environmental degradation as a cause of conflict in - Steiner Graphics
environmental degradation as a cause of conflict in - Steiner Graphics environmental degradation as a cause of conflict in - Steiner Graphics
‘indirect rule’, i.e. tribal leadership, becomes a necessity for at least the presenttime in remote areas such as Darfur. As the system proved to be successful in thepast, there is no reason to believe it will not succeed now in areas where tribalismand tribal values still predominate. However, for reintroducing an effective triballeadership, several steps need to be taken:• the system must be depoliticized i.e. not to be used to bring support to theKhartoum Government.• its role must be principally focused on maintaining law and order and thesettlement of disputes among followers, and not taking side with the KhartoumGovernment, thus losing the political neutrality among the disputants.• tribesmen possessing firearms must be disarmed.• native administrators will need to receive material and moral support fromthe government for the role they play on its behalf, and not for the politicalgain that they are bringing to the government of the day.• native administrators, who become outstanding in the new role, must bematerially and morally rewarded by the government.The role played by the other institutions, i.e. the Sufi tariqa, the khalwa, thejudiyya and the political party, in cementing communal ties must also be acknowledged,hailed and encouraged.78
ReferencesBakheit, Jaafar M.Ali. 1985. ‘Native Administration in the Sudan and it is Significancefor Africa’ in Hasan, Y. Fadl ed., Sudan in Africa, the University of KhartoumPress, University of Khartoum.Bashar, Zuhair Mohamadi. 2003. Mechanisms for Peaceful Coexistence among TribalGroups in Darfur (in Arabic), an MA thesis, IAAS, University of Khartoum.Beck, Kent. 1966. ‘Nomads of Northern Kordofan and the State: From Violence toPacification’, Nomadic Peoples, N.38.Braukamper, Ulrich. 2000. ‘Management of Conflicts Over Pastures and Fields Amongthe Baggara Arabs of Sudan Belt’, Nomadic Peoples, vol.4, Issue I.Othoman, Haroub. 2000. Summary Report, Learning from Conflict Resolution in Africa,Arusha , 21-23Mohamed, Adam A. 2002. ‘Intergroup Conflicts and Customary Mediation: Experiencesfrom Sudan’, African Journal on Conflict Resolution, No I.‘The Rezaigat Camel Nomads of Darfur Region: From Co-operation to Confrontation’,Nomadic Peoples, (forthcoming).Wadi, A.I. 1998. Perspectives on Tribal Conflicts in the Sudan, IAAS, University ofKhartoum.Palmer, Monte. 1998. Dilemmas of Political Development, An Introduction to thePolitics of the Developing Areas, 2nd ed., F.E. Peacock Publishers, Inc.Rosenthal, Frantz. 1958. Ibn Khaldoon, The Muqqadimah, 3 vols., Pantheon Books.Interviewees1. Southern Darfur State Governor (Wali), Salah Ali Al-Ghali.2. Major general (police) Attaib Abdul Rahman Mukhtar, Minister ofSocial Welfare, S. D. State.3. Ahmed Al-Sammani Al-Bashar, Fellata tribal leader (Nazir).4. Al-Nur, Daood Khairallah, retired educationist and native of Bani Halba.5. Huda Abdallah Mastur, member of S.Darfur State’s, Women Association.6. Instructors and students of Nyala University, attending a discussion forum23.7.2003.79
- Page 28 and 29: sues quite separate. Evidence for t
- Page 30 and 31: FOOTNOTES1It is not my purpose here
- Page 32 and 33: 20On other emerging ethnically-base
- Page 34 and 35: IntroductionTHE Greater Darfur regi
- Page 36 and 37: 2. Agriculture (Farming)Crop farmin
- Page 38 and 39: Secondly, the demand for mutton and
- Page 40 and 41: groundnut and sesame as sources of
- Page 42 and 43: The situation of drinking water in
- Page 44 and 45: ReferencesConference, Meleet, North
- Page 46 and 47: IntroductionTHE residents of the Um
- Page 48 and 49: Phase Two:This phase was a monitori
- Page 50 and 51: zone southward — and to use these
- Page 52 and 53: • Some water points in places lik
- Page 54 and 55: This study and the seminar organize
- Page 57 and 58: Land Tenure,Land Use andConflicts i
- Page 59 and 60: tain innovations called hakura (pl.
- Page 61 and 62: mands for food production. All thes
- Page 63 and 64: Hashab Tenure SystemHashab ownershi
- Page 65 and 66: co-exist at the local level where e
- Page 67 and 68: IndigenousInstitutions andPractices
- Page 69 and 70: abs. In the past they had been invo
- Page 71 and 72: Sufi OrderSufi orders are religious
- Page 73 and 74: Native Administration, i.e. Tribal
- Page 75 and 76: Rizayqat homeland is at the extreme
- Page 77: esearchers and statesmen. A bigger
- Page 82 and 83: IntroductionWHILE in the Sudan prot
- Page 84 and 85: ReferencesHarir, S. 1993. ‘Arab B
- Page 86 and 87: IntroductionTHE Darfur Region lies
- Page 88 and 89: Table (1)Water program for Darfur 2
- Page 90 and 91: anging from 150mm the north and 450
- Page 92 and 93: ReferencesIbrahim, Abdel Rahman Abb
- Page 94 and 95: CONCLUSIONTHE collection of papers
- Page 96 and 97: GLOSSARYAjawidArdaBaqqaraDarDukhnFa
- Page 99 and 100: A Darfur Timeline99
- Page 101 and 102: 1898 On the eve of the battle of Om
- Page 103 and 104: Bibliography103
- Page 105 and 106: El Mahdi S. Mohamed. 1979. Introduc
- Page 107 and 108: Tothill, J.D. 1948. Agriculture in
- Page 109 and 110: Biographical Sketch: Rex Sean O’F
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‘<strong>in</strong>direct rule’, i.e. tribal leadership, becomes a necessity for at le<strong>as</strong>t the presenttime <strong>in</strong> remote are<strong>as</strong> such <strong>as</strong> Darfur. As the system proved to be successful <strong>in</strong> thep<strong>as</strong>t, there is no re<strong>as</strong>on to believe it will not succeed now <strong>in</strong> are<strong>as</strong> where tribalismand tribal values still predom<strong>in</strong>ate. However, for re<strong>in</strong>troduc<strong>in</strong>g an effective triballeadership, several steps need to be taken:• the system must be depoliticized i.e. not to be used to br<strong>in</strong>g support to theKhartoum Government.• its role must be pr<strong>in</strong>cipally focused on ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g law and order and thesettlement <strong>of</strong> disputes among followers, and not tak<strong>in</strong>g side with the KhartoumGovernment, thus los<strong>in</strong>g the political neutrality among the disputants.• tribesmen possess<strong>in</strong>g firearms must be disarmed.• native adm<strong>in</strong>istrators will need to receive material and moral support fromthe government for the role they play on its behalf, and not for the politicalga<strong>in</strong> that they are br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g to the government <strong>of</strong> the day.• native adm<strong>in</strong>istrators, who become outstand<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the new role, must bematerially and morally rewarded by the government.The role played by the other <strong>in</strong>stitutions, i.e. the Sufi tariqa, the khalwa, thejudiyya and the political party, <strong>in</strong> cement<strong>in</strong>g communal ties must also be acknowledged,hailed and encouraged.78
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