br />
Nowadays projects are financed by Government with Energy Grant Scheme: End-use efficiency and<br />
energy services (Directive 2006/32/EC).<br />
This incentive scheme aims to assist companies in the implementation of projects related to energy<br />
efficiency (such as the installation of intelligent lighting systems, solar heating, thermal insulation,<br />
building management systems and energy-saving lighting) and electricity generation from<br />
renewable sources such as solar and wind. Approved and selected projects (through competitive<br />
call) will be ref<strong>und</strong>ed 50% of their investment cost.<br />
The scheme will be administered by Malta Enterprise, the government agency responsible for the<br />
promotion of foreign investments and industrial development in Malta.<br />
Total f<strong>und</strong>s of €10,000,000 are available <strong>und</strong>er this scheme. The energy grant scheme, which is to<br />
be f<strong>und</strong>ed through the European Regional Development F<strong>und</strong> (ERDF) (2007 to 2013), was<br />
launched in February 2009.<br />
This scheme is run in parallel with a scheme aimed at assisting companies to have energy audits,<br />
which scheme is f<strong>und</strong>ed by the Maltese Government through Malta Enterprise. Energy audits can<br />
identify measures which can then be f<strong>und</strong>ed through the energy grant scheme.<br />
Another ERDF scheme which will also be administered by Malta Enterprise, aimed at assisting<br />
companies to implement environmental technologies for projects related to waste, water and air<br />
emissions, and may also result in the indirect reduction of GHG emissions through reduction in<br />
water demand (the production of which is heavily dependent on energy-intensive desalination<br />
process).<br />
The levels of savings that will actually be achieved are highly dependent on the type of solutions<br />
that will be proposed and eventually implemented.<br />
Additional benefits of the scheme include the reduction of air pollutants from the power stations (as<br />
a result of reduced energy demand), increased competitiveness for industry /enterprise as a result of<br />
reduced energy costs, and awareness-raising of the various possibilities for implementing energy<br />
efficiency measures.<br />
16.1.4 Barriers<br />
Malta ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as a non-<br />
Annex I party on 17th March 1994, and subsequently ratified the Kyoto Protocol on 11th November<br />
2001.<br />
Due to its non-Annex I party status, Malta does not have any binding obligations to limit or reduce<br />
greenhouse gas emissions <strong>und</strong>er the Kyoto Protocol neither has any limitation or reduction targets<br />
<strong>und</strong>er the ‘burden-sharing agreement’ currently in effect. It should also be noted that in view of its<br />
non-Annex I status, Malta is also not eligible for allocation of Assigned Amount Units <strong>und</strong>er Kyoto<br />
Protocol rules.<br />
This is probably the main reason to explain the lateness of the Country to develop <strong>ESCo</strong>s business<br />
and TPF.<br />
A comparison between Esco in Italy and Malta is reported in Figure 1 ( “Designing an appropriate<br />
ESCOs’ environment in the Mediterranean”, Konstantinos D. Patlitzianas, Haris Doukas and John<br />
Psarras).<br />
The Figure reports the main barriers to <strong>ESCo</strong>s and TPF.
Figure 16.2 Comparison of <strong>ESCo</strong>s in Italy and Malta.<br />
Malta electricity system overview<br />
Malta’s electricity generation is exclusively reliant on non-renewable energy sources (liquid fossil<br />
fuels) and this has been adversely affected by developments in international pricing of petroleum<br />
products. Electrical power is generated in two conventional thermal power stations owned by<br />
Enemalta Corporation and located at Marsa and Delimara. These power plants utilise heavy fuel oil<br />
for conventional steam plant (boiler/turbo generation) and gas-oil for gas turbines. The Marsa<br />
power station houses the older generation plant, whereas the Delimara power station is relatively<br />
more modern, albeit still in need of upgrading, particularly in relation to energy efficiency and<br />
cleaner fuels. Investment is also required in certain critical sections of the distribution system to<br />
prevent distribution failures.<br />
The network is currently state-owned and is subject to regulation by the Malta Resources Authority.<br />
The present electricity distribution system in Malta has evolved from three 33kV distribution<br />
centres to a network of seventeen 33kV and one 132kV distribution centre. These are divided<br />
among 4 regions, namely, North, Sliema, Central and South and the load growth characteristics for<br />
each were analysed to formulate a long-term plan that would ensure a secure and high quality<br />
supply suitable for all the different regions by 2013. The 132kV distribution centre was<br />
commissioned in 1992, in order to deliver electrical energy from the then, newly constructed<br />
Delimara Power Station. A second 132kV distribution centre is currently being commissioned in<br />
the centre of the island. These distribution centres are strategically located close to large load<br />
concentrations and directly supply large industrial and commercial consumers. An analysis of the<br />
current condition of the distribution network shows that during peak demand periods, most<br />
components are operated at close to their rated capacity and have no red<strong>und</strong>ancy.
16.2 Technical framework<br />
16.2.1 Quality and monitoring<br />
No quality and monitoring standard procedures are implemented by private or public actors to<br />
access to any incentives or white certificates scheme, since the only energy savings and efficiency<br />
action are <strong>und</strong>ertaken by Government in accordance to CDM and JI schemes.<br />
16.2.2 Appropriate technology for BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
As regarding technological framework, maltian situation about biomass and solar thermal plants is<br />
in a first stage status, and equipments and instruments are mainly imported from other countries<br />
companies.<br />
Some technical actions can be listed to give information about energy efficiency projects<br />
implemented on the two national power plants:<br />
P&M No. 17 Installation of Steam Recovery Turbine at the Marsa Thermal Treatment Facility<br />
Implementing Entity: State-owned entity<br />
Type of Instrument: Other (Technical)<br />
Status: Implemented<br />
CCPM End-use efficiency and energy services (Directive 2006/32/EC)<br />
The Thermal Treatment Facility in Marsa started operating at the end of 2007 and took over the<br />
incineration activities that were previously carried out at a number of other facilities which did not<br />
meet EU standards.<br />
The facility treats waste by incineration at high temperatures, and is dependent on electricity and<br />
diesel for the operation of its high temperature furnace. This temperature is controlled by circulating<br />
cold water, which is then released as steam. Following studies to investigate the potential of<br />
recovering electrical energy from the ‘waste heat’ of this plant, a turbine and generator are to be<br />
installed (in 2009) so that steam which is currently being released into the atmosphere will be<br />
redirected to a turbine to generate electricity.<br />
It is estimated that the electricity generated by the turbine will be roughly equivalent to the<br />
consumption of the plant, hence making the incinerator self-sufficient in terms of electrical energy.<br />
GHG savings are estimated to be about 2.7 Gg CO2 equiv. in 2010 decreasing to 1.4 Gg CO2<br />
equiv. in 2020.<br />
P&M No. 22 Biogas from Urban Waste Water Treatment<br />
Implementing Entity State-owned entity (Water Services Corporation)<br />
Type of Instrument: Economic<br />
Status: Implemented<br />
CCPM Electricity production from RES (Directive 2001/77/EC)<br />
The Malta South Urban Waste Water Treatment Plant (Malta South UWWTP) is the largest of the<br />
three waste water plants being constructed <strong>und</strong>er the Government’s Infrastructure Programme for<br />
the upgrading of the national waste water infrastructure and for achieving compliance with the<br />
requirements of the Urban Waste Water Directive.<br />
With the aim of reducing the plant’s energy demand on the national grid and treating the sewage<br />
sludge generated prior to disposal, the Malta South UWWTP will feature anaerobic sludge digestion<br />
facilities with biogas production. The methane produced will be combusted in a CHP plant for<br />
energy recovery: the electricity output will be used to meet a share of the plant’s own operating<br />
demand, whereas the heat will be used in heating up and maintaining the sludge digesters at 35°C
16.3 Lessons learned<br />
Malta has not yet developed an integrated system to lower GHG emissions and so <strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
investments are made up by public government only in the form of demonstrating projects. The<br />
most important constraints are focalized in the legal/political and the social/cultural dimension.<br />
These can be constraints due to weakness in the provision of effective political support and the<br />
absence of verification protocols for the certification of the contract’s guarantees, the reduced<br />
interest for <strong>ESCo</strong>s and the scarce educational policy on energy savings. Other important barriers of<br />
the financial dimension are the lack of f<strong>und</strong>s and poor financial support for <strong>ESCo</strong>s.
17 Netherlands<br />
17.1 Legislative, financial, contractual and marketing framework<br />
17.1.1 Legal backgro<strong>und</strong> for TPF and <strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
The Netherlands know myriad initiatives to keep fossil fuel emissions within bo<strong>und</strong>s. Enforcing<br />
legislation however seems to be still lacking.<br />
The Kyoto protocol states that the Netherlands will have to decrease their CO2 emission by 6%<br />
from 2008 to 2012, compared to 1990 levels. The Dutch government have decided on a 20% CO2<br />
emission decrease by 2020, compared to 1990 levels. Moreover, 20% of all energy used will be<br />
from renewable energy sources.<br />
Two European regulations are due to be implemented on a federal level. The Energy Efficiency and<br />
Services Directive (ESD) is deposited upon all EU member states in 2006 and aims for a cost<br />
effective improvement of energy efficiency with end use by indicating target values, removal of<br />
market barriers, and stimulation of the energy service market. The Energy Performance of<br />
Buildings Directive (EPBD) is a framework for calculating integrated energy performance for<br />
buildings.<br />
CO2 reduction at a local level is described in BANS (“Bestuursakkoord Nieuwe Stijl”: policy<br />
agreement new style) in 1999, and updated in 2007. BANS contains a climate policy<br />
(“Klimaatbeleid”) which has resulted in an agreed CO2 reduction of 5 to 40% in about 250 of the<br />
441 current Dutch municipalities, compared to the Construction Act (“Bouwbesluit”). The<br />
Construction Act (latest version from 2003), outlined by the Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning<br />
and the Environment, consists of technical regulations which apply to all buildings, like dwellings,<br />
office buildings and stores etc. in the Netherlands.<br />
(Scholma, 2008)<br />
17.1.2 Financial institutions and schemes<br />
Government agency SenterNovem work for the Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the<br />
Environment and the Ministry of Economic Affairs and carry out government policies concerning<br />
innovation, energy, climate and environment.<br />
Duurzame Energie in Nederland (Sustainable Energy in the Netherlands) is a SenterNovem<br />
programme to promote the use of renewable energy sources, in order to reach the government’s<br />
energy targets (20% provided by renewable energy sources by 2020). One of the programme’s<br />
purposes is to take away non-financial barriers, like obtaining necessary permits. The programme<br />
functions as a helpdesk and offers project guidance.<br />
The EIA (“Energie-InvesteringsAftrek”: Energy Investment Deduction) is a fiscal regulation to<br />
stimulate investments in energy saving and sustainable assets. Every year a new Energy List is<br />
released, which states the energy saving norm and all examples of energy saving and sustainable
assets. In 2008, the EIA allows a 44% deduction from all approved investments, with a minimum<br />
investment amount of € 2,100 and a maximum of € 110,000,000.<br />
SDE (“Stimuleringsregeling Duurzame Energieproductie”: Regulation for the Stimulation of<br />
Sustainable Energy Production) is a government regulation to promote the production of clean and<br />
sustainable energy, a.o. wind power, solar photovoltaics, cogeneration and biomass. SDE has come<br />
into force in 2008, as a successor of the 2003 regulation MEP (“Milieukwaliteit<br />
ElektriciteitsProductie”: Environmental Quality of Electricity Production), by which no maximum<br />
amount of grant was given. The popularity of MEP prooved to be far bigger than the government<br />
had ever anticipated. Hence the costs got out of hand, and the government decided to terminate the<br />
grant on the purchase of solar panels and solar boilers.<br />
SDE remunerates every generated kWh. Another important change is the possibility to balance up<br />
until 3,500 kWh. This means that all returned energy can be deducted from the use. As such, a<br />
private individual receives the same price for the returned energy as which is paid for the power<br />
taken at another time. If more than 3,500 kWh is returned, the right to balance disposes and just the<br />
feed-in tariff offered by the energy supplier is remitted. (Source: Wikipedia).<br />
For years, entrepreneurs can profitably invest in environmentally friendly technologies with fiscal<br />
policies MIA (“Milieu-InvesteringsAftrek”: Environmental Investment Deduction) and Vamil<br />
(“Willekeurige Afschrijving Milieu-investeringen”: Arbitrary Deduction Environmental<br />
Investments). All environmental investments that are eligible for MIA and/or Vamil are listed on<br />
the combined MIA and Vamil list (“Milieulijst”). The Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and<br />
the Environment adjusts this list every year, to match policy priorities and current market<br />
developments.<br />
Groen Beleggen en Financieren (Green Investing and Financing): This programme supports<br />
environmentally friendly projects by facilitating cheap bank loans. The regulation is financed by<br />
private investors and depositors, who receive fiscal benefits in return.<br />
EOS (“Energie-OnderzoekSubsidies”: Energy Research Grants) offers companies and research and<br />
educational institutions financial aid. The programme supports the development of knowledge and<br />
its applications in many other ways.<br />
MSK (“MilieuSteunKader”: Environmental Support Framework): There is a limit to the total<br />
amount of financial support that environmental investments are allowed to receive from the<br />
government. The two main principles are: 1. A Project cannot be subsidised for more than 40% of<br />
its total investment costs (investment grant maximum); 2. During the running time, a project cannot<br />
receive more grants than its total amount of investment (exploitation grant maximum).<br />
17.1.3 Barriers<br />
Biomass projects in the Netherlands usually face a number of common bottlenecks:<br />
• The specific investment costs are high in comparison with fossil fuel systems.<br />
• The investments are too big to be financed by a private or small company itself, but as a<br />
project too small for an external financer.<br />
• Few small-scaled bioenergy projects are realised in the Netherlands, which renders little<br />
statistic data on risks and financial recoveries. Also, financers have little experience with<br />
such projects.<br />
• Profitable exploitation depends for a significant part on governmental support.<br />
• Bioenergy appliances are not widely used, and therefore cannot be made fit for other<br />
purposes. Usually the only tradeable part is the engine/generator.<br />
• Financial success depends on factors that are beyond the initiator’s control (e.g. costs of fuel<br />
supply and residue treatment, and yields of power and heat sales).
17.2 Technical framework<br />
17.2.1 Quality and monitoring<br />
Protocol Monitoring Duurzame Energie (Protocol Monitoring Sustainable Energy) provides a<br />
method to calculate the yield of all utilised renewable energy sources and its relation to the total<br />
yield of generated energy. This protocol is outlined by SenterNovem and used by CBS (“Centraal<br />
Bureau voor Statistiek”: Statistics Netherlands). CBS deliver data to the Ministry of Economic<br />
Affairs, which in turn use the data to bring about their policy objectives. The latest update stems<br />
from 2006; a new version is due in November 2009.<br />
Protocol Monitoring Energiebesparing (Protocol Monitoring Energy saving) has been provided by<br />
SenterNovem in cooperation with CPB (“Centraal Planbureau”: Netherlands Bureau for Economic<br />
Policy Analysis), RIVM (“Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu”: National Institute for<br />
Public Health and the Environment) and ECN (“Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland”: Energy<br />
Research Centre of the Netherlands). Its purpose is to monitor energy savings, i.e. how much less<br />
energy is used.<br />
Nederlandse Technische Afspraken (Dutch Technical Agreements) by the Ministry of Housing,<br />
Spatial Planning and the Environment focus on the percentage of biogenous elements in secondary<br />
fuels. NEN (“NEderlandse Norm”: Dutch Norm) are the Dutch national standards institution. The<br />
NTA-norms are a product of NEN. There are various norms available on the application of<br />
renewable energy sources. A norm recently confirmed is NTA 8080:2009 “Sustainability criteria<br />
for biomass in behalf of energy objectives”. NTA 8003:2008 “Classification of biomass for energy<br />
purposes” is another one.<br />
Also, there are reports based on Dutch data by international organisations in the likes of the IEA<br />
(International Energy Agency) and Eurostat.<br />
17.2.2 Appropriate technology for Bio-Sol-<strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
Netherlands Statistics (CBS) data on numbers of installations, electric power and thermal power of<br />
renewable energy sources are erratic. This makes it difficult to determine a complete image of the<br />
relations between renewable energy sources to total energy amounts, and biomass and solar power<br />
technologies in particular.<br />
It is difficult for banks to estimate the success of technologies proposed by initiators of a project.<br />
Nonetheless this is crucial information for the decision to either finance a project or not. To tackle<br />
this question, banks usually employ an independent technical advisor or ask for a track record, i.e.<br />
documented proof that a particular technology in combination with a particular fuel actually works.<br />
SenterNovem have outlined a biomass technology matrix, containing technologies proven to be<br />
successful. The following tables are deducted from this matrix. Note that this information is from<br />
November 2005 and might be incomplete.<br />
Stand-alone, thermal and biochemical conversion:
Proven and applied in the Netherlands, technology runs 100% on given fuel<br />
Technology Fuel<br />
Incineration, grate oven Clean and green wood (thinning and pruned wood)<br />
Incineration, grate oven A wood*, used, untreated and dry wood<br />
Incineration, grate oven Solid recovered fuel, residential waste<br />
Incineration, grate oven Solid recovered fuel, company waste<br />
Incineration, circulating fluidised bed Clean and green wood (thinning and pruned wood)<br />
Incineration, (adjusted) piston engine Biogas (from attenuation)<br />
Attenuation, batch reactor Residential kitchen and garden waste, separately collected<br />
Attenuation, plug flow reactor Bovine and pig manure<br />
Attenuation, plug flow reactor Residential kitchen and garden waste, separately collected<br />
Attenuation, stirred tank reactor, extensively stirred Bovine and pig manure<br />
Attenuation, stirred tank reactor, extensively stirred Sewage and industrial wastewater treatment plant sludge<br />
Attenuation, stirred tank reactor, intensively stirred Bovine and pig manure<br />
Attenuation, stirred tank reactor, intensively stirred Sewage and industrial wastewater treatment plant sludge<br />
Table 17.1 Stand-alone, thermal and biochemical conversion.<br />
Cogeneration and biochemical conversion:<br />
Proven and applied in the Netherlands, technology runs partially on given fuel<br />
Technology Fuel<br />
Cofiring, coal conveyor Solid recovered fuel, chips/pellets from residential waste<br />
Cofiring, coal conveyor Solid recovered fuel, chips/pellets from construction waste<br />
Cofiring, coal conveyor Animal meal<br />
Cofiring, separate burner A wood*, used, untreated and dry wood<br />
Cofiring, separate burner Shells (cacao, peanut, almond)<br />
Cofiring, separate burner Kernels (olive, cherry)<br />
Cofiring, separate burner Animal meal<br />
Coal gasification, separate burner Clean and green wood (thinning and pruned wood)<br />
Coal gasification, separate burner A wood*, used, untreated and dry wood<br />
Coal gasification, separate burner B wood*, treated (painted, glued)<br />
Oil gasification, oil via separate burner Vegetable oils and fats<br />
Attenuation, batch reactor Side-strip grass<br />
Attenuation, stirred tank reactor, extensively stirred Side-strip grass<br />
Attenuation, stirred tank reactor, extensively stirred Side-strip grass<br />
Attenuation, stirred tank reactor, intensively stirred Poultry manure<br />
Attenuation, stirred tank reactor, intensively stirred Poultry manure<br />
Table 17.2 Cogeneration and biochemical conversion.<br />
*Classification of used wood<br />
A wood: solid, sawn and untreated (beams, planks and pallets)<br />
B wood: wood waste, no green wood, both treated and untreated, including glued and/or pressed<br />
wood; cannot be impregnated and/or creosote treated<br />
C wood: wood waste, no green wood, fully or partially impregnated and/or creosote treated<br />
Statistics Netherlands (CBS) have provided some available data on employed thermal solar energy<br />
installations over the last years. Unfortunately, no numbers of employed systems connected to<br />
photovoltaic panels larger than 6 m 2 are known by CBS. Especially solar boilers connected to<br />
panels smaller than 6 m 2 are being employed. Thus this technology boasts an opportunity.<br />
Employed thermal solar energy installations<br />
Systems ≤6 m 2 (solar Systems >6 m 2<br />
Systems ≤6 m 2 (solar Systems >6 m 2
oilers) boilers)<br />
Number m 2<br />
2002 10035 - 28080 6002<br />
2003 8385 - 23450 4236<br />
2004 7844 - 21284 5060<br />
2005 7294 - 17995 2582<br />
2006 5626 - 13186 1751<br />
2007 6365 - 17435 2485<br />
2008 7924 - 20654 2456<br />
Table 17.3 CBS, 2009.<br />
17.3 Lessons learned<br />
There are plenty of grant possibilities. Biomass and solar heat systems are being used, but not on a<br />
wide scale.<br />
Sources<br />
SenterNovem, Statistics Netherlands (CBS), Ministry of Economic Affairs<br />
http://www.senternovem.nl/mmfiles/Energiediensten%20voor%20de%20gebouwde%20omgeving<br />
%20Geert%20Scholma_tcm24-261823.pdf<br />
http://www.senternovem.nl/duurzameenergie/agenda/denk_mee_over_de_herziening_protocol_mon<br />
itoring_duurzame_energie_2009.asp<br />
http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=71457NED&D1=2,6,9,12,18&D2=0,2<br />
6-44&D3=12-17&HDR=T&STB=G1,G2&VW=T<br />
http://www.senternovem.nl/duurzameenergie/publicaties/publicaties_bioenergie/biomassa_technologie_matrix.asp
18 Poland<br />
Poland is characterized by a low uptake of the ESCO scheme. Accordingly, information on the<br />
Polish ESCO market and details of ESCO schemes is rare.<br />
The JRC 57 states that ESCO models were not successful in Poland and that ESCO activity is<br />
limited. Aro<strong>und</strong> 5 specialized ESCOs are said to be active in the market. The previous report 58<br />
counts 13 – 15 companies while the JRC ESCO company database 59 lists 7 companies (June 2009).<br />
Most of the companies identified in other publications and during this research are subsidiaries of<br />
internationally active companies (e.g. Siemens 60 , Dalkia 61 ; Axima 62 ; Honeywell 63 ). Project<br />
references published by these companies (if any) do not provide comprehensive information and it<br />
remains unclear whether ESCO projects (in a traditional sense) are performed. It seems these<br />
companies are mainly active in DH or CHP projects and industrial partners are the preferred<br />
customers.<br />
Especially German ESCOs are represented by subsidiaries in Poland. Examples are MVV 64 and<br />
Endico 65 . From MVV, references on Polish ESCO projects are not available. Endico provides some<br />
references but strangely, they stated not to be active in contracting any more. 66 It remains unclear<br />
which level of experience and activity is achieved.<br />
The same goes for a number of smaller companies that state to offer ESCO services on their<br />
websites or in other publications:<br />
• Polish Energy Partners S.A. 67<br />
• Przedsiębiorstwo Oszczędzania Energii ESCO Sp. z o.o (POE ESCO) 68<br />
• PPWH WEST-BUD Jachimowicz Sp.j. 69<br />
• Przedsiębiorstwo Naukowo-Techniczne Cibet sp. z o.o. 70<br />
• SIGMA TERMODYNAMIK Sp. z o.o. 71<br />
Again, no (or no recent) references are published.<br />
Regardless of the overall ESCO market situation in Poland it can be assumed that ESCO projects<br />
involving solar thermal or biomass technologies are rather uncommon. There are of course some<br />
ESCO projects with biomass heating (e.g. Endico) and others that address DH or CHP with<br />
biomass.<br />
57<br />
Bertoldi, P. et al.; Latest Development of Energy Service Companies across Europe - A European ESCO Update;<br />
JRC; 2007.<br />
58<br />
Bertoldi, P. & Rezessy, S.; Energy service companies in Europe – Status report 2005; JRC; 2005.<br />
59<br />
http://sunbird.jrc.it/energyefficiency/ (accessed June 2009).<br />
60<br />
http://www.sbt.siemens.pl/<br />
61<br />
http://www.dalkia.pl/<br />
62<br />
http://www.axima.pl<br />
63<br />
http://www.honeywell.com/sites/pl/<br />
64<br />
http://www.mvv-energie.de/cms/konzernportal/de/homepage.jsp and<br />
http://www.mvv.pl/<br />
65<br />
http://www.swl.de/site/swl/de/marktpartner/dienstleistungen/main.htm and<br />
http://www.contracting.pl/html/jastrzebia.html<br />
66<br />
direct contact<br />
67 http://www.pepsa.com.pl/<br />
68 http://www.esco.krakow.pl/<br />
69 http://www.west-bud.pl/start.html<br />
70 http://www.cibet.com.pl/str.php<br />
71 http://www.sigma-audyt.gda.pl/
Barriers<br />
According to the JRC ESCO report 57 the volume of ESCO contracts stagnated at aro<strong>und</strong><br />
€ 10 million per year. The potential for energy saving through energy efficiency measures and<br />
therefore ESCO activities however is enormous in Poland. The report further explains some of the<br />
major barriers to further ESCO market development in Poland:<br />
• Many potential customers (municipalities, industrial companies) have a sufficient in-house<br />
expertise concerning energy use and technologies (energy manager positions installed in the<br />
socialist era). Therefore, potential customers do have the capacities to perform energy audits<br />
on their own and to identify necessary investments.<br />
• Most ESCOs do not command the capital necessary in order to offer TPF. A lack of capital<br />
basis also prevents ESCOs from taking bank loans.<br />
• Financing services provided by ESCOs are basically not needed: Several national and<br />
international financing schemes provide f<strong>und</strong>s to, among others, energy efficiency projects.<br />
• Public tendering processes: The ESCOs offer a free pre-audit while a more thorough audit<br />
cannot be done for free. This means that a tendering process is necessary for the detailed<br />
audit in which competitors can use the pre-audit that was already done.<br />
The report closes with: “These and other barriers make the guarantee based and/or financing<br />
oriented ESCO business unsuitable for the Polish market.”<br />
Other aspects mentioned by several authors 72, 73 are:<br />
• Public procurement procedures hamper the selection of best bids and are not suitable for<br />
long-term contracts; Decision processes and financial procedures within public bodies is too<br />
complicated;<br />
• Low heat prices within approved tariffs;<br />
• The financially insecure position of potential customers;<br />
• Relatively high interest rates;<br />
• Low coal prices; Low prices of energy carriers in comparison to prices for equipment and<br />
services;<br />
• A lack of example projects;<br />
• A general lack of awareness concerning energy efficiency;<br />
• A lack of <strong>und</strong>erstanding / publicity of ESCO schemes;<br />
• A lack of laws regulating specifically ESCO schemes;<br />
Most sources agree that the ESCO sector in Poland needs initial Governmental support in order to<br />
tap the full market potential. Since ESCO schemes and contracts are rather complicated, laws<br />
regulating specifically contracting services would help to overcome basic insecurities. Furthermore,<br />
public procurement processes should be adapted in order to open this market to ESCO services.<br />
72 Mazur, J.; Development of the ESCO industry and projects in Poland; POE ESCO.<br />
73 Szajner, A.; ESCO in Poland: Activities, Market, Barriers; Sigma Termodynamik Ltd.; 2005.
Besides implementing grant programmes (for renewable energy and energy efficiency) and general<br />
awareness campaigns, ESCO´s should be eligible in grant programmes and decision makers in e.g.<br />
municipalities should be pointed to the opportunities provided by ESCO approaches. Finally, the<br />
eligibility of ESCO projects in e.g. regional environmental f<strong>und</strong>s would help to facilitate f<strong>und</strong><br />
raising by ESCOs.
19 Portugal<br />
There are 10 operating <strong>ESCo</strong>s in Portugal and they all are local <strong>ESCo</strong>s. Their range of activities<br />
focuses mostly on energy efficiency in buildings, CHP and installation of RES systems in buildings.<br />
Also some of them offer biomass and/or solar heating solutions within their range of energy<br />
services. But there are no existing <strong>ESCo</strong> projects in Portugal intergrading both biomass and solar<br />
heating solutions [personal contact: Marco Correia, Pedro Mateus, ADENE, 2009]. Popular<br />
contractual schemes are the BOOT model, especially in the CHP sector, and the Chauffage<br />
contracts. Also shared shavings are gaining popularity [Bertoldi, 2010].<br />
The type of contract used very often in Portugal is the energy supply contract. The typical<br />
contracting period for an <strong>ESCo</strong> project is 8 years and <strong>ESCo</strong> projects are implemented both in the<br />
private and public sector [personal contact: Marco Correia, Pedro Mateus, ADENE, 2009].<br />
There are some available financial schemes <strong>und</strong>er the Portuguese energy Efficiency Plan. In<br />
Portugal apart from the transposition of the Energy Service Directive (2006/32/2009) into national<br />
legislation (Decreto-Lei n.º 319/2009 de 3 de Novembro) there is no other Law regulating the <strong>ESCo</strong><br />
market by e.g. providing model contracts or accreditation for <strong>ESCo</strong>s [personal contact: Marco<br />
Correia, Pedro Mateus, ADENE, 2009].<br />
Over the last 4-5 years the Portuguese market has been growing steadily, though at a slow rate<br />
[Bertoldi, 2010].<br />
The barriers identified for the weak development of BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong> projects in Portugal are the lack of<br />
standardized documents and procedures as well as the lack of existing <strong>ESCo</strong> projects and expertise<br />
in this sector. Also there are no Measuring and Verification protocols available in Portugal for<br />
BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong> projects [personal contact: Marco Correia, Pedro Mateus, ADENE, 2009].<br />
The financial crisis has had a negative impact on the access to financing for <strong>ESCo</strong>s. In addition,<br />
several potential clients have frozen some <strong>ESCo</strong> projects planned. The market at present is moving<br />
slowly because potential customers are more reluctant to sign long-term contracts.<br />
[Bertoldi, 2010].<br />
There is a software tool available for the technical and economical analysis of solar thermal<br />
applications and not for biomass, and the name of this tool is SOLTHERM.<br />
In the National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency of Portugal 74 the promotion of Energy Service<br />
Companies is set, where tenders and incentives for creation of <strong>ESCo</strong>s and Efficiency contract are<br />
foreseen.<br />
74 “Portugal Efficiency 2015” version for public consultation- February 2008 available at:<br />
http://www.adene.pt/NR/rdonlyres/1A510789-1032-4180-8A7B-<br />
798B0DDA2F92/828/Portugal_EnergyEfficiencyPlan2015Support.pdf )
20 Romania<br />
[personal contact: Corneliu Rotaru, Romanian Agency for Energy Conservation - ARCE, 2009]<br />
In Romania there are 10 <strong>ESCo</strong>s identified, but there is no specific registration procedure in place in<br />
order to evaluate the number of effective ESCOs in operation. Among these <strong>ESCo</strong>s there are 6<br />
public <strong>ESCo</strong>s, 2 multinational and 1 foreign <strong>ESCo</strong>.<br />
The <strong>ESCo</strong>s are mostly focused on CHP projects. Projects concerning energy efficiency in buildings<br />
have not yet been developed, but there are few projects in this area which are in preparation phase.<br />
On the other hand there is no documentation for <strong>ESCo</strong> projects concerning the installation of RES<br />
systems in buildings. Finally it is not known whether there are any <strong>ESCo</strong>s offering biomass and/or<br />
solar heating solutions within their range of energy services in Romania.<br />
The type of contract schemes used in Romania is mostly the Built Own Operate Transfer contract.<br />
For Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) it is reported that such contracts are in preparation.<br />
The typical contracting period for an <strong>ESCo</strong> project is 7-9 years and <strong>ESCo</strong> projects are usually<br />
implemented in the private sector.<br />
In general the financial institutions in Romania are not familiar with <strong>ESCo</strong> projects and there is no<br />
available financial scheme or mechanism to support such projects. The European Bank for<br />
Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) though is supporting energy efficiency improvements in<br />
the public sector in Romania with an investment to expand energy saving initiatives across<br />
Romanian municipalities. A €10 million corporate loan to EnergoBit ESCO, a subsidiary of<br />
EnergoBit Group SA, will be used to finance energy efficiency projects mainly in the Romanian<br />
municipal sector. The projects will range from conducting energy saving studies and engineering<br />
assessments to installing energy efficient public lighting, introducing combined heat and power<br />
generation as well as implementing small scale co-generation projects for industrial clients<br />
[http://www.ebrd.com/pages/news/press/2011/110721.shtml].<br />
The Energy Service Directive (2006/32/EC) was transposed into national legislation with<br />
Governmental Ordinance no 22/2008. There is no other law regulating the <strong>ESCo</strong> market like e.g.<br />
providing model contracts or accreditation for <strong>ESCo</strong>s, but model contract for Energy Performance<br />
Contracting (EPC) is in preparation.<br />
The barriers identified for the weak development of BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong> and in general <strong>ESCo</strong> project in<br />
Romania are summarized below:<br />
• The weak development in the public sector is related to Energy Performance Contracting<br />
that is not yet officially accepted by the National Regulatory Authority for Public<br />
Procurement and<br />
• Payment for <strong>ESCo</strong>s according to the value of energy saved is nor accepted by the<br />
financial/accounting procedure of public authorities<br />
• There is a lack of standardized documents and procedures<br />
• Reluctance of energy consumers because of lack of certification/registration procedure for<br />
<strong>ESCo</strong> and lack of Monitoring & Verification official protocol.
• Very few pilot projects<br />
Finally no software tool is available for the technical and economical analysis of solar thermal and<br />
biomass applications in Romania.
21 Slovakia<br />
In 2009, 5 small <strong>ESCo</strong> type enterprises were identified on the market. These companies are active<br />
as energy consultant companies, manufacturers of building automation & control systems, and<br />
energy service companies. National companies offer mainly energy audits, energy consultancy and<br />
part of energy contracting.<br />
About half of the <strong>ESCo</strong> projects involve renewable energy sources, approximately 15% are<br />
developed respectively in each of the following areas: commercial sector, co-generation and district<br />
heating. A small percentage (5%) of projects is carried out in street lighting.<br />
EPC is not frequently used. The main source of financing for <strong>ESCo</strong> projects is EU structural f<strong>und</strong>s<br />
and customers own corporate f<strong>und</strong>s.<br />
[Angelica Marino, Paolo Bertoldi, Silvia Rezessy, “Energy Service Companies Market in Europe –<br />
Status Report 2010”, Institute for Energy, Joint Research Centre]<br />
According to our latest information currently in the Slovak Republic there are no <strong>ESCo</strong> activities in<br />
the field of biomass and/or solar heating [personal contact with: Andrej Slancik, Slovak Innovation<br />
and Energy Agency – SIEA, 2009].
22 Slovenia<br />
Regulations related to <strong>ESCo</strong> projects in Slovenia are Act on Public - Private Partnership (O.G.<br />
127/06) and Public Procurement Act (O.G. 128/06). In Slovenia there is no special state scheme for<br />
financing <strong>ESCo</strong> projects. Thus, main sources of financing are commercial credits. On the other<br />
hand, Environmental Development F<strong>und</strong> of the Republic of Slovenia (Eco F<strong>und</strong>) was established<br />
according to the stipulations of the Environmental Protection Act dated June 1993 as a key<br />
instrument for the financing of the environmental investment projects. Eco F<strong>und</strong> provides loans for<br />
the environmental protection investments at favorable interest rates (soft loans), including loans for<br />
environmental protection services, equipment and technology for environmental protection,<br />
environmentally friendly technologies and products etc. In period 2002-2008 activities in the area of<br />
third-party financing (TPF) were conducted within national energy program and within a SAVE<br />
program in cooperation with Germany. These included seminars, workshops, development of<br />
guidance notes for TPF projects, pilot TPF projects etc. Thus, the barriers related to information and<br />
awareness rising are mostly overcame in Slovenia. The main barrier for development of <strong>ESCo</strong><br />
projects in Slovenia is a lack of skills and training in public sector to enable it to deal with the<br />
procedure related to <strong>ESCo</strong> projects. According to Act on Public - Private Partnership, support for<br />
these projects is planned by the sector for public-private partnership within Ministry of Finance.<br />
Moreover, because of a relatively small market for <strong>ESCo</strong> projects there is lack of interest from<br />
foreign <strong>ESCo</strong>s to be present at the Slovenian market.<br />
In spite of barriers during previous period, there were few efforts to establish an <strong>ESCo</strong> in Slovenia<br />
but because of a difficult financial period there is a lack of success in this field. EL-TEC MULAJ<br />
ltd. is performing <strong>ESCo</strong> projects at the moment and there is one ongoing <strong>ESCo</strong> project regarding<br />
public lightning done by GMW ltd.
23 Spain<br />
As reported by Bertoldi et. al., 2007, the Spanish <strong>ESCo</strong> industry is rather complex and is composed<br />
of local private and public <strong>ESCo</strong>s as well as multinational companies. Many regional and local<br />
energy agencies, as well as the Institute for Diversification Energy and Efficiency (IDAE) act as<br />
<strong>ESCo</strong>.<br />
In 2009, two associations bring together most of the ESCOs operating in Spain. AMI (Asociación<br />
Espanola de Empresas de Mantenimiento Integral de Edificios, Infraestructuras e Industrias,<br />
Spanish Association of Enterprises of Complex Maintenance of Buildings, Infrastructures and<br />
Industries - AMI) is composed of 15 large companies. ANESE (Asociación de empresas de<br />
servicios energéticos) has been established only recently and comprises more than 200 smaller<br />
associates<br />
[Angelica Marino, Paolo Bertoldi, Silvia Rezessy, “Energy Service Companies Market in Europe –<br />
Status Report 2010”, Institute for Energy, Joint Research Centre].<br />
In Spain third party financing is a well established instrument through IDEA in order to increase the<br />
energy efficiency in buildings. The framework conditions are suitable and the demand for and the<br />
supply of TPF services is growing [ST-<strong>ESCo</strong>s, http://www.stescos.info/short_report_st/short_es.pdf<br />
].<br />
There are <strong>ESCo</strong>s offering solar heating solutions within their range of activities as well as energy<br />
efficiency in building. Solar thermal projects are well known in Spain. A number of <strong>ESCo</strong> projects<br />
in the area of solar thermal have been implemented in the framework of European projects (e.g.<br />
solarge IEE, ST-ESCOs).<br />
Some banks like CAJA POSTAL and others have been implementing the TPF instrument for green<br />
electricity.<br />
For solar thermal applications the ST-<strong>ESCo</strong> software tool is available for conducting the technical<br />
and economical analysis. The software tool starts with a simplified interface that leads the user to<br />
enter data in the Energetic Module –called EnMo and Economic Module – celled EcMo. The<br />
Energetic Module is a simulation tool based on TRNSYS, with a user friendly interface where the<br />
user can introduce all technical data referred to the solar thermal system. The Economic Module is<br />
the one that does the economic, financial and contractual analysis, based on the EnMo results or<br />
other energetic results coming from any other energetic software. (http://www.stescos.org/tool.htm)<br />
ESCO activity in the public sector is limited due to regulations that are not supportive of EPC, for<br />
instance, amortization accounting does not allow projects of the appropriate length. Public sector<br />
investment is limited by barriers such as split incentives. Changing the relevant regulation may increase<br />
the motivation to invest in longer term projects in the public sector. A major step forward would be if a<br />
standard Measurement and Verification Protocol was implemented and commonly used, which could<br />
reduce the perceived risk of errors in monitoring savings and build trust of financial organizations and<br />
clients, and which would be of real value to help properly evaluate the effectiveness of projects<br />
[Bertoldi et. al., 2007].
Recent Developments:<br />
• Sustainable Economy Law was voted in February 2011<br />
[http://www.mondaq.com/unitedstates/article.asp?articleid=124286]. One of the objectives of<br />
this law is to create a positive environment for the entrepreneurship in the ESCO sector. Art.<br />
102 of the law provide a definition of <strong>ESCo</strong>, which is very similar to the one in the Energy<br />
Service Directive. According to this definition the company should assume a certain level of<br />
financial risk. The Law states that the government will develop a specific plan aimed at<br />
promoting <strong>ESCo</strong>s, remove barriers and facilitate financial resources [Angelica Marino, Paolo<br />
Bertoldi, Silvia Rezessy, “Energy Service Companies Market in Europe – Status Report 2010”,<br />
Institute for Energy, Joint Research Centre].<br />
• Project financing comes mainly from the banks, but recently due to the economic crisis,<br />
projects are financed from <strong>ESCo</strong>’s own equity or from relevant f<strong>und</strong>s. <strong>ESCo</strong> market is<br />
supported, directly or indirectly, via various National and Regional Programmes such as the<br />
Estrategia de Ahorro y Eficiencia Energetica E4 (National Energy Efficiency strategy) and<br />
E4+ where Energy Audits and energy interventions are partly subsidized [Angelica Marino,<br />
Paolo Bertoldi, Silvia Rezessy, “Energy Service Companies Market in Europe – Status<br />
Report 2010”, Institute for Energy, Joint Research Centre].<br />
• Some recent initiatives, focused on both the improvement of energy efficiency and the<br />
penetration of renewable energies in the building sector through ESCOS, are expected to<br />
have a positive effect in the short term: the IDAE's Financing Lines for Thermal Renewable<br />
Energies in Buildings BIOMCASA-SOLCASA-GEOTCASA; Plan 330 ESE (Activation<br />
Plan in the State’s General Administration Buildings through ESCOS); Plan 2000 ESE (Plan<br />
to Boost Energy Services Contracts) [Energy Efficiency Profile: Spain, Odyssee, June 2011,<br />
http://www.odyssee-indicators.org/publications/country_profiles_PDF/esp.pdf].
24 Sweden<br />
24.1 Legislative, Financial, contractual and marketing framework<br />
24.1.1 Legal backgro<strong>und</strong> for TPF and <strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
Insurance schemes required.<br />
References are fo<strong>und</strong> to both <strong>ESCo</strong>s and EPCs, but the majority of the existing forms are EPCs.<br />
Third party financing is not very common in the past years, most probably due to the clients being<br />
public sector actors having the means to finance the operation themselves or together with the<br />
<strong>ESCo</strong>.<br />
The energy service directive (2006/32/EC) (ESD) contributes to the need of <strong>ESCo</strong>s and an Energy<br />
efficiency improvement commission of inquiry was set up in 2007 by the Ministry of Enterprise,<br />
Energy and Communications to study the possibilities of ESCOs in reaching the targets set by the<br />
ESD. 75<br />
24.1.2 Existing contracts<br />
There are a number of active <strong>ESCo</strong>s in Sweden and the growth in the <strong>ESCo</strong> market has been rapid.<br />
In 2007 it was estimated that there were 12-15 <strong>ESCo</strong> in Sweden 76 and in 2009 there were 27 <strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
active in Sweden and the annual revenue of the <strong>ESCo</strong>s in 2008 is estimated to be over 140 MEUR.<br />
Most of the clients are from the public sector. The trustworthiness of the <strong>ESCo</strong> companies is<br />
increasing. 77<br />
The <strong>ESCo</strong>s in Sweden can be categorised into four categories:<br />
• Building controls, automation and control manufacture<br />
• Facility management and operation companies<br />
• Consulting firms<br />
• Energy supply and service companies.<br />
The <strong>ESCo</strong> services include project identification and the technical design of the project.<br />
Performance guarantees are common but the <strong>ESCo</strong>s very rarely take insurance coverage in case the<br />
energy savings would not realise. Third party financing is also rare in Sweden, although the <strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
offer them to the clients. One of the reasons is that the majority of the <strong>ESCo</strong> projects are in the<br />
municipal sector, and they can self finance the projects or get better loan offers from other sources<br />
directly. 78 Depending on the <strong>ESCo</strong>, the project may also include project implementation, operation<br />
services and purchase of fuel and/or electricity.<br />
75<br />
Lindgren, Kate. Transforming the ”efficiency gap” into a viable business opportunity: Lessons learned from the<br />
<strong>ESCo</strong> experience in Sweden. Article. 2009<br />
76<br />
Bertoldi, S. et al, Latest Development of Energy Service Companies across Europe - A European ESCO Update. JRC.<br />
2007<br />
77<br />
Lindgren, Kate. Transforming the ”efficiency gap” into a viable business opportunity: Lessons learned from the<br />
<strong>ESCo</strong> experience in Sweden. Presentation. 2009<br />
78<br />
Lindgren, Kate. Transforming the ”efficiency gap” into a viable business opportunity: Lessons learned from the<br />
<strong>ESCo</strong> experience in Sweden. Article. 2009
Among common ESCO services are adjustments to equipment, increasing thermal insulation, heat<br />
recovery, retrofitting old oil boilers with renewable fuel boilers, and heating of water with solar<br />
installations.<br />
24.1.3 Financial institutions and schemes<br />
The government grants include investment grants for solar heating and grants for conversion of<br />
heating systems. The grant for solar heating is aimed at accommodation buildings and at specific<br />
commercial buildings for space heating and hot water. The grant for conversion of heating system is<br />
for changing direct electric heating to other forms of heating (heat pumps, DH or biofuel heating).<br />
79<br />
24.1.4 Barriers<br />
The identified barriers include the unawareness of such operations and companies, low energy<br />
prices and the lack of capable labour for <strong>ESCo</strong> operations. The larger companies have proven track<br />
record of successful <strong>ESCo</strong> operations but the smaller companies find it hard to enter the market<br />
with no prior cases of <strong>ESCo</strong> operations. 80<br />
Some of the <strong>ESCo</strong>s are currently using all their personnel in <strong>ESCo</strong> projects and cannot take more<br />
projects because there is no staff available for implementing the project. The need for energy<br />
experts and engineers exists in Sweden.<br />
The price of electricity is a driver and a barrier for <strong>ESCo</strong> development. When energy prices are<br />
high, there is more concern of the costs of heating and energy in general. When the prices are low,<br />
the customers do not seem to care so much about the energy efficiency. At the moment, the<br />
customers are also concerned about the CO2 emissions and this is one major driver for <strong>ESCo</strong>s in<br />
Sweden.<br />
24.2 Technical framework<br />
24.2.1 Appropriate technology for BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
Among the biomass and solar technologies the ones most commonly used in Sweden are pellets and<br />
wood chips for heating and solar collectors for producing hot water.<br />
79 Swedish Energy Agency. Energy in Sweden 2008.<br />
80 Lindgren, Kate. Transforming the ”efficiency gap” into a viable business opportunity: Lessons learned from the<br />
<strong>ESCo</strong> experience in Sweden. Presentation. 2009
25 United Kingdom<br />
25.1 Legal Backgro<strong>und</strong><br />
There is no particular required legal format for an ESCO.<br />
The constitution can be any of the recognised formats in English law as follows:<br />
• Public Limited Company<br />
• Private Company Limited by shares<br />
• Private Company Limited by guarantee<br />
• Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)<br />
• Community Interest Companies<br />
• Industrial and Provident Society<br />
• Trust<br />
• Unincorporated Association<br />
It is suggested that Private Limited Company would be the most appropriate vehicle for most<br />
<strong>ESCo</strong>s as it is the most flexible. Whether it is limited by shares or guarantee will depend on the<br />
aims of the <strong>ESCo</strong>.<br />
Third Party Finance (TPF) is deemed to be any finance provided by a party other than the ESCO<br />
itself and may be commercial (eg banks or other private investors) or public (eg grant f<strong>und</strong>ing).<br />
There are no particular rules relating to the provision of private finance of ESCOs in the UK save<br />
those that apply to borrowing and contracts generally.<br />
Many <strong>ESCo</strong>s are likely to be regulated entities for State Aid purposes. Any sources of public<br />
f<strong>und</strong>ing must abide by the State Aid rules as laid down by E C Treaty. Various exemptions are<br />
available and include:<br />
De Minimus<br />
Environmental Protection<br />
The definition of State Aid is not confined to direct f<strong>und</strong>ing and can include a variety of other<br />
benefits including low interest loans, rate rebates, loan guarantees etc etc<br />
25.1.1 Existing contracts<br />
By definition contracts between <strong>ESCo</strong>s and there energy users are likely to commercially<br />
confidential.<br />
Purchase of energy (heat and power) from an <strong>ESCo</strong> by a public authority (e.g. local authority,<br />
prisons, NHS etc) will be subject to Public Procurement Rules.<br />
All contracts should address certain basic principles:<br />
• Duration
• Price and price revision<br />
• Payment<br />
• Security of supply<br />
• Default by either party<br />
25.1.2 Financial institutions and schemes<br />
Finance will be available from commercial lenders subject to usual criteria but may be affected by<br />
the current recession.<br />
Fiscal incentives currently available include:<br />
• ROCS<br />
• Enhanced Capital Allowances (for qualifying technology)<br />
• Climate Change Levy<br />
• Carbon Trust Loans at preferential rates<br />
• Renewable Heat Initiative (from April 2011)<br />
Grants<br />
Low Carbon Buildings<br />
Bio-Energy Capital Grant Scheme<br />
Community Sustainable Energy Programme<br />
Rural Development Programme for England ( precise circumstances required)<br />
Some Energy companies have a limited amount of grant f<strong>und</strong>ing for small schemes available on<br />
application<br />
25.1.3 Barriers<br />
• Conventional fuel prices at low point<br />
• Lack of confidence in technologies<br />
• Lack of knowledge among many private investors<br />
• Potentially low and slow rates of return<br />
• Insufficient legislative pressures<br />
• Insufficient government financial incentives or misdirected
26 Croatia<br />
26.1 Legislative, Financial, contractual and marketing framework<br />
26.1.1 Legal backgro<strong>und</strong> for TPF and <strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
RES and EE projects in Croatia are supported by the Croatian legislation through the provisions of<br />
the Energy Act (Official Gazette 68/01, 76/07, 152/08), particularly the section entitled “Energy<br />
efficiency and renewable energy sources”, Croatian Energy Development Strategy which is aimed<br />
at improving energy efficiency and increasing share of RES, Government-approved national energy<br />
efficiency programs, and by Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency F<strong>und</strong> which was<br />
established to secure additional f<strong>und</strong>ing for projects, programs and similar activities in the fields of<br />
conservation, sustainable use, protection and improvement of the environment.<br />
In Croatian legislation, <strong>ESCo</strong> model is mentioned in Act on energy efficiency in direct consumption<br />
(OG 152/08). The act regulates:<br />
• Energy efficiency in direct consumption,<br />
• Energy efficiency programmes and plans at national, county and large consumer level,<br />
• Energy efficiency measures, energy services and energy audits,<br />
• Responsibilities of public sector, energy subjects and large consumers<br />
• Consumer rights in implementation of energy efficiency measures.<br />
The act defies an <strong>ESCo</strong> and states that f<strong>und</strong>s for energy services are ensured by contractor, i.e.<br />
<strong>ESCo</strong>, entirely or partially, from own sources or third parties, that contractor or a third party bears<br />
risks partially or entirely and that energy service is repaid through savings. Moreover, the Act<br />
formulates energy efficiency contract which has to include following information:<br />
• Energy service client<br />
• Energy service contractor<br />
• Third party if there is any participating in financing<br />
• Primary energy consumption of a building<br />
• Energy efficiency assessment<br />
• Guaranteed energy savings and activates for identification of savings<br />
• Financing schemes for investments in energy efficiency measures<br />
• Mode of fee payment for an energy service<br />
• Other questions<br />
Insurance schemes are incorporated in the <strong>ESCo</strong> project procedure which is following:<br />
1. Project identification – contact with a potential client including filling of a preliminary<br />
questionnaire.<br />
2. Screening – obtaining information about a building. Questionnaire is used to evaluate if<br />
there is potential for energy efficiency measures.<br />
3. Client interview – deciding about the continuation of the project.<br />
4. Walkthrough audit – verifying if the project is suitable for <strong>ESCo</strong> model. During this phase a<br />
preliminary financial analysis of the client is performed. Information from Financial Agency<br />
(FINA) about solvency of the client is obtained (BON1 and BON2 – includes data about<br />
business activities, employees, financial assets etc.) together with information if the client is<br />
a regular electricity payer.<br />
5. Bank interview – proposal to a financial institution which will finance the project<br />
6. Client interview – proposal to the client for the continuation of the project
7. Agreement – based on which investment grade audit (IGA) is conducted. The client binds<br />
that he will pay for IGA. The client has to present his financial balances and three-year<br />
business plan. Client’s solvency is checked by the financial department of HEP d.d.<br />
(national electricity company).<br />
8. Investment grade audit<br />
9. Client interview – offer for the project is presented to the client<br />
10. Contract – includes instruments of collateral, bonds and promissory notes for a client from<br />
public sector and bank guarantees for a client from private sector.<br />
11. Project implementation<br />
Insurance of equipment is regulated by a contract with a producer/provider of equipment who<br />
guarantees for the equipment installed. The producer/provider of the equipment has to provide bank<br />
guarantee, its financial report, confirmation from the Ministry of Finance about regular tax<br />
payments, list of business deals regarding similar activities with conformation about regular<br />
execution of the work. The producer/provider of the equipment has to make insurance on the<br />
principle “insurance of all risks” from the beginning of the installation of the equipment to the end<br />
of guarantee period. The producer/provider has to make insurance towards third parties in the case<br />
of death, injury or damage to assets.<br />
As payment security instruments, HEP ESCO use different instruments depending on the type of a<br />
client (Table 26.1). Type and number of instruments used depend on the evaluation of a client<br />
solvency.<br />
payment security<br />
instrument<br />
Promissory note with no<br />
protest clause<br />
Blank or regular bonds<br />
notified by public notary<br />
Bank guarantee for a part of<br />
agreed amount<br />
Bank guarantee for complete<br />
agreed amount<br />
Cash deposit at minimum<br />
level of three monthly<br />
annuities<br />
Mortgage<br />
Fiduciary guarantee<br />
Counties, cities Ministries<br />
yes yes<br />
Hospitals, other<br />
social care<br />
institutions<br />
yes yes yes yes<br />
yes yes yes<br />
yes<br />
Table 26.1 Payment security instruments.<br />
yes yes yes yes<br />
yes yes yes yes<br />
yes yes yes yes<br />
Hotels, industry,<br />
other private<br />
clients<br />
yes<br />
(depending on the<br />
size of a project)<br />
26.1.2 Existing contracts<br />
HEP ESCO, as the only <strong>ESCo</strong> company in Croatia, works mainly as M<strong>ESCo</strong> dealing mostly in the<br />
area of public lighting, buildings and industry conducting projects involving introduction of more<br />
efficient equipment. Moreover, the firm started working on projects involving renewable energy<br />
sources as CR<strong>ESCo</strong>. Until now they worked with companies from forestry sector involving<br />
utilization of woody residues, e.g. Strizivojna Hrast where diesel aggregate was replaced with
cogeneration using wood processing residues. Moreover, in the near future they are planning to start<br />
with projects involving utilization of solar thermal energy.<br />
The company offers complete service, development, execution and financing of the project. The<br />
whole procedure is conducted “open book” with a customer actively participating in the project.<br />
After project implementation post-installation report and financial analysis are conducted. During<br />
this process baseline consumption, including last three years, and energy consumption after the<br />
project implementation are compared to arrange financial issues of the contract which lasts five<br />
years for private and eight years for public sector. The company does not guarantee performance<br />
because this is usually too expensive for a customer, as this includes monitoring, maintenance, IT<br />
services etc.<br />
26.1.3 Financial institutions and schemes<br />
HEP ESCO is the implementing agency for the Energy Efficiency Project Croatia and is currently<br />
the key market creator for energy efficiency projects. The Energy Efficiency Project Croatia was<br />
initiated by the World Bank (IBRD) and Global Environment Facility (GEF) in collaboration with<br />
Hrvatska Elektroprivreda d.d. (national electricity company) and Croatian Reconstruction and<br />
Development Bank (HBOR). For this purpose Hrvatska Elektroprivreda d.d. and/or HEP ESCO was<br />
received a loan by the World Bank in the amount of 4.4 million € and a GEF grant in the amount of<br />
5 million USD. Main goal of the grant is to support development of the market for renewable<br />
energy sources in Croatia and create an encouraging atmosphere for investments in RES projects.<br />
User of the grant is Ministry of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship, implementing body is<br />
HBOR, and partner and subsidizer of the projects is Environment Protection and Energy Efficiency<br />
F<strong>und</strong>. The total value of the Energy Efficiency Project Croatia, with participation of international<br />
and domestic banks, such as Erste & Steiermarkishe Bank d.d., Privredna Banka Zagreb d.d.,<br />
Raiffeisenbank Austria d.d., Splitska Banka d.d., Zagrebačka Banka d.d. and KfW, is estimated at<br />
40 million USD over a six-year period.<br />
Environment Protection and Energy Efficiency F<strong>und</strong> is the first and only extra-budgetary dedicated<br />
fo<strong>und</strong>ation for financing projects, programs and measures of environmental protection, energy<br />
efficiency and use of renewable energy sources in Croatia. Primary F<strong>und</strong> goal is conduction of<br />
policy and strategy of environmental protection. That is accomplished through rendering financial<br />
support in investing in environmental protection and projects that increase energy efficiency and<br />
use of renewable energy sources. F<strong>und</strong> also participate in co-financing of programs, projects and<br />
similar activities in the area of environmental protection, energy efficiency and use of renewable<br />
energy sources, that are conducted in Croatia, when are organized and financed by international<br />
organizations, financial institutions and other legal entities. Thus, F<strong>und</strong> imposes it self as the most<br />
important partner and source of financing for projects in energy efficiency and renewable energy in<br />
Croatia.<br />
Beside Environment Protection and Energy Efficiency F<strong>und</strong>, Croatian Bank for Reconstruction and<br />
Development (HBOR) is a significant source of possible financing. HBOR implemented a<br />
programme for financing preparation of renewable energy sources projects. Credits are designed for<br />
project preparation and development of project documentation. One of the programme’s goals is to<br />
encourage use of renewable energy sources.<br />
26.1.4 Barriers<br />
One of the major barriers for expansion of <strong>ESCo</strong> projects in Croatia is that <strong>ESCo</strong> activities are not<br />
well defined by regulations. Major obstacle refers to a public sector due to Budget Act (OG 87/08)<br />
that regulates developing of State, regional and local budgets. According to the act, budget is
ought for a one-year period and is estimated according to revenues and expenditures of the<br />
administrative unit based on the last year. Thus, there is a problem how to charge for the savings<br />
made through a project. HEP ESCO has obtained an official confirmation from the Ministry of<br />
Finance, “Šukerovo pismo”, which enables HEP ESCO to conduct projects including energy<br />
savings with public sector and solves problem how to include energy savings costs in the budget.<br />
The problem is that this option is possible only for HEP ESCO. It can be seen that there is a lack of<br />
clear rules how to treat <strong>ESCo</strong> projects within public budgeting framework.<br />
26.2 Technical framework<br />
26.2.1 Quality and monitoring<br />
HEP ESCO does not provide performance guaranteeing in its projects because this model is usually<br />
too expensive for a customer, including monitoring, maintenance, IT services etc. Thus, monitoring<br />
activities after project implementation are not conducted. In their projects they usually monitor<br />
customers’ electricity bills for their own information.<br />
26.2.2 Appropriate technology for BioSol<strong>ESCo</strong>s<br />
Vacuum collectors are more efficient than flat-plate collectors but are also more expensive, aro<strong>und</strong><br />
40%. For that reason, flat-plate collectors are usually used in Croatia. In Croatia, solar collectors<br />
can approximately satisfy 90% customer heat needs during summer period and 10% during winter<br />
period. It is estimated that solar collectors can produce 60-70% more heat in the coastal part of<br />
Croatia than in continental part. Thus, the most suitable location for placing solar collectors would<br />
be costal part of Croatia on buildings which work during whole year but also have increased need<br />
for heat during summer period, such as hotels and hospitals.<br />
Biomass market in Croatia is still not developed. Only woody biomass can be considered for<br />
heating purposes at the moment. Majority of Croatian forest are situated in continental, central, part<br />
of Croatia which would be the most suitable area for utilization of woody biomass. Moreover,<br />
majority of forest industry, which woody residues can be used for heating purposes, is situated in<br />
this area too. Three types of feedstock should be considered, pellets, chips and logs. In Croatia there<br />
are seven larger producers of pellets and they are all exporting majority of pellets produced. Wood<br />
chips can be bought from Croatia forest Ltd., national company for forest management, but long<br />
period contract should be made. Logs can also be bought from Croatian forests Ltd but they pose a<br />
problem regarding automatic feedstock input. Thus, optimal situation for biomass project would be<br />
company from forestry sector which could use woody residues from its production or a project<br />
should be located near forest industry or developed in cooperation with Croatian forests Ltd.<br />
26.2.3 Software tools available<br />
HEP ESCO uses economic programmes to calculate its cost for the preparation and execution of a<br />
project.<br />
Moreover, they have installed Central-Supervisory-Operating system (Centralni-Nadzorni-<br />
Upravljački system – SNUS) in four schools. It consists of SCADA software which is appended<br />
with a module for monitoring, reporting and verifying of savings. Operation indicators are installed<br />
on equipment which enables receiving of data in real time.<br />
26.3 Lessons learned<br />
• Due to comprehensive procedure the <strong>ESCo</strong> projects should be larger projects, e.g. 100.000-<br />
2.000.000 euros
• It is important to study in detail customer energy consumption<br />
• <strong>ESCo</strong> projects should be supported by different legislative and financial initiatives<br />
• There is a need for increasing public awareness about <strong>ESCo</strong> model, environmental issues<br />
etc.