environmental degradation as a cause of conflict in - Steiner Graphics

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1. The extent of the drought forced may Darfurian tribes to change their Nomadiclifestyle and seek settlement in lands considered by other tribes as their Daror homeland. The decades of drought led to migration of more nomads intoDarfur in search of water and grass.2. Introduction of new traditions and new ways of fighting conflict, including thespread of modern firearms.3. In the eighties the traditional rule, which provided the main conflict resolutionmechanisms, suffered from occasional political and administrative upheavals.The population of Darfur is generally divided into Arabs and non-Arabs. Theseparation along such lines is probably more based on cultural heritage thanon true ethnic separation. Although what is called Arabic tribes may havesome Arabic roots, generations of immigration and intermarriage have renderedsuch separation almost meaningless.The Fur is the largest ethnic group in Darfur. They are farmers who use traditionalmethods of agriculture. The second largest tribe in this group, the Zaghawa, aremostly nomadic with some sects of the tribe practicing farming. The Zaghawa alsoexist in Chad, Libya and the Central African Republic. The Arabic tribes in Darfurare mostly Nomadic. Not all Arabic tribes were involved in the conflict, notably thelargest Arabic tribe, the Rezegat. Likewise, not all African tribes were involved; infact some African groups, like the Gimir, were victims of the conflict.By organising this conference, UPEACE aimed to provide a platform for debatingthe major issues related to environmental degradation and land use in Darfur,by scholars and experts in the field, and to alert the authorities and population ofDarfur to the destructive impact of environmental degradation. It was hoped thatthe proceedings of the meeting would expose the major development needs in theregion. Concerted efforts to address such needs are likely to reduce tension in theDarfur area.Dr. Bakri Osman SaeedConsultant-in-chargeUniversity for Peace
AcknowledgementsThe conference was jointly organised by the University for Peace and the PeaceResearch Institute of the University of Khartoum, led by Dr Eltyeb Hag Ateya. I amgreatly indebted to Dr Ateya and his staff for their effort in organising the conference.I am also grateful to the Academic Advisory Committee for formulating theAcademic programme. Most of the expenses of running this conference were born byUPEACE. However, other organisations kindly provided financial assistance. A list ofthese organisations is attached. I thank Dr Mary E. King for her valuable contributionand advice and Dr Mohamed Awad Osman for his help with the organisationof the conference. I am grateful to Dr Sean O’Fahey for editing the essays and forthe meticulous reviews provided by the editorial committee of UPEACE. My sincerethanks to Ms Ameena Payne, Coordinator of the Africa Regional Programme and herstaff whose enthusiasm and continuous support was much appreciated.Dr. Bakri Osman SaeedConsultant-in-chargeUniversity for Peace
Page 1: ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONAS A CAUSE
Page 4 and 5: Cover Photo:AU forces patrol Darfur
Page 7: PREFACEThese essays were originally
Page 11 and 12: Executive SummaryByMary E. King and
Page 13 and 14: the theme of the conference, outlin
Page 15 and 16: • The question of warrior culture
Page 17 and 18: Deryke Belshaw, University of East
Page 19 and 20: area in West Darfur of 1.5m feddans
Page 21 and 22: on the interaction between conflict
Page 23 and 24: Conflict In DarfurHistorical andCon
Page 25 and 26: distributive centre and where the r
Page 28 and 29: sues quite separate. Evidence for t
Page 30 and 31: FOOTNOTES1It is not my purpose here
Page 32 and 33: 20On other emerging ethnically-base
Page 34 and 35: IntroductionTHE Greater Darfur regi
Page 36 and 37: 2. Agriculture (Farming)Crop farmin
Page 38 and 39: Secondly, the demand for mutton and
Page 40 and 41: groundnut and sesame as sources of
Page 42 and 43: The situation of drinking water in
Page 44 and 45: ReferencesConference, Meleet, North
Page 46 and 47: IntroductionTHE residents of the Um
Page 48 and 49: Phase Two:This phase was a monitori
Page 50 and 51: zone southward — and to use these
Page 52 and 53: • Some water points in places lik
Page 54 and 55: This study and the seminar organize
Page 57 and 58: Land Tenure,Land Use andConflicts i
Page 59 and 60:
tain innovations called hakura (pl.
Page 61 and 62:
mands for food production. All thes
Page 63 and 64:
Hashab Tenure SystemHashab ownershi
Page 65 and 66:
co-exist at the local level where e
Page 67 and 68:
IndigenousInstitutions andPractices
Page 69 and 70:
abs. In the past they had been invo
Page 71 and 72:
Sufi OrderSufi orders are religious
Page 73 and 74:
Native Administration, i.e. Tribal
Page 75 and 76:
Rizayqat homeland is at the extreme
Page 77 and 78:
esearchers and statesmen. A bigger
Page 79:
ReferencesBakheit, Jaafar M.Ali. 19
Page 82 and 83:
IntroductionWHILE in the Sudan prot
Page 84 and 85:
ReferencesHarir, S. 1993. ‘Arab B
Page 86 and 87:
IntroductionTHE Darfur Region lies
Page 88 and 89:
Table (1)Water program for Darfur 2
Page 90 and 91:
anging from 150mm the north and 450
Page 92 and 93:
ReferencesIbrahim, Abdel Rahman Abb
Page 94 and 95:
CONCLUSIONTHE collection of papers
Page 96 and 97:
GLOSSARYAjawidArdaBaqqaraDarDukhnFa
Page 99 and 100:
A Darfur Timeline99
Page 101 and 102:
1898 On the eve of the battle of Om
Page 103 and 104:
Bibliography103
Page 105 and 106:
El Mahdi S. Mohamed. 1979. Introduc
Page 107 and 108:
Tothill, J.D. 1948. Agriculture in
Page 109 and 110:
Biographical Sketch: Rex Sean O’F
Page 111 and 112:
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